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The nomenclature was recently revised (Henry et al., 2011). Notes on the general formula: - Additional G and D site cations are reported substituting in minor amounts for the principal cations of these sites. - The X and Z sites are usually combined in the simplified formula for the Group as Z4. The structure for the group is one in which SiO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra are linked into six-membered rings having a hexagonal pattern and are stacked up with intervening distorted triangular BO<sub>3</sub> groups, linked by D site cations; the SiO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra are linked vertically by G site cations and X site anions, while the columns are linked horizontally by both D site cations and X site anions. The A site cations and the Z site anions occupy the channels down the centre of the columns (or the A site may be vacant.) <m>Luinaite-(OH)</m> represents a monoclinic (pseudo-rhombohedral) distorted variant (space group Cm) of the tourmaline structure. 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width: 273px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-81516.html"><img width="273" height="312" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/273h312-0788773001164922543.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3520.html">Pala Chief Mine, Chief Mountain, Pala, Pala District, San Diego Co., California, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 208px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-175842.html"><img width="208" height="312" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/208h312-0333930001216617409.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7681.html">Fonte del Prete, San Piero in Campo, Campo nell'Elba, Elba Island, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 208px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-180297.html"><img width="208" height="312" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/208h312-0387783001219041291.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7679.html">Grotta d'Oggi Quarry, San Piero in Campo, Campo nell'Elba, Elba Island, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 302px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-201849.html"><img width="302" height="312" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/302h312-0627074001229485576.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-426.html">Pederneira claim, São José da Safira, Doce valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></div><div class="minpagephotobox hidephone hidepc"><div class="newpicbox "><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 184px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-81516.html"><img width="184" height="211" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/184h211-0788773001164922543.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3520.html">Pala Chief Mine, Chief Mountain, Pala, Pala District, San Diego Co., California, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 141px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-175842.html"><img width="141" height="211" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/141h211-0333930001216617409.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7681.html">Fonte del Prete, San Piero in Campo, Campo nell'Elba, Elba Island, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 141px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-180297.html"><img width="141" height="211" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/141h211-0387783001219041291.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7679.html">Grotta d'Oggi Quarry, San Piero in Campo, Campo nell'Elba, Elba Island, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 204px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-201849.html"><img width="204" height="211" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/204h211-0627074001229485576.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-426.html">Pederneira claim, São José da Safira, Doce valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></div><div class="minpagephotobox hidetablet hidepc"><div class="newpicbox "><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 316px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-81516.html"><img width="316" height="361" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/316-0788773001164922543.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3520.html">Pala Chief Mine, Chief Mountain, Pala, Pala District, San Diego Co., California, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 316px;"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/photo-175842.html"><img width="316" height="473" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/316-0333930001216617409.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-1364.html">Elbaite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7681.html">Fonte del Prete, San Piero in Campo, Campo nell'Elba, Elba Island, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></div><div><div id="introdata"><div><span>Formula:</span><div class="twocol"><span class="newformula">A(D<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)G<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(T<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>X<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Z</span></div></div><div><span></span><div class="twocol">A = Ca, Na, K, or is vacant (large cations);<br/> <br/> D = Al, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Li, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup> (intermediate to small cations - in valence balancing combinations when the A site is vacant);<br/> <br/> G = Al, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, V<sup>3+</sup> (small cations);<br/> <br/> T = Si (and sometimes minor Al, B<sup>3+</sup>);<br/> <br/> X = O and/or OH;<br/> <br/> Z = F, O and/or OH.<br/> <br/> Note: In the formulas of the group members, we have put the D site cations in parentheses in order to facilitate the assignment of the different cations to the crystallographic sites.