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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Russia and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Settler colonialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="استعمار استيطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمار استيطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99skunla%C5%9Fma_kolonializmi" title="Məskunlaşma kolonializmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məskunlaşma kolonializmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedlungskolonie" title="Siedlungskolonie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siedlungskolonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismo_de_poblamiento" title="Colonialismo de poblamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonialismo de poblamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="استعمار مهاجرنشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعمار مهاجرنشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie_de_peuplement" title="Colonie de peuplement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonie de peuplement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B0%A9%EB%AF%BC_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="정착민 식민주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정착민 식민주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turawan_mulkin_mallaka" title="Turawan mulkin mallaka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turawan mulkin mallaka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonialisme_pemukim" title="Kolonialisme pemukim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonialisme pemukim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="קולוניאליזם התיישבותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולוניאליזם התיישבותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Settler colonialism" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Settler colonialism" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_povoamento" title="Colonização de povoamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização de povoamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Переселенческий колониализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переселенческий колониализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Settler colonialism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuttajakolonialismi" title="Asuttajakolonialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asuttajakolonialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%B1%85%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="定居殖民主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of colonialism seeking population replacement with settlers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif/349px-European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif" decoding="async" width="349" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif/524px-European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif/698px-European_colonization_of_the_United_States.gif 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Graphic depicting the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">loss of Native American land to U.S. settlers</a> in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Settler colonialism</b> is a logic and structure of displacement by <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Colonial_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial rule">colonial rule</a>, over an environment for replacing it and its <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> with settlements and the society of the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-q872_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q872-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settler colonialism is a form of <a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">exogenous</a> (of external origin, coming from the outside) domination typically organized or supported by an <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial authority</a>, which maintains a connection or control to the territory through the settler's colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordbiblio2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordbiblio2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settler colonialism contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation colonialism">exploitation colonialism</a>, where the imperial power <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquers territory</a> to exploit the <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and gain a source of cheap or free <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">labor</a>. As settler colonialism entails the creation of a new society on the conquered territory, it lasts indefinitely unless <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> occurs through departure of the settler population or through reforms to colonial structures, settler-indigenous compacts and reconciliation processes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settler colonial studies has often focused on former <a href="/wiki/British_colonies_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonies in North America">British colonies in North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, which are close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Englert2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, settler colonialism is not restricted to any specific culture and has been practised by non-Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_as_a_theory">Origins as a theory</h2></div> <p>During the 1960s, settlement and colonization were perceived as separate phenomena from <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. Settlement endeavours were seen as taking place in empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism was seen as bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems associated with classical colonialism. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the field of settler colonial studies was established<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> distinct but connected to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous studies">Indigenous studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although often credited with originating the field, Australian historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a> stated that "I didn't invent Settler Colonial Studies. Natives have been experts in the field for centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-Kauanui2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Wolfe's work was preceded by others that have been influential in the field, such as <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayegh" title="Fayez Sayegh">Fayez Sayegh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Colonialism_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Colonialism in Palestine">Zionist Colonialism in Palestine</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settler_Capitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settler Capitalism (page does not exist)">Settler Capitalism</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Denoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Denoon (page does not exist)">Donald Denoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauanui2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_concept">Definition and concept</h2></div> <p>Settler colonialism is a logic and structure, and not a mere occurrence. Settler colonialism takes claim of environments for replacing existing conditions and members of that environment with those of the settlement and settlers. Intrinsically connected to this is the displacement or elimination of existing residents, particularly through destruction of their environment and society.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-q872_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q872-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, settler colonialism has been identified as a form of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c827_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c827-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars describe the process as inherently <a href="/wiki/Genocidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidal">genocidal</a>, considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-Short2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not only their displacement (see <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, "the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the opposite argument has also been made by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Veracini" title="Lorenzo Veracini">Lorenzo Veracini</a>, who argues that all genocide is settler colonial in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the definition, it may be enacted by a variety of means, including mass killing of the previous inhabitants, removal of the previous inhabitants and/or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe_20062-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, colonial settling has been called an invasion or occupation, emphazising the violent reality of colonization and its settling, instead of the more domestic meaning of settling.