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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Transition to iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Architectural bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sculptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fountains_and_doors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fountains_and_doors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fountains and doors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fountains_and_doors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coins_and_medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins_and_medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Coins and medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coins_and_medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biblical references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bronze</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B5" title="ናስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कांसा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कांसा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="برونز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برونز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunc" title="Tunc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tunc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunggu" title="Prunggu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Prunggu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="ব্রোঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রোঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhe%E2%81%BF-t%C3%A2ng" title="Chheⁿ-tâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheⁿ-tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Бронз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бронз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arem" title="Arem – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarira" title="Ndarira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ndarira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efydd" title="Efydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Efydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronks" title="Pronks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pronks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μπρούντζος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρούντζος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronci" title="Bronci – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bronci" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brontze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2" title="برنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBns" title="Brûns – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brûns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9-umha" title="Cré-umha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cré-umha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umha" title="Umha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Umha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="કાંસું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાંસું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99" title="청동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A6" title="Բրոնզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոնզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कांसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronca" title="Bronca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bronca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perunggu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%C3%A6" title="Бронзæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бронзæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThusi" title="IThusi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IThusi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunggu" title="Prunggu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prunggu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಂಚು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂಚು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D" title="ბრინჯაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრინჯაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Қола – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қола" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzi" title="Bronzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bronzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron" title="Bron – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bron" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Чарвит – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чарвит" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aes_(mixtura)" title="Aes (mixtura) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aes (mixtura)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3ns" title="Bróns – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bróns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzu" title="Bronzu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bronzu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimo" title="Alimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="വെങ്കലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെങ്കലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="कांसे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कांसे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%94_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ბრონზე (მეტალი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრონზე (მეტალი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="برونز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برونز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүрэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүрэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပန်းတဉ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းတဉ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81)" title="काँस (मिश्रधातु) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काँस (मिश्रधातु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="कँय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कँय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85" title="青銅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="青銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਂਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کانسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branz" title="Branz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Branz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%85zy" title="Brązy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brązy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champi" title="Champi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Champi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%A5" title="Чаҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronxi" title="Bronxi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bronxi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzu" title="Bronzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bronzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%BD" title="ڪٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron" title="Bron – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B2" title="بڕۆنز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕۆنز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parunggu" title="Parunggu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Parunggu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronssi" title="Pronssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெண்கலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்கலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure%C9%A3" title="Azureɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azureɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81" title="కంచు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంచు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="สัมฤทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัมฤทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B7%D3%A3" title="Биринҷӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биринҷӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B3_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏥᎳ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏥᎳ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бронза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کانسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%91i%E1%BA%BFu" title="Đồng điếu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng điếu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronks" title="Pronks – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pronks" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85" title="青銅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="青銅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C" title="青铜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96" title="בראנדז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראנדז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85" title="青銅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="青銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruonza" title="Bruonza – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bruonza" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the metal alloy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bronze_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bronze (disambiguation)">Bronze (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg/130px-Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg/195px-Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg/260px-Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_Greco-Roman_Period,_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-104px-Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-156px-Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-208px-Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="6503" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/130px-Liu_Ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/195px-Liu_Ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/260px-Liu_Ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg/104px-Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg/156px-Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg/208px-Lamp_MET_DT10743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various examples of bronze artwork throughout history</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Bronze</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, commonly with about 12–12.5% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and often with the addition of other metals (including <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>) and sometimes non-metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductility</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Machinability" title="Machinability">machinability</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">archaeological period</a> in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The beginning of the Bronze Age in western <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and India is conventionally dated to the mid-4th <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> BC (~3500 BC), and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elsewhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> starting about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times. </p><p>Because historical artworks were often made of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brasses</a> (copper and zinc) and bronzes of different metallic compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older artworks increasingly use the generalized term "copper alloy" instead of the names of individual alloys. This is done (at least in part) to prevent database searches from failing merely because of errors or disagreements in the naming of historic copper alloys.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/170px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/255px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/340px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="5003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houmuwu_ding" title="Houmuwu ding">Houmuwu <i>ding</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">后母戊鼎</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hòumǔwù dǐng</span></i>), the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ritual bronze">Chinese ritual bronze</a> ever found; 1300–1046 BC; <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a> (Beijing). This ding's name is based on the inscription in the bronze interior wall, which reads <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hòumǔwù</i></span>, meaning 'Queen Mother Wu'</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>bronze</i> (1730–1740) is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">bronze</i></span> (1511), itself borrowed from Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">bronzo</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bell metal, brass</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (13th century, transcribed in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> as <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bronzium</i></span>) from either: </p> <ul><li><span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und-Latn">bróntion</i></span>, back-formation from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">brontēsíon</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βροντησίον</span></span>, 11th century), perhaps from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Brentḗsion</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βρεντήσιον</span></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), reputed for its bronze;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or originally:</li> <li>in its earliest form from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Old Persian</a> <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">birinj</i></span>, (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">برنج</span></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">brass</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, modern <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">berenj</i></span>) and <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">piring</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پرنگ</span></span>) <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">copper</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which also came <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">brinǯi</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ბრინჯი</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pirinç</i></span> from "bir" (one) "birinç" (primary), and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <span title="Armenian-language text"><i lang="hy-Latn">brinj</i></span> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">բրինձ</span></span>), also meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bronze</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg/220px-ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg/330px-ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg/440px-ALB_-_Hortfund_Gro%C3%9F_Gaglow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hoard of bronze socketed axes from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> found in modern Germany. This was the top tool of the period, and also seems to have been used as a store of value.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg/220px-Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg/330px-Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg/440px-Magical_Roman_Nails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Roman bronze nails with magical signs and inscriptions, 3rd-4th century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects that were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone and copper ("<a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>") predecessors. Initially, bronze was made out of copper and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> or from naturally or artificially mixed ores of those metals, forming <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic bronze">arsenic bronze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known arsenic-copper-alloy <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> come from a Yahya Culture (Period V 3800-3400 BCE) site, at Tal-i-Iblis on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, and were smelted from native arsenical copper and copper-arsenides, such as <a href="/wiki/Algodonite" title="Algodonite">algodonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domeykite" title="Domeykite">domeykite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton,_2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton,_2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest tin-copper-alloy artifact has been dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4650 BC</span>, in a <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>), and believed to have been smelted from a natural tin-copper ore, <a href="/wiki/Stannite" title="Stannite">stannite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquity1312_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquity1312-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early examples date to the late <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Metallurgy" title="History of Africa">4th millennium BC</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Metallurgy) has been deleted. (2024-09-08)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> (Iran) and some ancient sites in China, <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a> (Iran), <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a> (Iran), <a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a> (Afghanistan), and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (Iraq).