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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_by_the_U.S._government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Research by the U.S. government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_by_the_U.S._government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Psychological_Association_Task_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Psychological_Association_Task_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 American Psychological Association Task Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Psychological_Association_Task_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_areas_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_areas_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other areas and studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_areas_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brainwashing</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="غسيل دماغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غسيل دماغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llav%C3%A1u_de_celebru" title="Llaváu de celebru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llaváu de celebru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="মগজধোলাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মগজধোলাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9-n%C3%A1u" title="Sé-náu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sé-náu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Промиване на мозъци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Промиване на мозъци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vym%C3%BDv%C3%A1n%C3%AD_mozku" title="Vymývání mozku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vymývání mozku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask" title="Hjernevask – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjernevask" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirnw%C3%A4sche" title="Gehirnwäsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gehirnwäsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajupesu" title="Ajupesu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajupesu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πλύση εγκεφάλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλύση εγκεφάλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavado_de_cerebro" title="Lavado de cerebro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lavado de cerebro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbolavado" title="Cerbolavado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerbolavado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="شستشوی مغزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شستشوی مغزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavage_de_cerveau" title="Lavage de cerveau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lavage de cerveau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%87%8C" title="세뇌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanke_Kwakwalwa" title="Wanke Kwakwalwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wanke Kwakwalwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ուղեղների լվացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղեղների լվացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="विचार-नियंत्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विचार-नियंत्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispiranje_mozga" title="Ispiranje mozga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ispiranje mozga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuci_otak" title="Cuci otak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cuci otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaggio_del_cervello" title="Lavaggio del cervello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lavaggio del cervello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="שטיפת מוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטיפת מוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smegen%C5%B3_plovimas" title="Smegenų plovimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smegenų plovimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenspoeling" title="Hersenspoeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenspoeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%84%B3" title="洗脳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洗脳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask" title="Hjernevask – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjernevask" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranie_m%C3%B3zgu" title="Pranie mózgu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pranie mózgu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavagem_cerebral" title="Lavagem cerebral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lavagem cerebral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%83lare_pe_creier" title="Spălare pe creier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spălare pe creier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shp%C3%ABlarja_e_trurit" title="Shpëlarja e trurit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpëlarja e trurit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaggiu_r%C3%B4_cirbieddu" title="Lavaggiu rô cirbieddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lavaggiu rô cirbieddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brainwashing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Испирање мозга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Испирање мозга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielenhallinta" title="Mielenhallinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mielenhallinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rntv%C3%A4tt" title="Hjärntvätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärntvätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การล้างสมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล้างสมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Промивання мізків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Промивання мізків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دماغ شوئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دماغ شوئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A9y_n%C3%A3o" title="Tẩy não – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tẩy não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="思想控制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="思想控制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%85%A6" title="洗腦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洗腦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q743263#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brainwashing (disambiguation)">Brainwashing (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind_control_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mind control (disambiguation)">Mind control (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_sobre_calle_San_Juan_-_Florencio_Varela.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mural_sobre_calle_San_Juan_-_Florencio_Varela.JPG/220px-Mural_sobre_calle_San_Juan_-_Florencio_Varela.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mural_sobre_calle_San_Juan_-_Florencio_Varela.JPG/330px-Mural_sobre_calle_San_Juan_-_Florencio_Varela.JPG 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fields of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disobedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Disobedience">Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_influences" class="mw-redirect" title="Group influences">Group influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social perception</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribution theory">Attribution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">Self-perception theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">Social and cultural norms</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Behavioural_influences" title="Template:Behavioural influences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Behavioural_influences" title="Template talk:Behavioural influences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Behavioural_influences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Behavioural influences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Brainwashing<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is the controversial theory that purports that the human mind can be altered or controlled against a person's will by manipulative psychological techniques.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Brainwashing is said to reduce its subject's ability to think critically or independently, to allow the introduction of new, unwanted thoughts and ideas into their minds,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> as well as to change their attitudes, values, and beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> The term "brainwashing" was first used in English by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hunter_(U.S._journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hunter (U.S. journalist)">Edward Hunter</a> in 1950 to describe how the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a> appeared to make people cooperate with them during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Research into the concept also looked at <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, at some criminal cases in the United States, and at the actions of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human traffickers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">Scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a> debate followed, as well as media attention, about the possibility of brainwashing being a factor when <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD) was used,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> or in the conversion of people to groups which are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Brainwashing has become a common theme in popular culture especially in <a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">war stories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thrillers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> stories. <a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In casual speech, "brainwashing" and its verb form, "brainwash", are used <a href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">figuratively</a> to describe the use of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> to sway <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China_and_the_Korean_War">China and the Korean War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: China and the Korean War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">Thought reform in China</a></div> The Chinese term xǐnǎo (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 洗腦; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 洗脑 <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'wash brain')<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> was originally used by early 20th century Chinese intellectuals to refer to modernizing one's way of thinking.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The term was later used to describe the coercive <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a> used under the <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> government in China, which aimed to transform "reactionary" people into "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social system.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">punned</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> custom of "cleansing/washing the heart/mind" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 洗心; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: xǐxīn) before conducting ceremonies or entering holy places.<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> The earliest known English-language usage of the word "brainwashing" in an article by a journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hunter_(U.S._journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hunter (U.S. journalist)">Edward Hunter</a>, in Miami News, published in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Crean-14">[12]</a> Hunter was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anticommunist</a> and was alleged to be a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> agent working undercover.<a href="#cite_note-MarksJohn1979-15">[13]</a> Hunter and others used the Chinese term to explain why, during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), some American <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) cooperated with their Chinese captors, and even in a few cases <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_and_British_defectors_in_the_Korean_War" title="List of American and British defectors in the Korean War">defected to their side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> British radio operator <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Ford" title="Robert W. Ford">Robert W. Ford</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> and British army Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Carne" title="James Carne">James Carne</a> also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The U.S. military and government laid charges of brainwashing in an effort to undermine confessions made by POWs to war crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">biological warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> After Chinese radio broadcasts claimed to quote <a href="/wiki/Frank_Schwable" title="Frank Schwable">Frank Schwable</a>, Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Aircraft_Wing" title="1st Marine Aircraft Wing">First Marine Air Wing</a> admitting to participating in germ warfare, United Nations commander General <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a> asserted: "Whether these statements ever passed the lips of these unfortunate men is doubtful. If they did, however, too familiar are the mind-annihilating methods of these Communists in extorting whatever words they want ... The men themselves are not to blame, and they have my deepest sympathy for having been used in this abominable way."