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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Tumbuhan+berbunga" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Tumbuhan+berbunga" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Asal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Asal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengelasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pengelasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaksi_dengan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaksi_dengan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interaksi dengan manusia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaksi_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Interaksi dengan manusia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaksi_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_praktikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_praktikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kegunaan praktikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_praktikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kegunaan budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemuliharaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemuliharaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pemuliharaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemuliharaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolusi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Evolusi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sejarah_pengelasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_pengelasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sejarah pengelasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_pengelasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Filogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Luaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Dalaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan_dan_pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan_dan_pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rujukan dan pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan_dan_pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tumbuhan berbunga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 132 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeksadiges" title="Bedeksadiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedeksadiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD" title="ክንንብ ዘር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክንንብ ዘር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="फूल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फूल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كاسيات البذور – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسيات البذور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo_ipot%C3%BDva" title="Ka'avo ipotýva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo ipotýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80-%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7%C9%99kli_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Çiçəkli bitkilər – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiçəkli bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entikan_masekar" title="Entikan masekar – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Entikan masekar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khui-hoe_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кветкавыя – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кветкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кветкавыя расьліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кветкавыя расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="फूलदार पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फूलदार पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom_na_namumurak" title="Tinanom na namumurak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom na namumurak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsama" title="Bedecktsama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedecktsama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetnica" title="Cvjetnica – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvjetnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Покритосеменни – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покритосеменни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermes" title="Angiospermes – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angiospermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9" title="Krytosemenné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krytosemenné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn_blodeuol" title="Planhigyn blodeuol – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn blodeuol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dækfrøede planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsamer" title="Bedecktsamer – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedecktsamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3k%C5%A1yty_semjenjak" title="Pókšyty semjenjak – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pókšyty semjenjak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katteseemnetaimed" title="Katteseemnetaimed – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katteseemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αγγειόσπερμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγειόσπερμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermoj" title="Angiospermoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angiospermoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare loredun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گیاهان گل‌دار – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان گل‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiospermas" title="Anxiospermas – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anxiospermas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="속씨식물 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속씨식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="सपुष्पक पौधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सपुष्पक पौधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosymjenjak" title="Krytosymjenjak – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krytosymjenjak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Kritosjemenjače – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kritosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermi" title="Angiospermi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Angiospermi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_nga_agsabsabong" title="Mula nga agsabsabong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula nga agsabsabong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulfr%C3%A6vingar" title="Dulfrævingar – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulfrævingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי פרחים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי פרחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гүлді өсімдіктер – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүлді өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жабык уруктуулар – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жабык уруктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjyosp%C3%A8m" title="Anjyospèm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anjyospèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_kul%C3%AElkdar" title="Riwekên kulîlkdar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên kulîlkdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segs%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Segsēkļi – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Segsēkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_matala" title="ʻakau matala – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau matala" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9ieplanzen" title="Bléieplanzen – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bléieplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolij%C5%ABnai" title="Magnolijūnai – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnolijūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8kz%C3%A4%C3%B6jige" title="Bedèkzäöjige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bedèkzäöjige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantas_florinte" title="Plantas florinte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plantas florinte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rvaterm%C5%91k" title="Zárvatermők – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárvatermők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Скриеносеменици – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скриеносеменици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സപുഷ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപുഷ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цэцэгт ургамал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэгт ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconxinachtli" title="Teconxinachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconxinachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedektzadigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloosenplaanten" title="Bloosenplaanten – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bloosenplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterplanter" title="Blomsterplanter – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blomsterplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekkfr%C3%B8plantar" title="Dekkfrøplantar – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dekkfrøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqiltoota_Daraaraa" title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulli_o%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Gulli oʻsimliklar – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gulli oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%DA%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="پُھل دار بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پُھل