<br/> </div></div><div><span>System:</span><div>Trigonal</div></div><div><span>Hardness:</span><div>7</div></div><div><span>Name:</span><div class="twocol">Reported by Christianus-Fridericus Garmann in 1707. The name "tourmali" was a generic name used in Ceylon [Sri Lanka] for colored gems, mostly zircons. About 1703, it had been discovered by Dutch lapidaries that some of the "zircons" arriving in the Netherlands were actually a previously undescribed mineral. Several names were given to the new mineral including "Pierre de Ceylan, by Lemery in 1717. Tourmalin, as a more or less specific mineral name, was used by Rinmann in 1766. Hill called it Tourmaline Garnet in 1771 and Richard Kirwan shortened the name to "Tourmaline" in 1794.</div></div></div></div><div class="clearer"></div><div class="padder4">Tourmaline (synonymous with tourmaline group) comprises trigonal borosilicates of the cyclosilicate superclass. The nomenclature was recently revised (Henry et al., 2011).<br/> <br/> <br/> Notes on the general formula: <br/> - Additional G and D site cations are reported substituting in minor amounts for the principal cations of these sites.<br/> - The X and Z sites are usually combined in the simplified formula for the Group as Z4.<br/> <br/> The structure for the group is one in which SiO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra are linked into six-membered rings having a hexagonal pattern and are stacked up with intervening distorted triangular BO<sub>3</sub> groups, linked by D site cations; the SiO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra are linked vertically by G site cations and X site anions, while the columns are linked horizontally by both D site cations and X site anions. The A site cations and the Z site anions occupy the channels down the centre of the columns (or the A site may be vacant.)<br/> <br/> <a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-39672.html">Luinaite-(OH)</a> represents a monoclinic (pseudo-rhombohedral) distorted variant (space group Cm) of the tourmaline structure. Unnamed triclinic variants have also been reported.<br><br><b>Visit gemdat.org for <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234808/http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4003.html">gemological information about Tourmaline</a>.</b><br></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Classification of Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">mindat.org URL:</div><div class="mindatam2"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/min-4003.html">http://www.mindat.org/min-4003.html</a><br>Please feel free to link to this page.</div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Physical Properties of Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Hardness (Mohs):</div><div class="mindatam2">7</div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Fracture:</div><div class="mindatam2">Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal</div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Density:</div><div class="mindatam2">2.9 - 3.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (Measured)    </div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Crystallography of Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Crystal System:</div><div class="mindatam2">Trigonal</div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Crystallographic forms of Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Crystal Atlas:</div><div class="mindatam2"><div id="xtlbox"> <div id="xtlboximage"> <div id="waitxtl">Image Loading</div> <img id="xtlboximagefile" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/min-4003.html" onload="msghide('waitxtl');"> </div> <div id="xtlbox3d"> <script src="/web/20150911234808js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jsc3d.js"></script> <script src="/web/20150911234808js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/smorf3d.js"></script> <canvas id="cv" style="float:left; " width="350" height="350"></canvas> <script> var canvas = document.getElementById('cv'); var smorf = new Smorf(canvas); smorf.setParameter('backgroundcolor', '#ffffff'); smorf.setParameter('axes', false); smorf.setParameter('rotation', '-20'); smorf.setParameter('filename', 'Tourmaline_004.smorf.bin'); smorf.setParameter('files_directory', '__crystals'); smorf.setParameter('definition', 'high'); smorf.init(); </script></div> </div> <div class="xtlscroll"> <b>Click on an icon to view</b><br> <div class="xtlscrollline"><div class="xtlscroll2d"> </div><div class="xtlscroll3d"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="swapcrystal('Tourmaline_004', 'smorf', '{100}, {110}, {011}, {-101}, modified<br />Locality: Madagascar; Greenland<br />Haüy, 1801, and others (\'Turmalin\'). In: V.M. Goldschmidt, Atlas der Krystallformen, 1913-1923.');"><img src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/images/3d.gif"></a> </div> <div class="xtlname"> Tourmaline no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)</div></div> <div class="xtlscrollline"><div class="xtlscroll2d"> </div><div class="xtlscroll3d"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="swapcrystal('Tourmaline_309', 'smorf', 'Prisms {hk0}, {010}, {001}<br />Locality: San Diego County, California, USA<br />Sterrett, 1904. In: V.M. Goldschmidt, Atlas der Krystallformen, 1913-1923.');"><img src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/images/3d.gif"></a> </div> <div class="xtlname"> Tourmaline no.309 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)</div></div> </div> <div id="xtlinfo"> </div> <div id="xtlabout"> 3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by <a target="_blank" href="click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5zbW9yZi5ubA%3D%3D">www.smorf.nl</a>.