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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Elamitisk_sprog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elamitisk_sprog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Elamitisk sprog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elamitisk_sprog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Regering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tre_hovedperioder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tre_hovedperioder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tre hovedperioder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tre_hovedperioder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ældre_elamitiske_periode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ældre_elamitiske_periode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ældre elamitiske periode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ældre_elamitiske_periode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mellem-elamitiske_periode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mellem-elamitiske_periode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mellem-elamitiske periode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mellem-elamitiske_periode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sene_elamitiske_periode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sene_elamitiske_periode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sene elamitiske periode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sene_elamitiske_periode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 81 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9D" title="ኤላም – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤላም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عيلام – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_elamita" title="Imperiu elamita – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu elamita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیلام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیلام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شارستانیەتی ئیلام – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارستانیەتی ئیلام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_(Altertum)" title="Elam (Altertum) – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elam (Altertum)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Ελάμ – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamo" title="Elamo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_(reino)" title="Elam (reino) – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elam (reino)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تمدن ایلام – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن ایلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="עילם – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עילם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="ईलम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईलम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A1m" title="Elám – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Էլամ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="エラム – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელამი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C" title="엘람 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Elaman" title="Impero Elaman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Elaman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamas" title="Elamas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama" title="Elama – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama" title="Elama – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഈലം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایلام – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایلام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A3o" title="Elão – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciilaam" title="Ciilaam – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciilaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam%C3%ABt" title="Elamët – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elamët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamu" title="Elamu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈலாம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Элом – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Элом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="เอลาม – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیلام – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عیلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0" title="埃兰 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD" title="埃蘭 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD" title="埃蘭 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128904#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Elam&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden (ikke skrevet endnu) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">dansk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elam"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=history" title="Tidligere versioner af denne side [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Værktøjer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Værktøjer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elam"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=history"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/Elam" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvad henviser hertil</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Relaterede_%C3%A6ndringer/Elam" rel="nofollow" title="Seneste ændringer af sider som denne side henviser til [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Beslægtede ændringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a 