دار بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="ګل لرونکی بوټی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګل لرونکی بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todecktsadige" title="Todecktsadige – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Todecktsadige" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okrytonasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatasqa_muruyuq" title="Qatasqa muruyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatasqa muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цветковые растения – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветковые растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flouerin_plant" title="Flouerin plant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flouerin plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt_me_lule" title="Bimët me lule – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët me lule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Krytosemenné rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krytosemenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosemenke" title="Kritosemenke – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kritosemenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirta_ubaxa" title="Dhirta ubaxa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhirta ubaxa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Скривеносеменице – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скривеносеменице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivenosjemenice" title="Skrivenosjemenice – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skrivenosjemenice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_kembangan" title="Tutuwuhan kembangan – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan kembangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppisiemeniset" title="Koppisiemeniset – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koppisiemeniset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomv%C3%A4xter" title="Blomväxter – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blomväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang_namumulaklak" title="Halamang namumulaklak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang namumulaklak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூக்கும் தாவரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்கும் தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesdurifsan" title="Timesdurifsan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timesdurifsan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%99%D1%87%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆవృతబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవృతబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="พืชดอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชดอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_hoa" title="Thực vật có hoa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular" title="Kapalı tohumlular – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapalı tohumlular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Покритонасінні – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покритонасінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%92" title="پھولدار پودے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھولدار پودے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katesemni%C5%BEed" title="Katesemnižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katesemnižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzoadign" title="Bedektzoadign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bedektzoadign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namumukad_nga_tanaman" title="Namumukad nga tanaman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namumukad nga tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97id%C4%97n%C4%93_augal%C4%81" title="Žėidėnē augalā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėidėnē augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25314#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Tumbuhan_berbunga" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Tumbuhan_berbunga" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&oldid=6339250" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Tumbuhan_berbunga&id=6339250&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tumbuhan+berbunga"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliopsida" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispesies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25314" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dilencongkan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokok_berbunga&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokok berbunga">Pokok berbunga</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Tumbuhan berbunga<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Julat zaman: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Cretaceous (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valanginian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valanginian (laman tidak wujud)">Valanginian</a>)-Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambria" title="Kambria">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi" title="Ordovisi">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silures" class="mw-redirect" title="Silures">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:; left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_karbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa karbon">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurasik">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Usia_kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Usia kapur">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:175.32307692308px; width:44.676923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:172.68307692308px; width:47.316923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:173.68307692308px; width:45.316923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ranunculus_repens_1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/128px-Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/192px-Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/256px-Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3379" data-file-height="2681" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Terrestrial: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranunculaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranunculaceae (laman tidak wujud)">buttercup</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg/126px-Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg/189px-Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg/252px-Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2393" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aquatic: <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/127px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/191px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/254px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wind-pollinated: <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg/127px-Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg/191px-Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg/254px-Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Insect-pollinated: <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">apple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Quercus_robur_4_RF_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg/191px-Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg/254px-Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="891" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tree: <a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">oak</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg/127px-Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg/191px-Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg/254px-Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Forb: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orchid (laman tidak wujud)">orchid</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Kepelbagaian angiosperma</div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Pengelasan saintifik</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Angiosperma" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alam: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trakeofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trakeofit">Trakeofit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spermatofit" title="Spermatofit">Spermatofit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angiosperma" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperma">Angiosperma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Kumpulan (APG IV)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal_angiosperms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basal angiosperms (laman tidak wujud)">Basal angiosperms</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amborellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amborellales (laman tidak wujud)">Amborellales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nymphaeales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nymphaeales (laman tidak wujud)">Nymphaeales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrobaileyales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrobaileyales (laman tidak wujud)">Austrobaileyales</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core_angiosperms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Core angiosperms (laman tidak wujud)">Core angiosperms</a> </p> <ul><li>Clades <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnoliids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnoliids (laman tidak wujud)">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orders <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloranthales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloranthales (laman tidak wujud)">Chloranthales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratophyllales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceratophyllales (laman tidak wujud)">Ceratophyllales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi)">Sinonim</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Anthophyta <small>Cronquist</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1960_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1960-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Angiospermae <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lindley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lindley (laman tidak wujud)">Lindl.