<br><br> <b>Toggle</b><br> <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.toggleLines();">Edge Lines</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.toggleMillers();">Miller Indicies</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.toggleAxes();">Axes</span> <br><br> <b>Transparency</b><br> <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.setTransparency(0);">Opaque</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.setTransparency(0.5);">Translucent</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.setTransparency(1);">Transparent</span> <br><br> <b>View</b><br> <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.viewAlongAxis('a');">Along a-axis</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.viewAlongAxis('b');">Along b-axis</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.viewAlongAxis('c');">Along c-axis</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.autoRotate(-2, 100);">Start rotation</span> | <span class="clicky" onclick="javascript:smorf.stopAutoRotate();">Stop rotation</span> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> swapcrystal('Tourmaline_004','smorf',"{100}, {110}, {011}, {-101}, modified<br />Locality: Madagascar; Greenland<br />Haüy, 1801, and others (\'Turmalin\'). In: V.M. Goldschmidt, Atlas der Krystallformen, 1913-1923."); </script> </div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">X-Ray Powder Diffraction:</div><div class="mindatam2"><div id="waitxrd" class="waitmsg">Image Loading</div> <img id="xrd" src="/web/20150911234808im_/http://www.mindat.org/rruffgraph.php?id=927&type=xrd" onload="msghide('waitxrd');"><br> Radiation - Copper Kα<br> <form name="xrdform">Data Set: <select id="xrdfile" name="xrdfile" onchange="redrawxrd();"> <option value="927"> Cruziero Mine, San Jose, Minas Gerais, Brazil 927</option> </select> </form> Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission. </div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Chemical Properties of Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Formula:</div><div class="mindatam2"><span class="newformula">A(D<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)G<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(T<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>X<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Z</span><br><br>A = Ca, Na, K, or is vacant (large cations);<br/> <br/> D = Al, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Li, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup> (intermediate to small cations - in valence balancing combinations when the A site is vacant);<br/> <br/> G = Al, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, V<sup>3+</sup> (small cations);<br/> <br/> T = Si (and sometimes minor Al, B<sup>3+</sup>);<br/> <br/> X = O and/or OH;<br/> <br/> Z = F, O and/or OH.<br/> <br/> Note: In the formulas of the group members, we have put the D site cations in parentheses in order to facilitate the assignment of the different cations to the crystallographic sites.<br/> </div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Relationship of Tourmaline to other Species</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Group Members:</div><div class="mindatam2"><table class="grouptable gtshift"><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43780.html">Adachiite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">CaFe<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>AlO<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-46568.html">Bosiite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">NaFe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">3</sub><sup class="newformsup">3+</sup>(Al<sub class="newformsub">4</sub>Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-1031.html">Chromium-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Mg<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)Cr<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">6</sub><sup class="newformsup">3+</sup>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-39891.html">Chromo-alumino-povondraite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Cr<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)(Al<sub class="newformsub">4</sub>Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43340.html">Darrellhenryite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(LiAl<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O </span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-1318.html">Dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Mg<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-1364.html">Elbaite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Li<sub class="newformsub">1.5</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">1.5</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-1540.html">Feruvite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Ca(Fe<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>MgAl<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-818.html">Fluor-buergerite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">3</sub><sup class="newformsup">3+</sup>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-39892.html">Fluor-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Mg<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-39706.html">Fluor-elbaite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Li<sub class="newformsub">1.5</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">1.5</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-41785.html">Fluor-feruvite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Ca(Fe<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>MgAl<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-41296.html">Fluor-liddicoatite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Ca(Li<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>Al)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-29118.html">Fluor-schorl</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">3</sub><sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43353.html">Fluor-tsilaisite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Mn<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43562.html">Fluor-uvite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Ca(Mg<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)MgAl<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-1579.html">Foitite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">(□,Na)(Fe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">2</sub><sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>Al)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>OH</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-2395.html">Liddicoatite