CINXE.COM
“Spy Girl” Betty McIntosh Turns 100 Years Old — Central Intelligence Agency
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en"> <![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en"> <![endif]--><!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en"> <![endif]--><!--[if gt IE 8]><!--><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="no-js" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><!--<![endif]--><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/201cspy-girl201d-betty-mcintosh-turns-100-years-old.html","20150905114650","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1441453610"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><title>“Spy Girl” Betty McIntosh Turns 100 Years Old — Central Intelligence Agency</title><meta name="description" content=""/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><meta name="LastModified" content="Mar 04, 2015"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905114650cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/jobcart.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905114650cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/smallscreen.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905114650cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/modules.css"/><!--[if lt IE 9]><link href="/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/fullscreen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><![endif]--><link href="/web/20150905114650cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/fullscreen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="only screen and (min-width: 993px)"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20150905114650cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/expandcollapse.css" media="screen"/><script src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/modernizr.custom.73407.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/response.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/rwd.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/jquery.main.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/simpleCart.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/connect.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905114650js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/expandcollapse.js"></script> </head><body class="template-document_view portaltype-agencypage site-CIAgov section-news-information icons-on"><div><noscript>Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display</noscript><div id="wrapper"> <header id="header"><div class="header-holder"> <a class="skip" accesskey="S" href="#main-content">skip to content</a> <span class="bg-globe"></span> <div class="header-panel"> <hgroup><h1 class="logo"><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/"><img src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/images/logo.png" alt="Central Intelligence Agency"><span>Central Intelligence Agency</span></a></h1> <h2 class="work-text">The Work Of A Nation. The Center of Intelligence.</h2> </hgroup><div class="search-form"> <div class="row"> <div class="add-nav"> <ul><li><a title="Report Threats" class="active" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/contact-cia/report-threats.html">Report Threats</a></li> <li><a title="Iraqi Rewards Program" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/iraqi-rewards-program.html">رعربيعربي</a></li> <li><a title="A single point of contact for all CIA inquiries." href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/contact-cia">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="row"> <form id="ciaSearchForm" method="get" action="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/search"> <fieldset><legend class="visuallyhidden">Search CIA.gov</legend> <label class="visuallyhidden" for="q">Search</label> <input name="q" type="text" class="text" id="q" maxlength="2047" placeholder="Search CIA.gov..."><input type="hidden" name="site" value="CIA"><input type="hidden" name="output" value="xml_no_dtd"><input type="hidden" name="client" value="CIA"><input type="hidden" name="myAction" value="/search"><input type="hidden" name="proxystylesheet" value="CIA"><input type="hidden" name="submitMethod" value="get"><input type="submit" value="Search" class="submit"></fieldset></form> </div> <div class="row"> <ul class="lang-list"><li lang="ar" xml:lang="ar"><a title="Arabic" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/ar">عربي</a></li> <li lang="zh-cn" xml:lang="zh-cn"><a title="Chinese" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/zh">中文</a></li> <li lang="en" xml:lang="en"><a title="English" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/">English</a></li> <li lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><a title="French" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/fr">Français</a></li> <li lang="ru" xml:lang="ru"><a title="Russian" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/ru">Русский</a></li> <li lang="es" xml:lang="es"><a title="Spanish" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/es">Español</a></li> <li><a title="More Languages" alt="More Languages" class="more" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/foreign-languages">More<span class="visuallyhidden"> Languages</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <nav id="nav"><h3 class="visuallyhidden">Navigation</h3> <ul><li class=""><a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/"> <span>Home</span> </a></li> <li class=""><a class="hasChildrens" title="About CIA Description" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia"> <span>About