<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Beginning in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a> interviewed American servicemen who had been POWs during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> as well as priests, students, and teachers who had been held in prison in China after 1951. In addition to interviews with 25 Americans and Europeans, Lifton interviewed 15 Chinese citizens who had fled after having been subjected to indoctrination in Chinese universities. (Lifton's 1961 book <a href="/wiki/Thought_Reform_and_the_Psychology_of_Totalism:_A_Study_of_%22Brainwashing%22_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China">Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China</a>, was based on this research.)<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Lifton found that when the POWs returned to the United States their thinking soon returned to normal, contrary to the popular image of "brainwashing."<a href="#cite_note-Home_by_Ship-23">[21]</a> In 1956, after reexamining the concept of brainwashing following the Korean War, the U.S. Army published a report entitled Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination, and Exploitation of Prisoners of War, which called brainwashing a "popular misconception". The report concludes that "exhaustive research of several government agencies failed to reveal even one conclusively documented case of 'brainwashing' of an American prisoner of war in Korea."<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_cases_and_the_"brainwashing_defense"">Legal cases and the "brainwashing defense"</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal cases and the "brainwashing defense"">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg/200px-Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg/300px-Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg/400px-Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Bank robbery by <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a> members<a href="#cite_note-Famous_Pictures_Magazine-25">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> The concept of brainwashing has been raised in defense of criminal charges. The 1969 to 1971 case of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>, who was said to have brainwashed his followers to commit murder and other crimes, brought the issue to renewed public attention.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</a>, a member of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">Hearst family</a>, when 19 years old was <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapped</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a>, a left-wing militant organization. After several weeks of captivity, she agreed to join the group and took part in their activities. In 1975, she was arrested and charged with bank robbery and the use of a gun in committing a felony. Her attorney, <a href="/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey" title="F. Lee Bailey">F. Lee Bailey</a>, argued in her trial that she should not be held responsible for her actions since her treatment by her captors was the equivalent of the alleged brainwashing of Korean War POWs (see also <a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Regreligion-28">[26]</a> Bailey developed his case in conjunction with psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolyon_West" title="Louis Jolyon West">Louis Jolyon West</a> and psychologist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Singer" title="Margaret Singer">Margaret Singer</a>. They had both studied the experiences of Korean War POWs. (In 1996, Singer published her theories in her best-selling book <a href="/wiki/Cults_in_Our_Midst" title="Cults in Our Midst">Cults in Our Midst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-refocus.org-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-clarke-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a>) Despite this defense, Hearst was found guilty.<a href="#cite_note-Regreligion-28">[26]</a> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Fishman" title="Steven Fishman">Steven Fishman</a>, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>, was charged with <a href="/wiki/Mail_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail fraud">mail fraud</a> for conducting a scheme to sue large corporations via conspiring with minority stockholders in shareholder class action lawsuits. Fishman's attorneys notified the court that they intended to rely on an <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a>, using the theories of brainwashing and the expert witnesses of Singer and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ofshe" title="Richard Ofshe">Richard Ofshe</a> to claim that the Church of Scientology had practiced brainwashing on him, which left him unsuitable to make independent decisions. The court ruled that the use of brainwashing theories is inadmissible in expert witnesses, citing the <a href="/wiki/Frye_standard" title="Frye standard">Frye standard</a>, which states that scientific theories utilized by expert witnesses must be generally accepted in their respective fields.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Since then, United States courts have consistently rejected testimony about mind control or brainwashing on the grounds that these theories are not part of accepted science under the Frye standard.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In 2003, the brainwashing defense was used unsuccessfully in defense of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Boyd_Malvo" title="Lee Boyd Malvo">Lee Boyd Malvo</a>, who was charged with murder for his part in the <a href="/wiki/D.C._sniper_attacks" title="D.C. sniper attacks">D.C. sniper attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oldenburg-35">[33]</a> Allegations of brainwashing have also been raised by plaintiffs in child custody cases.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Andrew_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Andrew Green (page does not exist)">Thomas Andrew Green</a>, in his 2014 book Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in American Legal Thought, argues that the brainwashing defense undermines the law's fundamental premise of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In 2003, forensic psychologist <a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony" title="Dick Anthony">Dick Anthony</a> said that "no reasonable person would question that there are situations where people can be influenced against their best interests, but those arguments are evaluated based on fact, not bogus expert testimony."<a href="#cite_note-Oldenburg-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-cult_movement">Anti-cult movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-cult movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Zimbardo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Philip_Zimbardo_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Philip_Zimbardo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Philip_Zimbardo_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Philip_Zimbardo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Philip_Zimbardo_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Philip_Zimbardo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Zimbardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Zimbardo">Phillip Zimbardo</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1970s and 1980s, the anti-cult movement applied the concept of brainwashing to explain seemingly sudden and dramatic <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversions</a> to some <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> (NRMs) and other groups that they considered <a href="/wiki/Cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Cults">cults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BromleyEncy-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> News media reports tended to accept their view<a href="#cite_note-Wright-42">[40]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social scientists">social scientists</a> sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a>, developed revised models of brainwashing.<a href="#cite_note-BromleyEncy-40">[38]</a> While some psychologists were receptive to the concept, sociologists were, for the most part, skeptical of its ability to explain conversion.<a href="#cite_note-BarkerAReview-43">[41]</a> Critics of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> have accused it of brainwashing its adherents.<a href="#cite_note-Helfrich_2021_p._15-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> defined mind control as "the process by which individual or collective freedom of choice and action is compromised by agents or agencies that modify or distort perception, motivation, affect, cognition or behavioral outcomes,"<a href="#cite_note-Zimbardo_2002-45">[43]</a> and he suggested that any human being is susceptible to such manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-Zimbardo_1997_14-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Benjamin Zablocki</a>, late professor of sociology at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> said that the number of people who attest to brainwashing in interviews (performed in accordance with guidelines of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>) is too large to result from anything other than a genuine phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-zablocki-p194-201-47">[45]</a> He said that in the two most prestigious journals dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a> there have been no articles "supporting the brainwashing perspective," while over one hundred such articles have been published in other journals "marginal to the field."<a href="#cite_note-Zablocki1998-48">[46]</a> He concluded that the concept of brainwashing had been <a href="/wiki/Blacklisted" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklisted">blacklisted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zablocki1997-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zablocki1998-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Eileen Barker</a> criticized the concept of brainwashing because it functioned to justify costly interventions such as <a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">deprogramming</a> or exit counseling.<a href="#cite_note-Rusher-51">[49]</a> She has also criticized some mental health professionals, including Singer, for accepting expert witness jobs in court cases involving NRMs.<a href="#cite_note-BarkerJoke-52">[50]</a> Barker's 1984 book, <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_a_Moonie:_Choice_or_Brainwashing%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?">The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> describes the religious conversion process to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> (whose members are sometimes informally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Moonie_(nickname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonie (nickname)">Moonies</a>), which had been one of the best-known groups said to practice brainwashing.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2012-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-usatoday2012-09-02a-55">[53]</a> Barker spent close to seven years studying Unification Church members and wrote that she rejects the "brainwashing" theory because it does not explain why many people attended a recruitment meeting and did not become members nor why so many members voluntarily disaffiliate or leave groups.<a href="#cite_note-Rusher-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Richardson_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Richardson (sociologist)">James Richardson</a> said that if the new religious movements had access to powerful brainwashing techniques, one would expect that they would have high growth rates, yet in fact, most have not had notable success in recruiting or retaining members.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson1985-60">[58]</a> For this and other reasons, sociologists of religion including <a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">David Bromley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anson_Shupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anson Shupe">Anson Shupe</a> consider the idea that "cults" are brainwashing American youth to be implausible.<a href="#cite_note-brain_wash-61">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robbins_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Robbins (sociologist)">Thomas Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Massimo Introvigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Dawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorne Dawson">Lorne Dawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Melton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Melton">Gordon Melton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Galanter_(psychiatrist)" title="Marc Galanter (psychiatrist)">Marc Galanter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Levine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul Levine">Saul Levine</a>, amongst other scholars researching NRMs, have argued and established to the satisfaction of courts, relevant professional associations and scientific communities that there exists no generally accepted scientific theory, based upon methodologically sound research, that supports the concept of brainwashing.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic psychologist">forensic psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony" title="Dick Anthony">Dick Anthony</a> criticized another adherent to this view, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Abgrall" title="Jean-Marie Abgrall">Jean-Marie Abgrall</a>, for allegedly employing a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-scientific">pseudoscientific</a> approach and lacking any evidence that anyone's <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> was substantially changed by these coercive methods. He claimed that the concept and the fear surrounding it was used as a tool for the anti-cult movement to rationalize the persecution of minority religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Additionally, Anthony, in the book <a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults</a>, argues that the term "brainwashing" has such <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotations</a> that its use is detrimental to any further scientific inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In 2016, Israeli anthropologist of religion and fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Van_Leer_Jerusalem_Institute" title="Van Leer Jerusalem Institute">Van Leer Jerusalem Institute</a> Adam Klin-Oron said about then proposed "anti-cult" legislation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In the 1980s there was a wave of 'brainwashing' claims, and then parliaments around the world examined the issue, courts around the world examined the issue, and reached a clear ruling: That there is no such thing as cults…that the people making these claims are often not experts on the issue. And in the end courts, including in Israel, rejected expert witnesses who claimed there is "brainwashing."