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Ca(Li<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>Al)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-39672.html">Luinaite-(OH)</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-7162.html">Magnesio-foitite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">(□,Na)(Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>Al)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-46075.html">Maruyamaite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">K(MgAl<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)(Al<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>Mg)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-2972.html">Olenite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Al<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-42725.html">Oxy-chromium-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Cr)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(Cr<sub class="newformsub">4</sub>Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O </span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-10966.html">Oxy-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(MgAl<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)MgAl<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-27373.html">Oxy-rossmanite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">☐(LiAl<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-40465.html">Oxy-schorl</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">2</sub><sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>Al)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-10380.html">Oxy-vanadium-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(V)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(V<sub class="newformsub">4</sub>Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-3274.html">Povondraite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">NaFe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">3</sub><sup class="newformsup">3+</sup>(Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>Fe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">4</sub><sup class="newformsup">3+</sup>)(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-7275.html">Rossmanite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">☐(LiAl<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-3578.html">Schorl</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sub class="newformsub newformsubabs">3</sub><sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-8016.html">Tsilaisite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Mn<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-42401.html">UM2000-64-SiO:BFeHKMg</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">K, Mg, Fe, Si, B, O, H</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-40583.html">Unnamed (Pb-dominant Tourmaline)</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">(Pb,Na)(Li,Al)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(F,OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-4126.html">Uvite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Ca(Mg<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)MgAl<sub class="newformsub">5</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(F/OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43355.html">Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">Na(V)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(Cr<sub class="newformsub">4</sub>Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O </span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43563.html">Vanadio-oxy-dravite</a> </td><td><span class="newformula">NaV<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(Al<sub class="newformsub">4</sub>Mg<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>)(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>O</span></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Minerals structurally related to group:</div><div class="mindatam2"><table class="grouptable gtshift"><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-39672.html">Luinaite-(OH)</a></td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mw12em"><a href="min-43705.html">Unnamed (F-analogue of Luinaite-(OH))</a></td><td><span class="newformula">Na(Fe<sup class="newformsup">2+</sup>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>Al<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>(Si<sub class="newformsub">6</sub>O<sub class="newformsub">18</sub>)(BO<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="newformsub">3</sub>F</span></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Other Names for Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/glossary/synonym">Synonyms:</a></div><div class="mindatam2"><div class="newgrouptable2"><p><a href="min-277.html">Aphrizite</a></p><p><a href="min-6443.html">Aphrysite</a></p><p><a href="min-8471.html">Aphryzite</a></p><p><a href="min-7944.html">Ash Drawer</a></p><p><a href="min-39150.html">Blue Schorl</a></p><p><a href="min-39168.html">Ceylonese Peridot</a></p><p><a href="min-39170.html">Chameleonite</a></p><p><a href="min-6445.html">Iochroite</a></p><p><a href="min-6451.html">Taltalite</a></p><p><a href="min-10283.html">Tourmaline Group</a></p><p><a href="min-6447.html">Tourmalinite</a></p><p><a href="min-7798.html">Turmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-6452.html">Xeuxite</a></p><p><a href="min-6450.html">Zeuxite</a></p></div></div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Name in Other Languages:</div><div class="mindatam2"><div class="newgrouptable3"><div><b>Basque:</b><span><a href="min-36670.html">Turmalina</a></span></div><div><b>Bulgarian:</b><span><a href="min-34912.html">Турмалин</a></span></div><div><b>Catalan:</b><span><a href="min-36670.html">Turmalina</a></span></div><div><b>Croatian:</b><span><a href="min-36673.html">Turmalini</a></span></div><div><b>Czech:</b><span><a href="min-36671.html">Turmalín</a></span></div><div><b>Danish:</b><span><a href="min-6448.html">Turmalin</a></span></div><div><b>Dutch:</b><span><a href="min-36679.html">Toermalijn</a></span></div><div><b>Finnish:</b><span><a href="min-36684.html">Turmaliini</a></span></div><div><b>Galician:</b><span><a