CIA</span> </a><div class="drop"><ul class="globalSectionsLevel1 show-static"><li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/todays-cia"> <span>Today's CIA</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership"> <span>Leadership</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-vision-mission-values"> <span>CIA Vision, Mission, Ethos & Challenges</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/headquarters-tour"> <span>Headquarters Tour</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum"> <span>CIA Museum</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia"> <span>History of the CIA</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs"> <span>FAQs</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Note - link to the No Fear Act parent page, which is housed under EEO" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/no-fear-act"> <span>NoFEAR Act</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/site-policies"> <span>Site Policies</span> </a> </li> </ul><div class="static"><img class="image-inline" title="About Menu" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/images/section-banners/about-menu/image.jpg" alt="About Menu"><h4><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/">About CIA</a></h4> <p>Discover the CIA <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/">history, mission, vision and values</a>.</p></div><div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div></div></li> <li class=""><a class="hasChildrens" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers"> <span>Careers & Internships</span> </a><div class="drop"><ul class="globalSectionsLevel1 show-static"><li class="plain "> <a class="" title="This is an overview of all career opportunities at the CIA. " href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities"> <span>Career Opportunities </span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="This is the student profile page for candidates looking for jobs/ job listings at the CIA. Student Opportunities - Student Profiles" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/student-opportunities"> <span>Student Opportunities</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="How to apply to the CIA." href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/application-process"> <span>Application Process</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="This is the about CIA section of the Careers Site" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/life-at-cia"> <span>Life at CIA</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Every career at the CIA is a rewarding one. In addition to serving your country with the certainty that your work makes a difference, the CIA offers a comprehensive benefits package to reflect the dedication and contributions of our employees." href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/benefits.html"> <span>Benefits</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="This is the diversity information for the Careers Site" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/diversity"> <span>Diversity</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Your prior military service could qualify you to continue to serve your nation at the Central Intelligence Agency. Opportunities for qualified applicants are available in the U.S. and abroad." href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/military-transition"> <span>Military Transition</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/games-information"> <span>Tools and Challenges</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Frequently Asked Questions/ FAQ for a Career at the CIA in the Careers Section" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/faq"> <span>FAQs</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Repository of CIA videos" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/video-center"> <span>Video Center</span> </a> </li> </ul><div class="static"><img class="image-inline" title="Careers Menu" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/images/section-banners/careers-menu/image.jpg" alt="Careers Menu"><h4><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/">Careers & Internships</a></h4> <p>Your talent. Your diverse skills. Our mission. Learn more about <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/">Career Opportunities at CIA</a>.</p></div><div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div></div></li> <li class=""><a class="hasChildrens" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia"> <span>Offices of CIA</span> </a><div class="drop"><ul class="globalSectionsLevel1 show-static"><li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis"> <span>Intelligence & Analysis</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/clandestine-service"> <span>Clandestine Service</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/science-technology"> <span>Science & Technology</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/mission-support"> <span>Support to Mission</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources"> <span>Human Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Public Affairs" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/public-affairs"> <span>Public Affairs</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/general-counsel"> <span>General Counsel</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/equal-employment-opportunity"> <span>Equal Employment Opportunity</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Office of Congressional Affairs" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs"> <span>Congressional Affairs</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Inspector General" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/inspector-general"> <span>Inspector General</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Military Affairs" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/military-affairs"> <span>Military Affairs</span> </a> </li> </ul><div class="static"><img class="image-inline" title="Offices Menu" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/images/section-banners/offices-menu/image.jpg" alt="Offices Menu"><h4><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/">Offices of CIA</a></h4> <p><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/">Learn how the CIA is organized</a> into directorates and key offices, responsible for securing our nation.