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encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><p><b>Elam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Persisk">persisk</a>: تمدن عیلام) var et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldtidsrige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldtidsrige (ikke skrevet endnu)">oldtidsrige</a> øst for <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Akkad" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> i det, som nu er det sydvestlige <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Elamiterne kaldte deres land <i>Haltamti</i> (senere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamitisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elamitisk (ikke skrevet endnu)">elamitisk</a> <i>Atamti</i>) som naboerne akkaderne lånte som <i>Elam</i>. Haltamti var kendt som <i>Elam</i> i det <a href="/wiki/Gamle_Testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamle Testamente">Det Gamle Testamente</a>, hvor de bliver kaldt efterkommerne af Elam, den ældste søn af <a href="/wiki/Sem_(bibelsk_person)" title="Sem (bibelsk person)">Sem</a>. Riget eksisterede fra ca. 2.400 til 646 f.Kr., da det blev okkuperet af <a href="/wiki/Assyrien" title="Assyrien">Assyrien</a>. Hovedstaden hed <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> og ruinerne af denne by ligger ca. 35 <a href="/wiki/Mil" title="Mil">mil</a> øst for <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/220px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/330px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/440px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sfinx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfinx">Sfinx</a> med vinger fra paladset til <a href="/wiki/Dareios_I_af_Persien" class="mw-redirect" title="Dareios I af Persien">Dareios den Store</a> i <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Højlandet under Elam blev mere og mere identificeret med dets lavere liggende, senere hovedstad, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, og geografer efter <a href="/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios">Ptolemaios</a> kaldte det <i>Susiana</i>. Selv om det var primært centreret i provinsen <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> i imperiets tid, udvidede elamiterne deres civilisation ind i provinsen <a href="/wiki/Fars" title="Fars">Fars</a> i forhistorisk tid. Navnet på den moderne provins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khuzestan_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khuzestan (provins) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Khuzestān</a> kommer fra den gammelpersiske rod <i>Hujiyā</i>, som betyder "Elam". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elamitisk_sprog">Elamitisk sprog</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Elamitisk sprog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Elamitisk sprog"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamitisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elamitisk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Elamitisk</a> er ikke i slægt med naboernes <a href="/wiki/Semitiske_sprog" title="Semitiske sprog">semitisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerisk">sumerisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Iranske_sprog" title="Iranske sprog">indo-europæisk</a> sprog. Nogle forskere tror, at sproget er i slægt med de <a href="/wiki/Dravidiske_sprog" title="Dravidiske sprog">dravidiske sprog</a> i det sydlige <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a>. Flere udviklingstrin i sproget er dokumenteret: det tidligste dateres til det 3. årtusinde f.Kr. og det seneste til <a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A6menidiske_rige" title="Achæmenidiske rige">achæmenidernes imperium</a>. Elamitisk forsvandt ca. år <a href="/wiki/100" title="100">100</a>. Elamiterne har efterladt sig 30.000 <a href="/wiki/Lertavle" title="Lertavle">lertavler</a> med elamitisk <a href="/wiki/Skriftsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Skriftsystem">skrift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Magan-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Magan-map.png/250px-Magan-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Magan-map.png/330px-Magan-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Magan-map.png/500px-Magan-map.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Kort over Elams beliggenhed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det iranske plateau oplevede ikke opvæksten af en urban, litterær civilisation i det sene 4. og tidlige 3. årtusinde efter mesopotamisk mønster, men lavlandet <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> gjorde det. Det var den elamitiske civilisation. </p><p>Geografisk bestod Elam af mere end Khuzestan. Det var en kombination af lavlandene og de nærliggende områder i højlandet i nord og øst. Elamiternes styrke var baseret på evnen til at holde disse områder sammen under et koordineret styre, som tillod maksimal bytte af de naturressourcer, som var unikke i regionen. Traditionelt blev dette gjort gennem en føderal styrestruktur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regering">Regering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Regering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Regering"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nær forbundet med denne styreform var elamiternes arvesystem og magtfordeling. Det almindelige ledelsesmønster bestod af en overherre, som styrede over vasalprinser. I de tidligste tider boede overherren i <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, som var føderal hovedstad. Sammen med ham styrede hans broder, som var nærmest i alder, vicekongen, som almindeligvis havde sit hovedsæde i den oprindelige by, som det for tiden styrende dynasti stammede fra. Denne vicekonge var arving til overherren. En tredje tjenestemand, regenten eller prinsen af Susa (distriktet) delte magten med overherren og vicekongen. Han var som regel overherrens søn eller, dersom ingen søn var tilgængelig, hans nevø. Når overherren døde, blev vicekongen overherre. Prinsen af Susa forblev i sit embede, og broderen til den gamle vicekonge nærmest ham i alder blev den nye vicekonge. Kun hvis alle brødrene var døde, blev prinsen af Susa forfremmet til vicekonge, som gjorde, at overherren kunne udnævne sin søn (eller nevø) som den nye prins af Susa. Et sådant kompliceret system af kontrolleret, balanceret magtarv brød ofte sammen til trods for æresægteskaber (obligatoriske ægteskaber mellem en enke og hendes afdøde mands broder). Det, som er bemærkelsesværdigt, er, hvor ofte systemet ikke virkede. Det var kun i de mellem- og senelamitiske perioder, at sønner som regel efterfulgte deres fader på tronen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tre_hovedperioder">Tre hovedperioder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Tre hovedperioder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Tre hovedperioder"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elamitisk historie kan inddeles i tre hovedfaser: den ældre, mellemste og sene eller neo-elamitiske periode. I alle perioderne var Elam nært forbundet med Sumer, Babylonien og Assyrien, nogle gange gennem fredelig handel, men oftest i krig. På samme måde var Elam ofte deltager i begivenheder på det iranske plateau. Begge involveringerne må ses i forbindelse med det kombinerede behov for alle lavlands-civilisationer om at kontrollere de krigerske folk i øst og udnytte økonomiske ressourcer på plateauet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ældre_elamitiske_periode"><span id=".C3.86ldre_elamitiske_periode"></span>Ældre elamitiske periode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Ældre elamitiske periode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ældre elamitiske periode"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Elam_Map-de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Elam_Map-de.svg/220px-Elam_Map-de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Elam_Map-de.svg/330px-Elam_Map-de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Elam_Map-de.svg/440px-Elam_Map-de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Elam og omgivende folkeslag.</figcaption></figure> <p>De tidligste konger i den ældre elamitiske periode kan dateres til omkring 2.700 f.Kr. Landet var allerede i konflikt med <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien">Mesopotamien</a>, i dette tilfælde med byen <a href="/wiki/Ur_(oldtidsby)" title="Ur (oldtidsby)">Ur</a>, som var karakteristisk for elamitisk historie. Disse tidlige herskere blev fulgt af Awan (Shustar)-dynastiet. </p><p>Den 11. konge af denne linje indgik en traktat med den store <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a> af <a href="/wiki/Akkad" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> (ca. 2.254-ca. 2.218 f.Kr.). Men snart dukkede der et nyt herskerhus op, Simash-dynastiet (Simash kan have været i det bjergene til det sydlige <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a>. Den betydeligste begivenhed i denne periode var Elams erobring af Shulgi af det 3. Ur-dynasti, en begivenhed som blev husket længe i mesopotamiske sørgesange og tekster. Omkring midten af det 19. århundrede f.Kr. gik magten i Elam videre til et nyt dynasti, Eparti. Den tredje konge i denne rækken, Shirukdukh, var aktiv i forskellige militære koalitioner mod den stigende magt i <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, men <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (ca. 1.792-ca. 1.750 f.Kr.) kunne ikke bekæmpes, og Elam blev knust i år 1.764 f.Kr. Det ældre babylonske kongedømme faldt hurtigt sammen i nedgangstiderne efter Hammurabis død, og det varede ikke længe, før elamiterne kunne få hævn. Kutir-Nahhunte I angreb Samsuiluna (ca. 1.749-ca. 1.712 f.Kr.), Hammurabis søn, og gav dem et så alvorligt nederlag for babylonerne, at begivenheden blev husket i en inskription af den assyriske konge Ashurbanipal mere end 1000 år senere. Det kan antages, at med dette slag fik Elam igen sin uafhængighed. Slutningen på Eparti-dynastiet, som kan være indtruffet i det sene 16. århundrede f.Kr., er uklar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mellem-elamitiske_periode">Mellem-elamitiske periode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Mellem-elamitiske periode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Mellem-elamitiske periode"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Elamite_worshipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Elamite_worshipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="470" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Elamitisk tilbeder, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, Iran 12. århundrede f.Kr., udgravet af Ronals de Mecquenem i 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>Efter to århundreder, hvor kilderne ikke afslører nogen ting, indledtes mellem-perioden med, at Anzanitt-dynastiet kom til magten. Dette dynastis hjemland lå antagelig i bjergene nordøst for Khuzestan. Politisk ekspansion under Khumbannumena (ca. 1.285-ca. 1.266 f.Kr.), den fjerde konge i denne række, fulgte hurtigt, og hans fremgange blev husket ved, at han tog titlen "udvider af imperiet". Han blev efterfulgt af sin søn, Untash-Gal, en samtidig med Shalmaneser I af <a href="/wiki/Assyrien" title="Assyrien">Assyrien</a> (ca. 1.274-ca. 1.245 f.Kr.) og grundlægger af byen Dur Untash (senere Chogha Zanbi). </p><p>I årene, som umiddelbart fulgte Untash-Gal, fandt Elam sig i en voksende reel eller potentiel konflikt med den stigende magt Assyrien. Tukulti-Ninurta I af Assyrien (ca. 1.244-ca. 1.208 f.Kr.) foretog felttog i bjergene nord for Elam. Elamiterne under Kidin-Khutran, den anden konge efter Untash-Gal, svarede med et vellykket og ødelæggende angreb på Babylonien. </p><p>Til sidst ser