<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf/page1-220px-ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf/page1-330px-ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf/page1-440px-ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>1977 United States Senate report on <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'s program of research into brainwashing</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_by_the_U.S._government">Research by the U.S. government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research by the U.S. government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></div> For 20 years, starting in the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> conducted secret research, including <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a>, in an attempt to develop practical brainwashing techniques; These experiments ranged "from <a href="/wiki/Electroshock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroshock">electroshock</a> to high doses of <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[64]</a> The director <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a> and his team were apparently able to "blast away the existing mind" of a human being by using torture techniques;<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[64]</a> however, reprogramming, in terms of finding "a way to insert a new mind into that resulting void",<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[64]</a> was not so successful.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Controversial psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Colin_A._Ross" title="Colin A. Ross">Colin A. Ross</a> claims that the CIA was successful in creating programmable so-called "<a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate" title="The Manchurian Candidate">Manchurian Candidates</a>" even at the time.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The CIA experiments using various psychedelic drugs such as LSD and <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> drew from previous <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Marks" title="John D. Marks">John D. Marks</a> wrote in his book The Search for the Manchurian Candidate that until the MKUltra program was effectively terminated in 1963, the agency's researchers had found no reliable way to brainwash another person, as all experiments at some stage always ended in either amnesia or catatonia, making any operational use impossible.<a href="#cite_note-MarksJohn1979-15">[13]</a> A bipartisan Senate Armed Services Committee report, released in part in December 2008 and in full in April 2009, reported that U.S. military trainers who came to <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a> in December 2002 had based an interrogation class on a chart copied from a 1957 Air Force study of "Chinese Communist" brainwashing techniques used to elicit false confessions from American POWs during the Korean War. The report showed how the Secretary of Defense's 2002 authorization of the aggressive techniques at Guantánamo led to their use in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, including at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib" title="Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Psychological_Association_Task_Force">American Psychological Association Task Force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Psychological Association Task Force">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/APA_Task_Force_on_Deceptive_and_Indirect_Methods_of_Persuasion_and_Control" title="APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control">APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control</a></div> In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA) asked Singer to chair a <a href="/wiki/Taskforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskforce">task force</a> called the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control (DIMPAC) to investigate whether brainwashing or coercive persuasion did indeed control cults members. The Task Force concluded that:<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Cults and <a href="/wiki/Large_group_awareness_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Large group awareness training">large group awareness trainings</a> have generated considerable controversy because of their widespread use of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control. These techniques can compromise individual freedom, and their use has resulted in serious harm to thousands of individuals and families. This report reviews the literature on this subject, proposes a new way of conceptualizing influence techniques, explores the ethical ramifications of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control, and makes recommendations addressing the problems described in the report. </blockquote>On 11 May 1987, the APA's Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP) rejected the DIMPAC report because the report "lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur" and concluded that "after much consideration, BSERP does not believe that we have sufficient information available to guide us in taking a position on this issue."<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_areas_and_studies">Other areas and studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other areas and studies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg/150px-Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg/225px-Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg/300px-Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joost_Meerloo" title="Joost Meerloo">Joost Meerloo</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Joost_Meerloo" title="Joost Meerloo">Joost Meerloo</a>, a Dutch psychiatrist, was an early proponent of the concept of brainwashing. "Menticide" is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> he coined meaning "killing of the mind". Meerloo's view was influenced by his experiences during the German occupation of his country during the Second World War and his work with the Dutch government and the American military in the <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a> of accused <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi war criminals">Nazi war criminals</a>. He later emigrated to the United States and taught at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> His best-selling 1956 book, The Rape of the Mind, concludes by saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The modern techniques of brainwashing and menticide—those perversions of psychology—can bring almost any man into submission and surrender. Many of the victims of thought control, brainwashing, and menticide that we have talked about were strong men whose minds and wills were broken and degraded. But although the totalitarians use their knowledge of the mind for vicious and unscrupulous purposes, our democratic society can and must use its knowledge to help man to grow, to guard his freedom, and to understand himself.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> </blockquote> Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Romanovsky" title="Daniel Romanovsky">Daniel Romanovsky</a>, who interviewed survivors and eyewitnesses in the 1970s, reported on what he called "<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> brainwashing" of the people of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> by the occupying Germans during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, which took place through both mass <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and intense re-education, especially in schools. Romanovsky noted that very soon, most people had adopted the Nazi view that the Jews were an inferior race and were closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> government, views that had not been at all common before the German occupation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> has had controversy over the concept of <a href="/wiki/Plagio" title="Plagio">plagio</a>, a crime consisting in an absolute psychological—and eventually physical—domination of a person. The effect is said to be the annihilation of the subject's <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and the consequent negation of his or her <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>. The crime of plagio has rarely been prosecuted in Italy, and only one person was ever convicted. In 1981, an Italian court found that the concept is imprecise, lacks coherence and is liable to arbitrary application.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Recent scientific book publications in the field of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> "<a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>" (DID) mention <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>-based brainwashing by criminal networks and malevolent actors as a deliberate means to create multiple "programmable" personalities in a person to exploit this individual for sexual and financial reasons.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Earlier scientific debates in the 1980s and 1990s about torture-based ritual abuse in cults was known as "<a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">satanic ritual abuse</a>," which was mainly viewed as a "<a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>."<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brain-Washing_(book)" title="Brain-Washing (book)">Brain-Washing: A Synthesis of the Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> in 1955 about brainwashing. <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> authored the text and alleged it was the secret manual written by <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">Soviet secret police</a> chief, in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> When the FBI ignored him, Hubbard wrote again stating that Soviet agents had, on three occasions, attempted to hire him to work against the United States, and were upset about his refusal,<a href="#cite_note-atack-90">[88]</a> and that one agent specifically attacked him using electroshock as a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Barry" title="Kathleen Barry">Kathleen Barry</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> NGO, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women" title="Coalition Against Trafficking in Women">Coalition Against Trafficking in Women</a> (CATW),<a href="#cite_note-A_Distinctive_Style_Article-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-On_the_Issues_Article-93">[91]</a> prompted international awareness of human sex trafficking in her 1979 book Female Sexual Slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Biography_at_The_People_Speak_Radio-94">[92]</a> In his 1986 book Woman Abuse: Facts Replacing Myths, Lewis Okun reported that: "Kathleen Barry shows in Female Sexual Slavery that forced female prostitution involves coercive control practices very similar to thought reform."<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In their 1996 book, Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States, Rita Nakashima Brock and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brooks_Thistlethwaite" title="Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite">Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite</a> report that the methods commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Pimps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimps">pimps</a> to control their victims "closely resemble the brainwashing techniques of terrorists and paranoid cults."<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In his 2000 book, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, Robert Lifton applied his original ideas about thought reform to <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>, concluding that, in this context, thought reform was possible without violence or physical coercion. He also pointed out that in their efforts against terrorism, Western governments were also using some alleged mind control techniques.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In her 2004 <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular science</a> book, <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing:_The_Science_of_Thought_Control" title="Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control">Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Taylor_(biologist)" title="Kathleen Taylor (biologist)">Kathleen Taylor</a> reviewed the history of mind control theories, as well as notable incidents. In it, she theorized that persons under the influence of brainwashing may have more rigid <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> pathways, and that can make it more difficult to rethink situations or to be able to later reorganize these pathways.<a href="#cite_note-szimhart-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-hawkes-99">[97]</a> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Brainwash:_The_Secret_History_of_Mind_Control" title="Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control">Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-83161-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-83161-8">0-340-83161-8</a>) is a non-fiction book published by <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a> about the evolution of brainwashing from its origins in the Cold War through to today's War on Terror.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The author, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Streatfeild" title="Dominic Streatfeild">Dominic Streatfeild</a>, uses formerly classified documentation and interviews from the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mind_control_in_popular_culture" title="Mind control in popular culture">Mind control in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Sinatra_and_Harvey_in_Manchurian_Candidate_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Harvey" title="Laurence Harvey">Laurence Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(1962_film)" title="The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s 1949 <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>, the main character is subjected to imprisonment, <a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">isolation</a>, and torture to conform his thoughts and emotions to the wishes of the rulers of the book's fictional future <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> society. The torturer representing the authorities says, "We make the brain perfect before we blow it out...Everyone is washed clean."