</p></div><div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div></div></li> <li class=" active "><a class="hasChildrens" title="News & Information Description" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information"> <span>News & Information</span> </a><span class="arrow"></span><div class="drop"><ul class="globalSectionsLevel1 show-static"><li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/blog"> <span>Blog</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements"> <span>Press Releases & Statements</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony"> <span>Speeches & Testimony</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism"> <span>CIA & the War on Terrorism</span> </a> </li> <li class="selected "> <a class="" title="index for featured story" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive"> <span>Featured Story Archive</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/your-news"> <span>Your News</span> </a> </li> </ul><div class="static"><img class="image-inline" title="News Menu" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/images/section-banners/news-menu/image.jpg" alt="News Menu"><h4><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/">News & Information</a></h4> <p>The most up-to-date CIA <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/">news, press releases, information and more</a>.</p></div><div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div></div></li> <li class=""><a class="hasChildrens" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library"> <span>Library</span> </a><div class="drop right"><ul class="globalSectionsLevel1 show-static"><li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications"> <span>Publications</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="CSI section" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence"> <span>Center for the Study of Intelligence</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/foia"> <span>Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers"> <span>Kent Center Occasional Papers</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/intelligence-literature"> <span>Intelligence Literature</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Reports" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports"> <span>Reports</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Related Links" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/related-links.html"> <span>Related Links</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="Repository of CIA videos" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/video-center"> <span>Video Center</span> </a> </li> </ul><div class="static"><img class="image-inline" title="Library Menu" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/images/section-banners/library-menu/image.jpg" alt="Library Menu"><h4><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/">Library</a></h4> <p>Our <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/">open-source library</a> houses the thousands of documents, periodicals, maps and reports released to the public.</p></div><div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div></div></li> <li class=""><a class="hasChildrens" title="Kids' Page Description" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page"> <span>Kids' Zone</span> </a><div class="drop right"><ul class="globalSectionsLevel1 show-static"><li class="plain "> <a class="" title="K-5th Grade" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/k-5th-grade"> <span>K-5th Grade</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/6-12th-grade"> <span>6-12th Grade</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/parents-teachers"> <span>Parents & Teachers</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/games"> <span>Games</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/related-links"> <span>Related Links</span> </a> </li> <li class="plain "> <a class="" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/privacy-statement"> <span>Privacy Statement</span> </a> </li> </ul><div class="static"><p><img class="image-inline" title="Kids Menu" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/images/section-banners/kids-menu/image.jpg" alt="Kids Menu"></p> <h4><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/">Kids' Zone</a></h4> <p><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/">Learn more about the Agency</a> and find some top secret things you won't see anywhere else.