href="min-36670.html">Turmalina</a></span></div><div><b>German:</b><span><a href="min-6448.html">Turmalin</a><br><a href="min-21059.html">Aphrysit</a><br><a href="min-22817.html">Aphryzit</a><br><a href="min-6444.html">Aschentrecker</a><br><a href="min-7940.html">Aschenzieher</a><br><a href="min-21061.html">Iochroit</a><br><a href="min-6446.html">Jochroit</a><br><a href="min-6449.html">Stangenschörl</a><br><a href="min-21067.html">Taltalit</a><br><a href="min-21063.html">Tourmalinit</a><br><a href="min-36672.html">Turmalingruppe</a><br><a href="min-21069.html">Xeuxit</a><br><a href="min-21065.html">Zeuxit</a></span></div><div><b>Hebrew:</b><span><a href="min-36675.html">טורמלין</a></span></div><div><b>Hungarian:</b><span><a href="min-36678.html">Turmalincsoport</a></span></div><div><b>Italian:</b><span><a href="min-36674.html">Tormalina</a></span></div><div><b>Japanese:</b><span><a href="min-36680.html">トルマリン</a><br><a href="min-10892.html">色電氣石</a></span></div><div><b>Latvian:</b><span><a href="min-36676.html">Turmalīns</a></span></div><div><b>Lithuanian:</b><span><a href="min-36677.html">Turmalinas</a></span></div><div><b>Norwegian (Bokmål):</b><span><a href="min-6448.html">Turmalin</a></span></div><div><b>Polish:</b><span><a href="min-6448.html">Turmalin</a></span></div><div><b>Portuguese:</b><span><a href="min-36670.html">Turmalina</a></span></div><div><b>Romanian:</b><span><a href="min-36681.html">Turmalină</a></span></div><div><b>Russian:</b><span><a href="min-36682.html">Турмалины</a></span></div><div><b>Samogitian:</b><span><a href="min-36688.html">Tormalėns</a></span></div><div><b>Simplified Chinese:</b><span><a href="min-45469.html">电气石族</a><br><a href="min-40768.html">电气石</a><br><a href="min-41655.html">碧玺</a></span></div><div><b>Slovak:</b><span><a href="min-36683.html">Skupina turmalínu</a></span></div><div><b>Slovenian:</b><span><a href="min-6448.html">Turmalin</a></span></div><div><b>Spanish:</b><span><a href="min-36670.html">Turmalina</a><br><a href="min-21060.html">Aphrysita</a><br><a href="min-22818.html">Aphryzita</a><br><a href="min-21062.html">Iochroita</a><br><a href="min-21068.html">Taltalita</a><br><a href="min-21064.html">Tourmalinita</a><br><a href="min-21070.html">Xeuxita</a><br><a href="min-21066.html">Zeuxita</a></span></div><div><b>Swedish:</b><span><a href="min-36685.html">Turmaliner</a></span></div><div><b>Thai:</b><span><a href="min-36686.html">ทัวร์มาลีน</a></span></div><div><b>Traditional Chinese:</b><span><a href="min-45470.html">電氣石族</a><br><a href="min-45471.html">碧璽</a><br><a href="min-36689.html">電氣石</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath"><a href="/web/20150911234808/http://www.mindat.org/glossary/variety">Varieties:</a></div><div class="mindatam2"><div class="newgrouptable2"><p><a href="min-454.html">Achroite</a></p><p><a href="min-9904.html">Chrome-Tourmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-2027.html">Indicolite</a></p><p><a href="min-29203.html">Mn-Tourmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-42024.html">Mohrenkopfturmalin</a></p><p><a href="min-42031.html">Moor's head tourmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-29248.html">Nickeloan Tourmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-3472.html">Rubellite</a></p><p><a href="min-43437.html">Trapiche tourmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-29240.html">Vanadium Tourmaline</a></p><p><a href="min-4169.html">Verdelite</a></p><p><a href="min-10889.html">Watermelon Tourmaline</a></p></div></div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Other Information</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Health Risks:</div><div class="mindatam2">No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.</div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">References for Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Reference List:</div><div class="mindatam2"><div id="minreflist"></div>Buerger, M.J. and Parrish, W. (1937) The unit cell and space group of tourmaline. American Mineralogist: 22: 1139-1150.<br/> <br/> Agafonova, T.N. (1949) Crystallographic study of tourmalines. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR Comptes Rendus: 65: 207-209.<br/> <br/> Belov, N.V. and Belova, B.N. (1949) Crystal structure of tourmaline. Doklady Akademii Sci. USSR 69: 185.<br/> <br/> Donnay, G. and Buerger, M.J. (1950) The determination of the crystal structure of tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica 3: 5-12.<br/> <br/> Ito, T. and Sadanaga, R. (1951) Fourier analysis of the structure of tourmalines. Acta Crystallographica 4: 5-12.<br/> <br/> Epprecht, W. (1953) Die Gitterkonstanten der Turmaline. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen 33: 481-505.<br/> <br/> Buerger, M.J., C.W. Burnham, and D.R. Peacor (1962) Assessment of the several structures proposed for tourmaline: Acta Crystallographica: 15: 583-590.<br/> <br/> Gebert, W. & Zemann, J. (1965): Messung des Ultrarot-Pleochroismus von Mineralen. II. Der Pleochroismus der OH-Streckfrequenz in Turmalin. Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. 1965, 232-235. <br/> <br/> Manning, P.G. (1969) An optical absorption study of the origin of colour and pleochrism in pink and brown tourmalines: Canadian Mineralogist: 9: 678-690.<br/> <br/> Donnay, G. & R. Barton (1972) Refinement of the crystal structure of elbaite and the mechanism of tourmaline solid solution: Mineral. Und Petr. Mitt.: 8: 273-286.<br/> <br/> Belov, V.F., Khimich, T.A., Shpko, M.N. Voskresenskaya, I.E., and Okulov, B.N. (1973) Gamma-resonance investigations of ferruginous tourmaline. Soviet Physics and Crystallography: 18: 119-120.<br/> <br/> Belov, V.F., Korvushkin, V.V., Belov, A.F., Korneev, B.V., and Zheludev, I.S. (1975) Nonequivalent positions of the iron ions and electronuclear interactions in tourmaline. Soviet Physics of the Solid State: 16: 1568.<br/> <br/> Johnston, J.H. and Duncan, J.F. (1975) Manganese ion site distribution studies in tourmaline by anomalous X-ray scattering methods. Journal of Applied Crystallography: 8: 469-472.<br/> <br/> Donnay, G. (1977) Structural mechanisms of pyroelectricity in tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica A, 33: 927-932.