<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Orwell's vision influenced <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hunter_(journalist)" title="Edward Hunter (journalist)">Hunter</a> and is still reflected in the popular concept of brainwashing.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In the 1950s, some American films were made that featured brainwashing of POWs, including <a href="/wiki/The_Rack_(1956_film)" title="The Rack (1956 film)">The Rack</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bamboo_Prison" title="The Bamboo Prison">The Bamboo Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toward_the_Unknown" title="Toward the Unknown">Toward the Unknown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fearmakers" title="The Fearmakers">The Fearmakers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Area" title="Forbidden Area">Forbidden Area</a> told the story of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> secret agents who had been brainwashed through <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> by their own government so they wouldn't reveal their identities. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(1962_film)" title="The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a> (based on the 1959 novel by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Condon" title="Richard Condon">Richard Condon</a>) "put brainwashing front and center" by featuring a plot by the Soviet government to take over the United States by using a brainwashed <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">sleeper agent</a> for political assassination.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The concept of brainwashing became popularly associated with the research of Russian psychologist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>, which mostly involved dogs as subjects.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In The Manchurian Candidate the head brainwasher is "Dr. Yen Lo, of the Pavlov Institute."<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> stories of <a href="/wiki/Cordwainer_Smith" title="Cordwainer Smith">Cordwainer Smith</a> (pen name of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (1913–1966), a U.S. Army officer who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> during the Second World War and the Korean War) depict brainwashing to remove memories of traumatic events as a normal and benign part of future medical practice.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Brainwashing remains an important theme in science fiction. A subgenre is corporate mind control, in which a future society is run by one or more business <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a> that dominate society, using <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> to control the population's thoughts and feelings.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Terry O'Brien commented: "Mind control is such a powerful image that if <a href="/wiki/Hypnotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotism">hypnotism</a> did not exist, then something similar would have to have been invented: The <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> is too useful for any writer to ignore. The fear of mind control is equally as powerful an image."<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">Abusive power and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">Behavior modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_control_in_popular_culture" title="Mind control in popular culture">Mind control in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_distortion_field" title="Reality distortion field">Reality distortion field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Reform_and_the_Psychology_of_Totalism" title="Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism">Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Vance Packard</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Lifton, Robert J.</a> (1961). Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4253-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4253-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought+Reform+and+the+Psychology+of+Totalism%3A+A+Study+of+%22Brainwashing%22+in+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4253-9&rft.au=Lifton%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988">; Reprinted, with a new preface: University of North Carolina Press, 1989 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThoughtReformAndThePsychologyOfTotalism">Online</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifton,_Robert_J.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Lifton, Robert J.</a> (2000). Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism. Owl Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destroying+the+World+to+Save+It%3A+Aum+Shinrikyo%2C+Apocalyptic+Violence%2C+and+the+New+Global+Terrorism&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Lifton%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeerloo,_Joost1956" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joost_Meerloo" title="Joost Meerloo">Meerloo, Joost</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lermanet.com/scientology/mc-ch1.html">"The Rape of the Mind: The Psychology of Thought Control, Menticide, and Brainwashing"</a>. World Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429163525/http://www.lermanet.com/scientology/mc-ch1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+the+Mind%3A+The+Psychology+of+Thought+Control%2C+Menticide%2C+and+Brainwashing&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Meerloo%2C+Joost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lermanet.com%2Fscientology%2Fmc-ch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Kathleen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Taylor_(biologist)" title="Kathleen Taylor (biologist)">Taylor, Kathleen</a> (2004). Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brainwashing%3A+The+Science+of+Thought+Control&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZablocki1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, B.</a> (1997). "The Blacklisting of a Concept. The Strange History of the Brainwashing Conjecture in the Sociology of Religion". Nova Religio. 1 (1): 96–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1997.1.1.96">10.1525/nr.1997.1.1.96</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=The+Blacklisting+of+a+Concept.+The+Strange+History+of+the+Brainwashing+Conjecture+in+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-121&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1997.1.1.96&rft.aulast=Zablocki&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZablocki1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, B</a> (1998). "Exit Cost Analysis: A New Approach to the Scientific Study of Brainwashing". Nova Religio. 2 (1): 216–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.216">10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Exit+Cost+Analysis%3A+A+New+Approach+to+the+Scientific+Study+of+Brainwashing&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=216-249&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.216&rft.aulast=Zablocki&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimbardo2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Zimbardo, P.</a> (1 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704120313/http://www.icsahome.com/articles/mind-control-zimbardo">"Mind Control: Psychological Reality or Mindless Rhetoric?"</a>. Monitor on Psychology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsahome.com/articles/mind-control-zimbardo">the original</a> on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monitor+on+Psychology&rft.atitle=Mind+Control%3A+Psychological+Reality+or+Mindless+Rhetoric%3F&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft.aulast=Zimbardo&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsahome.com%2Farticles%2Fmind-control-zimbardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Also known as mind control, menticide, coercive persuasion, thought control, thought reform, and forced re-education. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> xīn can mean "heart", "mind", or "centre" depending on context. For example, [[[xīn zàng bìng]] [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85" class="extiw" title="zh:心脏病">zh</a>]] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>): Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) means <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a>, but [[[xīn lǐ yī shēng]] [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:心理医生">zh</a>]] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>): Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) means <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, and [[[shì zhōng xīn]] [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="extiw" title="zh:市中心">zh</a>]] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>): Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) means <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/brainwashing">"Brainwashing | Cults, Indoctrination, Manipulation | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brainwashing+%26%23124%3B+Cults%2C+Indoctrination%2C+Manipulation+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fbrainwashing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Robert_Jean2004" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Robert Jean (2004). Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campbell%27s+Psychiatric+Dictionary&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Robert+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorsini,_Raymond_J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Corsini, Raymond J. (2002). The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Corsini%2C+Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowal,_D.M.2000" class="citation book cs1">Kowal, D.M. (2000). "Brainwashing". In Love, A.E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology. Vol. 1. American Psychological Association. pp. 463–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F10516-173">10.1037/10516-173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55798-650-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55798-650-9"><bdi>1-55798-650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brainwashing&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology&rft.pages=463-464&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F10516-173&rft.isbn=1-55798-650-9&rft.au=Kowal%2C+D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Religion. Vol. 2. Gyan Publishing House. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Religion&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Stuart (December 1997). "Media coverage of unconventional religion: Any "good news" for minority faiths?". Review of Religious Research. 39 (2): 101–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512176">10.2307/3512176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512176">3512176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Media+coverage+of+unconventional+religion%3A+Any+%22good+news%22+for+minority+faiths%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-115&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_Terry2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Terry (2005). Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brainwash">"Brainwash Definition & Meaning"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 22 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123204547/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brainwash">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brainwash+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbrainwash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%B4%97%E8%85%A6">"Word dictionary – 洗腦 – MDBG English to Chinese dictionary"</a>. mdbg.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191659/http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%B4%97%E8%85%A6">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mdbg.net&rft.atitle=Word+dictionary+%E2%80%93+%E6%B4%97%E8%85%A6+%E2%80%93+MDBG+English+to+Chinese+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdbg.net%2Fchindict%2Fchindict.php%3Fpage%3Dworddict%26wdrst%3D0%26wdqb%3D%25E6%25B4%2597%25E8%2585%25A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Ryan (July–September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madeinchinajournal.com/2019/10/08/china-and-the-political-myth-of-brainwashing">"China and the Political Myth of 'Brainwashing"</a>. Made in China Journal. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601072751/https://madeinchinajournal.com/2019/10/08/china-and-the-political-myth-of-brainwashing/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Made+in+China+Journal&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Political+Myth+of+%27Brainwashing&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2019-07%2F2019-09&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadeinchinajournal.com%2F2019%2F10%2F08%2Fchina-and-the-political-myth-of-brainwashing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Taylor_(biologist)" title="Kathleen Taylor (biologist)">Taylor, Kathleen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3tYeMLc4hQC">Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199204786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199204786"><bdi>978-0199204786</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brainwashing%3A+The+Science+of+Thought+Control&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199204786&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3tYeMLc4hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crean-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Crean_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrean2024" class="citation book cs1">Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2"><bdi>978-1-350-23394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear+of+Chinese+Power%3A+an+International+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+International+History+series&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-23394-2&rft.aulast=Crean&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarksJohn1979-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarksJohn1979_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarksJohn1979_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Marks" title="John D. Marks">Marks, John</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks8.htm">"Chapter 8. Brainwashing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchformanchur00john">The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and mind control</a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812907735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812907735"><bdi>978-0812907735</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 December 2008. <q>In September 1950, the <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_News" title="The Miami News">Miami News</a> published an article by Edward Hunter titled '"Brain-Washing" Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party'. It was the first printed use in any language of the term "brainwashing", Hunter, a CIA propaganda operator who worked undercover as a journalist, turned out a steady stream of books and articles on the subject.