</p></div><div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div></div></li></ul></nav></div> </header><div class="main-block"> <section id="main"><div class="heading-panel"> <h1>News & Information</h1> </div> <div class="main-holder threecol"> <div id="sidebar"> <nav class="sidebar-nav"><h2 class="visuallyhidden">Secondary Navigation</h2> <ul><li class="navTreeItem navTreeTopNode"> <a class="contenttype-agencyfolder" title="News & Information Description" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information"> News & Information </a> </li> <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-blog"> <a class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-agencyfolder" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/blog"> Blog </a> </li> <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-press-releases-statements"> <a class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-agencyfolder" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements"> Press Releases & Statements </a> </li> <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-speeches-testimony"> <a class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-agencyfolder" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony"> Speeches & Testimony </a> </li> <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-cia-the-war-on-terrorism"> <a class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-agencyfolder" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism"> CIA & the War on Terrorism </a> </li> <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeItemInPath navTreeFolderish section-featured-story-archive"> <a class="state-published navTreeItemInPath navTreeFolderish contenttype-agencyfolder" title="index for featured story" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive"> Featured Story Archive </a> </li> <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-your-news"> <a class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-agencyfolder" title="" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/your-news"> Your News </a> </li> </ul></nav><div id="portletwrapper-706c6f6e652e6c656674636f6c756d6e0a636f6e746578740a2f434941676f760a6e617669676174696f6e" class="portletWrapper kssattr-portlethash-706c6f6e652e6c656674636f6c756d6e0a636f6e746578740a2f434941676f760a6e617669676174696f6e" data-portlethash="706c6f6e652e6c656674636f6c756d6e0a636f6e746578740a2f434941676f760a6e617669676174696f6e"> </div></div> <div id="content"> <ul class="breadcrumbs"><li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/">Home</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information">News & Information</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive">Featured Story Archive</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive">2015 Featured Story Archive</a></li><li>“Spy Girl” Betty McIntosh Turns 100 Years Old </li> </ul><article class="description-box"><a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"> </a> <div class="text-holder"><!-- AddThis Button BEGIN --><div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_16x16_style"> <a class="addthis_button_facebook"></a> <a class="addthis_button_twitter"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_pinterest_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_email"></a> <a class="addThisrssLink" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/your-news"><img title="Subscribe to RSS" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/images/icon_rss.gif" alt="Rss Feed"></a> <a class="addthis_button_compact"></a> </div><script type="text/javascript"> var addthis_config = { data_track_addressbar: false, ui_508_compliant: true, services_compact: 'digg,instapaper,linkedin,reddit,stumbleupon,tumblr,blogger', data_track_clickback: false, data_use_cookies: false, services_exclude: 'amenme,spruzer', ui_click: true } var addthis_share = { templates : { twitter : "{{title}} {{url}} " } } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150905114650js_/https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-52322787108634ce"></script><!-- AddThis Button END --><br><div id="viewlet-above-content"> </div> <div class=""> <div id="content"> <!--KW <h1 metal:define-macro="title-field-view" tal:define="kss_class python:getKssClasses('title', templateId='kss_generic_macros', macro='title-field-view');" id="parent-fieldname-title" tal:attributes="class string:documentFirstHeading$kss_class;"> <span metal:define-slot="inside" tal:replace="context/Title">title</span> </h1> --> <h1>“Spy Girl” Betty McIntosh Turns 100 Years Old </h1> <div id="content-core"> <div id="parent-fieldname-text-8ab515c252bd47db871ae9b9fc4ec461" class=""> <p><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Brennan-Office-3.jpg/image.jpg"><img class="image-left" title="" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Brennan-Office-3.jpg/17e874e7-ab67-482e-a6a2-a617e9773ea4.jpeg" alt=""></a>Elizabeth “Betty” McIntosh has a story to tell. Several lifetimes’ worth, in fact. She was one of the few women who worked overseas for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II, using her background as a journalist to create false news reports, postcards, documents, and radio messages designed to spread disinformation to undermine Japanese troop morale. She then went on to work for the CIA until her retirement in 1973. As the author of several books, Betty has seen to it that the women of the OSS and their daring adventures will never be forgotten.</p> <p>On March 1, 2015, Betty turned 100 years old. To mark the occasion, CIA Director John Brennan hosted a special celebration for Betty at CIA Headquarters. “CIA is honored to count Betty McIntosh as one of its alumnae, and we are very fortunate to have her at the Agency today. Her many achievements and storied life are an inspiration to all women and particularly so to those of CIA,” said Director Brennan. “It is fitting that Women’s History Month begins each year on March 1, the birthday of Betty McIntosh.”