<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton,_2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton,_2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying process could be more easily controlled, and the resulting alloy was stronger and easier to cast. Also, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">unlike those of arsenic</a>, metallic tin and the fumes from tin refining are <a href="/wiki/Tin_poisoning" title="Tin poisoning">not toxic</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> became the major non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ores</a> of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together (exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in the United Kingdom, one ancient site in Thailand and one in Iran), so serious bronze work has always involved trade with other regions. <a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin sources and trade in ancient times</a> had a major influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a major source of tin was the British deposits of ore in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, which were traded as far as <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artifacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a <a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">store of value</a> and an indicator of social status. In Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes (illustrated above), are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ritual bronze">Chinese ritual bronzes</a>, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources, the case is clear. These were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_iron">Transition to iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transition to iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though bronze is generally harder than <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a> of 60–258 vs. 30–80,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> after a serious disruption of the tin trade: the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">population migrations of around 1200–1100 BC</a> reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean and from Britain, limiting supplies and raising prices.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the art of working in iron improved, iron became cheaper and improved in quality. As later cultures advanced from hand-<a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> to machine-<a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">forged iron</a> (typically made with <a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">trip hammers</a> powered by water), blacksmiths also learned how to make <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. Steel is stronger and harder than bronze and holds a sharper edge longer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg/220px-Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg/330px-Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg/440px-Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Bronze bell with a visible <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallite</a> structure.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and 12% tin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Alpha bronze</i> consists of the alpha <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins, springs, <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> and blades. Historical "bronzes" are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestick" title="Gloucester Candlestick">Gloucester Candlestick</a> is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic and an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a> are in fact brass, and the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège</a> is sometimes described as bronze and sometimes as <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>. </p><p>In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used in casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armor were hammered from mild bronze. </p><p>Modern commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% zinc) and architectural bronze (57% copper, 3% <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, 40% zinc) are more properly regarded as brass alloys because they contain <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> as the main alloying ingredient. They are commonly used in architectural applications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastic bronze contains a significant quantity of lead, which makes for improved plasticity,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was possibly used by the ancient Greeks in ship construction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Silicon_bronze"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Silicon bronze</span></span> has a composition of Si: 2.80–3.80%, Mn: 0.50–1.30%, Fe: 0.80% max., Zn: 1.50% max., Pb: 0.05% max., Cu: balance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other bronze alloys include <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bronze" title="Aluminium bronze">aluminium bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphor_bronze" title="Phosphor bronze">phosphor bronze</a>, manganese bronze, <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">bell metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">arsenical bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speculum_metal" title="Speculum metal">speculum metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_bronze" title="Bismuth bronze">bismuth bronze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cymbal_alloys" title="Cymbal alloys">cymbal alloys</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copper-based <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> have lower <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting points</a> than steel or iron and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. They are generally about 10 percent denser than steel, although alloys using <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> may be slightly less dense. Bronze is a better conductor of heat and electricity than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-base alloys. </p><p>Bronzes are typically ductile alloys, considerably less <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> than cast iron. Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a>. Some common examples are the high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> of pure copper, low-friction properties of bearing bronze (bronze that has a high lead content— 6–8%), resonant qualities of bell bronze (20% tin, 80% copper), and resistance to corrosion by <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> of several bronze alloys. </p><p>The melting point of bronze varies depending on the ratio of the alloy components and is about 950 °C (1,742 °F). Bronze is usually nonmagnetic, but certain alloys containing iron or nickel may have magnetic properties. Typically bronze oxidizes only superficially; once a copper oxide (eventually becoming copper carbonate) layer is formed, the underlying metal is <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">protected from further corrosion</a>. This can be seen on statues from the Hellenistic period. If copper chlorides are formed, a corrosion-mode called "<a href="/wiki/Bronze_disease" title="Bronze disease">bronze disease</a>" will eventually completely destroy it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg/220px-%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg/330px-%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg/440px-%E7%A7%A6%E9%93%9C%E8%AF%8F%E9%93%81%E6%9D%8304975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze weight with an inscribed imperial order, <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramble%27s_views_Toledo,_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_(page_91)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_91%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_91%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_91%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_91%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_91%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_91%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Industrial products of the Bunting Brass and Bronze Company, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittings prior to the wide employment of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> owing to its combination of toughness and resistance to salt water corrosion. Bronze is still commonly used in ship propellers and submerged bearings. In the 20th century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Statuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuary">statuary</a>. Sculptors may prefer silicon bronze because of the ready availability of silicon bronze brazing rod, which allows color-matched repair of defects in castings. Aluminum is also used for the structural metal aluminum bronze. Bronze parts are <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">tough</a> and typically used for <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, clips, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">springs</a>. </p><p>Bronze also has low <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> against dissimilar metals, making it important for <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> prior to modern <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerancing</a>, where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-AlavudeenVenkateshwaran2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlavudeenVenkateshwaran2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> strings. Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks, so it (along with <a href="/wiki/Beryllium_copper" title="Beryllium copper">beryllium copper</a>) is used to make <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">wrenches</a> and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapors. Bronze is used to make <a href="/wiki/Bronze_wool" title="Bronze wool">bronze wool</a> for woodworking applications where <a href="/wiki/Steel_wool" title="Steel wool">steel wool</a> would discolor <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. Phosphor bronze is used for ships' propellers, musical instruments, and electrical contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plain_bearing#Bronze" title="Plain bearing">Bearings</a> are often made of bronze for its friction properties. It can be impregnated with oil to make the proprietary <a href="/wiki/Oilite" title="Oilite">Oilite</a> and similar material for bearings. Aluminum bronze is hard and wear-resistant, and is used for bearings and machine tool ways.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Doehler Die Casting Co. of Toledo, Ohio were known for the production of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_Bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium Bronze">Brastil</a>, a high tensile corrosion resistant bronze alloy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_bronze">Architectural bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architectural bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Bronze_Works" title="Roman Bronze Works">Roman Bronze Works</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_Bronze_Corporation" title="General Bronze Corporation">General Bronze Corporation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagram_Building_(6268045534).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg/220px-Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg/330px-Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg/440px-Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a> viewed from across <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a> at 52nd Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a> on <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a> is the "iconic glass box sheathed in bronze, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seagram Building was the first time that an entire building was sheathed in bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Seagrams-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/General_Bronze_Corporation" title="General Bronze Corporation">General Bronze Corporation</a> fabricated 3,200,000 pounds (1,600 tons) of bronze at its plant in <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Seagrams-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seagram Building is a 38-story, 516-foot bronze-and-<a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>-tinted glass building.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building looks like a "squarish 38-story tower clad in a restrained curtain wall of metal and glass."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bronze was selected because of its color, both before and after aging, its <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistance, and its <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Seagrams-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, it was not only the most expensive building of its time — $36 million — but it was the first building in the world with floor-to-ceiling glass walls.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mies van der Rohe achieved the crisp edges that were custom-made with specific detailing by General Bronze<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Seagrams-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "even the screws that hold in the fixed glass-plate windows were made of brass."<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculptures">Sculptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sculptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">Bronze sculpture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">Ormolu</a></div> <p>Bronze is widely used for casting <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculptures</a>. Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Then, as the bronze cools, it shrinks a little, making it easier to separate from the mould.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (704–681 BC) claims to have been the first to cast monumental bronze statues (of up to 30 tonnes) using two-part moulds instead of the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze statues were regarded as the highest form of sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a>, though survivals are few, as bronze was a valuable material in short supply in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> and medieval periods. Many of the most famous Greek bronze sculptures are known through Roman copies in marble, which were more likely to survive. In India, bronze sculptures from the <a href="/wiki/Kushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushana">Kushana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chausa_hoard" title="Chausa hoard">Chausa hoard</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gupta" title="Gupta">Gupta</a> periods (<a href="/wiki/Brahma_from_Mirpur-Khas" title="Brahma from Mirpur-Khas">Brahma from Mirpur-Khas</a>, Akota Hoard, <a href="/wiki/Sultanganj_Buddha" title="Sultanganj Buddha">Sultanganj Buddha</a>) and later periods (<a href="/wiki/Hansi" title="Hansi">Hansi</a> Hoard) have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Hindu artisans from the period of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> used bronze to create intricate statues via the lost-wax casting method with ornate detailing depicting the deities of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The art form survives to this day, with many silpis, craftsmen, working in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Swamimalai" title="Swamimalai">Swamimalai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. </p><p>In antiquity other cultures also produced works of <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high art</a> using bronze. For example: in Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">bronze heads</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Kingdom of Benin</a>; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>; in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">east Asia</a>, Chinese ritual bronzes of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>—more often ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples. Bronze continues into modern times as one of the materials of choice for monumental statuary. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dancing Girl, an Harappan artwork; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm; National Museum (New Delhi, India)"><img alt="The Dancing Girl, an Harappan artwork; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm; National Museum (New Delhi, India)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/109px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/163px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/218px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="3518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing Girl</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Harappan</a> artwork; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_(Ding)_MET_DP164965.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ritual tripod cauldron (ding); c. 13th century BC; bronze: height with handles: 25.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Ritual tripod cauldron (ding); c. 13th century BC; bronze: height with handles: 25.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_%28Ding%29_MET_DP164965.jpg/127px-%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_%28Ding%29_MET_DP164965.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_%28Ding%29_MET_DP164965.jpg/191px-%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_%28Ding%29_MET_DP164965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_%28Ding%29_MET_DP164965.jpg/255px-%E5%95%86%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%8E-Ritual_Tripod_Cauldron_%28Ding%29_MET_DP164965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">Ritual</a> tripod cauldron (<a href="/wiki/Ding_(vessel)" title="Ding (vessel)">ding</a>); <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13th century BC</span>; bronze: height with handles: 25.4 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian statuette of a Kushite pharaoh; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; height: 7.6 cm, width: 3.2 cm, depth: 3.