<br/> <br/> Foit, F.F., Jr. and P.E. Rosenberg (1979), The structure of vanadium-bearing tourmaline and its implications regarding tourmaline solid solutions: American Mineralogist: 64: 788-798.<br/> <br/> Afonina, G.G., Makagon, V.M., Bogdanova, L.A., and Vladykin, N.V. (1980) The unit cell parameters of tourmalines with different composition. Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 109: 105-112.<br/> <br/> Gorskaya, M.G., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V., Rozhdestvenskaya, I.V., and Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A. (1982) Refinement of the crystal structure of Al-rich elbaite, and some aspects of the crystal chemistry of tourmalines. Soviet Physics: Crystallography: 27: 63-66.<br/> <br/> Manning, D.A.C. (1982) Chemical and morphological variation in tourmalines from the Hub Chapping batholith of peninsular Thailand. Mineralogical Magazine: 45: 139-147.<br/> <br/> Gorskaya, M.G., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V., and Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A. ( ) Some problems of structural crystallochemistry of tourmalines. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Papers and Proceedings of the General Meeting International Mineralogical Association: 33: 532-540.<br/> <br/> Dietrich, R. V. (1985): The tourmaline group. 1st ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 300 pp.<br/> <br/> Henry, D.J. and Guidotti, C.V. (1985) Tourmaline as a petrogenic indicator mneral: an example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. American Mineralogist: 70: 1-15.<br/> <br/> Dietrich, R. V. (1986): The tourmaline group. Kluwer, xx pp. <br/> <br/> Sesedko, T.A. and Mischenko, K.S. (1986) K voprosu rentgenovskoy diagnostiki turmalinov (X-ray diagnosis of tourmaline). Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 115(3): 369-377 (in Russian).<br/> <br/> Mattson, S.M. and Rossman, G.R. (1987) Fe 2+ - Fe 3+ interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 14: 163-171.<br/> <br/> Foit, F.F., Jr. (1989), Crystal chemistry of alkali-deficient schorl and tourmaline structural relationships: American Mineralogist: 74: 422-431.<br/> <br/> Afonina, G.G. and Makagon, V.M. (1990) Ordering of tourmaline and the distribution of cations by positions of Y and Z in its structure; according to X-ray powder patterns. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal, Kiev: 12(5): 19-25.<br/> <br/> Benesch, F. (1990): Der Turmalin. Verlag Urachhaus, Stuttgart, Germany, 384 pp. <br/> <br/> Kargal'tsev, S.V., Lebedev, A.S., and Fursenko, D.A. (1990) Relationship of intercation distances and unit cell dimensions of tourmaline. Soviet Geology and Geophysics: 31(8): 105-112.<br/> <br/> Lebedev, AS., Kargal'tsev, S.V., Kuzmin, V.I., and Korovuslilcin, V.V. (1990) The effects of the crystallization conditions on the distribution of Al, e(Mg) in octahedron positions of tourmaline structures. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal, Kiev: 12(1): 24-33.<br/> <br/> Sperlich, R. (1990) Zoning and crystal chemistry of tourmalines in prograde metamorphic sequence of the Central Alps, 51 p. PhD thesis, University of Basel, Switzerland.<br/> <br/> Afonina, G.G. and Makagon, V.M. (1992) Unit cell parameters of tourmaline modifications at different degree of ordering. Russian Geology and Geophysics: 33: 53-57.<br/> <br/> Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1992) Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rock: an example of the petrogenic potential of tourmaline. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 112: 203-218.<br/> <br/> Grice, J.D. & T.S. Ercit (1993), Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula: Neues Jahrb. Min. Ab.: 165: 245-266.<br/> <br/> Hawthorne, F.C., MacDonald, D.J., and Burns, P.C. (1993) Reassignment of cation site-occupancies in tourmaline: Al-Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite. American Mineralogist: 78: 265-270.<br/> <br/> London, D. & D.A.C. Manning (1995), Compositional variation and significance of tourmaline from SW England: Economic Geology.: 90: 495-519.<br/> <br/> MacDonald, D.J. & F.C. Hawthorne (1995), The crystal chemistry of Si?Al substitution in tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 33: 849-858.<br/> <br/> Grew, E.S., and Anovitz, L.M. (1996) BORON: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, second edition, as revised (2002).<br/> <br/> Hawthorne, F.C. (1996), Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 123-132.<br/> <br/> Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1996) Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications. In E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz, Eds., Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry: 33: 503-557. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.<br/> <br/> Michailidis, K., Kassoli-Fournaraki, A., and Dietrich, R.V. (1996) Origin of zoned tourmalines in graphite-rich metasedimentary rocks from Macedonia, northern Greece. European Journal of Mineralogy: 8: 393-404.<br/> <br/> Smith, M.P., Yardley, B.W.D. (1996) The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline as a guide to fluid processes in the southwestern England orefield: An ion microprobe study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 60: 1415-1427.<br/> <br/> Sperlich, R., Giere, R., and Frey, M. (1996) Evolution of compositional polarity and zoning in tourmaline during prograde metamorphism of sedimentary rocks in the Swiss Central Alps. American Mineralogist: 81: 1223-1236.<br/> <br/> Povondra, P., Vrána, S. (1996) Tourmaline and associated minerals in alkali-feldspar orthogenesis near Hluboke nad Vltavou, southern Bohemia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society: 41: 191-200.<br/> <br/> Sperlich, R., Giere, R., and Frey, M. (1996) Evolution of compositional polarity and zoning in tourmaline during prograde metamorphism of sedimentary rocks in the Swiss Central Alps. American Mineralogist: 81: 1222-1236.<br/> <br/> Chaussidon, M. and Appel, P.W.U. (1997) Boron isotopic composition of tourmalines from the 3.8 Ga-old Isua supracrustals, West Greenland: implications on the ?11B value of early Archean seawater. Chem. Geol.: 136: 171-180.