</p> <p><b>Recruited by OSS:</b></p> <p>A Washington, D.C. native, Betty was born on March 1, 1915. After graduating from the University of Washington, School of Journalism, Betty moved to Hawaii and worked for several news outlets, including the Honolulu Advertiser, Star Bulletin, and San Francisco Chronicle. Betty was working as a reporter in Hawaii when Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Betty covered the event first-hand and soon left Hawaii to work in the Scripps Howard bureau in Washington, D.C.</p> <p>During talks with CIA Historians on May 2, 1997 and June 24, 2002, Betty explained how she came to work for OSS. In 1943, Betty’s supervisors wanted her to write a story on a man named Atherton Richards who had been the head of a firm in Honolulu working on the mechanization of sugar cane harvesting. Richards also happened to be one of the top officials serving under General William J. “Wild Bill” Donovan, the then-chief of the OSS.</p> <p><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty_Writing.jpg/image.jpg"><img class="image-right" title="" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty_Writing.jpg/6271fff1-4a72-4f97-be8d-fdfdcbe9a9e0.jpeg" alt=""></a>“He was a friend of my father's,” Betty recalled. “It was very difficult to get in to see him, but I finally managed to. After our interview, he said, ‘Wouldn't you like to get into something interesting like’ ..., you know, he didn't say ‘spying,’ but he just said, ‘more interesting maybe than the work you're doing,’ although I was covering [Eleanor Roosevelt at the} White House and that wasn't too bad. I said I would be interested if it meant going overseas. He said, ‘I can promise you.’ So that's how I joined OSS.”</p> <p>Fluent in Japanese, Betty was recruited in 1943 to join the OSS, CIA’s predecessor and the nation’s first intelligence agency.</p> <p>Betty describes her first visit to the OSS as “very strange.” When she arrived on duty, they didn’t tell her anything about what her job would be. “They fingerprinted me and told me not to speak about anything, although I didn't know anything anyway. Security moved in as soon as you joined OSS.”</p> <p>Betty was one of the few women assigned to OSS Morale Operations (MO). “Eventually I was introduced to the MO group in Washington and then I was informed what my duties were.”</p> <p>The MO branch was in the business of creating rumors that our foreign adversaries would believe. In other words, black propaganda. Betty worked for the Far East division, while the other MO branch serviced Europe. “They taught us how to utilize material tailored for specific targets in the Far East. We had to learn to disseminate the material, a mix of truth and fantasy; we were taught how to get rumors started, for example.” It was at this point that Betty learned basic tradecraft, the same time-honored skills taught to intelligence officers today, skills that served her well in a post-war career at the CIA.</p> <p>“The group was mostly made up of newspaper men, radio people, artists, cartoonists, and some writers,” said Betty. “Mainly it was the media. That was what the OSS wanted for a quick production start.” Betty’s team included several artists from China, as well as captured Japanese soldiers who were artists in civilian life and willingly offered their talents to the Allied cause.</p> <p>Hiring a group of artists and writers to create black propaganda campaigns came with several challenges. “They didn't react to authority very well,” according to Betty. “I remember the artists and writers lounging around in the office, and when an officer entered the room they would just say, ‘Hi fellow’ or just ‘Hi.’ They wouldn't say ‘Colonel,’ ‘Sir’ or anything like that. And they never learned to salute. Their uniforms were awfully sloppy too.”</p> <p><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Being%20Carried%20-front.jpg/image.jpg"><span class="internal-link"><img class="image-left" title="" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Being%20Carried%20-front.jpg/c40dcbc7-69a2-4798-94cd-6a56fbecf117.jpeg" alt=""></span></a><b>World War II Exploits:</b></p> <p>Betty’s first assignment was in the summer of 1943. After completing her OSS training, she was sent to India. Betty helped produce false news reports, radio messages, and other propaganda designed to spread disinformation that would undermine Japanese troops, who were already demoralized and retreating from their defeat by Allied forces on the Imphal Plain. This included efforts to distribute forged Japanese government orders to Japanese troops in Burma.</p> <p>“The Japanese government told their soldiers that if they surrendered they would lose their birth right and would not be able to go back to Japan,” explained Betty. “So consequently very few Japanese surrendered. They cost us a great deal because they fought to the very end and many of our people, too, were killed. So the idea was to try to get them to give up without feeling that they had lost their identity.”</p> <p>In order to undermine the notion that surrender was unacceptable, Betty and her team crafted a forged order permitting Japanese troops to surrender under certain conditions. This was a believable scenario because there had recently been a leadership change in the Japanese government, which led to a window of uncertainty.</p> <p>Betty and her team enlisted a Burmese OSS agent to kill a Japanese courier en route through the jungle and insert the forged order into his knapsack. This “wily little killer” then reported to the Japanese on the whereabouts of their dead courier. Predictably, and according to plan, the Japanese retrieved their man with his mailbag and found the order that they concluded was <i>authentic.