CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e7b75b99c3d87ba',cH: 'gwq4U5wUBTf78RUbNIlHIiMWK8zOvGv1iL9VzHy9.c0-1732472918-1.2.1.1-_RwhtAFYNxWpOPyNVzwLouxJfwt78clELCHl1olU3l3FlExRBaIJNavP_tHCdcKx',cUPMDTk: "\/prresearch\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.023098?__cf_chl_tk=u5wWwIuq5hRkclH2CfMuDjMwMkHszV13Oo21CaEUlqk-1732472918-1.0.1.1-0ZT2QmlXbMHn3.hLgeBJsB761VAYDAdarrJV8gaWOjQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732472918',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/prresearch\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.023098?__cf_chl_f_tk=u5wWwIuq5hRkclH2CfMuDjMwMkHszV13Oo21CaEUlqk-1732472918-1.0.1.1-0ZT2QmlXbMHn3.hLgeBJsB761VAYDAdarrJV8gaWOjQ",md: "CwP3C_lbRkjlIZRop66SPR0vBO724K9KLofLPCg5d04-1732472918-1.2.1.1-AJ3SUVOuo0hoMSQWkahAS9bBezZ90PzJTLpv5mEdEDXTv3d_2kFJH2_Mn2J1Uft58WRCEPjqns5OvNMnoTVlLCJzHf195jluk6yORRqDvWtyc7qeYqKjRaEZ9lt5fwR5xMfSk7UdrAYov9Z3httnGf_DokXhOItam8ndo_n9M3zu6oRcMWj58pEQt363moryS6_G9tU1cBORtJ5KJyNUy5mCj1PW2E9QEwIcWD6qMQg7XV79PxHU2YciczGdbR0N5ZCT9QDXrO4KKPrGfTeQDrVTRCHWFgL3EqfB3ewT_RPPV4BQz9zjUbapDnmzf7wZ5LSOXXh_6Ss1F5LIA1yk9NExYomNV4up8A_FLPxQSMYFQTRUWYF5tW6baf85fUqMeloNdnBfS482iSpVSevQp5iavFGXfRAWsRQ.JLkJh.ro8tC8eujMNBMvcxarpTTKHxyKA01etG80hFB_s5R6aZPFBKglm.EAKeqOpV7hojJZh3MOkKp.im1YRLB7THi2.Kewd7ExHz.fM5oxNUdb8ToBHKRgwEKQUVJLwNmT0XueNEGiB6ugoMhXqPIvtOAdkOiBr92SWwsOUkC88TX46q3Jtmc53r.4s0sbc2OwIj54jsoeAvjzziOQwgAPlBSrXTiv_8lh5c5LFcsTsqtkE2nDJlD4UvhbL_VvBVEbAsC19hPik9XqBDiP3xM0TMfCfuVGcohlbLMJQepDX919LG93QaY_wgfyI55o3PaRSMDm3npOujMcBZZYaxX7qKQ6LkxyYVxKg5rDf8L27PmE.vjMblMuCYxIoh2maFgbZiw2DCBCthpuHNWZGrXW57QfPT7lbEALrFWuJrhetwNtoNNTBoMSRSc48OAbJWcZcYObHWD7DSjUO3KyuJaAqpitOhgjYJeqzbv0iSBbSANBxT.u3OfHiVYZb1KaAnzpdTlHSgnZA0CAQKLNyEkcBBgdyLWWv9HiLEptmWXw5FlmgKNvr6NxM8b9IK2pwpQz31bagY4My6jptViwRPXED1Zag6oxHQKKrJsod.NQ0NuhtT2K1RxVY7qfNPZvDh6URodHkudbtLdmG9ykZmUoNvnPw.8_jFtm7DZjpjsmKPEZpkB1xXYzFs6fi80.pVwSbe2jAEBIXBPq9XRy4lQhjC9.wNIGmqa.0_zMviWdwPt2dPdCctB2JLUirdwyw0IiDPZcSHFE8x4p0fNAN0XQEvT_Q1KB8D0UkZGU4u3.2GRdLhWPdZrHpJ8egALvidQtZo.JERwwGC6nlBebI9qNusd1POZzE4plKBtL1dAYPyc6obvUyQb9Oy76ObcUOBPhzJjiRfkmP2.hy90NYCBmc8GrFCiw4S_uadvD3JwDrCQYikpYnppynQAOjiZqaIsqldvc8n1w6MKR5rYFMXfFfxxw84itCJydn7.QqCk0M9L_LdJA86S2ai1y2_3v3AqA2JZRhTdCjjYLEMAtlrmAtIM3oB8_eIN.YTj1m4IpADKa8O5SR.SZbtVGRcl4sHzHWrtWBhB8g6GPSgz7gAf.LtkRjOOh.PNGFEZNzLPsnAPLnwWmQ1Tr9ExMo42.R9pjhMwWHvPtRJ7F671JqpHtOCHyxvrb7dH4uORBJKTlPwBl8ipeR3BGq24E_vDpomUupGLxSn.XdIxREN11rniIiMfDaQsNtfeW25x8NkUbK1.GKhrIzsfiNFzKf_y7.zJOpVLS_YwBFFehw.YamLXl8IqG859EBgKRcAmbpcgCP3mlWIilJNF.PRRmsGqkHcuJQh0j2DT5OSopBaOlKjFCRkbhVrq5aUEaUtSjyEgl6b05SuHR2DfYUmGQr94PmQ.LoITgUWFR8zd8PCMV_xfxTUxXNJsbJD1n9Nb9JK_vbyHdZQkpXNPlr2JYx1k__nI04VEsrctErNkdRbN7F_bE.gjayikbwug6coHE0Y5A48xpBxZW0CMPM5F80JfTZeQ3FCk00dsDZ4CQvnxJ_eOIVuU1DkwW083NM_65SeWzgjPAnd8dpkAlKt_vs2kFCoYkUDP.mRpRwMhdrrqN.aIJ_UL7R_e76mHzPlJCgGMZhhCBdbM7sZs4u1Zs6XBQOlRhum0ZNOpTcSvjjjIUc1o.5f1p.8Y6VaCNgNb5FVUjtSGkKAdvi064GMJa2YYlOqhrjbqBeQit4MMJeaNLmzE9UucfmjidcsXsyjYm1XoMreMwzoKekt5QYu2fUDW5Ht5G25hOdVDkmZ9Q98n2nQGAVueFIH8u3jG4WQ8qXCJNAfzN4AkcWzR0zFS9Ms.o8FGpVKlUAI0Zta1pq.NfyVqcIFC3XSiClB.PcjVN7W26XhRpwCu2iuCxvMj9XpPj2kkkIZ4bHvX3gbTD7DrdMo.rEkrKcI5XhjGVLBMPsI_0q4bME1yg1Ft6GNw_nOjn_.J4AkpB_zEmIu.pSzOg5N9vIdV31YNTdadncD9KU_cAV6V6_BdwRqJzkA7ZM1a960ADPr2ngAvpEOSRoMhe8TntQ9jTWtE7fwFk712HK4HqgpAJ4VU6LnKbjmkazfhcfURzq24ipcQjy74r81kHXHXIz0i.slAbXdn1gVM1X3czOumYaD_eiuLSiZleEkfqK2K9u85F3ANYwTB9HT.krBr4Ga.zrTr3wIlfRUVvkSg6WSNZ58fUPWZRkzyN7OqbrggrHDaMSf3ofkK9IQieNSsrdU65cnUPq44YjjjF2adhnX___dx7vLBTyl5H4yzqsMD8DtTJKMjjbGOjGY1Mkjc2OUzmaIW3IcNDNLSIyiQ6wg1IN8c4AoujDfo0RynUDOYrxSRU.c09ymNcIbdkrVse8sClB2osPH0Fy7BNN.tjc6lP6VRNOJaB91tU729bo2kfPqFLAWyuwVY6hHbDjPKaRiNoHHJ.USX5bmbCMnDcrTQ9.hRrRemT7GAykqwX_1v4hiQt8bz3OrZbG94UAvtarOuoRg2u.lPKUUqzteV_hRS2kYtA7jIGqjG.Kzqg5skDPF.1ZkEpPcNrezUEcDxvEgeVnRUul3PFIo5tFTYQr7fCaQ",mdrd: "tC6aD4J3uxuL8ofjNAC4ahcKmxA8tt61_ivpSX7jEFY-1732472918-1.2.1.1-csh_nLCo3NgoeeHYw3d6kkMUGSPQIO6BjP3VYpyJTa0G6AxzLjiOZJNPQ3ksDF1hNbEwcV1YHb3nnlDEUAkRZ7Ij7yuC_l4QDqifsAXV6GubG.3oS4GjzlqHsLUC1KjD02GPQNE7JM9FhBBSz_jm8d5ZF0KTuAIkrnSnQsLJA6cUb5YJ0kSicrfuCBOSn1TsutO22O597ZSkQYH6t8zSNCELlOc0dc.UD_DjT2D34YAVshkdn3GirC_nJR8hoCxhxLPeq2NcQP5XhR75UtItAZxZKSXufcPRggxqJmvrr1FWZEUcWt0j88HWZfe2VGZgUF2tt_rUllkgPw.9eSpVFlmeeDj6_Jxb0jFbozyp6RpnNihl4N3d4amBJ6sjbhoDd4n0Y14bTPK6aNP7uGFp82eTJue8lD6JRMJw.dcThSsOliWrOZXwNn179dhwWVKCZSAORAxNzLP8ewFsQYN.vIxthSVW4en4POSY5O0A5WdhDPonv55Ny8g.pdaapsBxWd2IhyRu2KBUrFrgoAmEO8m4NQ1aCXuLV9Yy9z_yzFI4QlCZP7ewkg8Jm4yytcS7EW.3fMp.VTdlQKMiZt4OJUh_yrjotMF3IPpv5Rkzo9oIr1xIJbFfi0VRjLppG4P942LrGYVmJ41RXmWXBXX0HOx8EQA1NS.oludN4_3QauSFUBJc_at17P0O50qGtpqJGDgibE9l7EVSZYVkfBeHPDXPmWf2CHwKUYpyP0ZzPm4YXxe.H0L06HqSehieahG6FEoiBWVjpDVS5TqLAtXxvUYg9prqGXTMhSY.61iILw4RO40ZKEZ9N2lq.i5._s4JSqz_vjbZ7_LWhN1YhJ_TLe1izSYoyUhgNli4dZcw8WuAyy3RCrhml3V3jLT1Ke2U0I97ZJ3dJzSAnDV9BNb6V7tW6xO1iFyWrYlHZf52ugv3rLZZz5UOEZAatqxlpHRMja3p_JQ3BP3NPqc93xmjQex5IBQ7flZ5vaOIMdPSPc8gnsvg5YfQNzM_5U9sdDaWm__DHY0I2xfV65ohcnIafEFYb6gYGrrjwJE0Bork_BK3TB838f6S_0G6.OfGlHFB7rMuQiTaOjiwavRVxofCaF66fUNsqq9nTi_SGs0p_IxZKovs1f5IskqLSJ2GZU2SI9JpAzd8hGaUo47ChunhiV6Gc.Rrrv0AcAJlwIeMP65ZY_q9c5no0M.NQ7U0rU8ndPOxcAmqF8iRdjYfUI7jXARDhU8HKr1KTWCjr3swJQlcqT8fuvRbvlzjemWTs2oKBtmUzjeFJDNWeNd1Zr6SZ_r_Jo6qIInV9.z9cjWwLhK0kzwmJJmnCu1TDVfNz0sLGG.l0J5zSo84dgBdr24YluMgkOtTwfFmfolD8hR0qpgUsnV_HONRWAgfopw7z1f4aJ5KCZjCi8lDjDXogU2GQ3GUHyUM8TSlx5u_86qPTMOtNPKotzmmHcORG_tRF9s_FXybL4KeHKx_9.f40TDhEfuCvRDT60gL1tYH10PyZ7W9_GXf07B5oCTcWFxEt9alf8BisQS.4fmhCf3MCxJL5bAfJeh1xWt_4Qb7oeZfzt2Jd88L0BM1n3qxDZwWajx5ofWz1un7kJr5csjho_Uq_ung2hG05dB9J_x5eBEUtTh1paYaNXJqcmZutFHooVz0_LxOtLW_kM89A8Aw_ozAW93wroiuvvfRGXuXaOWIqRsuGOU5L8.4ZwO8dlpas8EYQ8JR6yDuGiHq7MvCqTFR6Gtu_6JAMXiOb6F7ROl7jnnSw9wS899SjdVtMlkKkuPuWNjay1FcvjwApgbK3oKev2rEJJK9NMP1JLYSvZHQTUWJEFbTEJnEseVj2nP3QPwKkj1ZFjIIEufhcFiJctZrDPidwez7mjOEwyz0WYDtGbGa5iEgCaFWKUwPHqqwLepoFRX43o2CRt4SQEzPBI3HG79EqdU.pTYbfuGRWlTnOwZXpykJNdhqtOBVcvmr2onP"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e7b75b99c3d87ba';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/prresearch\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.023098?__cf_chl_rt_tk=u5wWwIuq5hRkclH2CfMuDjMwMkHszV13Oo21CaEUlqk-1732472918-1.0.1.1-0ZT2QmlXbMHn3.hLgeBJsB761VAYDAdarrJV8gaWOjQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>