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian statuette of a Kushite pharaoh; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; height: 7.6 cm, width: 3.2 cm, depth: 3.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg/136px-Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg/204px-Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg/272px-Kushite_Pharaoh_MET_DT8840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian</a> statuette of a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kushite</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; height: 7.6 cm, width: 3.2 cm, depth: 3.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_(incense_burner)_MET_DP21045.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan tripod base for a thymiaterion (incense burner); 475-450 BC; bronze; height: 11 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Etruscan tripod base for a thymiaterion (incense burner); 475-450 BC; bronze; height: 11 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_%28incense_burner%29_MET_DP21045.jpg/170px-Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_%28incense_burner%29_MET_DP21045.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_%28incense_burner%29_MET_DP21045.jpg/255px-Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_%28incense_burner%29_MET_DP21045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_%28incense_burner%29_MET_DP21045.jpg/340px-Bronze_tripod_base_for_a_thymiaterion_%28incense_burner%29_MET_DP21045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> tripod base for a thymiaterion (incense burner); 475-450 BC; bronze; height: 11 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Artemision Bronze; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; National Archaeological Museum (Athens)"><img alt="The Artemision Bronze; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; National Archaeological Museum (Athens)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG/149px-God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG/223px-God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG/298px-God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="2558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Artemision_Bronze" title="Artemision Bronze">Artemision Bronze</a></i>; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_Greco-Roman_Period,_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian statuette of Isis and Horus; 305–30 BC; solid cast of bronze; 4.8 × 10.3 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian statuette of Isis and Horus; 305–30 BC; solid cast of bronze; 4.8 × 10.3 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-122px-Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-183px-Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-244px-Egypt%2C_Greco-Roman_Period%2C_probably_Ptolemaic_Dynasty_-_Statuette_of_Isis_and_Horus_-_1940.613_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="6503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian statuette of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>; 305–30 BC; solid cast of bronze; 4.8 × 10.3 cm; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek statue of Eros sleeping; 3rd–2nd century BC; bronze; 41.9 × 35.6 × 85.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Greek statue of Eros sleeping; 3rd–2nd century BC; bronze; 41.9 × 35.6 × 85.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg/170px-Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg/255px-Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg/340px-Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_MET_DP123903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> sleeping; 3rd–2nd century BC; bronze; 41.9 × 35.6 × 85.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gupta sculpture of Buddha offering protection; late 6th–early 7th century; copper alloy; height: 47 cm, width: 15.6 cm, diameter: 14.3 cm; from India (probably Bihar); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Gupta sculpture of Buddha offering protection; late 6th–early 7th century; copper alloy; height: 47 cm, width: 15.6 cm, diameter: 14.3 cm; from India (probably Bihar); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg/116px-Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg/174px-Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg/232px-Buddha_Offering_Protection_MET_DP-15581-036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> sculpture of Buddha offering protection; late 6th–early 7th century; copper alloy; height: 47 cm, width: 15.6 cm, diameter: 14.3 cm; from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna with his consorts Rukmini and Satyabhama and his mount Garuda, Tamil Nadu, India, late 11th–12th century"><img alt="Krishna with his consorts Rukmini and Satyabhama and his mount Garuda, Tamil Nadu, India, late 11th–12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/170px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/255px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/340px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with his consorts <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a> and his mount <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, late 11th–12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NatarajaMET.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Chola Statue of Nataraja at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Bronze Chola Statue of Nataraja at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/170px-NatarajaMET.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/255px-NatarajaMET.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/340px-NatarajaMET.JPG 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> Statue of <i><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French or South Netherlandish Medieval caldron; 13th or 14th century; bronze and wrought iron; height: 37.5 cm, diameter: 34.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French or South Netherlandish Medieval caldron; 13th or 14th century; bronze and wrought iron; height: 37.5 cm, diameter: 34.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg/170px-Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg/255px-Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg/340px-Caldron_MET_cdi49-69-6s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French or South Netherlandish Medieval caldron; 13th or 14th century; bronze and wrought iron; height: 37.5 cm, diameter: 34.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_firedogs_(chenets)_MET_DP170900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of French Rococo firedogs (chenets); c. 1750; gilt bronze; dimensions of the first: 52.7 x 48.3 x 26.7 cm, of the second: 45.1 x 49.1 x 24.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pair of French Rococo firedogs (chenets); c. 1750; gilt bronze; dimensions of the first: 52.7 x 48.3 x 26.7 cm, of the second: 45.1 x 49.1 x 24.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pair_of_firedogs_%28chenets%29_MET_DP170900.jpg/170px-Pair_of_firedogs_%28chenets%29_MET_DP170900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pair_of_firedogs_%28chenets%29_MET_DP170900.jpg/255px-Pair_of_firedogs_%28chenets%29_MET_DP170900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pair_of_firedogs_%28chenets%29_MET_DP170900.jpg/340px-Pair_of_firedogs_%28chenets%29_MET_DP170900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of French <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> firedogs (chenets); <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span>; gilt bronze; dimensions of the first: 52.7 x 48.3 x 26.7 cm, of the second: 45.1 x 49.1 x 24.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantel_clock_(pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e)_MET_DT6546.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Neoclassical mantel clock (pendule de cheminée); 1757–1760; gilded and patinated bronze, oak veneered with ebony, white enamel with black numerals, and other materials; 48.3 × 69.9 × 27.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French Neoclassical mantel clock (pendule de cheminée); 1757–1760; gilded and patinated bronze, oak veneered with ebony, white enamel with black numerals, and other materials; 48.3 × 69.9 × 27.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mantel_clock_%28pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e%29_MET_DT6546.jpg/170px-Mantel_clock_%28pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e%29_MET_DT6546.