</a></small></li> <li>Magnoliophyta <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_J._Cronquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur J. Cronquist (laman tidak wujud)">Cronquist</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takht.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takht. (laman tidak wujud)">Takht.</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.Zimm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.Zimm. (laman tidak wujud)">W.Zimm.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Magnolicae <small>Takht.</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Tumbuhan berbunga</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga">bunga</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Buah" title="Buah">buah</a>, dan membentuk klad <b>Angiospermae</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/ 'e' pendek dalam 'teksi'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/ 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'s' dalam 'satu'">s</span><span title="'p' dalam 'pasu'">p</span><span title="/ər/ 'er' in 'finger'">ər</span><span title="'m' dalam 'muka'">m</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang biasa disebut <b>angiosperma</b>. Mereka merangkumi semua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forb (laman tidak wujud)">forb</a> (tumbuhan berbunga tanpa batang berkayu), <a href="/wiki/Rumput" title="Rumput">rumput</a> dan tumbuhan seperti rumput, sebahagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokok_berdaun_lebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokok berdaun lebar (laman tidak wujud)">pokok berdaun lebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pokok_renek" title="Pokok renek">pokok renek</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pokok_memanjat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokok memanjat">pokok memanjat</a>, dan kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_akuatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuhan akuatik">tumbuhan akuatik</a>. Istilah "angiosperma" berasal dari perkataan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Greek">Greek</a> ἀγγεῖον / <span title="Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">angeion</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: grc is deprecated </span> ('bekas, wadah') dan σπέρμα / <span title="Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sperma</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: grc is deprecated </span> ('benih'), yang bermaksud bahawa <a href="/wiki/Benih" class="mw-redirect" title="Benih">benih</a> tertutup dalam buah. Mereka adalah kumpulan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_darat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumbuhan darat (laman tidak wujud)">tumbuhan darat</a> yang paling pelbagai dengan 64 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order (biology) (laman tidak wujud)">order</a>, 416 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Family (biology) (laman tidak wujud)">famili</a>, kira-kira 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> yang diketahui dan 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> yang diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angiosperma dahulunya dipanggil <b>Magnoliophyta</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' dalam 'muka'">m</span><span title="/æ/ 'e' pendek dalam 'teksi'">æ</span><span title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' dalam 'laci'">l</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>, -<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/ long 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>). </p><p>Angiosperma dibezakan daripada tumbuhan penghasil benih yang lain, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnosperm (laman tidak wujud)">gymnosperm</a>, dengan mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga">bunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xilem" title="Xilem">xilem</a> yang terdiri daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemen_bekas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemen bekas (laman tidak wujud)">elemen bekas</a> dan bukannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trakeid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trakeid (laman tidak wujud)">trakeid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosperma" title="Endosperma">endosperma</a> dalam benih mereka, dan buah yang sepenuhnya meliputi benih. Nenek moyang tumbuhan berbunga telah berpisah daripada nenek moyang bersama semua gymnosperm hidup sebelum berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Karboniferus" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboniferus">Karboniferus</a>, lebih 300 juta tahun yang lalu. Pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Kapur" title="Kapur">Kapur</a>, angiosperma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiasi_adaptif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiasi adaptif (laman tidak wujud)">berkembang secara eksplosif</a>, menjadi kumpulan tumbuhan dominan di seluruh planet ini. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">Pertanian</a> hampir sepenuhnya bergantung pada angiosperma, dan sebilangan kecil keluarga tumbuhan berbunga membekalkan hampir semua <a href="/wiki/Makanan" title="Makanan">makanan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Makanan_ternakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Makanan ternakan">makanan ternakan</a> berasaskan tumbuhan. <a href="/wiki/Padi" title="Padi">Padi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung">jagung</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum">gandum</a> menyediakan separuh daripada pengambilan <a href="/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori">kalori</a> dunia, dan ketiga-tiga tumbuhan ini adalah bijirin dari keluarga <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> (dikenali sebagai rumput). Keluarga lain membekalkan bahan seperti <a href="/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu">kayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas">kertas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas">kapas</a>, dan membekalkan banyak bahan untuk perubatan tradisional dan moden. Tumbuhan berbunga juga sering ditanam untuk tujuan hiasan, dengan bunga tertentu memainkan peranan penting dalam banyak budaya. </p><p>Daripada lima peristiwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepupusan_besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepupusan besar (laman tidak wujud)">kepupusan besar</a> dalam sejarah Bumi, hanya peristiwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepupusan_Kapur%E2%80%93Paleogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepupusan Kapur–Paleogen (laman tidak wujud)">kepupusan Kapur–Paleogen</a> yang berlaku semasa angiosperma mendominasi kehidupan tumbuhan di planet ini. Hari ini, <a href="/wiki/Kepupusan_Holosen" title="Kepupusan Holosen">kepupusan Holosen</a> mempengaruhi semua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_kehidupan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan kehidupan (laman tidak wujud)">kerajaan kehidupan kompleks</a> di Bumi, dan langkah-langkah pemuliharaan adalah perlu untuk melindungi tumbuhan dalam habitat semula jadi mereka (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_situ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In situ (laman tidak wujud)">in situ</a></i>), atau jika gagal, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemuliharaan_ex_situ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemuliharaan ex situ (laman tidak wujud)">pemuliharaan ex situ</a></i> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_benih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank benih (laman tidak wujud)">bank benih</a> atau habitat buatan seperti <a href="/wiki/Taman_botani" title="Taman botani">taman botani</a>. Jika tidak, sekitar 40% spesies tumbuhan mungkin menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kepupusan" title="Kepupusan">pupus</a> akibat tindakan manusia seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemusnahan_habitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemusnahan habitat (laman tidak wujud)">pemusnahan habitat</a>, pengenalan <a href="/wiki/Spesies_invasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Spesies invasif">spesies invasif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembalakan" title="Pembalakan">pembalakan</a> tidak mampan dan pengumpulan tumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Ubat" title="Ubat">ubat</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_hiasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuhan hiasan">tumbuhan hiasan</a>. Selain itu, <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_perubahan_iklim_terhadap_biodiversiti_tumbuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan perubahan iklim terhadap biodiversiti tumbuhan (laman tidak wujud)">mula memberi kesan kepada tumbuhan</a> dan berkemungkinan menyebabkan banyak spesies menjadi pupus menjelang tahun 2100. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal">Asal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Asal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Asal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bukti pertama kemunculan angiosperma muncul dalam rekod fosil sekitar 140 juta tahun dahulu, pada <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Jura" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Jura">Zaman Jura</a> (203-135 juta tahun dahulu). Berasaskan bukti semasa, dipercayai leluhur angiosperma dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetofit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetofit (laman tidak wujud)">gnetofit</a> berpecah ketika akhir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Trias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Trias (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Trias</a> (220-202 juta tahun dahulu). Fosil tumbuhan dengan ciri-ciri angiosperma yang boleh dikenal pasti muncul dalam rekod fosil pada tempoh Jura dan awal <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu_Kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Batu Kapur">Zaman Batu Kapur</a> (135-65 juta tahun dahulu), tetapi dalam contoh yang kecil dan bentuk primitif. Perkembangan angiosperma bermula pada pertengahan Zaman Batu Kapur (anggaran sekitar 100 juta tahun dahulu). Pada akhir Zaman Batu Kapur, angiosperma kelihatannya menjadi kumpulan penting dalam tumbuhan darat, dan banyak tumbuhan fosil dapat dikenal pasti dalam keluarga moden (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Pokok_bic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokok bic">pokok bic</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokok_oak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokok oak (laman tidak wujud)">pokok oak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokok_sycamore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokok sycamore (laman tidak wujud)">pokok sycamore</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokok_magnolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokok magnolia (laman tidak wujud)">pokok magnolia</a>) telah mula muncul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengelasan">Pengelasan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengelasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengelasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tumbuhan berbunga biasanya dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Divisi_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisi (biologi)">divisi</a>, dahulunya dikenali sebagai Angiospermatofita atau Antofita, tetapi sekarang dikenali sebagai <b>Magnoliophyta</b> menurut jenis genus <i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a></i>. </p><p>Pengelasan tumbuhan berbunga telah diubah besar-besaran semenjak idea mengenai perkaitannya bertukar. <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Cronquist" title="Sistem Cronquist">Sistem Cronquist</a>, dicadangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Arthur Cronquist</a> pada tahun 1981, masih digunakan secara meluas tetapi tidak lagi dipercayai menggambarkan <i>filogeni</i>. Persetujuan umum mengenai bagaimana tumbuhan berbunga patut disusun hanya baru-baru ini timbul, melalui hasil kerja <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_Filogeni_Angiosperma" title="Kumpulan Filogeni Angiosperma">Kumpulan Filogeni Angiosperma</a>, yang menerbitkan pengelasan semula angiosperma yang berpengaruh pada tahun 1998. Pengemaskini yang menrangkumi penyelidikan terkini diterbitkan sebagai APG (2003). </p><p>Secara tradisi, tumbuhan berbunga dipecahkan kepada <a href="/wiki/Dikotiledon" title="Dikotiledon">dikotiledon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Monokotiledon" title="Monokotiledon">monokotiledon</a> (disingkatkan sebagai dikot dan monokot). Sebahagian besarnya berasaskan jumlah <a href="/wiki/Kotiledon" title="Kotiledon">kotiledon</a> atau daun embrio terkandung dalam biji benih, tetapi terdapat beberapa perbezaan lain. Kumpulan ini biasanya dikenali sebagai kelas, dahulunya dikenali sebagai <i>Dicotyledoneae</i> dan <i>Monocotyledoneae</i>, tetapi sekarang dikenali sebagai <b>Kelas Magnoliopsida</b> dan <b>Kelas Liliopsida</b> menurut genus dalam setiap kes. </p><p>Kajian membuktikan bahawa monokots adalah monofiletik dan dikot adalah parafiletik. Bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar temasuk dalam subgroup monophyletic dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Eudikotiledon" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudikotiledon">eudikotiledon</a> atau trikolpat, dibezakan terutamanya melalui bentuk debunga. Oleh kerana sistem baru juga cenderung mengelakkan kumpulan parafiletik, ia boleh dianggap sebagai kelas Rosopsida berlainan, atau dipecahkan kepada beberapa kelas. Magnoliopsida kemudiannya akahn dihadkan kepada dikot basal atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleodikotiledon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleodikotiledon (laman tidak wujud)">paleodikotiledon</a>, kumpulan parafiletik yang boleh dipecahkan lagi. </p><p>Famili tumbuhan berbunga yang paling pelbagai, dalam susunan jumlah spesies, adalah :- </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Ulam_raja" title="Ulam raja">kenikir</a>): 25,000 spesies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Anggerik" title="Anggerik">anggerik</a>): 18,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang">kacang</a>): 17,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Rumput" title="Rumput">rumput</a>): 9,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi">kopi</a>): 7,000</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphorbiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphorbiaceae (laman tidak wujud)">Euphorbiaceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Tentulang" title="Tentulang">tentulang</a>): 5,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a> (famili <a href="/wiki/Rumput_rusiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumput rusiga">rusiga</a>): 4,000</li></ol> <p>Senarai di atas (memaparkan hanya 7 famili terbesar), Orchidaceae, Poaceae, dan Cyperaceae adalah famili monokot; yang lain adalah famili dikot. Jumlah keseluruhan famili dalam Magnoliophyta adalah melebihi 460. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaksi_dengan_manusia">Interaksi dengan manusia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Interaksi dengan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Interaksi dengan manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kegunaan_praktikal">Kegunaan praktikal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan praktikal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan praktikal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/220px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/330px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/440px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Penuaian <a href="/wiki/Padi" title="Padi">padi</a> di Arkansas, 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/220px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/330px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/440px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Makanan dari tumbuhan: hidangan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dal_tadka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dal tadka (laman tidak wujud)">Dal tadka</a></i>, sup lentil India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">Pertanian</a> hampir sepenuhnya bergantung pada angiosperma, yang menyediakan hampir semua makanan berasaskan tumbuhan dan makanan untuk <a href="/wiki/Ternakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternakan">ternakan</a>. Sebahagian besar makanan ini berasal dari sebilangan kecil keluarga tumbuhan berbunga.<sup id="cite_ref-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contohnya, separuh daripada pengambilan <a href="/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori">kalori</a> dunia dibekalkan oleh hanya tiga tumbuhan - <a href="/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum">gandum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padi" title="Padi">padi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung">jagung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Keluarga utama penyedia makanan<sup id="cite_ref-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Keluarga</th> <th>Bahasa Inggeris</th> <th>Contoh makanan dari keluarga tersebut </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></td> <td>Rumput, bijirin</td> <td>Kebanyakan stok makanan, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Padi" title="Padi">padi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung">jagung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum">gandum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barli" title="Barli">barli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai" title="Rai">rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagung_mutiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagung mutiara (laman tidak wujud)">jagung mutiara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebu">tebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></td> <td>Kacang, keluarga kacang pea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kacang_pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kacang pea">Kacang pea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang">kacang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a>; untuk makanan haiwan, <a href="/wiki/Semanggi" class="mw-disambig" title="Semanggi">semanggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></td> <td>Keluarga nightshade</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang">Kentang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lada" title="Lada">lada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terung" title="Terung">terung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cucurbitaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cucurbitaceae (laman tidak wujud)">Cucurbitaceae</a></td> <td>Keluarga labu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labu" title="Labu">Labu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timun" title="Timun">timun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labu_besar" title="Labu besar">labu besar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembikai" title="Tembikai">tembikai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></td> <td>Keluarga