det imidlertid ud til, at den assyriske magt blev for stor. Tukulti-Ninurta formåede at udvide, for en kort tid, assyrisk kontrol langt ind i det sydlige Mesopotamien, Kitin-Khutran forsvandt i det ukendte og Anzanitt-dynastiet forsvandt. </p><p>Efter en kort periode med dynastiske problemer, åbnede den anden halvdel af mellem-perioden med styret under Shutruk-Nahhunte (ca. 1160 f.Kr.). To lige stærke og to ikke mindre imponerende konger fulgte grundlæggeren af et nyt dynasti, hvis hjem antageligvis var Susa, og i denne periode blev Elam en af de største militære magter i <a href="/wiki/Mellem%C3%B8sten" title="Mellemøsten">Mellemøsten</a>. Tukulti-Ninurta døde omkring 1.208 f.Kr. og Assyrien svækkedes i en periode med intern svaghed og dynastiske konflikter. Elam var hurtig til at drage fordel af denne situation med udbredte felttog i området ved Diyala-floden og ind i selve hjertet af Mesopotamien. Shutruk-Nahhunte erobrede Babylon og bragte stelaen, som de berømte love af Hammurabi var skrevet på, til Susa. Shilkhak-In-Shushinak, broder og efterfølger efter Shutruk-Nahhuntes ældste søn, Kutir-Nahhunte, var fortsat ivrig efter at drage nytte af den assyriske svaghed og sendte felttog så langt mod nord som området ved nutidens <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. Men i Babylonien ledede det andre dynastiet under Isin et indfødt oprør mod en sådan kontrol, som elamiterne havde kunnet udøve der, og elamiternes magt i det centrale Meopotamien blev til sidst brudt. Elamiternes militære imperium begyndte at skrumpe hurtigt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebukadnesar_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebukadnesar I (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nebukadnesar I</a> af Babylon (ca. 1.124-ca. 1.103 f.Kr.) angreb Elam og blev kun akkurat slået tilbage. Et nyt babylonsk angreb lykkedes derimod, og hele Elam blev overvundet, hvilket endte mellem-perioden. </p><p>Det er bemærkelsesværdigt, at i løbet af mellem-perioden virker det som, at om det gamle arvesystem for magten brød sammen. Det blev mere og mere almindeligt, at en søn efterfulgte faderen, og det blev mindre almindeligt med en delt autoritet inden for et føderalt system. Dette reflekterer antageligvis forsøget på at øge den centrale autoritet i Susa for at kunne udføre effektive felttog i udlandet og at holde elamiternes udenlandske erobringer. Det gamle system, der balancerede regionalisme med føderalisme, må have tabt på dette, og den bevægelse mod fraktioner og sektioner, som svækkede Elam i den sene periode, kan have haft sine rødder i den centrifugale udvikling i det 13. og 12. århundrede f.Kr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sene_elamitiske_periode">Sene elamitiske periode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Sene elamitiske periode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sene elamitiske periode"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sialk1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sialk1.jpg/220px-Sialk1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sialk1.jpg/330px-Sialk1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Sialk1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Tegning, som viser hvordan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sialk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sialk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Sialk</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">zigguraten</a> i det centrale <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> kan have set ud for 7.000 år siden. <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Zigguraten</a> ligger i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashan_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashan (provins) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kashan</a> og var (gen)opført af tidlige elamiter.</figcaption></figure> <p>En lang periode med mørke delte mellem-perioden og den sene elamitiske periode. I 742 f.Kr. nævnes en vis Huban-nugash som konge i Elam. Landet virker som om, det er blevet delt i separate provinser, med en ret svag centralmagt. </p><p>De næste 100 år så konstante forsøg fra elamiterne på at blande sig i mesopotamiske affærer, almindeligvis i alliance med Babylon mod det konstante pres fra neo-assyrisk ekspansion. Til tider lykkedes de med denne politik, både militært og diplomatisk, men i det hele blev de presset til at give efter for den voksende assyriske magt. Lokale elamitiske dynastiproblemer sammenfaldt fra tid til anden med både assyrisk og babylonsk indblanding. Imens eliminerede den assyriske hær den elamitiske magt og indflydelsen i Luristan. I tider, hvor dette indtraf, resulterede dette interne og eksterne pres i nær kollaps af al central autoritet i Elam. I en serie kampagner mellem 692 og 639 f.Kr., i et forsøg på at rense op i et politisk og diplomatisk kaos, som var blevet kronisk hovedpine for assyrerne, knuste Ashurbanipals arméer Susa, nedrev bygninger, plyndrede og ødelagde landet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Khačikjan, Margaret (1998): <i>The Elamite Language</i>, Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/88-87345-01-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/88-87345-01-5">88-87345-01-5</a></li> <li>Potts, Daniel T. (1999): <i>The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state,</i> Cambridge U., <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-521-56496-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-521-56496-4">0-521-56496-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-521-56358-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-521-56358-5">0-521-56358-5</a></li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E. (1997): <i>Historia de Elam, el vecino mesopotámico</i>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia. Spania.