<sup id="cite_ref-j137_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j137-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settler colonialism is distinct from migration because immigrants aim to join an existing society, not replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201540_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201540-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Mamdani" title="Mahmood Mamdani">Mahmood Mamdani</a> writes, "Immigrants are unarmed; settlers come armed with both weapons and a nationalist agenda. Immigrants come in search of a homeland, not a state; for settlers, there can be no homeland without a state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the difference is often elided by settlers who minimize the voluntariness of their departure, claiming that settlers are mere migrants, and some pro-indigenous positions which militantly simplify, claiming that all migrants are settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201535_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201535-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>settler state</b> is a state established through settler colonialism, by and for settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-j642_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j642-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png/310px-Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png/465px-Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png/620px-Settlement_colonies_for_Europeans_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Areas of colonial settlement in 1914 (without independent settler states).</figcaption></figure> <p>The settler colonial paradigm has been applied to a wide variety of conflicts around the world, including <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">British Kenya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari20172_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari20172-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Israel/Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">East Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect12_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afghanistan-analysts12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afghanistan-analysts12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brookings12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated20022_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_the_Province_of_Posen" title="Germanisation of the Province of Posen">Posen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Prussia" title="Germanisation of Prussia">West Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari20222_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari20222-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">South Vietnam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Englert2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">White Africans of European ancestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg/220px-Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg/330px-Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg/440px-Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Areas of Africa controlled by <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> colonial empires in 1913, shown with current national boundaries <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7fab2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgium</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b6e3fc; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bbfdd9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2f89b; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0a6f2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eaaff7; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbc5c0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f6f6f6; color:black;"> </span> Independent</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png/220px-European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png/330px-European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of Europeans and their descendants on the African continent in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EDF8E9; color:black;"> </span> Under 1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BAE4B3; color:black;"> </span> Over 1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74C476; color:black;"> </span> Over 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#31A354; color:black;"> </span> Over 50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006D2C; color:white;"> </span> Over 100,000</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest of the Canary Islands</a></div> <p>During the fifteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> sponsored expeditions by <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a> to subjugate under Castilian rule the <a href="/wiki/Macaronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronesian">Macaronesian</a> archipelago of the Canary Islands, located off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and inhabited by the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> people. Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified <a href="/wiki/Spanish_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish crown">Spanish crown</a>, the archipelago was subject to a settler colonial process involving systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, who were replaced with Spanish settlers, in a process foreshadowing the Iberian colonisation of the Americas that followed shortly thereafter. Also like in the Americas, Spanish colonialists in the Canaries quickly turned to the importation of slaves from mainland Africa as a source of labour due to the decimation of the already small Guanche population by a combination of war, disease, and brutal forced labour. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Mohamed Adhikari</a> has labelled the conquest of the Canary Islands as the first overseas European settler colonial genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari20172_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari20172-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari20222_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari20222-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moroccan-occupied_Western_Sahara">Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png/220px-Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png/330px-Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png/440px-Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch_Karte-es.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Marches of 7 November (in green) and military action of 31 October (in red) during the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Kingdom of Morocco</a> has sponsored settlement schemes that have encouraged several thousand Moroccan citizens to settle <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Moroccan-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a>. On 6 November 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> took place, during which about 350,000 Moroccan citizens crossed into <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia al-Hamra</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> after having received a signal from King Hassan II.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, it is estimated that <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_settlers" title="Moroccan settlers">Moroccan settlers</a> constitute two-thirds of the population of Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under international law, the transfer of Moroccan citizens into the occupied territory constitutes a direct violation of <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention#Article_49:_Deportations,_transfers,_evacuations" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlers in the Palestinian territories</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Burghers_in_the_Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Free Burghers in the Dutch Cape Colony">Free Burghers in the Dutch Cape Colony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg/220px-Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg/330px-Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg/440px-Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boer</a> family traveling by covered wagon circa 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1652, the arrival of Europeans sparked the beginning of settler colonialism in South Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> was set up at the Cape, and imported large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch East India Company established a refreshment station for ships sailing between Europe and the east. The initial plan by Dutch East India Company officer <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a> was to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continued to spread and settle further than originally planned.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a historic struggle to achieve the intended British sovereignty that was achieved in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. State sovereignty belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> (1961–1994) and finally the modern day <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> (1994–present day).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the policy of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> was introduced South Africa in order to segregate the races and ensure the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> minority over non-whites, politically, socially and economically.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayne2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayne2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, the South African government has re-opened the period for land claims under the Restitution of Land Rights Amendment Act.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberia">Liberia</h4></div> <p>Liberia is often regarded by scholars as a unique example of settler colonialism and the only known instance of Black settler colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is frequently described as an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> settler colony tasked with establishing a <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> form of governance in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liberia was founded as the private <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Liberia" title="Colony of Liberia">colony of Liberia</a> in 1822 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White American</a>-run organization, to relocate free African Americans to Africa, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This settlement scheme stemmed from fears that free African Americans would assist slaves in escaping, as well as the widespread belief among White Americans that African Americans were inherently inferior and should thus be relocated.