</i></p> <p>Having accomplished a great deal in India, Betty boarded a flight in Dum-Dum Airport, Calcutta, and accompanied by her dear friend, Julia McWilliams (Child), flew the infamous “Hump” through the Himalayas destined for Kunming, China, <i>behind enemy lines.</i> Being a newspaper journalist, Betty had never worked in broadcast radio. Her new challenge was to create scripts for a “black radio station” into China, and ultimately the home islands of Japan. Betty explained one of the last campaigns the OSS conducted:</p> <p>The OSS had somebody that they called the seer there, he was a fortune teller. Evidently, the Chinese loved to listen to him because he would predict things that would happen according to the stars. I remember going in to the radio room, very late in the war, and one of my supervisors, Gordon, was saying, “We've got to get something on the program that will just shake the Chinese and the Japanese,” and I said, “Well, let's have a big earthquake happen in Japan.” Gordon objected, “They’re always having earthquakes.” I said, “Then let's have a tidal wave to go with it.” “No, that's nothing either,” he said. “I'll think of something,” I told him.</p> <p>The seer soon went on the air and predicted that “something terrible is going to happen to Japan. We have checked the stars and there is something we can't even mention because it is so dreadful and it is going to eradicate one whole area of Japan.” That day, we dropped the atom bomb on Hiroshima.</p> <p>Betty said it was pure coincidence that the bomb was dropped after the radio broadcast went out. Colonel Richard “Dick” Heppner, who would later become Betty’s husband, came up to her afterwards and asked, “How in the world did you find about this [the bomb]?” because it was top secret.</p> <p>“We just made it up, you know,” said Betty, “but that’s the sort of thing we did.”</p> <p><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty%20headshot%20.jpg/image.jpg"><img class="image-right" title="" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty%20headshot%20.jpg/fa3b2dc7-cb95-4365-a2f4-e58917613c9a.jpeg" alt=""></a><b>OSS Disbands:</b></p> <p>At war’s end, Betty returned to the US and, as the OSS had been disbanded, she found work with Glamour magazine in New York City. After her wartime experience creating black propaganda, she found writing for a fashion magazine underwhelming. More suited to her talents was a position which opened up with Voice of America, an organization, not surprisingly, that found early support from none other than General William “Wild Bill” Donovan himself. In this capacity, Betty was able to put her OSS skills to work once again in service to her country during the Cold War.</p> <p>She married Colonel Heppner in May 1946 and they moved back to DC, where Betty worked on assignments for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the State Department, and the United Nations. In weekly consultations with her former boss, General Donovan, she wrote a memoir, <i>Undercover Girl</i>, published in 1947 – a humorous and yet poignant account of her experiences in China, Burma and India during the war.</p> <p>She began a new chapter in her life with the publication of two vibrant children’s books: <i>Inki</i> in 1957 and <i>Palaces Under the Sea</i>, 1959. After her beloved husband, Richard Heppner died, Betty’s friends, now working for the CIA, convinced her to go talk to then-CIA Director Allen Dulles about possible employment.</p> <p>“I just went over and asked Allen Dulles if I could have a job,” recalled Betty. “He said he was designing his new place [CIA Headquarters Building]. He said, ‘It’s going to be just like a college campus, nothing like that stone-wall place that my brother [Secretary of State John Foster] lives in.’“</p> <p><b>Life at CIA:</b><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty_w_Dog.JPG/image.jpg"><img class="image-left" title="" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty_w_Dog.JPG/48d84f3a-39ff-4336-9a4b-9b5d678ed2c1.jpeg" alt=""></a></p> <p>Betty was among several OSS women who joined the CIA after the OSS was disbanded. “I think that OSS, as the forerunner for CIA, laid the groundwork for what is now CIA,” said Betty. “Without the OSS I don't think they could have created such an agency.”</p> <p>Betty found the culture at the CIA a little different than what she had experienced at the OSS. “There was a little bit of bureaucracy, which had set in like rigor mortis up above us, and some people were sort of… they didn’t have imaginations… they didn’t want to do things like we did in OSS.”</p> <p>Some things were the same. Case officers at the CIA were predominantly male. Having worked in male-dominated industries her entire life, Betty had always gotten along well with her male colleagues, who mostly treated her as an equal. “I guess maybe I developed something that helped me. An attitude, maybe. Especially in OSS, I felt I was just absolutely an equal with anybody in the office.”</p> <p>Betty carried this attitude into her CIA career. Not all OSS women who joined the Agency managed to do this. Betty recalled that women who had proved their competence during the war were, “often just sort of considered as secretaries, and, therefore, you know, ‘take this paper and go.’ I didn’t like that attitude in a lot of the men, the way they treated [them], but what can you do?”