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8.+Brainwashing&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Manchurian+Candidate%3A+The+CIA+and+mind+control&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0812907735&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Flsd%2Fmarks8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2003" class="citation news cs1">Browning, Michael (14 March 2003). "Was kidnapped Utah teen brainwashed?". <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Beach Post">Palm Beach Post</a>. Palm Beach. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-5758">1528-5758</a>. <q>During the Korean War, captured American soldiers were subjected to prolonged interrogations and harangues by their captors, who often worked in relays and used the "good-cop, bad-cop" approach – alternating a brutal interrogator with a gentle one. It was all part of "Xi Nao" (washing the brain). The Chinese and Koreans were making valiant attempts to convert the captives to the communist way of thought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Was+kidnapped+Utah+teen+brainwashed%3F&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.issn=1528-5758&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord,_R.C.1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Ford" title="Robert W. Ford">Ford, R.C.</a> (1990). Captured in Tibet. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195815702" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195815702"><bdi>978-0195815702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captured+in+Tibet&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0195815702&rft.au=Ford%2C+R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord,_R.C.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Ford" title="Robert W. Ford">Ford, R.C.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windbetweenworld00ford">Wind between the Worlds: Captured in Tibet</a>. SLG Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0961706692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0961706692"><bdi>978-0961706692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+between+the+Worlds%3A+Captured+in+Tibet&rft.pub=SLG+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0961706692&rft.au=Ford%2C+R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindbetweenworld00ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/02/23/83712037.pdf">"Red germ charges cite 2 U.S. Marines"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 23 February 1954. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Red+germ+charges+cite+2+U.S.+Marines&rft.date=1954-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1953%2F02%2F23%2F83712037.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndicottHagerman1998" class="citation book cs1">Endicott, Stephen; Hagerman, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesbiol00endi">The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the early Cold War</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253334725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253334725"><bdi>978-0253334725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Biological+Warfare%3A+Secrets+from+the+early+Cold+War&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0253334725&rft.aulast=Endicott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hagerman%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesbiol00endi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/02/24/93602632.pdf">"Clark denounces germ war charges"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 24 February 1953. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clark+denounces+germ+war+charges&rft.date=1953-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1953%2F02%2F24%2F93602632.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes,_A.L.1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, A.L. (1998). Knowledge in Minds. Psychology Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863774393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863774393"><bdi>978-0863774393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+in+Minds&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0863774393&rft.au=Wilkes%2C+A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Home_by_Ship-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Home_by_Ship_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifton1954" class="citation journal cs1">Lifton, Robert J. (April 1954). "Home by Ship: Reaction patterns of American prisoners of war repatriated from North Korea". American Journal of Psychiatry. 110 (10): 732–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.110.10.732">10.1176/ajp.110.10.732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13138750">13138750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Home+by+Ship%3A+Reaction+patterns+of+American+prisoners+of+war+repatriated+from+North+Korea&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=732-739&rft.date=1954-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.110.10.732&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13138750&rft.aulast=Lifton&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_the_Army1956" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Department of the Army (15 May 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A32574/datastream/OBJ/view/Communist_interrogation_indoctrination__and_exploitation_of_prisoners_of_war.pdf">Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination, and Exploitation of Prisoners of War</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 17, 51. Pamphlet number 30-101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804001206/http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A32574/datastream/OBJ/view/Communist_interrogation_indoctrination__and_exploitation_of_prisoners_of_war.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+Interrogation%2C+Indoctrination%2C+and+Exploitation+of+Prisoners+of+War.&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=17%2C+51&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1956-05-15&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+the+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalmm.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Ffau%253A32574%2Fdatastream%2FOBJ%2Fview%2FCommunist_interrogation_indoctrination__and_exploitation_of_prisoners_of_war.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Famous_Pictures_Magazine-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Famous_Pictures_Magazine_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2013" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Dean (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famouspictures.org/patty-hearst/">"Patty Hearst"</a>. Famous Pictures Magazine. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patty+Hearst&rft.pub=Famous+Pictures+Magazine&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famouspictures.org%2Fpatty-hearst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Minds on Trial: Great Cases in Law and Psychology, by Charles Patrick Ewing, Joseph T. McCann pp. 34–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Shifting the Blame: How Victimization Became a Criminal Defense, Saundra Davis Westervelt, Rutgers University Press, 1998. p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-Regreligion-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regreligion_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regreligion_28-1">b</a> Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe, James T. 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Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 10 (1): 5–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbsl.2370100103">10.1002/bsl.2370100103</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313224058/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bsl.2370100103">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023. 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Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2004, p. 16, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306478871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306478871">978-0306478871</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in American Legal Thought, Thomas Andrew Green, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 391 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> LaFave's Criminal Law, 5th (Hornbook Series), Wayne LaFave, West Academic, 18 March 2010, pp. 208–210 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-BromleyEncy-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BromleyEncy_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BromleyEncy_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley1998" class="citation book cs1">Bromley, David G. (1998). "Brainwashing". In William H. Swatos Jr. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brainwashing&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Barker, Eileen: New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_Stewart_A.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Stewart A. (1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any 'Good News' for Minority Faiths?". Review of Religious Research. 39 (2): 101–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512176">10.2307/3512176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512176">3512176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Media+Coverage+of+Unconventional+Religion%3A+Any+%27Good+News%27+for+Minority+Faiths%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-115&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wright%2C+Stewart+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarkerAReview-43"><a href="#cite_ref-BarkerAReview_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_Eileen1986" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Eileen (1986). "Religious Movements: Cult and Anti-Cult Since Jonestown". Annual Review of Sociology. 12: 329–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.12.080186.001553">10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.001553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Religious+Movements%3A+Cult+and+Anti-Cult+Since+Jonestown&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=329-346&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.12.080186.001553&rft.au=Barker%2C+Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helfrich_2021_p._15-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Helfrich_2021_p._15_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfrich2021" class="citation book cs1">Helfrich, R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFlXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Mormon Studies: A Critical History</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4511-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-4511-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014211739/https://books.google.com/books?id=tFlXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Studies%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-4511-7&rft.aulast=Helfrich&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFlXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimbardo_2002-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimbardo_2002_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimbardo2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Zimbardo, Philip G.</a> (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704120313/http://www.icsahome.com/articles/mind-control-zimbardo">"Mind Control: Psychological Reality or Mindless Rhetoric?"</a>. Monitor on Psychology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsahome.com/articles/mind-control-zimbardo">the original</a> on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016. <q>Mind control is the process by which individual or collective freedom of choice and action is compromised by agents or agencies that modify or distort perception, motivation, affect, cognition or behavioral outcomes. It is neither magical nor mystical, but a process that involves a set of basic social psychological principles. Conformity, compliance, persuasion, dissonance, reactance, guilt and fear arousal, modeling, and identification are some of the staple social influence ingredients well-studied in psychological experiments and field studies. In some combinations, they create a powerful crucible of extreme mental and behavioral <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> when synthesized with several other real-world factors, such as charismatic, authoritarian leaders, dominant ideologies, social isolation, physical debilitation, induced phobias, and extreme threats or promised rewards that are typically deceptively orchestrated, over an extended time period in settings where they are applied intensively. A body of social science evidence shows that when systematically practiced by state-sanctioned police, military or destructive cults, mind control can induce false confessions, create converts who willingly torture or kill 'invented enemies,' and engage indoctrinated members to work tirelessly, give up their money—and even their lives—for 'the cause.