</li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E. (2000): <i>Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam</i>, Murcia. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia. Spania.</li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E. (2010): <i>La Lengua Elamita (Irán pre-persa)</i>, Madrid. Gram Ediciones. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-84-88519-17-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-84-88519-17-7">978-84-88519-17-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Elam_Susiana.html">Elam i det antikke sydvestlige Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101107/http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Elam_Susiana.html">Arkiveret</a> 14. maj 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/empires/elamite/elamite1.htm">Alle imperierne – Elamitternes imperium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721205339/http://www.allempires.com/empires/elamite/elamite1.htm">Arkiveret</a> 21. juli 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cappuccinomag.com/iranologyenglish/001141.shtml">Iran før iranerne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308174927/http://www.cappuccinomag.com/iranologyenglish/001141.shtml">Arkiveret</a> 8. marts 2005 hos <a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/150px-Babylonlion.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/225px-Babylonlion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Det_gamle_Egypten" title="Det gamle Egypten">Det gamle Egypten</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton">Akhnaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">Farao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havfolkene" title="Havfolkene">Havfolkene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush" title="Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_hieroglyf" title="Egyptisk hieroglyf">Hieroglyffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keops" title="Keops">Kheops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongernes_Dal" title="Kongernes Dal">Kongernes dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen">Nilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">Mastaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubien" title="Nubien">Nubien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_pyramide" title="Egyptisk pyramide">Pyramider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_2." title="Ramses 2.">Ramses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theben_(Egypten)" title="Theben (Egypten)">Theben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_religion" title="Egyptisk religion">Egyptisk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina" title="Palæstina">Palæstina</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kong_David" title="Kong David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomos_Tempel" title="Salomos Tempel">Salomos Tempel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikien" title="Fønikien">Fønikien</a></b>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikere" title="Fønikere">Fønikere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikiske_alfabet" title="Fønikiske alfabet">Fønikisk skrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanonceder" title="Libanonceder">Libanon-Ceder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthago" title="Karthago">Karthago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpur" title="Purpur">Purpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros" title="Ikaros">Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrint" title="Labyrint">Labyrint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoisk_kultur" title="Minoisk kultur">Minoisk kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotauros" title="Minotauros">Minotauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykene" title="Mykene">Mykene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassokrati" title="Thalassokrati">Thalassokrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Thera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolien" title="Anatolien">Anatolien</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frygere" title="Frygere">Frygere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusas" title="Hattusas">Hattusas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitter" title="Hittitter">Hittitterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A6iske_sprog" title="Indoeuropæiske sprog">Indoeuropæisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanesh" title="Kanesh">Kanesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B8sus" title="Krøsus">Krøsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisk" title="Luvisk">Luvierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien">Lyderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykien" title="Lykien">Lykierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troja" title="Troja">Troja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien">Mesopotamien</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerisk_mytologi" title="Sumerisk mytologi">Sumerisk mytologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerisk_(sprog)" title="Sumerisk (sprog)">Sumerisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad" title="Akkad">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrien" title="Assyrien">Assyrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadiske_imperium" title="Akkadiske imperium">Akkadiske imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineve" title="Nineve">Ninive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonien" title="Babylonien">Babylonien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylons_h%C3%A6ngende_haver" title="Babylons hængende haver">Hængende haver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elish" title="Enuma Elish">Enuma