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. presidents <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> publicly endorsed and funded the project.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1822 and the early 20th century, around 15,000 African Americans colonized Liberia on lands acquired from the region's indigenous African population. The African American elite monopolized the government and established <a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">minority rule</a> over the locals. As they possessed <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, they felt superior to the natives, whom they dominated and oppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous revolts against the <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberian</a> elite such as the Grebo Revolt in 1909–1910 and Kru Revolt in 1915 were quelled with U.S. military support.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native American genocide in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/250px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/375px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/500px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">U.S. westward expansion</a> in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg/220px-Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg/330px-Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg/440px-Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>"Indian Land For Sale" by the U.S. Department of the Interior (1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial America</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European powers</a> created economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporating Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and controlling them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the emergence of an independent United States, desire for land and the perceived threat of permanent Indigenous political and spatial structures led to violent relocation of many Indigenous tribes to the American West, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_tears" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail of tears">Trail of Tears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe_20062-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to American encroachment on native land in the Great Lakes region, the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Indian">Pan-Indian</a> confederacies of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Confederacy">Northwest Confederacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh's Confederacy">Tecumseh's Confederacy</a> emerged. Despite initial victories in both cases, such as <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">siege of Detroit</a>, both eventually lost, thereby paving the way for American control over the region. Settlement into conquered land was rapid. Following the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a>, American settlers poured into southern Ohio, such that by 1810 it had a population of 230,760.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of the confederacies in the Great Lakes paved the way for large land loss in the region, via treaties such as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw" title="Treaty of Saginaw">Treaty of Saginaw</a> which saw the loss of more than 4,000,000 acres of land.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick Jackson Turner, the father of the "frontier thesis" of American history, noted in 1901: "Our colonial system did not start with Spanish War; the U.S. had had a colonial history from the beginning...hidden under the phraseology of 'interstate migration' and territorial organization'".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the United States government and local state governments directly aided this dispossession through the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">use of military forces</a>, ultimately this came about through agitation by settler society in order to gain access to Indigenous land. Especially in the US South, such land acquisition built plantation society and expanded the practice of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe_20062-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settler colonialism participated in the formation of US cultures and lasted past the conquest, removal, or extermination of Indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> spoke admiringly of the impact of white settler colonialism on the Natives, stating the US had "gunned down the millions of Redskins to a few hundred thousand, and now keep the modest remnant under observation in a cage".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of writing the Indigenous out of history perpetrated a forgetting of the full dimensions and significance of colonialism at both the national and local levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Southward expansion of the Han dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/220px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/330px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/440px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China</figcaption></figure> <p>Near the end of their rule the Qing tried to colonize <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal they began a policy of settler colonialism by which <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> were resettled on the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy was renewed by the People's Republic of China, led by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf/page1-200px-West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf/page1-300px-West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf/page1-400px-West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4964" data-file-height="7020" /></a><figcaption>Scholars of settler colonialism generally see the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> as the archetype of the definition.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Map of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> (magenta) in the occupied <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> in 2020. The Australian historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a>, credited with originating the field, famously defined <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">most through example of a settler colonialist state</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe_20062-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kauanui2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this notion has also received significant criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Troen2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troen2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> has been characterized by some scholars as a form of settler colonialism concerning <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">region of Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. This academic framework has also been embraced by leftist groups and individuals involved in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Israel</a> activism and campus protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:232_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:232-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this viewpoint faces substantial criticism from scholars and is largely rejected by many Jews due to its perceived denial of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">historical Jewish connection to Palestine</a>, among other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Troen2_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troen2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:232_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:232-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> themselves described the project as colonization, such as <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Vladimir Jabotinsky</a>, who said "Zionism is a colonization adventure."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IWprimary2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWprimary2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founder of the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>, described the Zionist project as "something colonial" in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, the French historian <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a> wrote an article later translated and published in English as <i>Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Veracini" title="Lorenzo Veracini">Lorenzo Veracini</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as a colonial state and writes that Jewish settlers could expel the British in 1948 only because they had their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel's new borders.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veracini believes the possibility of an Israeli disengagement is always latent and this relationship could be severed, through an "<a href="/wiki/One_state_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="One state solution">accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other commentators, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daiva_Stasiulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daiva Stasiulis (page does not exist)">Daiva Stasiulis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nira_Yuval-Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nira Yuval-Davis (page does not exist)">Nira Yuval-Davis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Joseph Massad</a> in the "Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have included Israel in their global analysis of settler societies. <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and Israel in similar terms.