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monitor+on+Psychology&rft.atitle=Mind+Control%3A+Psychological+Reality+or+Mindless+Rhetoric%3F&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Zimbardo&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsahome.com%2Farticles%2Fmind-control-zimbardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimbardo_1997_14-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimbardo_1997_14_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimbardo1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Zimbardo, P</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980502070642/http://csj.org/studyindex/studycult/study_zimbar.htm">"What messages are behind today's cults?"</a>. 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U of Toronto Press. pp. 194–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8188-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misunderstanding+Cults%3A+Searching+for+Objectivity+in+a+Controversial+Field&rft.pages=194-201&rft.pub=U+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9&rft.aulast=Zablocki&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zablocki1998-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zablocki1998_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zablocki1998_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZablocki1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zablocki, Benjamin. (April 1998). "TReply to Bromley". Nova Religio. 1 (2): 267–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.267">10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=TReply+to+Bromley&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-271&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.267&rft.aulast=Zablocki&rft.aufirst=Benjamin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zablocki1997-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Zablocki1997_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZablocki1997" class="citation journal cs1">Zablocki, Benjamin. (October 1997). "The Blacklisting of a Concept: The Strange History of the Brainwashing Conjecture in the Sociology of Religion". Nova Religio. 1 (1): 96–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1997.1.1.96">10.1525/nr.1997.1.1.96</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=The+Blacklisting+of+a+Concept%3A+The+Strange+History+of+the+Brainwashing+Conjecture+in+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-121&rft.date=1997-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1997.1.1.96&rft.aulast=Zablocki&rft.aufirst=Benjamin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Phil Zuckerman. Invitation to the Sociology of Religion. Psychology Press, 24 July 2003 p. 28 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Rusher-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rusher_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rusher_51-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050415093632/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v38/ai_4580948">Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rusher" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rusher">William Rusher</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, 19 December 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-BarkerJoke-52"><a href="#cite_ref-BarkerJoke_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_Eileen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Eileen (1995). "The Scientific Study of Religion? You Must Be Joking!". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 34 (3): 287–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1386880">10.2307/1386880</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386880">1386880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Scientific+Study+of+Religion%3F+You+Must+Be+Joking%21&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-310&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1386880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1386880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Barker%2C+Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Eileen Barker</a>, The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell%27s" title="Blackwell's">Blackwell Publishers</a>, Oxford, United Kingdom, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-13246-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-13246-5">0-631-13246-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker2012-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Barker2012_54-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/03/my-take-moons-death-marks-end-of-an-era/">Moon's death marks end of an era</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829065856/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/03/my-take-moons-death-marks-end-of-an-era/">Archived</a> 29 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Eileen Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, 3 September 2012, Although Moon is likely to be remembered for all these things—mass weddings, accusations of brainwashing, political intrigue and enormous wealth—he should also be remembered as creating what was arguably one of the most comprehensive and innovative theologies embraced by a new religion of the period. </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday2012-09-02a-55"><a href="#cite_ref-usatoday2012-09-02a_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyung-Jin_Kim2012" class="citation news cs1">Hyung-Jin Kim (2 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929230011/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-09-02/unification-church-rev-moon-dies/57537454/1">"Unification Church founder Rev. Sun Myung Moon dies at 92"</a>. USA Today. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-7456">0734-7456</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-09-02/unification-church-rev-moon-dies/57537454/1">the original</a> on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012. <q>The Rev. Sun Myung Moon was a self-proclaimed messiah who built a global business empire. He called both North Korean leaders and American presidents his friends but spent time in prisons in both countries. His followers around the world cherished him, while his detractors accused him of brainwashing recruits and extracting money from worshippers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Unification+Church+founder+Rev.+Sun+Myung+Moon+dies+at+92&rft.date=2012-09-02&rft.issn=0734-7456&rft.au=Hyung-Jin+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fstory%2F2012-09-02%2Funification-church-rev-moon-dies%2F57537454%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618211708/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/chryssides.html">New Religious Movements – Some Problems of Definition</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Chryssides" class="mw-redirect" title="George Chryssides">George Chryssides</a>, Diskus, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.arec.umd.edu/cmcausland/RALi/The%20Market%20for%20Martyrs.pdf">The Market for Martyrs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111212356/http://faculty.arec.umd.edu/cmcausland/RALi/The%20Market%20for%20Martyrs.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Iannaccone" title="Laurence Iannaccone">Laurence Iannaccone</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>, 2006, "One of the most comprehensive and influential studies was The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? by Eileen Barker (1984). Barker could find no evidence that Moonie recruits were ever kidnapped, confined, or coerced. Participants at Moonie retreats were not <a href="/wiki/Deprived_of_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprived of sleep">deprived of sleep</a>; the lectures were not "trance-inducing" and there was not much chanting, no drugs or alcohol, and little that could be termed a "frenzy" or "ecstatic" experience. People were free to leave, and leave they did. Barker's extensive enumerations showed that among the recruits who went so far as to attend two-day retreats (claimed to be Moonie's most effective means of "brainwashing"), fewer than 25% joined the group for more than a week, and only 5% remained full-time members one year later. And, of course, most contacts dropped out before attending a retreat. Of all those who visited a Moonie center at least once, not one in two hundred remained in the movement two years later. With failure rates exceeding 99.5%, it comes as no surprise that full-time Moonie membership in the U.S. never exceeded a few thousand. And this was one of the most successful New Religious Movements of the era!" </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Oakes, Len "By far the best study of the conversion process is Eileen Barker's The Making of a Moonie [...]" from Prophetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0398-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0398-3">0-8156-0398-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Storr" title="Anthony Storr">Storr, Anthony</a> (1996). Feet of clay: a study of gurus. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83495-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83495-2"><bdi>0-684-83495-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feet+of+clay%3A+a+study+of+gurus&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-684-83495-2&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson1985-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson1985_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, James T. (June 1985). "The active vs. passive convert: paradigm conflict in conversion/recruitment research". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 24 (2): 163–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1386340">10.2307/1386340</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386340">1386340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+active+vs.+passive+convert%3A+paradigm+conflict+in+conversion%2Frecruitment+research&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-179&rft.date=1985-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1386340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1386340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brain_wash-61"><a href="#cite_ref-brain_wash_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419010810/http://www.religioustolerance.org/brain_wa.htm">"Brainwashing by Religious Cults"</a>. religioustolerance.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/brain_wa.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=religioustolerance.org&rft.atitle=Brainwashing+by+Religious+Cults&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fbrain_wa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Richardson, James T. 2009. "Religion and The Law" in The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Peter Clarke. (ed) Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1999" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, Dick (1999). "Pseudoscience and Minority Religions: An Evaluation of the Brainwashing Theories of Jean-Marie Abgrall". Social Justice Research. 12 (4): 421–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022081411463">10.1023/A:1022081411463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140454555">140454555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Justice+Research&rft.atitle=Pseudoscience+and+Minority+Religions%3A+An+Evaluation+of+the+Brainwashing+Theories+of+Jean-Marie+Abgrall&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=421-456&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022081411463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140454555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZablockiRobbins2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, Benjamin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robbins_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Robbins (sociologist)">Robbins, Thomas</a>, eds. (2001). "Introduction: Finding a Middle Ground in a Polarized Scholarly Arena". <a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ9Nmc25xNAC&q=sensationalist+connotations&pg=PA21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8188-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Finding+a+Middle+Ground+in+a+Polarized+Scholarly+Arena&rft.btitle=Misunderstanding+Cults%3A+Searching+for+Objectivity+in+a+Controversial+Field&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/will-israels-first-anti-cult-legislation-harm-religious-freedom">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019202350/http://www.timesofisrael.com/will-israels-first-anti-cult-legislation-harm-religious-freedom/">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief">"The CIA's Secret Quest for Mind Control: Torture, LSD and A 'Poisoner in Chief'"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628081520/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=The+CIA%27s+Secret+Quest+for+Mind+Control%3A+Torture%2C+LSD+and+A+%27Poisoner+in+Chief%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F09%2F09%2F758989641%2Fthe-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_Dick1999" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, Dick (1999). "Pseudoscience and Minority Religions: An evaluation of the brainwashing theories of Jean-Marie". Social Justice Research. 12 (4): 421–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022081411463">10.1023/A:1022081411463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140454555">140454555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Justice+Research&rft.atitle=Pseudoscience+and+Minority+Religions%3A+An+evaluation+of+the+brainwashing+theories+of+Jean-Marie&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=421-456&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022081411463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140454555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109061412/http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html">"Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals"</a>. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advisory+Committee+on+Human+Radiation+Experiments+Final+Report&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%2C+part+4%3A+Supreme+Court+Dissents+Invoke+the+Nuremberg+Code%3A+CIA+and+DOD+Human+Subjects+Research+Scandals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eh.doe.gov%2Fohre%2Froadmap%2Fachre%2Fchap3_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> "MKUltra, began in 1950 and was motivated largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean uses of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea." </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v02n03_08">"Book Review"</a>. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2 (3): 123–128. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ229v02n03_08">10.1300/J229v02n03_08</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220439052">220439052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Trauma+%26+Dissociation&rft.atitle=Book+Review&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=123-128&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ229v02n03_08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220439052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1300%2FJ229v02n03_08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control: By John Marks. P 93 (c)1979 by John Marks Published by Times Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-0773-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-0773-6">0-8129-0773-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaddock2009" class="citation news cs1">Chaddock, Gail Russell (22 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0422/report-says-top-officials-set-tone-for-detainee-abuse">"Report says top officials set tone for detainee abuse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104062314/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0422/report-says-top-officials-set-tone-for-detainee-abuse">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Report+says+top+officials+set+tone+for+detainee+abuse&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft.aulast=Chaddock&rft.aufirst=Gail+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2009%2F0422%2Freport-says-top-officials-set-tone-for-detainee-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerGoldsteinLangoneMiller1986" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Singer" title="Margaret Singer">Singer, Margaret</a>; Goldstein, Harold; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Langone" title="Michael Langone">Langone, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jesse_S._Miller" title="Jesse S. Miller">Miller, Jesse S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maurice_K._Temerlin" title="Maurice K. Temerlin">Temerlin, Maurice K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolyon_West" title="Louis Jolyon West">West, Louis J.</a> (November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections-baylor.quartexcollections.com/Documents/Detail/report-of-the-task-force-on-deceptive-and-indirect-techniques-of-persuasion-and-control/817154">Report of the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control</a> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104155621/https://digitalcollections-baylor.quartexcollections.com/Documents/Detail/report-of-the-task-force-on-deceptive-and-indirect-techniques-of-persuasion-and-control/817154">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/8393/Apa_english.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2000. Retrieved 18 November 2008. <q>BSERP thanks the Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for its service but is unable to accept the report of the Task Force. In general, the report lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APA+Memorandum+to+Members+of+the+Task+Force+on+DIMPAC&rft.date=1987-05-11&rft.au=American+Psychological+Association+Board+of+Social+and+Ethical+Responsibility+for+Psychology+%28BSERP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FAthens%2FOlympus%2F8393%2FApa_english.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies, Jonathan Auerbach, Russ Castronovo, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 114 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeerloo,_Joost1956" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joost_Meerloo" title="Joost Meerloo">Meerloo, Joost</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lermanet.com/scientology/mc-ch1.html">"The Rape of the Mind: The Psychology of Thought Control, Menticide, and Brainwashing"</a>. World Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429163525/http://www.lermanet.com/scientology/mc-ch1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+the+Mind%3A+The+Psychology+of+Thought+Control%2C+Menticide%2C+and+Brainwashing&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Meerloo%2C+Joost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lermanet.com%2Fscientology%2Fmc-ch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Nazi Europe and the Final Solution, David Bankier, Israel Gutman, Berghahn Books, 2009, pp. 282–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and its Aftermath, Jonathan Petropoulos, John Roth, Berghahn Books, 2005, p. 209 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The Minsk Ghetto 1941–1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism, Barbara Epstein, University of California Press, 2008, p. 295 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe, John-Paul Himka, Joanna Beata Michlic, University of Nebraska Press, 2013, pp. 74, 78 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/sc3/soviet_jews_exodus/English/Interview_s/InterviewRomanovsky.shtml">"Interview"</a>. Angelfire.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807194100/http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/soviet_jews_exodus/English/Interview_s/InterviewRomanovsky.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview&rft.pub=Angelfire.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fsc3%2Fsoviet_jews_exodus%2FEnglish%2FInterview_s%2FInterviewRomanovsky.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanovsky2009" class="citation cs2">Romanovsky, Daniel (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oU6WielZ_VoC&pg=PA276">"The Soviet Person as a Bystander of the Holocaust: The case of eastern Belorussia"</a>, in Bankier, David; Gutman, Israel (eds.), Nazi Europe and the Final Solution, Berghahn Books, p. 276, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845454104" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845454104"><bdi>978-1845454104</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Person+as+a+Bystander+of+the+Holocaust%3A+The+case+of+eastern+Belorussia&rft.btitle=Nazi+Europe+and+the+Final+Solution&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1845454104&rft.aulast=Romanovsky&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoU6WielZ_VoC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanovsky1999" class="citation journal cs1">Romanovsky, D. (1999). "The Holocaust in the Eyes of Homo Sovieticus: A Survey Based on Northeastern Belorussia and Northwestern Russia". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 13 (3): 355–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F13.3.355">10.1093/hgs/13.3.355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+in+the+Eyes+of+Homo+Sovieticus%3A+A+Survey+Based+on+Northeastern+Belorussia+and+Northwestern+Russia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-382&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F13.3.355&rft.aulast=Romanovsky&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanovsky1997" class="citation cs2">Romanovsky, Daniel (1997), "Soviet Jews Under Nazi Occupation in Northeastern Belarus and Western Russia", in Gitelman, Zvi (ed.), Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, Indiana University Press, p. 241</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+Jews+Under+Nazi+Occupation+in+Northeastern+Belarus+and+Western+Russia&rft.btitle=Bitter+Legacy%3A+Confronting+the+Holocaust+in+the+USSR&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Romanovsky&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Alessandro Usai Profili penali dei condizionamenti mentali, Milano, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-14-06071-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-14-06071-1">88-14-06071-1</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2018" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Rachel Wingfield (22 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429479700-2">"'An evil cradling?' 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(2018). Trauma, Torture and Dissociation: A Psychoanalytic View. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Schwartz, H. L. (2013). The Alchemy of Wolves and Sheep: A Relational Approach to Internalized Perpetration in Complex Trauma Survivors. US: Taylor & Francis. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodeBen-Yehuda1994" class="citation journal cs1">Goode, Erich; Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083363">"Moral Panics: Culture, Politics, and Social Construction"</a>. Annual Review of Sociology. 20: 149–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.20.080194.001053">10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083363">2083363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718083520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083363">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. 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Boller (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theyneversaiditb00boll">They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505541-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505541-2"><bdi>978-0-19-505541-2</bdi></a>. <q>brain washing hubbard 1936.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Never+Said+It+%3A+A+Book+of+Fake+Quotes%2C+Misquotes%2C+and+Misleading+Attributions&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505541-2&rft.au=Paul+F.+Boller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheyneversaiditb00boll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atack-90"><a href="#cite_ref-atack_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtack1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Atack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Atack">Atack, Jon</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieceofblueskysc00atac/">A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Stuart" title="Lyle Stuart">Lyle Stuart Books</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081840499X" title="Special:BookSources/081840499X"><bdi>081840499X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9429654M">9429654M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Piece+of+Blue+Sky%3A+Scientology%2C+Dianetics+and+L.+Ron+Hubbard+Exposed&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Lyle+Stuart+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9429654M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=081840499X&rft.aulast=Atack&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpieceofblueskysc00atac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalifornia_(State)" class="citation book cs1">California (State). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNbukS--lrEC&q=%22brainwashing%22+hubbard+fbi+communists&pg=PA33">California. 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Aldine Transaction. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatry+and+Public+Affairs&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Leo+H.+Bartemeier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Peter2004" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_Fraser_A.2010" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Fraser A. (2010). Screen Enemies of the American Way: Political paranoia about Nazis, Communists, Saboteurs, Terrorists and Body Snatching Aliens in Film and Television. McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screen+Enemies+of+the+American+Way%3A+Political+paranoia+about+Nazis%2C+Communists%2C+Saboteurs%2C+Terrorists+and+Body+Snatching+Aliens+in+Film+and+Television&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Fraser+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed2004" class="citation book cs1">Seed, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainwashingfict0000seed/page/51">Brainwashing: A study in Cold War demonology</a>. Kent State University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainwashingfict0000seed/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-813-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-813-9"><bdi>978-0-87338-813-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brainwashing%3A+A+study+in+Cold+War+demonology&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-813-9&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrainwashingfict0000seed%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_a.k.a._Superant" class="citation web cs1">Steven a.k.a. Superant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312064916/http://www.listal.com/list/mind-control-movies-tv">"Mind-control movies and TV"</a>. listal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.listal.com/list/mind-control-movies-tv">the original</a> on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=listal.com&rft.atitle=Mind-control+movies+and+TV&rft.au=Steven+a.k.a.+Superant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.listal.com%2Flist%2Fmind-control-movies-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeley,_Malcolm_M.Rubin,_Edward_L.2000" class="citation book cs1">Feeley, Malcolm M.; Rubin, Edward L. (2000). Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How the courts reformed America's prisons. Cambridge University Press. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judicial+Policy+Making+and+the+Modern+State%3A+How+the+courts+reformed+America%27s+prisons&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Feeley%2C+Malcolm+M.&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa,_Sheng-mei2012" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Sheng-mei (2012). Asian Diaspora and East-West Modernity. Purdue University Press. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Diaspora+and+East-West+Modernity&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Ma%2C+Sheng-mei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe,_Gary_K.Williams,_Carol_T.1983" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Gary K.; Williams, Carol T. (1983). "The Majesty of Kindness: The dialectic of Cordwainer Smith". In Clareson, Thomas D. (ed.). Voices for the Future: Essays on major science fiction writers. Vol. 3. Popular Press. pp. 53–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Majesty+of+Kindness%3A+The+dialectic+of+Cordwainer+Smith&rft.btitle=Voices+for+the+Future%3A+Essays+on+major+science+fiction+writers&rft.pages=53-72&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Gary+K.