Elish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittani" title="Mittani">Mittani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassitter" title="Kassitter">Kassitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(oldtidsby)" title="Ur (oldtidsby)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriske_paladsrelieffer" title="Assyriske paladsrelieffer">Assyriske paladsrelieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konger_af_Assyrien" title="Konger af Assyrien">Konger af Assyrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriologi" title="Assyriologi">Assyriologi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Den_Persiske_Bugt" title="Den Persiske Bugt">Den Persiske Bugt</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka)" title="Ikaros (Failaka)">Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan" title="Makan">Makan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronningen_af_Saba" title="Dronningen af Saba">Dronningen af Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persien</a></b>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Golan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Golan (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chogha Golan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Bonut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Bonut (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chogha Bonut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Mish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Mish (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chogha Mish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes-kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kura–Araxes-kultur (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kura–Araxes-kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiroft-kulturen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiroft-kulturen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Jiroft-kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrierne" title="Hurrierne">Hurrierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrisk_(sprog)" title="Hurrisk (sprog)">Hurrisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a>:<b></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedisk_religion" title="Vedisk religion">Vedisk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induskulturen" title="Induskulturen">Induskulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-arier" title="Indo-arier">Indo-ariere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-Daro" title="Mohenjo-Daro">Mohenjo-Daro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Kina" title="Oldtidens Kina">Kina</a>:</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia-dynastiet" title="Xia-dynastiet">Xia-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang-dynastiet" title="Shang-dynastiet">Shang-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou-dynastiet" title="Zhou-dynastiet">Zhou-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_skrift" title="Kinesisk skrift">Kinesisk skrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfutse" title="Konfutse">Kon-fu-tse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-tse" title="Lao-tse">Lao-tse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Relaterede emner:</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Den_neolitiske_revolution" title="Den neolitiske revolution">Den neolitiske revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kareze" title="Kareze">Kunstvanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticering" title="Domesticering">Domesticering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat">Bystat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tid" title="Tid">Tidsregning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndflod" title="Syndflod">Syndflod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kileskrift" title="Kileskrift">Kileskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rullesegl" title="Rullesegl">Rullesegl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lert%C3%B8j" title="Lertøj">Lertøj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobberalder" title="Kobberalder">Kobberalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jernfremstilling" title="Jernfremstilling">Jernfremstilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvogn" title="Stridsvogn">Stridsvogn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Se også: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie">Andre indgange til historien</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritetsdata" title="Autoritetsdata">Autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/243355130">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243355130">243355130</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83181686">n83181686</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_parlamentsbibliotek" title="Nationale parlamentsbibliotek">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575957">00575957</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjekkisk_nationalbibliotek" title="Tjekkisk nationalbibliotek">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge601535&CON_LNG=ENG">ge601535</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lex.dk/Elam">Elam</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11755137">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=da&pagename=Elam&params=29.9_N_52.4_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted"><span class="latitude">29°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">52°24′Ø</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted">29.9°N 52.4°Ø</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.9; 52.4</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra "<a dir="ltr" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam&oldid=11314606">https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam&oldid=11314606</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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