<br/> <br/> Gashrova, B., Mihailova, B., Konstantinov, L. (1997): Raman spectra of various types of tourmaline. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9, 935-940.<br/> <br/> Jiang, S., Palmer, M.R., Peng, Q., Yang, J. (1997) Chemical and stable isotope compositions of Proterozoic metamorphosed evaporites and associated tourmalines from the Houxianyu borate deposit, eastern Lianoning, Cina. Chem. Geol.: 135: 189-211.<br/> <br/> Wolf, M.B. and London, D. (1997) Boron in granitic magmas: stability of tourmaline in equilibrium with biotite and cordierite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 130: 12-30.<br/> <br/> Dyar, M.D., M.E. Taylor, T.M. Lutz, C.A. Francis, C.V. Guidotti, & M. Wise (1998), Inclusive chemical characterization of tourmaline: Mössbauer study of Fe valence and site occupancy: American Mineralogist: 83: 848-864.<br/> <br/> Jiang, S. (1998) Stable and radiogenic isotope studies of tourmaline: Overview. Journal of the Czech Geological Society: 43: 75-90.<br/> <br/> Novák, M., Selway, J.B., and Houzar, S. (1998) Potassium-bearing, fluorine-rich tourmaline from metamorphosed fluorite layer in leucocratic orthogneiss at Nedvidice, Svratka Unit, western Moravia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society: 43: 37-44. <br/> <br/> Dutrow, B.L., Foster, C.T., and Henry, D.J. (1999) Tourmaline-rich pseudomorphs in sillimanite zone metapelites: Demarcation of an infiltration front. American Mineralogist: 84: 794-805.<br/> <br/> Dyar, M.D., Guidotti, C.V., Core, D.P., Wearn, K.M., Wise, M.A., Francis, C.A., Johnson, K., Brady, J.B., Robertson, J.D., and Cross, L.R. (1999) Stable isotope and crystal chemistry of tourmaline across pegmatite-country rocks boundaries at Black Mountain and Mount Mica, southwestern Maine, USA. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 281-294.<br/> <br/> Hawthorne, F.C. & D.J. Henry (1999), Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group: European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 201-215.<br/> <br/> Henry, D.J., Kirkland, B.L., and Kirkland, D.W. (1999) Sector-zoned tourmaline from the cap rock of a salt dome. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 263-280.<br/> <br/> Keller, P., Roda Robles, E., Pesquera Perez, A., and Fontan, F. (1999) Chemistry, paragenesis and significance of tourmaline in pegmatites of the Southern Tin Belt, central Namibia. Chemical Geology: 158: 203-225.<br/> <br/> Pieczka, A. (1999) Statistical interpretation of structural parameters of tourmalines: the ordering of ions in the octahedral sites. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 243-251.<br/> <br/> Pieczka, A. (1999) Modeling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition: 1. The ordered structural model. 2nd. European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.<br/> <br/> Tagg, S.L., Ch, H., Dyar, M.D., and Grew, E.S. (1999) Tetrahedral boron in naturally occurring tourmaline. American Mineralogist: 84: 1451-1455.<br/> <br/> Velickov, B. and Abs-Wurmbach, I. (1999) Some considerations to mechanism of proton-deficiency in tourmalines. 2nd. European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.<br/> <br/> von Goerne, G., Franz, G., and Robert, J.-L. (1999) Upper thermal stability of tourmaline + quartz in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O and Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O-HCl in hydrothermal solutions and siliceous melts. Canadian Mineralogist: 37: 1025-1040.<br/> <br/> Dutrow, B. and Henry, D.J. (2000) Complexly zoned fibrous tourmaline: A record of evolving magmatic and hydrothermal fluids. Canadian Mineralogist: 38: 131-143.<br/> <br/> Pieczka, A. (2000) Modeling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition: 1. The ordered structural model. European Journal of Mineralogy: 12: 589-596.<br/> <br/> Clark, C.M. and Hawthorne, F.C. (2001) Bonding character of triangular boron in tourmaline. Goldschmidt Conference, 11, 3015.pdf.<br/> <br/> Ertl, A., J.M. Hughes, & B. Marler (2001), Empirical formulae for the calculation of [T-O] and X-O2 bond lengths in tourmaline and relations to tetrahedrally-coordinated boron: Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monats.: 12: 548-557.<br/> <br/> Ertl, A., Pertlik, F., and Bernhardt, H.-J. (2001b) Ein hell-blauer Olenit-Schörl-Dravit Mischkristall von Ebersdorf, Niederösterreich: Strukturanalyse und Chemie. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges.: 146: 75-77.<br/> <br/> Fritz, E. (2001), The compatablity of manganese +II in tourmaline, 93 p., Unpub. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Oklahoma.<br/> <br/> Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (2001) Compositional zoning and element partitioning in nickeloan tourmaline from a metamorphosed karstbauxite from Samos, Greece. American Mineralogist: 80: 1130-1142.<br/> <br/> Hughes, K.-A., Hughes, J.M., and Dyar, M.D. (2001) Chemical and structural evidence for [4]B-[4]Si substitution in natural tourmalines. European Journal of Mineralogy: 13: 743-747.<br/> <br/> Kawakami, T. (2001) Boron depletion controlled by the breakdown of tourmaline in the migmatite zone of the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan. Canadian Mineralogist: 39: 1529-1546.<br/> <br/> Kawakami, T. (2001) Tourmaline breakdown in the migmatite zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, Japan. Jour. Met.Geol.: 19: 61-75.<br/> <br/> Nakano, T. and Nakamura, E. (2001) Boron isotope geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks and tourmalines in a subduction zone metamorphic suite. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors: 127: 233-252.<br/> <br/> Camara, F., Ottolini, L. and Hawthorne, F.C. (2002) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA, and SMS. American Mineralogist: 87: 1437-1442.<br/> <br/> Deksissa, D.J. and Koeberl, C. (2002) Geochemistry and petrography of gold-quartz-tourmaline veins of the Okote area, southern Ethiopia: implications for gold exploration. Mineralogy and Petrology: 75: 101-122.<br/> <br/> Ertle, A., J.M. Hughes, F. Pertlik, F.F. Foit, Jr., S.E. Wright, F. Brandstätter, & B. Marler (2002), Polyhedron distortions in tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 153-162.