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Carol+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchelde,_Per1994" class="citation book cs1">Schelde, Per (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/androidshumanoid00sche">Androids, Humanoids, and other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and soul in science fiction films</a>. NYU Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/androidshumanoid00sche/page/n180">169</a>–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0585321172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0585321172"><bdi>978-0585321172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Androids%2C+Humanoids%2C+and+other+Science+Fiction+Monsters%3A+Science+and+soul+in+science+fiction+films&rft.pages=169-175&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0585321172&rft.au=Schelde%2C+Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandroidshumanoid00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_Terry2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Terry (2005). Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainwashing" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainwashing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mind_control" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mind control">mind control</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JOHN_L._McCLELLAN,.pdf" class="extiw" title="commons:File:JOHN L. McCLELLAN,.pdf">Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination, and Exploitation of Prisoners of War 1956</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Template talk:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manipulation_(psychology)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Positive manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">Flattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_bombing" title="Love bombing">Love bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop,_bad_cop" title="Good cop, bad cop">Good cop, bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related manipulation topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation">Market manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudge_theory" title="Nudge theory">Nudge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" title="Template:Opposition to new religious movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" title="Template talk:Opposition to new religious movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opposition to new religious movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition to new religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">Heterodox teaching</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mind control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Task_Force_on_Deceptive_and_Indirect_Methods_of_Persuasion_and_Control" title="APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control">APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Religious_Studies_in_the_name_of_Hieromartyr_Irenaeus_of_Lyons" title="Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons">Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_Information_Centre" title="Cult Information Centre">Cult Information Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultists_Anonymous" title="Cultists Anonymous">Cultists Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cultic_Studies_Association" title="International Cultic Studies Association">International Cultic Studies Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Survival_Trust" title="The Family Survival Trust">The Family Survival Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACTNet" title="FACTNet">Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Network_of_Lawyers_Against_Spiritual_Sales" title="National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales">National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Organised_Workshop_on_Ersatz_Religion" title="People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion">People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Abgrall" title="Jean-Marie Abgrall">Jean-Marie Abgrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Clark" title="John Gordon Clark">John Gordon Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Eichel" title="Steve Eichel">Steve Eichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Faiers" title="Martin Faiers">Martin Faiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Giambalvo" title="Carol Giambalvo">Carol Giambalvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Steven Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Haworth" title="Ian Haworth">Ian Haworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen_Kelly" title="Galen Kelly">Galen Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Stephen A. Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaki_Kito" title="Masaki Kito">Masaki Kito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janja_Lalich" title="Janja Lalich">Janja Lalich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Langone" title="Michael Langone">Michael Langone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_V._Levine" title="Saul V. Levine">Saul V. Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_McCann" title="Casey McCann">Casey McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_S._Miller" title="Jesse S. Miller">Jesse S. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayuri_Ogawa" title="Sayuri Ogawa">Sayuri Ogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Patrick" title="Ted Patrick">Ted Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Tsutsumi Sakamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Alan_Ross" title="Rick Alan Ross">Rick Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Shelton_(author)" title="Chris Shelton (author)">Chris Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Singer" title="Margaret Singer">Margaret Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eito_Suzuki" title="Eito Suzuki">Eito Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Vivien" title="Alain Vivien">Alain Vivien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Vosper" title="Cyril Vosper">Cyril Vosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolyon_West" title="Louis Jolyon West">Louis Jolyon West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wollersheim" title="Lawrence Wollersheim">Lawrence Wollersheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_Center_International" title="Dialog Center International">Dialog Center International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Ireland" title="Dialogue Ireland">Dialogue Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Ministries_to_New_Religions" title="Evangelical Ministries to New Religions">Evangelical Ministries to New Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Religious_Research" title="Institute for Religious Research">Institute for Religious Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Freedom_Outreach" title="Personal Freedom Outreach">Personal Freedom Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Christian_Outreach" title="Midwest Christian Outreach">Midwest Christian Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Religious_Research" title="New England Institute of Religious Research">New England Institute of Religious Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reachout_Trust" title="Reachout Trust">Reachout Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Counterfeits_Project" title="Spiritual Counterfeits Project">Spiritual Counterfeits Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Fellowship" title="Watchman Fellowship">Watchman Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellspring_Retreat_and_Resource_Center" title="Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center">Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aagaard" title="Johannes Aagaard">Johannes Aagaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Baldwin" title="Graham Baldwin">Graham Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Bowman_Jr." title="Robert M. Bowman Jr.">Robert M. Bowman Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Buss%C3%A9ll" title="Harold Busséll">Harold Busséll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Dagon" title="Gérard Dagon">Gérard Dagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Davis" title="Maurice Davis">Maurice Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dvorkin" title="Alexander Dvorkin">Alexander Dvorkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Enroth" title="Ronald Enroth">Ronald Enroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Garde" title="Mike Garde">Mike Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Garbose" title="Robin Garbose">Robin Garbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Groenveld" title="Jan Groenveld">Jan Groenveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Hummel" title="Reinhart Hummel">Reinhart Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ikor" title="Roger Ikor">Roger Ikor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Larson" title="Bob Larson">Bob Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Martin" title="Paul R. Martin">Paul R. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Ralston Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Passantino" title="Robert Passantino">Robert Passantino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_Centres_of_Research_and_Information_on_Sectarianism" title="European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism">European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_contre_les_manipulations_mentales" title="Centre contre les manipulations mentales">Centre contre les manipulations mentales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_nationale_des_associations_de_d%C3%A9fense_des_familles_et_de_l%27individu" title="Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu">Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commission_on_Cults_in_France" title="Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France">Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals in government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_About" title="Nicolas About">Nicolas About</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Blisko" title="Serge Blisko">Serge Blisko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Fenech" title="Georges Fenech">Georges Fenech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Greene" title="Ford Greene">Ford Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mutch" title="Stephen Mutch">Stephen Mutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Picard" title="Catherine Picard">Catherine Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(British_politician)" title="Paul Rose (British politician)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sackville" title="Tom Sackville">Tom Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Xenophon" title="Nick Xenophon">Nick Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/About%E2%80%93Picard_law" title="About–Picard law">About–Picard law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Assassination of Shinzo Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects" title="Governmental lists of cults and sects">Governmental lists of cults and sects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Mass suicide of Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Scott_case" title="Jason Scott case">Jason Scott case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Apollo_Quiboloy" title="Arrest of Apollo Quiboloy">Arrest of Apollo Quiboloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prohibited_and_Unlawful_Societies_and_Associations_Act" title="The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act">The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Gods_Children_(book)" title="All Gods Children (book)">All Gods Children (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Another_Gospel" title="Another Gospel">Another Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_Choice" title="Bounded Choice">Bounded Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing:_The_Science_of_Thought_Control" title="Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control">Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_Hearts,_Captive_Minds" title="Captive Hearts, Captive Minds">Captive Hearts, Captive Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Challenge_of_the_Cults_and_New_Religions" title="The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions">The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_That_Abuse" title="Churches That Abuse">Churches That Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combating_Cult_Mind_Control" title="Combating Cult Mind Control">Combating Cult Mind Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults:_Faith,_Healing_and_Coercion" title="Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion">Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults_in_Our_Midst" title="Cults in Our Midst">Cults in Our Midst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Cults" title="Deadly Cults">Deadly Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incendiaries" title="The Incendiaries">The Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Cults" title="The Kingdom of the Cults">The Kingdom of the Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_a_Moonie" title="The Making of a Moonie">The Making of a Moonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Vigilantes:_Deprogrammers,_Anti-Cultists,_and_the_New_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions">The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Edge:_Political_Cults_Right_and_Left" title="On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left">On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_from_Cults" title="Recovery from Cults">Recovery from Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapping:_America%27s_Epidemic_of_Sudden_Personality_Change" title="Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change">Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Gods:_The_Great_American_Cult_Scare" title="Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare">Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Reform_and_the_Psychology_of_Totalism" title="Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism">Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_Scriptures" title="Twisted Scriptures">Twisted Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrong_Way_Home" title="The Wrong Way Home">The Wrong Way Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealot:_A_Book_About_Cults" title="Zealot: A Book About Cults">Zealot: A Book About Cults</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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