kubis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubis" title="Kubis">Kubis</a> dan varietinya, contohnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubis_Brussel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubis Brussel (laman tidak wujud)">kubis Brussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokoli" title="Brokoli">brokoli</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_sawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumbuhan sawi (laman tidak wujud)">sawi</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapeseed (laman tidak wujud)">minyak biji sawi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></td> <td>Keluarga parsley</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsnip" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsnip">Parsnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobak_merah" title="Lobak merah">lobak merah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsli" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsli">parsli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketumbar" title="Ketumbar">ketumbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jintan_manis" title="Jintan manis">jintan manis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jintan_putih" title="Jintan putih">jintan putih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jintan" title="Jintan">jintan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutaceae (laman tidak wujud)">Rutaceae</a></td> <td>Keluarga rue<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oren_(buah)" title="Oren (buah)">Oren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limau" title="Limau">limau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limau_gedang" title="Limau gedang">limau gedang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></td> <td>Keluarga ros<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epal" title="Epal">Epal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pir" title="Pir">pir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">ceri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aprikot" title="Aprikot">aprikot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pic" title="Pic">pic</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tumbuhan berbunga menyediakan pelbagai bahan dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu">kayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas">kertas</a>, serat seperti <a href="/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas">kapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks">flaks</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemp (laman tidak wujud)">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_ubatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuhan ubatan">ubat-ubatan</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digoxin (laman tidak wujud)">digoxin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>, serta tumbuhan hiasan dan landskap. <a href="/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi">Kopi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Coklat_panas" title="Coklat panas">coklat panas</a> adalah minuman dari tumbuhan berbunga.<sup id="cite_ref-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kegunaan_budaya">Kegunaan budaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kingfisher-iris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg/170px-Kingfisher-iris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg/255px-Kingfisher-iris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukisan_burung_dan_bunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukisan burung dan bunga (laman tidak wujud)">Lukisan burung dan bunga</a>: <i>Kingfisher and iris</i> cetakan blok kayu <i>kachō-e</i> oleh Ohara Koson (akhir abad ke-19)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tumbuhan sebenar dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_fiksyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumbuhan fiksyen (laman tidak wujud)">fiksyen</a> memainkan pelbagai peranan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_tumbuhan_fiksyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai tumbuhan fiksyen (laman tidak wujud)">kesusasteraan dan filem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunga adalah subjek banyak puisi oleh penyair seperti <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Frost (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Frost</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukisan_burung_dan_bunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukisan burung dan bunga (laman tidak wujud)">Lukisan burung dan bunga</a> (<span title="Cina-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huaniaohua</i></span>) adalah sejenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukisan_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukisan Cina (laman tidak wujud)">lukisan Cina</a> yang meraikan keindahan tumbuhan berbunga.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunga telah digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_bunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa bunga (laman tidak wujud)">kesusasteraan untuk menyampaikan makna</a> oleh pengarang termasuk <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunga digunakan dalam pelbagai bentuk seni yang menyusun tumbuhan potong atau hidup, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">ikebana</a>, dan susunan bunga. <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_hiasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuhan hiasan">Tumbuhan hiasan</a> kadangkala telah mengubah haluan sejarah, seperti dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulipomania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulipomania (laman tidak wujud)">tulipomania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak negara dan wilayah mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambang_bunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambang bunga (laman tidak wujud)">lambang bunga</a>; kajian terhadap 70 daripadanya mendapati bahawa keluarga tumbuhan berbunga yang paling popular untuk lambang sedemikian ialah Orchidaceae pada 15.7% (11 lambang), diikuti oleh Fabaceae pada 10% (7 lambang), dan Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, dan Rosaceae semuanya pada 5.7% (4 lambang setiap satu).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemuliharaan">Pemuliharaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Pemuliharaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pemuliharaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/200px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/300px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/400px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_calcarata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola calcarata (laman tidak wujud)">Viola calcarata</a>, spesies yang sangat terdedah kepada perubahan iklim.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_manusia_terhadap_alam_sekitar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan manusia terhadap alam sekitar (laman tidak wujud)">Kesan manusia terhadap alam sekitar</a> telah menyebabkan kepupusan pelbagai spesies dan <a href="/wiki/Kepupusan_Holosen" title="Kepupusan Holosen">mengancam lebih banyak lagi hari ini</a>. Pelbagai organisasi seperti <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> mencadangkan bahawa sekitar 40% spesies tumbuhan terancam kepupusan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lughadha2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lughadha2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan spesies terancam oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemusnahan_habitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemusnahan habitat (laman tidak wujud)">pemusnahan habitat</a>, tetapi aktiviti seperti pembalakan pokok liar dan pengumpulan tumbuhan ubatan, atau pengenalan <a href="/wiki/Spesies_invasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Spesies invasif">spesies invasif</a> bukan asli, juga memainkan peranan.<sup id="cite_ref-BGCI_2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGCI_2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatifnya, sedikit penilaian kepelbagaian tumbuhan yang kini mempertimbangkan <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lughadha2020_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lughadha2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun ia juga mula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_perubahan_iklim_terhadap_biodiversiti_tumbuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan perubahan iklim terhadap biodiversiti tumbuhan (laman tidak wujud)">memberi kesan kepada tumbuhan</a>. Sekitar 3% tumbuhan berbunga sangat mungkin akan pupus dalam masa seabad pada 2 °C (3.6 °F) pemanasan global, dan 10% pada 3.2 °C (5.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam senario paling buruk, separuh daripada semua spesies pokok mungkin pupus akibat perubahan iklim dalam tempoh tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Lughadha2020_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lughadha2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Pemuliharaan dalam konteks ini adalah usaha untuk menghalang kepupusan, sama ada secara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_situ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In situ (laman tidak wujud)">in situ</a></i> dengan melindungi tumbuhan dan habitatnya di alam liar, atau secara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemuliharaan_ex_situ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemuliharaan ex situ (laman tidak wujud)">ex situ</a></i> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_benih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank benih (laman tidak wujud)">bank benih</a> atau sebagai tumbuhan hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-BGCI_2023_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGCI_2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kira-kira 3000 <a href="/wiki/Taman_botani" title="Taman botani">taman botani</a> di seluruh dunia mengekalkan tumbuhan hidup, termasuk lebih 40% spesies yang diketahui terancam, sebagai "insurans terhadap kepupusan di alam liar."