<br/> <br/> Hawthorne, F.C. (2002), Bond-valence constraints on the chemical composition of tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 789-797.<br/> <br/> Tindle, A.G., Breaks, F.W., and Selway, J.B. (2002) Tourmaline in petalite-subtype gramitic pegmatites: evidence of<br/> fractionation and contamination from Pakeagama Lake and Separation Lake areas of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 753-788.<br/> <br/> Bebout, G.E. and Nakamura, E. (2003) Record in metamorphic tourmalines of subduction-zone devolatilization and boron cycling. Geology: 31: 407-410.<br/> <br/> Cempírek, J. and Novák, M. (2003) Mineral assemblages and chemical composition of Al-rich tourmaline from abyssal pegmatites of the Bohemian Massif. In: LERM 2003, International Symposium on Light Elements in Rock-Forming Minerals (Nové M?sto na Morav?), 12-13. (abstract).<br/> <br/> Ertle, A., J.M. Hughes, S. Prowatke, G.R. Rossman, D. London, & E.A. Fritz (2003b), Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: Structure, chemistry, optical spectra, & relations to synthetic solid solutions: American Mineralogist: 88: 1369-1376.<br/> <br/> Rustemeyer, P. (2003): Faszination Turmalin. Spektrum Akad. Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 320 pp.<br/> <br/> Torres-Ruiz, J., Pesquera, A., Gil-Crespo, P.P., and Velilla, N. (2003) Origin and petrogenetic implications of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain). Chemical Geology: 197: 55-86.<br/> <br/> Novák, M., Povondra, P., and Selway, J.B. (2004) Schorl - oxy-schorl to dravite - oxy-dravite tourmaline from granitic pegmatites; examples from the Moldanubicum, Czech Republic. European Journal of Mineralogy: 16: 323-333.<br/> <br/> Bosi, F., Agrosì, G., Lucchesi, S., Melchiorre, G., and Scandale, E. (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy). Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist: 90: 1661-1668.<br/> <br/> Agrosì, G., Bosi, F., Lucchesi, S., Melchiorre, G., and Scandale, E. (2006) Mn-tourmaline crystals from island of Elba (Italy): Growth history and growth marks. American Mineralogist: 91: 944-952.<br/> <br/> van Hinsberg, V.J., Schumacher, J.C.,Kearns, S., Mason, P.R.D., and Franz, G. (2006) Hourglass sector zoning in metamorphic tourmaline and resultant major and trace-element fractionation. American Mineralogist: 91: 717-728.<br/> <br/> da Fonseca-Zang, W.A., Zang, J.W., Hofmeister, W. (2008): The Ti-influence on the tourmaline colour. J. Brazil Chem. Soc. 19, 1186-1192.<br/> <br/> Ertl, A., Marschall, H.R., Giester, G., Henry, D.J., Schertl, H.-P., Ntaflos, T., Luvizotto, G.L., Nasdala, L. & Tillmanns, E. (2010): Metamorphic ultra high-pressure tourmalines: Structure, chemistry, and correlations to PT conditions. Am. Mineral., 95, 1-10. <br/> <br/> Henry, D.J. & Dutrow, B.L. (2011): Incorporation of fluorine in tourmaline: internal crystallographic or external environmental influences? Canadian Mineralogist, 49, 41-56.<br/> <br/> Henry, D., Novák, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ertl, A., Dutrow, B.L., Uher, P. & Pezzotta, F. (2011): Nomenclature of the tourmaline supergroup minerals. Am. Mineral., 96, 895-913.<br/> <br/> Setkova, T., Shapovalov, Y., Balitsky, V. (2011): Growth of tourmaline single crystals containing transition metal elements in hydrothermal solutions. Journal of Crystal Growth 318, 904-907.<br/> <br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234808/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/henry/Research/tourmaline/TourmalineToday.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.geol.lsu.edu/henry/Research/tourmaline/TourmalineToday.htm</a><br/> [Note: the nomenclature therein is not IMA-approved]<br/> <br/> Henry, D.J. & Dutrow, B.L. (2012): Tourmaline at diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions: Its petrologic applicability. Lithos 154, 16-32.<br/> <br/> Vereshchagin, O. S., Rozhdestvenskaya, I. V., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O. V., Zolotarev, A. A. (2014): Ion substitutions and structural adjustment in Cr-bearing tourmalines. European Journal of Mineralogy 26, 309-321.<br/> <br/> Fantini, C., Tavares, M.C., Krambrock, K., Moreira, R.L., Righi, A. (2014): Raman and infrared study of hydroxyl sites in natural uvite, fluor-uvite, magnesio-foitite, dravite and elbaite tourmalines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 41, 247-254.</div></div><h2 class="mindatadivh2">Internet Links for Tourmaline</h2><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Search Engines:</div><div class="mindatam2"> <form method="get" name="googleform" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234808/http://www.google.com/custom" target="_blank"> <input type="hidden" name="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="tourmaline"></input> <input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-7737835674400043"></input> <input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1"></input> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1"></input> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1"></input> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;FORID:1;"></input> <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en"></input> </form> <li><a href="#" onclick="document.googleform.submit();">Look for Tourmaline on Google</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5nb29nbGUuY29tL2ltYWdlcz9xPXRvdXJtYWxpbmU%3D">Look for Tourmaline images on Google</a></li></div></div><div class="mindatarow"><div class="mindatath">Mineral Dealers:</div><div class="mindatam2"><li><a target="_blank" href="minclick.php?cid=2244&m=Tourmaline"><b>Search for Tourmaline on Well-Arranged Molecules</b></a><li><a target="_blank" href="minclick.php?cid=4&m=Tourmaline"><b>Find Tourmaline on www.crystalclassics.co.uk</b></a><li><a target="_blank" href="minclick.php?cid=69&m=Tourmaline"><b>Buy fine minerals and gemstones from Pala International</b></a><li><a target="_blank" href="minclick.php?cid=307&m=Tourmaline"><b>Top quality minerals from Kristalle of California</b></a><li><a target="_blank" href="minclick.php?cid=11&m=Tourmaline"><b>Fabre Minerals - 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