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Amal Jamal, from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>, has stated, "Israel was created by a settler-colonial movement of Jewish immigrants".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damien Short has accused Israel of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">carrying out genocide</a> against <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> since its inception within a <a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">settler colonial</a> context.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the 1990s, the Australian historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a> is credited with originating the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauanui2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He theorized settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) premised on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population, thus distinguishing it from classical colonialism. Wolfe argued that settler colonialism was centered on the control of land, that it continued after the closing of the frontier, and that continued to exist today, classifying <a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Israel as a modern form of settler colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe_20062-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His approach was defining for the field, but has been challenged by other scholars on the basis that many situations involve a combination of elimination and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Englert2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of the paradigm argue that Zionism does not fit the traditional framework of colonialism. <a href="/wiki/S._Ilan_Troen" title="S. Ilan Troen">S. Ilan Troen</a> views Zionism as the return of an indigenous population to its historic homeland, distinct from imperial expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Troen3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troen3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Jews oppose the paradigm, saying it denies their <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">historical connection to the land</a> and aspirations for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Troen3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troen3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:232_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:232-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moses Lissak asserted that the settler-colonial thesis denies the idea that Zionism is the modern <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national movement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>, seeking to reestablish a Jewish political entity in their historical territory. Zionism, Lissak argues, was both a national movement and a settlement movement at the same time, so it was not, by definition, a colonial settlement movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:222_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states">Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rus1500-1900.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rus1500-1900.PNG/360px-Rus1500-1900.PNG" decoding="async" width="360" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rus1500-1900.PNG/540px-Rus1500-1900.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Rus1500-1900.PNG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of Russia 1500–1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Some scholars describe Russia as a settler colonial state, particularly in its expansion into <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, during which it displaced and resettled Indigenous peoples, while practicing settler colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annexation of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the Far East to Russia was resisted by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous peoples</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> often committed atrocities against them.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Cold War, new forms of Indigenous repression were practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This colonization continued even during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Soviet policy also sometimes included the deportation of the native population, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></div> <p>According to a PhD thesis by Lin-chin Tsai, current <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">ethnic makeup of Taiwan</a> is largely the result of <a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Chinese settler</a> colonialism beginning in the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia<span class="anchor" id="au"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Australia" title="Settler colonialism in Australia">Settler colonialism in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">List of massacres of Indigenous Australians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif/170px-European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif/255px-European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif/340px-European_Australians_from_1947_to_1966.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Australians of European origin from 1947 to 1966 when racial data was collected.</figcaption></figure> <p>Europeans explored and settled Australia, displacing <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a> population was estimated at 795,000 at the time of European settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">population declined steeply</a> for 150 years following settlement from 1788, due to casualties from <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses">Responses</h2></div> <p>Settler colonialism exists in tension with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous studies">indigenous studies</a>. Some indigenous scholars believe that settler colonialism as a methodology can lead to overlooking indigenous responses to colonialism; however, other practitioners of indigenous studies believe that settler colonialism has important insights that are applicable to their work.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauanui2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settler colonialism as a theory has also been criticized from the standpoint of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial theory">postcolonial theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauanui2_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antiracism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiracism">Antiracism</a> has been criticized on the basis that it does not provide a special status for indigenous claims, and in response settler colonial theory has been criticized for potentially contributing to the marginalization of racialized immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201544_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201544-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mamdani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Mamdani">Mahmoud Mamdani</a> suggested that settlers could never succeed in their effort to become native, and therefore the only way to end settler colonialism was to erase the political significance of the settler–native dichotomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Englert2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> scholar Jodi Byrd, in contrast to settler, the term <i>arrivant</i> refers to enslaved Africans transported against their will, and to refugees forced into the Americas due to the effects of imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_the_People:_Settler_Colonialism_and_the_Foundations_of_Modern_Democratic_Thought&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought (page does not exist)">Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought</a></i>, political scientist Adam Dahl states that while it has often been recognized that "American democratic thought and identity arose out of the distinct pattern by which English settlers colonized the new world", histories are missing the "constitutive role of colonial dispossession in shaping democratic values and ideals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl20181_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl20181-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">Pre-modern human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">Transmigration program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example reconciliation programmes include: <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">Reconciliation in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_reconciliation_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth and reconciliation commission">truth and reconciliation commissions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Norway)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Norway)">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">South Africa</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Carey2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carey2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carey2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCareySilverstein2020" class="citation journal cs1">Carey, Jane; Silverstein, Ben (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790.2020.1719569">"Thinking with and beyond settler colonial studies: new histories after the postcolonial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790.2020.1719569">10.1080/13688790.2020.1719569</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F204080">1885/204080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1368-8790">1368-8790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214046615">214046615</a>. <q>The key phrases Wolfe coined here – that invasion is a 'structure not an event'; that settler colonial structures have a 'logic of elimination' of Indigenous peoples; that 'settlers come to stay' and that they 'destroy to replace' – have been