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategi_Global_untuk_Pemuliharaan_Tumbuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategi Global untuk Pemuliharaan Tumbuhan (laman tidak wujud)">Strategi Global untuk Pemuliharaan Tumbuhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> menyatakan bahawa "tanpa tumbuhan, tiada kehidupan".<sup id="cite_ref-CBD_2023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD_2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia bertujuan untuk "menghentikan kehilangan berterusan kepelbagaian tumbuhan" di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-CBD_2023_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD_2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolusi">Evolusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_pengelasan">Sejarah pengelasan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah pengelasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah pengelasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/170px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/255px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/340px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Dari tahun 1736, ilustrasi pengelasan Linnaean</figcaption></figure> <p>Istilah botani "angiosperma", daripada perkataan Yunani <span title="Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">angeíon</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: grc is deprecated </span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%BD#Yunani_Purba" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀγγεῖον">ἀγγεῖον</a></span> 'botol, wadah') dan <span title="Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">spérma</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: grc is deprecated </span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1#Yunani_Purba" class="extiw" title="wikt:σπέρμα">σπέρμα</a></span> 'benih'), dicipta dalam bentuk "Angiospermae" oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hermann_(ahli_botani)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hermann (ahli botani) (laman tidak wujud)">Paul Hermann</a> pada tahun 1690, yang hanya merangkumi tumbuhan berbunga yang benihnya tertutup dalam kapsul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle19119_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle19119-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makna istilah angiosperma berubah secara asas pada tahun 1827 dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Brown_(ahli_botani_Scotland_dari_Montrose)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Brown (ahli botani Scotland dari Montrose) (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Brown</a>, apabila angiosperma menjadi bermakna tumbuhan benih dengan ovul yang tertutup.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buggs_22–36_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buggs_22–36-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1851, dengan kerja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Friedrich_Benedikt_Hofmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Friedrich Benedikt Hofmeister (laman tidak wujud)">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> mengenai kantung embrio, Angiosperma mendapat makna moden sebagai semua tumbuhan berbunga termasuk Dikotiledon dan Monokotiledon.<sup id="cite_ref-Buggs_22–36_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buggs_22–36-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=APG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APG (laman tidak wujud)">APG</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menganggap tumbuhan berbunga sebagai klad tanpa pangkat rasmi dalam bahasa Latin (angiosperma). Klasifikasi rasmi telah diterbitkan bersama-sama dengan semakan 2009 di mana tumbuhan berbunga diletakkan sebagai subkelas Magnoliidae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari tahun 1998, <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_Filogeni_Angiosperma" title="Kumpulan Filogeni Angiosperma">Kumpulan Filogeni Angiosperma</a> (APG) telah mengklasifikasikan semula angiosperma, dengan kemas kini dalam sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=APG_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APG II (laman tidak wujud)">APG II</a> pada tahun 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2003_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=APG_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APG III (laman tidak wujud)">APG III</a> pada tahun 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=APG_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APG IV (laman tidak wujud)">APG IV</a> pada tahun 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filogeni">Filogeni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Filogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Filogeni"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luaran">Luaran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Luaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Luaran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 2019, satu kajian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogeni_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filogeni molekul (laman tidak wujud)">filogeni molekul</a> terhadap <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> meletakkan tumbuhan berbunga dalam konteks evolusi mereka:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4762926">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embriophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embriophyte (laman tidak wujud)">Embriophyte</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryophyte (laman tidak wujud)">Bryophytes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/20px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/30px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/40px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="2499" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tracheophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tracheophyte (laman tidak wujud)">Tracheophyte</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycophyte (laman tidak wujud)">Lycophyte</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/50px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/75px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/100px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paku-pakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paku-pakis (laman tidak wujud)">Paku-pakis</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:The_ferns_of_Great_Britain,_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses,_pepperworts,_and_horsetails_(Pl._12)_(8516512808).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/40px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/60px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/80px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="2528" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spermatophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spermatophyte (laman tidak wujud)">Spermatophyte</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnosperm (laman tidak wujud)">Gymnosperm</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/50px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/75px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/100px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="534" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">konifer dan sekutunya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Angiosperma</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/50px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/75px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/100px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="749" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><b>tumbuhan berbunga</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">tumbuhan berbiji </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">tumbuhan vaskular </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">tumbuhan darat </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dalaman">Dalaman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Dalaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dalaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kumpulan utama angiosperma yang masih hidup adalah:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b> Angiosperma </b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid red;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amborellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amborellales (laman tidak wujud)">Amborellales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/70px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/105px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/140px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> 1 sp. <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> pokok renek </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nymphaeales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nymphaeales (laman tidak wujud)">Nymphaeales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/70px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/105px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/140px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> c. 80 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeaceae">teratai</a> & sekutu </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:2px solid red;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrobaileyales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrobaileyales (laman tidak wujud)">Austrobaileyales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/70px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/105px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/140px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="394" /></a></span> c. 100 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tumbuhan berkayu </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnoliids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnoliids (laman tidak wujud)">Magnoliids</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/70px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/105px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/140px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> c. 10,000 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bunga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merosity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merosity (laman tidak wujud)">3-bahagian</a>, debunga 1-liang, biasanya daun bercabang </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloranthales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloranthales (laman tidak wujud)">Chloranthales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/70px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/105px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/140px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span> 77 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berkayu, tidak berkelopak </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monokot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monokot">Monokot</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/45px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/68px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/90px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span> c. 70,000 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bunga 3-bahagian, 1 <a href="/wiki/Kotiledon" title="Kotiledon">kotiledon</a>, debunga 1-liang, biasanya daun berurat selari   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4762926"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratophyllales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceratophyllales (laman tidak wujud)">Ceratophyllales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/70px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/105px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/140px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="794" /></a></span> c. 6 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_akuatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuhan akuatik">tumbuhan akuatik</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eudikot" title="Eudikot">Eudikot</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/70px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/105px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/140px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> c. 175,000 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bunga 4- atau 5-bahagian, debunga 3-liang, biasanya daun bercabang </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;height:50em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:8em;color:black;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal_angiosperms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basal angiosperms (laman tidak wujud)">Basal angiosperms</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;top:33em;color:black;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core_angiosperms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Core angiosperms (laman tidak wujud)">Core angiosperms</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_bunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar bunga">Daftar bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagaimana_membezakan_monokot_dari_dikot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagaimana membezakan monokot dari dikot (laman tidak wujud)">Bagaimana membezakan monokot dari dikot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG2016">APG 2016</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAPG2016 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1960-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1960_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCronquist1960">Cronquist 1960</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCronquist1960 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFReveal2011" class="citation web cs1">Reveal, James L. (2011) [or later]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827073817/https://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileM.html">"Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium – M"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileM.html">yang asal</a> pada 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+Nominum+Supragenericorum+Plantarum+Vascularium+%E2%80%93+M&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reveal&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsystematics.org%2Freveal%2Fpbio%2Ffam%2FallspgfileM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan1964">Takhtajan 1964</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTakhtajan1964 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1830" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, J. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Natural+System+of+Botany&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+and+Green&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F31944%23page%2F21%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCantinoDoyleGrahamJudd2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; dll. (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of <i>Tracheophyta</i>". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>56</b> (3): E1–E44. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065865">10.2307/25065865</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25065865">25065865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Towards+a+phylogenetic+nomenclature+of+Tracheophyta&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=E1-E44&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065865&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25065865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cantino&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Sean+W.&rft.au=Judd%2C+Walter+S.&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhuszByng2016" class="citation journal cs1">Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"</a>. <i>Phytotaxa</i>. <b>261</b> (3): 201–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406045346/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 6 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=The+number+of+known+plants+species+in+the+world+and+its+annual+increase&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-217&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+M.&rft.au=Byng%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1%2F20598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dilcher_Cronquist_2016_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDilcherCronquistZimmermannStevens2016" class="citation web cs1">Dilcher, David L.; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist, Arthur</a>; Zimmermann, Martin Huldrych; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_F._Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter F. 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Cambridge University Press. 2023. m/s. 197–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009325844.004">10.1017/9781009325844.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-009-32584-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-009-32584-4"><bdi>978-1-009-32584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems+and+Their+Services&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2022+%E2%80%93+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability&rft.pages=197-378&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009325844.004&rft.isbn=978-1-009-32584-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/festival-of-plants-2020/fop-day3-conservation/plant-conservation-around-the-world/">"Plant Conservation Around the World"</a>. <i>Cambridge University Botanic Garden</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Botanic+Garden&rft.atitle=Plant+Conservation+Around+the+World&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanic.cam.ac.uk%2Ffestival-of-plants-2020%2Ffop-day3-conservation%2Fplant-conservation-around-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBD_2023-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBD_2023_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBD_2023_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/gspc/">"Updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020"</a>. <i>Convention on Biological Diversity</i>. 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=Updated+Global+Strategy+for+Plant+Conservation+2011-2020&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fgspc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle19119-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle19119_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalfourRendle1911">Balfour & Rendle 1911</a>, m/s. 9.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalfourRendle1911 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1827" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Robert (1827). "Character and description of <i>Kingia</i>, a new genus of plants found on the southwest coast of New Holland: with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum; and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae". Dalam King, Philip Parker (penyunting). <i>Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia: Performed Between the Years 1818 and 1822</i>. J. Murray. m/s. 534–565. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/185517977">185517977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Character+and+description+of+Kingia%2C+a+new+genus+of+plants+found+on+the+southwest+coast+of+New+Holland%3A+with+observations+on+the+structure+of+its+unimpregnated+ovulum%3B+and+on+the+female+flower+of+Cycadeae+and+Coniferae&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+Survey+of+the+Intertropical+and+Western+Coasts+of+Australia%3A+Performed+Between+the+Years+1818+and+1822&rft.pages=534-565&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1827&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185517977&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buggs_22–36-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buggs_22–36_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buggs_22–36_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBuggs2021" class="citation journal cs1">Buggs, Richard J.A. (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajb2.1592">"The origin of Darwin's "abominable mystery<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>108</b> (1): 22–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajb2.1592">10.1002/ajb2.1592</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482683">33482683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231689158">231689158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+Darwin%27s+%22abominable+mystery%22&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-36&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231689158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33482683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajb2.1592&rft.aulast=Buggs&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fajb2.1592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalfourRendle1911">Balfour & Rendle 1911</a>, m/s. 10.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalfourRendle1911 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG2009">APG 2009</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAPG2009 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaseReveal2009">Chase & Reveal 2009</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFChaseReveal2009 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2003-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2003_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG2003">APG 2003</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAPG2003 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126092206/https://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448">"As easy as APG III – Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants"</a> (Siaran akhbar). 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+easy+as+APG+III+%E2%80%93+Scientists+revise+the+system+of+classifying+flowering+plants&rft.pub=The+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeebens-MackBarkerCarpenterDeyholos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Leebens-Mack, M.; Barker, M.; Carpenter, E.; dll. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6872490">"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>574</b> (7780): 679–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1693-2">10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6872490">6872490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645766">31645766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=One+thousand+plant+transcriptomes+and+the+phylogenomics+of+green+plants&rft.volume=574&rft.issue=7780&rft.pages=679-685&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6872490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31645766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1693-2&rft.aulast=Leebens-Mack&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Barker%2C+M.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+E.&rft.au=Deyholos%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Gitzendammer%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Graham%2C+S.W.&rft.au=Grosse%2C+I.&rft.au=Li%2C+Zheng&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6872490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Xing (26 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26922-4">"Chloranthus genome provides insights into the early diversification of angiosperms"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 6930. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.6930G">2021NatCo..12.6930G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26922-4">10.1038/s41467-021-26922-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Chloranthus+genome+provides+insights+into+the+early+diversification+of+angiosperms&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6930&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26922-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.6930G&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xing&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41467-021-26922-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-2004-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2004_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerSoltisChase2004" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Chase, Mark W. (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437">"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Botany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Botany (laman tidak wujud)">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>91</b> (10): 1437–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437">10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652302">21652302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+plant+tree+of+life%3A+an+overview+and+some+points+of+view&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1437-45&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21652302&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.91.10.1437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437/F2">Figure 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202073937/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437/F2">Diarkibkan</a> 2 Februari 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhuszFayChase2017" class="citation book cs1">Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 114. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-52292-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-226-52292-0"><bdi>978-0-226-52292-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+of+the+World%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Vascular+Plants&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52292-0&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=Maarten+J.+M.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLo7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMassoniCouvreurSauquet2015" class="citation journal cs1">Massoni, Julien; Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Sauquet, Hervé (2015-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377182">"Five major shifts of diversification through the long evolutionary history of Magnoliidae (angiosperms)"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BMCEE..15...49M">2015BMCEE..15...49M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0320-6">10.1186/s12862-015-0320-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377182">4377182</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25887386">25887386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Five+major+shifts+of+diversification+through+the+long+evolutionary+history+of+Magnoliidae+%28angiosperms%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4377182%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25887386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0320-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BMCEE..15...49M&rft.aulast=Massoni&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft.au=Couvreur%2C+Thomas+L.P.&rft.au=Sauquet%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4377182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan_dan_pautan_luar">Rujukan dan pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan dan pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan dan pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141</i>, 399-436. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/">dalam talian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222063800/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-12-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cronquist, Arthur (1981) <i>An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants</i>. Percetakan Universiti Columbia, New York.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Angiosperms&contgroup=Spermatopsida">Projek Web Salasilah Hidupan – Angiosperma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/12.16/angiosperms.html">Tumbuhan Berbunga Tertua Diketahui Dikesan Melalui Gen</a>, William J. Cromie, Warta Harvard, 16 Disember 1999.</li> <li>Stevens, P.F. (sejak 2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html">Tapak Web Filogeni Angiosperma</a></i> di Taman Botani Missouri.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/">Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. (sejak 1992). Famili-famili tumbuhan berbunga: penerangan, ilustrasi, pengesanan, mendapat kembali maklumat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://delta-intkey.com">http://delta-intkey.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianchild.com/flowers.htm">Gambar-gambar bunga</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&oldid=6339250">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&oldid=6339250</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_yang_mengandungi_teks_bahasa_Yunani_Purba_(sehingga_1453)" title="Kategori:Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)">Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Magnoliophyta" title="Kategori:Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sumber_CS1_bahasa_Inggeris_(en)" title="Kategori:Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)">Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_berbilang_imej_dengan_imej_skala_auto" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan berbilang imej dengan imej skala auto">Halaman yang menggunakan berbilang imej dengan imej skala auto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Kategori:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lang_and_lang-xx_using_deprecated_ISO_639_codes" title="Kategori:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes">Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 15:14, 12 Oktober 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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