</p> <p>Betty’s experience in the OSS served her well. “I learned to be covert about things and not to shoot my mouth off. The stuff I was doing for the Agency was similar to what I had been doing in OSS, but I guess I can’t talk much about it. I had a signed pledge not to reveal my work.”</p> <p><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty-McIntosh-2015_twitter.jpg/image.jpg"><span class="internal-link"><span class="internal-link"><img class="image-right" title="" src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/images/betty-mcintosh/Betty-McIntosh-2015_twitter.jpg/dc214327-a02e-428c-9980-a34c4acc1013.jpeg" alt=""></span></span></a><b>Living History:</b></p> <p>Betty served overseas on several assignments. While serving in Asia, she met a dashing fighter pilot, Fred McIntosh, and married him in May of 1962. After 40 years of service to her country in the field of intelligence, she retired in 1973.</p> <p>Betty has endeavored to maintain contact with her OSS colleagues over the years. “There’s not many of us left now,” she noted. Her 1998 book, <i>Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS,</i> is an homage to the brave women who served in the OSS as part of “Donovan’s Dreamers,” those “glorious amateurs” who laid the foundation for the greatest intelligence organization in history.</p> <p>“I'm glad I was in OSS,” Betty said when asked to sum up her experience as an intelligence officer. “It was a wonderful experience and I cherish it as the most exciting part of my life.”</p> </div> <div class="documentByLine"> <br><div> </div> <div> Posted: Mar 03, 2015 01:16 PM<br></div> <div> Last Updated: Mar 04, 2015 03:06 PM<br></div> <br></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> <aside class="content-box-2"><section class="featured-box"><div class="heading-box"> <h3>Featured Story Archive</h3> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <ul><li><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/index"><b>2015</b></a></li> <li><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2014-featured-story-archive/index"><b>2014</b></a></li> <li><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2013-featured-story-archive/index"><span class="internal-link"><b>2013</b></span></a></li> <li><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2012-featured-story-archive/index"><span class="internal-link"><b>2012</b></span></a></li> <li><a class="internal-link" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2011-featured-story-archive/index"><b>2011</b></a></li> <li><a class="internal-link" title="2010 Featured Stories" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/index"><b>2010</b></a></li> <li><b><a class="internal-link" title="2009 Featured Story Archive" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2009-featured-story-archive/index">2009</a></b></li> <li><a class="internal-link" title="2008 Featured Story Archive" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2008-featured-story-archive/index.html"><b>2008</b></a></li> <li><a class="internal-link" title="2007 Featured Story Archive" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive"><b>2007</b></a></li> </ul></div> </section></aside></div> </section><footer id="footer"><span class="divider"></span> <a href="#" class="logo-2"><img src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/images/logo-2.png" width="61" height="61" alt="Central Intelligence Agency"></a> <div class="footer-holder"> <div class="footer-frame"> <nav class="footer-nav"><div class="info-block"> <h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia">About CIA</a></h3> <ul><li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/todays-cia">Today's CIA</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership">Leadership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-vision-mission-values">CIA Vision, Mission, Ethos & Challenges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/headquarters-tour">Headquarters Tour</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum">CIA Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia">History of the CIA</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs">FAQs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/no-fear-act">NoFEAR Act</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/site-policies">Site Policies</a> </li> </ul></div> <div class="info-block"> <h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers">Careers & Internships</a></h3> <ul><li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities">Career Opportunities </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/application-process">Application Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/life-at-cia">Life at CIA</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/benefits.html">Benefits</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/diversity">Diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/military-transition">Military Transition</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/games-information">Tools and Challenges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/faq">FAQs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/careers/video-center">Video Center</a> </li> </ul><h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia">Offices of CIA</a></h3> <ul><li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis">Intelligence & Analysis</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/clandestine-service">Clandestine Service</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/science-technology">Science & Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/mission-support">Support to Mission</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources">Human Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/public-affairs">Public