CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134c1581f39ce11',cH: 'V2Ieh5zXN39pQI9q6d3qnVtLRY5DiUrdSfamz4bsPpA-1739784590-1.2.1.1-1twNNhXYNDUpEUJncG430ojnBUSkOUjyooFcbbYykXACjPn1bexHODPXHh_UNVGt',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=concurrent%20engineering&__cf_chl_tk=_ySvuOaDepA_e6qq6.p7ku5OOP4g2DzJ.lUlaWSoneU-1739784590-1.0.1.1-fE5U25VI3aIspG25ycSnzLsvLDX2OQWbSLY.yGW0PhE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784590',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=concurrent%20engineering&__cf_chl_f_tk=_ySvuOaDepA_e6qq6.p7ku5OOP4g2DzJ.lUlaWSoneU-1739784590-1.0.1.1-fE5U25VI3aIspG25ycSnzLsvLDX2OQWbSLY.yGW0PhE",md: "WtZgMVxblr7MmkkKtZS2rPOf_oERM3dVsQrxHWmFHdM-1739784590-1.2.1.1-3C2U9wg1PSpTO0fpWv83aV2xyHuRlNHr5VUrQI1IIfmZYUjcmRZ8xSmGzttZcEk8QPGAxOqdqlob.7kMWF36ypZogG1Z3zs.tBVKBu.zMoH8nAl6FzrfSEmYjR3R6.x9Cxk8bj_u.y_1tPByr1wfDtt9PgWAukzaX9fvvMoHRzxWJqw5TjtfQcgOTOWU7efACOoY16ZAGXkBca3N_qGK2Bd_KAlDhAHPdOhhXHyXT0sjvGoUZTZg3Z8.osRvgj7rw9hNYzh7muaCtIKXdvIWeAB263ZQW25B_tAbyH1eIFknBMsSkj6JO6lwOzmd9PUG9TcJ0zVhH.zC9c2WBQ.E7hedbtVWRYb4qXaDnyug50uPfPASHU9CLWEKneT6SmE06PnOqscoA1f2aipl9G_s4Br58pM3NMBMa1Z9KgRdKM9DvzrTOVUrcZ.HYhnGi5S82LzDftD5tyQCdDOI54OEdz2jjFBfc9WNv.X.W_nUXav08tSb6CPB7gQVPQ_CI_xGDe3ME2UJqGKn5JHehmh9utdpvOF14tK4AnqpO7vaSLAlp3.5XTG.xhRbo6GtzMD2Kb_I3UQ9qpWLMdaxd8fK6SL_8CmBPZ.GcvDeN5oRFfmFYfNugVwVOIchqI8SCCDTmOkHNDS10lBwQFgtweycxxtzn8RoPEL8tEcikX4ADMxTq3mNaghDU78CD7W4a7a18ip2ZEgJsb.Tf7kpsw3RnUFzWf0Hq1BnwEbbe2GDW1_2HjP.ktvD6Ey0C94Lgj.guUU8kMs7FdZ7g4RVuX48GgkTqBxQb9mvUp6ZDpz_gP4GoOFkZ.NaTW23Sxlggl4zy.C6QJS2DcWN_ir3duCjUM9RNLp6NHsKA5B7igD7Xxvngi8yVcWXx3WKb5JnfNKzLFNv_mR1K9HuN2OgIEK_juVHdy3GS5IxOeDMaP88Pb.FviuaNGBT27uSZHGm0atcII9Mt5oNwFJcdjFLQ3aZKyaFoeTiJ37u2TaeDGL4vwJVsUwRMcJLVvcGLM66fmJMRKCy5h08qwPJbigMf1CURp_mJEHsp98znZM5iPCkv6oEuQmbzgUf1PTR2AUqcamSXcgn40JHLKVJrezX4hLwOPafl0zDT22GTfsT.VJHbmob90FWQro.VYzYJWq5d0HrK4IpqStTVpNyu1f2L65q_UhXqNJJfLGrV.TWeZTlEeAVh4aJL6hkLIqubPrqVXijW9zLzJOAXhqX366RoeEVHQtpWuKrjOJGZluwsVbkVir6Avgw0H704xxLSWgbYy2ecOQ4DssTltG0cR37Igz0J8LN63jAh9fzjQUi32_IRu99Da_lmAHEdc8SfwGA3cLVp_sx__GECExbc11GQ.Ts5r8XVjiTyizpS.cYJ4J_3gkcUULHzFVpd4u.HXZfCbXwRw0WvcmHK6TwQMRTBmv3X_mJBME5YJ1ImzcUR1UpwE25w_GMrNAjauB4u.YkuTBzQqMHk6cuXGtPE9O.0dAIDur_4Iwy1qhdymjjFNzrBoixQ_8vIPSoQy1Zg3UUnmAA5VBtSgbBuRqWhTbFPZ9Ic_FiAbOEoC2mqlhN.6lRXqr7ooMpZ4qLrnSFRbKzTgXREbXsrHBxXdBpE85a9IqQZHggEDGLrUpdy5UIieLSv65uMLlrAo3mwBPVki_PBBMykJPRnohajMVGNSFKCSqm.wMP8wvGGdfEbpJUKz9GaC9v3EsxpAZjsJkYZ3JMisfZO_apv0gzWxeSko8dpKtxisafDe.Eoy5SDU5JybTVGdIt4C.rI8wY80lukRCeGOZVeU61Uxk6m8GSk.YuXnAuXrf8fZ4HxVDmYvJxc9E_pfSsU.QRPNxGbJ.fo5Bx2dtwh6z_bsWca2CREtfUEb_rolTcewLx18iij1IOtXXtaDPfiGqXxWl7CWer3JIuqxY6tr7sfnC9ElHea_Fg7CW8MqhusI8o7YkqU5M35WjjWp6qDfqMzWDOkl5ZHzfMEYZB",mdrd: "A1FqcBEwIs.ZW8MbFm9V.1.Dxlp094OiWx3g9sOHmcI-1739784590-1.2.1.1-ePE4fJf5DPSHDwhNpkfurrKe.cC2E_ix1889pncxAlR67Tv6O90_F4AmFvY6fefgyfnC2yw0w2yoIrl4yWfp0tKG0pZSFfoLZ0RRcDb1757YbeNf80nws9uUxqFbpvCU2TribWXz7QGdveVFUZmONKWPyuaYWEIlzBTTFS8FfOP2NIXUldOwvyG4G_DV7j1zcbWXUMewGBkcKbWOVp234FgagwNuIhkqaDTijf3HfB7c5SCHdhH7O8389HCfQ.gwKoI9wqhoHwy6yJOlGH2yQhaCjald.xNQ99Tn5LauyCoJr6UHt2HPy9JDaYpRcUH65QzmYCY2hforHvhFs0oNAb.iTDg3yNf7QUkFHhto7VSw3QPk5VxCPQ965v_kskpf963xpGaH58gG7PbOX4WAy1WE78FihGwA.2ZiOASFCb_9WkJ_AXsBuPbLQ_s86dSAnj.g8L0uXJ3onZ1KioM1Lszlrb9_6znVdhbTPi.lzlOqKa_XNLRdYP2lsPtzZjHUL3F5sYZpqkaHuNZ_qlHavANv5NHWh2k6E92gl8qlz3ryj713mbf01vCHnN_n81tpfUx9zBZu2kvOUMq9gG0Tz6mRQjnuyiPW34GT87F_r.dyUDaY69y78WOS7.9PSzaAkZuBD9KjMpPsIWyySY0nnJ7xU02ZJbJSUTkKarqUyCQf0wXCoNyD2KBnWNK0tY9BplHQh59pluaGQtuQCMlCGoUMv1rj.J7Z3K6OwBAL.QyWyyUq6MvJajQ1cDWpJTo.DclZwV2oiowjAl7ja6Z6vfqud6nB8RCU9mDma8HlFQVHaESvSPAXlIRKcM_nwrqIP2gcMHG6d2jbtXmInwwaViDTxmZVLXqvB7CUakpMHLfxI2tKLCgSCZuERJluMQVdwgt6U3rAPGtieqsSq7W39Qzuhi1Mp_j4D4AyrbPFUmUod_OpuIzY4x.aypAYZz4Tm_qiNVwaIazb7_ggris7I0O_ShCG93tk0vFcCRdYT6Sv404ucaFTFp5lx_Gzm6H7maurgZYFi7c0SfwamJWKvTEhaPSQfM_3Kz53JnXRB1CVgbRUVnEc70Ho_.gFBrWht7Fox08J7DIyFAMZmd7ifX.T0TnIGEVkBMCSSE7c7otSdJjoQqNiU44j41bx7bQplgSFWohwpEuH9F6aCXLatHmbn5.iDzW11ZtWn9jt7bwTQkyYYO8m5SxlB0f_pXmGtws0j1hKjEJkOPKDoxK9pU3a9u3CTA4AauhEhwpAR3OJEO29phHlkx_315lEW.RU7F.4WmK51PY.WiN5tINZNYxCplRAnByWBkzvJAay1OU_xIm.IT_EgImD8H.CQcF7JAFBeKjFwL.BcoYHQqnQhqZRUMUEUacysnrfGh9VM_rxpA3V8Z6i840acN2_YVK7apkAvrvyNiPoAVVl1idX0_9PGIjH5qlndtYkfzNDpDOBeXFclZhyNe.hcYzl3ai2s82liVe3cWk3q9yZcwPS9d70FkRAgAy.A3jun6U.uorMuYmo6AwPr8WglJT3cjS0kd.K3lWFjiE7wxU3P.8a9hXfxjLxJaZJr_cFp2TO2vAB8T5DgLPHhZwYdkBc8KwhVrCDlr9Hm08EIAsG4k4IzlC.IAOjyn7h_PLsS5TMtnNEiuRA963PqegjloG73C.FHL5gGtDtPsbgVOQw6l91bJrjYJ6L.ayZiUSHc5eP526GWLMYwZ62Rq_yQAswk4AVbqWeIT1Qz.Urp_Zc1DOtzA1Lexamc8KsEgJ5imEaB5KIsNCYYTdAzPaejdA5KLRB08nbHfCouDnBtqoSSJzEbuH3Ko3_U0ZLnPk8XE0HZFmQtFe5lFjQqsoeOpsrjK.2hXnYpZwDcFUNTIPQ_qPoRIi6WJ8hqi05psdamCzQM0RWtX9JlXMypZyBe6UmoBHwmsWHJVEx8mWSstwwyvFnQafPFYLhpKpnLmj5IKkoZ2W9W33uRKmNu4mKms1o4bd1"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134c1581f39ce11';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=concurrent%20engineering&__cf_chl_rt_tk=_ySvuOaDepA_e6qq6.p7ku5OOP4g2DzJ.lUlaWSoneU-1739784590-1.0.1.1-fE5U25VI3aIspG25ycSnzLsvLDX2OQWbSLY.yGW0PhE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>