taken up as the defining precepts of the field and are now cited by countless scholars across numerous disciplines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postcolonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Thinking+with+and+beyond+settler+colonial+studies%3A+new+histories+after+the+postcolonial&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F204080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214046615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1368-8790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13688790.2020.1719569&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13688790.2020.1719569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavanagh2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavanagh2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavanagh2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavanagh2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2017" class="citation book cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KiglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">"Introduction: Settler colonialism as a distinct mode of domination"</a>. In Cavanagh, Edward; Veracini, Lorenzo (eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74216-0"><bdi>978-0-415-74216-0</bdi></a>. <q>Settler colonialism is a relationship. It is related to colonialism but also inherently distinct from it. As a system defined by unequal relationships (like colonialism) where an exogenous collective aims to locally and permanently replace indigenous ones (unlike colonialism), settler colonialism has no geographical, cultural or chronological bounds. It is culturally nonspecific<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It can happen at any time, and everyone is a settler if they are part of a collective and sovereign displacement that moves to stay, that moves to establish a permanent homeland by way of displacement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Settler+colonialism+as+a+distinct+mode+of+domination&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Settler+Colonialism&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-415-74216-0&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKiglDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKayVinyetaNorgaard2020" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, Dwanna L.; Vinyeta, Kirsten; Norgaard, Kari Marie (September 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12821">"Theorizing race and settler colonialism within U.S. sociology"</a></span>. <i>Sociology Compass</i>. <b>14</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsoc4.12821">10.1111/soc4.12821</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-9020">1751-9020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225377069">225377069</a>. <q>Settler-colonialism describes the logic and operation of power when colonizers arrive and settle on lands already inhabited by another group. Importantly, settler colonialism operates through a logic of elimination, seeking to eradicate the original inhabitants through violence and other genocidal acts and to replace the existing spiritual, epistemological, political, social, and ecological systems with those of the settler society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+Compass&rft.atitle=Theorizing+race+and+settler+colonialism+within+U.S.+sociology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225377069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-9020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsoc4.12821&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Dwanna+L.&rft.au=Vinyeta%2C+Kirsten&rft.au=Norgaard%2C+Kari+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fsoc4.12821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q872-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-q872_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-q872_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2018" class="citation journal cs1">Whyte, Kyle (1 September 2018). "Settler Colonialism, Ecology, and Environmental Injustice". <i>Environment and Society</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 125–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fares.2018.090109">10.3167/ares.2018.090109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2150-6779">2150-6779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Society&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Environmental+Injustice&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fares.2018.090109&rft.issn=2150-6779&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordbiblio2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordbiblio2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeFevre" class="citation web cs1">LeFevre, Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml">"Settler Colonialism"</a>. <i>oxfordbibliographies.com</i>. Tate A. LeFevre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>Though often conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism is a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism are premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers (usually from the colonial metropole).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordbibliographies.com&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism&rft.aulast=LeFevre&rft.aufirst=Tate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766567%2Fobo-9780199766567-0125.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (October 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A553004478/AONE?u=qut&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=1b698e4e">"Settler Colonialism and Decolonisation"</a></span>. <i>Borderlands</i>. <b>6</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borderlands&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism+and+Decolonisation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA553004478%2FAONE%3Fu%3Dqut%26sid%3Dbookmark-AONE%26xid%3D1b698e4e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Englert2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Englert2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Englert2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Englert2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Englert2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglert2020" class="citation journal cs1">Englert, Sai (2020). "Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession". <i><a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a></i>. <b>52</b> (6): 1647–1666. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Antip..52.1647E">2020Antip..52.1647E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fanti.12659">10.1111/anti.12659</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3220822">1887/3220822</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225643194">225643194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode&rft.atitle=Settlers%2C+Workers%2C+and+the+Logic+of+Accumulation+by+Dispossession&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1647-1666&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3220822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225643194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fanti.12659&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Antip..52.1647E&rft.aulast=Englert&rft.aufirst=Sai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini2013_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeracini2013">Veracini 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemaker2015" class="citation web cs1">Shoemaker, Nancy (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism">"A Typology of Colonialism | Perspectives on History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Political Ecologies of Race: Settler Colonialism and Environmental Racism in the United States and Canada". <i>Antipode</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 629–642. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Antip..53..629V">2021Antip..53..629V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fanti.12697">10.1111/anti.12697</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4812">0066-4812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode&rft.atitle=Political+Ecologies+of+Race%3A+Settler+Colonialism+and+Environmental+Racism+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=629-642&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0066-4812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fanti.12697&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Antip..53..629V&rft.aulast=Van+Sant&rft.aufirst=Levi&rft.au=Milligan%2C+Richard&rft.au=Mollett%2C+Sharlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Short2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Short2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2016" class="citation book cs1">Short, Damien (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1"><i>Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-546-8"><bdi>978-1-84813-546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redefining+Genocide%3A+Settler+Colonialism%2C+Social+Death+and+Ecocide&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-546-8&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywE1EAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinherently%2Bgenocidal%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Veracini" title="Lorenzo Veracini">Veracini, Lorenzo</a> (2021). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-41177-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-41177-5"><bdi>978-1-000-41177-5</bdi></a>. <q>not only is genocide necessarily settler colonial (even though settler colonialism is not always genocidal or even successful)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonialism%2C+Frontiers%2C+Genocide%3A+Civilian-Driven+Violence+in+Settler+Colonial+Situations&rft.btitle=Civilian-Driven+Violence+and+the+Genocide+of+Indigenous+Peoples+in+Settler+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-41177-5&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfe_20062-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_20062_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Wolfe, Patrick</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">"Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>8</b> (4): 387–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">10.1080/14623520601056240</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143873621">143873621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Settler+colonialism+and+the+elimination+of+the+native&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143873621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520601056240&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623520601056240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j137-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j137_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilroy2024" class="citation web cs1">Kilroy, Peter (22 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/discovery-settlement-or-invasion-the-power-of-language-in-australias-historical-narrative-57097">"Discovery, settlement or invasion? The power of language in Australia's historical narrative"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Discovery%2C+settlement+or+invasion%3F+The+power+of+language+in+Australia%27s+historical+narrative&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft.aulast=Kilroy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fdiscovery-settlement-or-invasion-the-power-of-language-in-australias-historical-narrative-57097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201540-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201540_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeracini2015">Veracini 2015</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani2020253_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMamdani2020">Mamdani 2020</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201535-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201535_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeracini2015">Veracini 2015</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j642-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j642_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozer2021" class="citation book cs1">Tozer, Angela (2021). "Democracy in a Settler State?: Settler Colonialism and the Development of Canada, 1820–67". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1z7kjww.7"><i>Constant Struggle: Histories of Canadian Democratization</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 87–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1z7kjww.7">10.2307/j.ctv1z7kjww.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0866-8"><bdi>978-0-2280-0866-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1z7kjww.7">j.ctv1z7kjww.7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cmich.edu/library/2019/11/26/the-1819-treaty-of-saginaw/">"The 1819 Treaty of Saginaw"</a>. 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1819+Treaty+of+Saginaw&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cmich.edu%2Flibrary%2F2019%2F11%2F26%2Fthe-1819-treaty-of-saginaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpady2020" class="citation book cs1">Spady, James O'Neil (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37602761"><i>Education and the Racial Dynamics of Settler Colonialism in Early America: Georgia and South Carolina, ca. 1700 - ca. 1820</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367437169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367437169"><bdi>978-0367437169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+the+Racial+Dynamics+of+Settler+Colonialism+in+Early+America%3A+Georgia+and+South+Carolina%2C+ca.+1700+-+ca.+1820&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0367437169&rft.aulast=Spady&rft.aufirst=James+O%27Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37602761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2020" class="citation book cs1">Moon, David (2020). <i>The American Steppes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Steppes&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangRoche2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Ju-Han Zoe; Roche, Gerald (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14776011">"Urbanizing Minority Minzu in the PRC: Insights from the Literature on Settler Colonialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_China_(journal)" title="Modern China (journal)">Modern China</a></i>. <b>48</b> (3): 593–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700421995135">10.1177/0097700421995135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-7004">0097-7004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233620981">233620981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Urbanizing+Minority+Minzu+in+the+PRC%3A+Insights+from+the+Literature+on+Settler+Colonialism&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=593-616&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233620981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0097-7004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700421995135&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Ju-Han+Zoe&rft.au=Roche%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F14776011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2021" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Jonathan (2021), <i>Settler Colonialism, Primitive Accumulation, and Biopolitics in Xinjiang, China</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3965577">10.2139/ssrn.3965577</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3965577">3965577</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settler+Colonialism%2C+Primitive+Accumulation%2C+and+Biopolitics+in+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3965577%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3965577&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2021" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Michael (16 February 2021). "Settler Colonialism and the Path toward Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang". <i>Global Responsibility to Protect</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 9–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-984X-13010002">10.1163/1875-984X-13010002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9858">1875-9858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233974395">233974395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Responsibility+to+Protect&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism+and+the+Path+toward+Cultural+Genocide+in+Xinjiang&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233974395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1875-9858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-984X-13010002&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Powell, Michael (5 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/curious-rise-settler-colonialism-and-turtle-island/677005/">"The Curious Rise of 'Settler Colonialism' and 'Turtle Island'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Curious+Rise+of+%27Settler+Colonialism%27+and+%27Turtle+Island%27&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2024%2F01%2Fcurious-rise-settler-colonialism-and-turtle-island%2F677005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troen2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Troen2_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troen2_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Troen, S. Ilan (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". <i>Israel Affairs</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 872–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537120701445372">10.1080/13537120701445372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216148316">216148316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Affairs&rft.atitle=De-Judaizing+the+Homeland%3A+Academic+Politics+in+Rewriting+the+History+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=872-884&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537120701445372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216148316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Troen&rft.aufirst=S.+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:232-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:232_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:232_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:232_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2024" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer (22 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html">"What Is 'Settler Colonialism'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+%27Settler+Colonialism%27%3F&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F22%2Farts%2Fwhat-is-settler-colonialism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2023" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Roger (10 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/europe/colonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html">"Who's a 'Colonizer'? How an Old Word Became a New Weapon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who%27s+a+%27Colonizer%27%3F+How+an+Old+Word+Became+a+New+Weapon&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcolonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2023" class="citation news cs1">Kirsch, Adam (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/campus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be">"Campus Radicals and Leftist Groups Have Embraced the Idea of 'Settler Colonialism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Campus+Radicals+and+Leftist+Groups+Have+Embraced+the+Idea+of+%27Settler+Colonialism%27&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fcampus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hart, Alan (13 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zbb81ZuVCkC"><i>Zionism: The Real Enemy of the Jews</i></a>. Vol. 1: The False Messiah. SCB Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932863-78-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932863-78-2"><bdi>978-0-932863-78-2</bdi></a>. <q>A voluntary reconciliation with the Arabs is out of the question either now or in the future. If you wish to colonize a land in which people are already living, you must provide a garrison for the land, or find some rich man or benefactor who will provide a garrison on your behalf. Or else-or else, give up your colonization, for without an armed force which will render physically impossible any attempt to destroy or prevent this colonization, colonization is impossible, not difficult, not dangerous, but IMPOSSIBLE!... Zionism is a colonization adventure and therefore it stands or falls by the question of armed force. It is important... to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more important to be able to shoot – or else I am through with playing at colonizing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism%3A+The+Real+Enemy+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=SCB+Distributors&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-932863-78-2&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zbb81ZuVCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWprimary2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IWprimary2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabotinsky1923" class="citation web cs1">Jabotinsky, Ze'ev (4 November 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf">"The Iron Wall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed...Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall&rft.date=1923-11-04&rft.aulast=Jabotinsky&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.jabotinsky.org%2Fmedia%2F9747%2Fthe-iron-wall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelberLiska2012" class="citation book cs1">Gelber, Mark H.; Liska, Vivian, eds. (2012). <i>Theodor Herzl: From Europe to Zion</i>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 100–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Herzl%3A+From+Europe+to+Zion&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" <i>Les Temps Moderne</i>, 1967. Republished in English as <i>Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?</i>, New York, Monad Press, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Israel could celebrate its anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm">because it was able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948."</a> Lorenzo Veracini, Borderlands, vol 6 No 2, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2006" class="citation book cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2006). <i>Israel and Settler Society</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+Settler+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Unsettling-Settler-Societies/Daiva-K-Stasiulis/e/9780803986947">Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class, Vol. 11</a>, Nira Yuval-Davis (Editor), Daiva K Stasiulis (Editor), Paperback 352pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8694-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8694-7">978-0-8039-8694-7</a>, August 1995 <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question", <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, NY, (2006) and "The Pre-Occupation of Post-Colonial Studies" ed. Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Rahita Seshadri. (Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kingsreview.co.uk/articles/the-palestinian-enclaves-struggle-an-interview-with-ilan-pappe/">The Palestinian Enclaves Struggle: An Interview with Ilan Pappé</a>, King's Review – Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Video: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2017/04/05/ilan-pappe-on-viewing-israel-palestine-through-the-lens-of-settler-colonialism/">Decolonizing Israel. Ilan Pappé on Viewing Israel-Palestine Through the Lens of Settler-Colonialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a>, 5 April 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmal_Jamal2011" class="citation book cs1">Amal Jamal (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&pg=PA48"><i>Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of Indigeneity</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82412-8"><bdi>978-1-136-82412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Minority+Nationalism+in+Israel%3A+The+Politics+of+Indigeneity&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82412-8&rft.au=Amal+Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWLCpqnsoLQC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2012" class="citation journal cs1">Short, Damien (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258433114">"Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Human Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+settler+colonialism%3A+can+a+Lemkin-inspired+genocide+perspective+aid+our+understanding+of+the+Palestinian+situation%3F&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258433114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troen3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Troen3_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troen3_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Troen, S. Ilan (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". <i>Israel Affairs</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 872–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537120701445372">10.1080/13537120701445372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216148316">216148316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Affairs&rft.atitle=De-Judaizing+the+Homeland%3A+Academic+Politics+in+Rewriting+the+History+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=872-884&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537120701445372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216148316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Troen&rft.aufirst=S.+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:222-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:222_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Lissak, "'Critical' Sociology and 'Establishment' Sociology in the Israeli Academic Community: Ideological Struggles or Academic Discourse?" <i>Israel Studies</i> 1:1 (1996), 247-294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunderland2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sunderland, Willard (2000). "The 'Colonization Question': Visions of Colonization in Late Imperial Russia". <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 210–232. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41050526">41050526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.atitle=The+%27Colonization+Question%27%3A+Visions+of+Colonization+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-232&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41050526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sunderland&rft.aufirst=Willard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1992" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, James (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofpeoples00fors"><i>A history of the peoples of Siberia</i></a>. Internet Archive. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 201–228, 241–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40311-5"><bdi>978-0-521-40311-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+peoples+of+Siberia&rft.pages=201-228%2C+241-346&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40311-5&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpeoples00fors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLantzeffPierce1973" class="citation book cs1">Lantzeff, George V.; Pierce, Richard A. 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These places were colonized."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pohl, Otto (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1998/98_3_02.htm">"The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Context of Settler Colonialism"</a>. <i>International Crimes and History</i> (16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Crimes+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Deportation+of+the+Crimean+Tatars+in+the+Context+of+Settler+Colonialism&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1998%2F98_3_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Tsai, Lin-chin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h7d8r5"><i>Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Taiwan, an island whose indigenous inhabitants are Austronesian, has been a de facto settler colony due to large-scale Han migration from China to Taiwan beginning in the seventeenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Re-conceptualizing+Taiwan%3A+Settler+Colonial+Criticism+and+Cultural+Production&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+California&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Lin-chin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F30h7d8r5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2015" class="citation journal cs1">Page, A. 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(2015). "Agency and Structural Constraints: Indigenous Peoples and the Settler-State in North Queensland". <i>Settler Colonial Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settler+Colonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Agency+and+Structural+Constraints%3A+Indigenous+Peoples+and+the+Settler-State+in+North+Queensland&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Petray%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201544-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201544_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeracini2015">Veracini 2015</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2011" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, Jodi A. (6 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_JNcXnUjZkC"><i>The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. pp. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3317-7"><bdi>978-1-4529-3317-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+of+Empire%3A+Indigenous+Critiques+of+Colonialism&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-3317-7&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Jodi+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_JNcXnUjZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl20181-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl20181_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahl2018">Dahl 2018</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2018" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Adam (2018). <i>Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2607-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-2607-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+People%3A+Settler+Colonialism+and+the+Foundations+of+Modern+Democratic+Thought&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2607-6&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept"</a>. <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 313–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2013.768099">10.1080/03086534.2013.768099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159666130">159666130</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=%27Settler+Colonialism%27%3A+Career+of+a+Concept&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-333&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2013.768099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159666130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2013.768099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (2021). <i>Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-41177-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-41177-5"><bdi>978-1-000-41177-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilian-Driven+Violence+and+the+Genocide+of+Indigenous+Peoples+in+Settler+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-41177-5&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Alicia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0029.xml">"Settler Colonialism"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780190221911%2Fobo-9780190221911-0029.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglert2022" class="citation book cs1">Englert, Sai (2022). <i>Settler Colonialism: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-4490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-4490-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-4490-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settler+Colonialism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-4490-4&rft.aulast=Englert&rft.aufirst=Sai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelich2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)" title="James Belich (historian)">Belich, James</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh76bzOX7XAC"><i>Replenishing the earth: the settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929727-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929727-6"><bdi>978-0-19-929727-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Replenishing+the+earth%3A+the+settler+revolution+and+the+rise+of+the+Anglo-world%2C+1783%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929727-6&rft.aulast=Belich&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRh76bzOX7XAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Horne" title="Gerald Horne">Horne, Gerald</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apocalypse_of_Settler_Colonialism:_The_Roots_of_Slavery,_White_Supremacy,_and_Capitalism_in_Seventeenth-Century_North_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean">The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>, 2018. 243p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583676639" title="Special:BookSources/9781583676639">9781583676639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Horne" title="Gerald Horne">Horne, Gerald</a>. <i>The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century.</i> Monthly Review Press, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-875-6">978-1-58367-875-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamdani2020" class="citation book cs1">Mamdani, Mahmood (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/Neither_Settler_nor_Native" title="Neither Settler nor Native">Neither Settler nor Native</a></i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98732-6"><bdi>978-0-674-98732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neither+Settler+nor+Native&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98732-6&rft.aulast=Mamdani&rft.aufirst=Mahmood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjapra2020" class="citation book cs1">Manjapra, Kris (2020). "Settlement". <i>Colonialism in Global Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 43–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42526-1"><bdi>978-1-108-42526-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settlement&rft.btitle=Colonialism+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=43-70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42526-1&rft.aulast=Manjapra&rft.aufirst=Kris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marx, Christoph (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/christoph-marx-settler-colonies?set_language=en&-C="><i>Settler Colonies</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO - European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1149293284/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li>Mikdashi, Maya (2013). <i>What is settler colonialism?</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Indian_Culture_and_Research_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Indian Culture and Research Journal (page does not exist)">American Indian Culture and Research Journal</a> 37.2: 23–34.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenElkins2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pedersen_(historian)" title="Susan Pedersen (historian)">Pedersen, Susan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Elkins, Caroline</a>, eds. (2005). <i>Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settler+Colonialism+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakai1983" class="citation book cs1">Sakai, J. (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></i>. PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-037-3"><bdi>978-1-62963-037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlers%3A+The+Mythology+of+the+White+Proletariat&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-62963-037-3&rft.aulast=Sakai&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2010" class="citation book cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2010). <i>Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview</i>. Hampshire, UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230284906" title="Special:BookSources/9780230284906"><bdi>9780230284906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settler+Colonialism%3A+A+Theoretical+Overview&rft.place=Hampshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230284906&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2015" class="citation book cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2015). <i>The Settler Colonial Present</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37247-5"><bdi>978-1-137-37247-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Settler+Colonial+Present&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-37247-5&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Wolfe, Patrick</a> (2016). <i>Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+History%3A+Elementary+Structures+of+Race&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westernamericanliterature.com/2020/06/07/settler-colonialism/">Articles on Settler Colonialism in <i>Western American Literature</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonization,_decolonization,_and_neocolonialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonization" title="Template:Colonization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonization" title="Template talk:Colonization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonization,_decolonization,_and_neocolonialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Antarctica">Antarctica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">World oceans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_colonies_in_Africa" title="List of European colonies in Africa">European colonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Oceania" title="Colonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Decolonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Oceania" title="Decolonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">European</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Antiquity</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Western_colonialism" title="Chronology of Western colonialism">chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">detribalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">wars</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">Non-self-governing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empires</a><br /> in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Overseas, major: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Overseas, minor: <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mostly contiguous: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_classical_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the classical Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a> — Predecessors of sovereign states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_South_America" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in South America">in South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereign states formation dates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonial international relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">Decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">Settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_colonialism" title="Christianity and colonialism">Christianity and colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_public_space" title="Decolonization of public space">Decolonization of public space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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