Affairs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/general-counsel">General Counsel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/equal-employment-opportunity">Equal Employment Opportunity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs">Congressional Affairs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/inspector-general">Inspector General</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/military-affairs">Military Affairs</a> </li> </ul></div> <div class="info-block"> <h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information">News & Information</a></h3> <ul><li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/blog">Blog</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements">Press Releases & Statements</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony">Speeches & Testimony</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism">CIA & the War on Terrorism</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive">Featured Story Archive</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/your-news">Your News</a> </li> </ul><h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library">Library</a></h3> <ul><li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence">Center for the Study of Intelligence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/foia">Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers">Kent Center Occasional Papers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/intelligence-literature">Intelligence Literature</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports">Reports</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/related-links.html">Related Links</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/library/video-center">Video Center</a> </li> </ul></div> <div class="info-block add"> <h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page">Kids' Zone</a></h3> <ul><li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/k-5th-grade">K-5th Grade</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/6-12th-grade">6-12th Grade</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/parents-teachers">Parents & Teachers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/games">Games</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/related-links">Related Links</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/privacy-statement">Privacy Statement</a> </li> </ul><h3><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/contact-cia">Connect with CIA</a></h3> <ul class="socials-list"><li><a class="social-6" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/https://twitter.com/CIA">CIA Twitter</a></li> <li><a class="social-5" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/https://www.facebook.com/Central.Intelligence.Agency">CIA Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://www.youtube.com/user/ciagov">CIA YouTube</a></li> <li><a class="social-2" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://www.flickr.com/photos/ciagov">CIA Flickr PhotoStream</a></li> <li><a class="social-3" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/your-news">RSS</a></li> <li><a class="social-4" href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/contact-cia">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><div id="plugins" class="info-panel"> <h4>* Required plugins</h4> <ul><li data-plugin="swf"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/">Adobe® Flash Player</a></li> <li data-plugin="pdf"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://get.adobe.com/reader/">Adobe® Reader®</a></li> <li data-plugin="doc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=4">MS Word Viewer</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </footer></div> <div class="footer-panel"> <nav class="sub-nav"><h3 class="visuallyhidden">Footer Navigation</h3> <ul><li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/site-policies/#privacy-notice" title="Site Policies">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/site-policies/#copy" title="Site Policies">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/site-policies/" title="Site Policies">Site Policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://www.foia.cia.gov/">FOIA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114650/http://www.dni.gov/">DNI.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/no-fear-act/" title="No FEAR Act">NoFEAR Act</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/inspector-general/">Inspector General</a></li> <!--<li><a tal:attributes="href string:$portal_url/mobile/" href="#" >Mobile Site</a></li>--> <li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/contact-cia/">Contact CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/sitemap.html">Site Map</a></li> </ul><a href="/web/20150905114650/https://www.cia.gov/open/" class="footer-logo"><img src="/web/20150905114650im_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/images/ico-06.png" alt="open gov"></a> </nav></div> <div class="skip"><a href="#wrapper">back to top</a></div> </div></div></body></html><!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 11:46:50 Sep 05, 2015 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 13:19:26 Nov 25, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 1.171 exclusion.robots: 0.108 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.056 esindex: 0.017 cdx.remote: 3.739 LoadShardBlock: 172.314 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 197.253 (4) load_resource: 167.675 PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 78.281 -->