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mantel_clock_%28pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e%29_MET_DT6546.jpg/255px-Mantel_clock_%28pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e%29_MET_DT6546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mantel_clock_%28pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e%29_MET_DT6546.jpg/340px-Mantel_clock_%28pendule_de_chimin%C3%A9e%29_MET_DT6546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> mantel clock (pendule de cheminée); 1757–1760; gilded and patinated bronze, oak veneered with ebony, white enamel with black numerals, and other materials; 48.3 × 69.9 × 27.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of French Chinoiserie firedogs; 1760–1770; gilt bronze; height (each): 41.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pair of French Chinoiserie firedogs; 1760–1770; gilt bronze; height (each): 41.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg/170px-Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg/255px-Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg/340px-Pair_of_firedogs_MET_DT8904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of French <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a> firedogs; 1760–1770; gilt bronze; height (each): 41.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of Chinese vases with French Rococo mounts; the vases: early 18th century, the mounts: 1760–70; hard-paste porcelain with gilt-bronze mounts; 32.4 x 16.5 x 12.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pair of Chinese vases with French Rococo mounts; the vases: early 18th century, the mounts: 1760–70; hard-paste porcelain with gilt-bronze mounts; 32.4 x 16.5 x 12.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg/170px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg/255px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg/340px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP170824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of Chinese vases with French Rococo mounts; the vases: early 18th century, the mounts: 1760–70; hard-paste porcelain with gilt-bronze mounts; 32.4 x 16.5 x 12.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantel_clock_(%22Pendule_Uranie%22)_MET_DP346441.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Neoclassical mantel clock ("Pendule Uranie"); 1764–1770; case: patinated bronze and gilded bronze, Dial: white enamel, movement: brass and steel; 71.1 × 52.1 × 26.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French Neoclassical mantel clock ("Pendule Uranie"); 1764–1770; case: patinated bronze and gilded bronze, Dial: white enamel, movement: brass and steel; 71.1 × 52.1 × 26.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mantel_clock_%28%22Pendule_Uranie%22%29_MET_DP346441.jpg/128px-Mantel_clock_%28%22Pendule_Uranie%22%29_MET_DP346441.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mantel_clock_%28%22Pendule_Uranie%22%29_MET_DP346441.jpg/191px-Mantel_clock_%28%22Pendule_Uranie%22%29_MET_DP346441.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mantel_clock_%28%22Pendule_Uranie%22%29_MET_DP346441.jpg/255px-Mantel_clock_%28%22Pendule_Uranie%22%29_MET_DP346441.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="3894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Neoclassical mantel clock ("Pendule Uranie"); 1764–1770; case: patinated bronze and gilded bronze, Dial: white enamel, movement: brass and steel; 71.1 × 52.1 × 26.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_mounted_vases_(vase_%C3%A0_monter)_MET_DP102639.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of mounted vases (vase à monter); 1765–70; soft-paste porcelain and French gilt bronze; 28.9 x 17.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pair of mounted vases (vase à monter); 1765–70; soft-paste porcelain and French gilt bronze; 28.9 x 17.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pair_of_mounted_vases_%28vase_%C3%A0_monter%29_MET_DP102639.jpg/170px-Pair_of_mounted_vases_%28vase_%C3%A0_monter%29_MET_DP102639.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pair_of_mounted_vases_%28vase_%C3%A0_monter%29_MET_DP102639.jpg/255px-Pair_of_mounted_vases_%28vase_%C3%A0_monter%29_MET_DP102639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pair_of_mounted_vases_%28vase_%C3%A0_monter%29_MET_DP102639.jpg/340px-Pair_of_mounted_vases_%28vase_%C3%A0_monter%29_MET_DP102639.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of mounted vases (vase à monter); 1765–70; soft-paste porcelain and French gilt bronze; 28.9 x 17.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter; by Jean-Antoine Houdon; 1787; bronze; 143.5 x 39.1 x 50.5 cm, height of the pedestal: 86.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Winter; by Jean-Antoine Houdon; 1787; bronze; 143.5 x 39.1 x 50.5 cm, height of the pedestal: 86.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg/113px-Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg/170px-Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg/227px-Winter_MET_DP162240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Winter</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>; 1787; bronze; 143.5 x 39.1 x 50.5 cm, height of the pedestal: 86.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prometheus, Paul Manship's classic gilded bronze sculpture, 1934, Rockefeller Center, New York City"><img alt="Prometheus, Paul Manship's classic gilded bronze sculpture, 1934, Rockefeller Center, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg/170px-Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg/255px-Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg/340px-Statue_at_Rockefeller_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(Manship)" title="Prometheus (Manship)">Prometheus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Manship" title="Paul Manship">Paul Manship's</a> classic <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> bronze sculpture, 1934, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City,_May_2014_-_033.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlas by Lee Lawrie, bronze sculpture, 1937, Rockefeller Center, New York City"><img alt="Atlas by Lee Lawrie, bronze sculpture, 1937, Rockefeller Center, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/New_York_City%2C_May_2014_-_033.JPG/127px-New_York_City%2C_May_2014_-_033.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/New_York_City%2C_May_2014_-_033.JPG/191px-New_York_City%2C_May_2014_-_033.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/New_York_City%2C_May_2014_-_033.JPG/255px-New_York_City%2C_May_2014_-_033.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(statue)" title="Atlas (statue)">Atlas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Lawrie" title="Lee Lawrie">Lee Lawrie</a>, bronze sculpture, 1937, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lamps">Lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Tiffany Glass Studios, made famous by <a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Tiffany" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis C. Tiffany">Louis C. Tiffany</a> commonly referred to his product as <a href="/wiki/Favrile_glass" title="Favrile glass">favrile glass</a> or "<i><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">Tiffany glass</a></i>," and used bronze in their artisan work for his <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_lamp" title="Tiffany lamp">Tiffany lamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tifffany_Morse_Museum_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tifffany_Morse_Museum-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tiffany_Nash_book_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffany_Nash_book-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tiffany_Studios_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffany_Studios-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg/220px-Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg/330px-Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg/440px-Wisteria_Tiffany_Studios_Lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_lamp" title="Tiffany lamp">Tiffany</a> table lamp with bronze</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fountains_and_doors">Fountains and doors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fountains and doors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_Front_Door_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="4296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">US Supreme Court Building's massive bronze doors</a> by Gilbert Donnelly Sr. and his son John Donnelly Jr.</figcaption></figure><p>The largest and most ornate bronze fountain known to be cast in the world was by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Bronze_Works" title="Roman Bronze Works">Roman Bronze Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Bronze_Corporation" title="General Bronze Corporation">General Bronze Corporation</a> in 1952. The material used for the fountain, known as statuary bronze, is a <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">quaternary alloy</a> made of copper, zinc, tin, and lead, and traditionally golden brown in color. This was made for the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Memorial_Fountain" title="Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain">Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Triangle" title="Federal Triangle">Federal Triangle</a> in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-Anrew_Mellon_fountain_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anrew_Mellon_fountain-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of the massive, ornate design projects of bronze, and attributed to General Bronze/Roman Bronze Works were the massive bronze doors to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a> in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bronze_Doors_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bronze_Doors-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirrors">Mirrors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MirrorDSCF6602.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MirrorDSCF6602.jpg/200px-MirrorDSCF6602.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MirrorDSCF6602.jpg/300px-MirrorDSCF6602.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MirrorDSCF6602.jpg/400px-MirrorDSCF6602.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="3705" /></a><figcaption>Decorated back of a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a> bronze mirror, 120-80 BC, <a href="/wiki/St_Keverne" title="St Keverne">St Keverne</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">Bronze mirror</a></div> <p>Before it became possible to produce glass with acceptably flat surfaces, bronze was a standard material for mirrors. Bronze was used for this purpose in many parts of the world, probably based on independent discoveries. Bronze mirrors survive from the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2040–1750 BC), and China from at least <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BC</span>. In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> were making bronze mirrors in the sixth century BC, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> mirrors followed the same pattern. Although other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Speculum_metal" title="Speculum metal">speculum metal</a> had come into use, and Western glass mirrors had largely taken over, bronze mirrors were still being made in Japan and elsewhere in the eighteenth century, and are still made on a small scale in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bianzhong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg/220px-Bianzhong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg/330px-Bianzhong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg/440px-Bianzhong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>Chinese bells:<a href="/wiki/Bianzhong_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng" title="Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng">Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (476–221 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picsingingbowls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Picsingingbowls.jpg/220px-Picsingingbowls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Picsingingbowls.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Singing bowls</a> from the 16th to 18th centuries. Annealed bronze continues to be made in the Himalayas</figcaption></figure> <p>Bronze is the preferred metal for <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a> in the form of a high tin bronze alloy known as <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">bell metal</a>, which is typically about 23% tin. </p><p>Nearly all professional <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> are made from bronze, which gives a desirable balance of durability and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>. Several types of bronze are used, commonly <a href="/wiki/B20_(bronze)" class="mw-redirect" title="B20 (bronze)">B20 bronze</a>, which is roughly 20% tin, 80% copper, with traces of silver, or the tougher B8 bronze made from 8% tin and 92% copper. As the tin content in a bell or cymbal rises, the timbre drops.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze is also used for the windings of steel and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> strings of various <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">stringed instruments</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, piano, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, and guitar. Bronze strings are commonly reserved on pianoforte for the lower pitch tones, as they possess a superior sustain quality to that of high-tensile steel.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronzes of various metallurgical properties are widely used in struck <a href="/wiki/Idiophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiophones">idiophones</a> around the world, notably bells, singing bowls, <a href="/wiki/Gongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongs">gongs</a>, cymbals, and other idiophones from Asia. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Singing_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Singing bowls">singing bowls</a>, temple bells of many sizes and shapes, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>, and other bronze <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. The earliest bronze archeological finds in Indonesia date from 1–2 BC, including flat plates probably suspended and struck by a wooden or bone mallet.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient bronze drums from Thailand and Vietnam date back 2,000 years. Bronze bells from Thailand and Cambodia date back to 3600 BC. </p><p>Some companies are now making <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophones</a> from phosphor bronze (3.5 to 10% tin and up to 1% phosphorus content).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell bronze/B20 is used to make the tone rings of many professional model <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tone ring is a heavy (usually 3 lb; 1.4 kg) folded or arched metal ring attached to a thick wood rim, over which a skin, or most often, a plastic membrane (or head) is stretched – it is the bell bronze that gives the banjo a crisp powerful lower register and clear bell-like treble register.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins_and_medals">Coins and medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coins and medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello,_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo,_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/220px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/330px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/440px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_the_Emperor_John_VIII_Palaiologos" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos">Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos</a> during his visit to Florence, by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> (1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos, <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a></i> of the Romans".</figcaption></figure> <p>Bronze has also been used in coins; most "copper" coins are actually bronze, with about 4 percent tin and 1 percent zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-bronze_{{!}}_alloy_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronze_{{!}}_alloy-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with coins, bronze has been used in the manufacture of various types of <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a> for centuries, and "<a href="/wiki/Bronze_medal" title="Bronze medal">bronze medals</a>" are known in contemporary times for being awarded for third place in sporting competitions and other events. The term is now often used for third place even when no actual bronze medal is awarded. The usage in part arose from the trio of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and bronze to represent the first three <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a> in Greek mythology: the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, when men lived among the gods; the <a href="/wiki/Silver_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver age">Silver age</a>, where youth lasted a hundred years; and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Bronze Age</a>, the era of heroes. It was first adopted for a sports event at the <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904 Summer Olympics</a>. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given rather than medals. </p><p>Bronze is the normal material for the related form of the <a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquette</a>, normally a rectangular work of art with a scene in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, for a collectors' market. </p><p>Bronze is also associated with eighth wedding anniversaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_references">Biblical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biblical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 125 references to bronze ('nehoshet'), which appears to be the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word used for copper and any of its alloys. However, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> era Hebrews are not thought to have had the capability to manufacture zinc (needed to make brass) and so it is likely that 'nehoshet' refers to copper and its alloys with tin, now called bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the King James Version, there is no use of the word 'bronze' and 'nehoshet' was translated as 'brass'. Modern translations use 'bronze'. Bronze (nehoshet) was used widely in the Tabernacle for items such as the bronze altar (Exodus Ch.27), bronze laver (Exodus Ch.30), utensils, and mirror (Exodus Ch.38). It was mentioned in the account of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> holding up a bronze snake on a pole in Numbers Ch.21. In First Kings, it is mentioned that Hiram was very skilled in working with bronze, and he made many furnishings for <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> including pillars, capitals, stands, wheels, bowls, and plates, some of which were highly decorative (see I Kings 7:13-47). Bronze was also widely used as battle armor and helmet, as in the battle of <a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a> in I Samuel 17:5-6;38 (also see II Chron. 12:10). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Art object">Art object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_founding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell founding">Bell founding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronzing" title="Bronzing">Bronzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Chinese bronze inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_leaching#Leaching_of_zinc" title="Selective leaching">Dezincification resistant brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Empire_mantel_clock" title="French Empire mantel clock">French Empire mantel clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">List of copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">Ormolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a>, the first office building in the world to use extruded bronze on a facade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Bronze_Corporation" title="General Bronze Corporation">General Bronze Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_lamp" title="Tiffany lamp">Tiffany lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNS_C69100" title="UNS C69100">UNS C69100</a> (Tungum), a bronze alloy of copper, aluminium, nickel, tin, and zinc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThorp2013" class="citation book cs1">Thorp, Robert L. (2013). <i>China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+the+Early+Bronze+Age%3A+Shang+Civilization&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Thorp&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864">"British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818004043/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.don-simmonds.co.uk/oliver/ijna12001.pdf">"The Belgammel Ram, a Hellenistic-Roman BronzeProembolionFound off the Coast of Libya: test analysis of function, date and metallurgy, with a digital reference archive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 60–75. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.738.4024">10.1.1.738.4024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1095-9270.12001">10.1111/1095-9270.12001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39339094">39339094</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828133417/http://www.don-simmonds.co.uk/oliver/ijna12001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Belgammel+Ram%2C+a+Hellenistic-Roman+BronzeProembolionFound+off+the+Coast+of+Libya%3A+test+analysis+of+function%2C+date+and+metallurgy%2C+with+a+digital+reference+archive&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-75&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.738.4024%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39339094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12001&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.don-simmonds.co.uk%2Foliver%2Fijna12001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ASTM B124 / B124M – 15</i>. ASTM International. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASTM+B124+%2F+B124M+%E2%80%93+15&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226134131/http://proteus.brown.edu/greekpast/4867">"Bronze Disease, Archaeologies of the Greek Past"</a>. The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology Classroom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteus.brown.edu/greekpast/4867">the original</a> on 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronze+Disease%2C+Archaeologies+of+the+Greek+Past&rft.pub=The+Joukowsky+Institute+for+Archaeology+Classroom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproteus.brown.edu%2Fgreekpast%2F4867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlavudeenVenkateshwaran2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlavudeenVenkateshwaran2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavudeenVenkateshwaranWinowlin_Jappes2006" class="citation book cs1">Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N.; Winowlin Jappes, J. T. (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WB5RBUQW3rcC&pg=PA136"><i>A Textbook of Engineering Materials and Metallurgy</i></a>. Firewall Media. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7008-957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7008-957-5"><bdi>978-81-7008-957-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610180021/https://books.google.com/books?id=WB5RBUQW3rcC&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Engineering+Materials+and+Metallurgy&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=Firewall+Media&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7008-957-5&rft.aulast=Alavudeen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Venkateshwaran%2C+N.&rft.au=Winowlin+Jappes%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWB5RBUQW3rcC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/microstructure/phos_bronze.html">"Resources: Standards & Properties – Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Phosphor Bronze"</a>. Copper Development Association Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208043816/http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/microstructure/phos_bronze.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources%3A+Standards+%26+Properties+%E2%80%93+Copper+%26+Copper+Alloy+Microstructures%3A+Phosphor+Bronze&rft.pub=Copper+Development+Association+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fresources%2Fproperties%2Fmicrostructure%2Fphos_bronze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/microstructure/al_bronzes.html">"Resources: Standards & Properties – Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Aluminum Bronzes"</a>. Copper Development Association Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205130419/http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/microstructure/al_bronzes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources%3A+Standards+%26+Properties+%E2%80%93+Copper+%26+Copper+Alloy+Microstructures%3A+Aluminum+Bronzes&rft.pub=Copper+Development+Association+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fresources%2Fproperties%2Fmicrostructure%2Fal_bronzes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/HTML_findingaids/MSS-202.html">"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doehler-Jarvis+Company+Collection%2C+MSS-202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoledo.edu%2Flibrary%2Fcanaday%2FHTML_findingaids%2FMSS-202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-691-1">978-0-87170-691-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Skyscrapers-Seagrams_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1999" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3aAA2Di1YkC&q=seagrams"><i>Manhattan Skyscrapers</i></a> (1st ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-181-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56898-181-3"><bdi>1-56898-181-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan+Skyscrapers&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56898-181-3&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3aAA2Di1YkC%26q%3Dseagrams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_Seagrams-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_Seagrams_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnis" class="citation news cs1">Ennis, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/11/10/90853549.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0">"Building is Designer's Testament"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. No. November 10, 1957. pp. 313, 320<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Seagram Building Marks Apex Of Mies van der Rohe's Career</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Building+is+Designer%27s+Testament&rft.issue=November+10%2C+1957&rft.pages=313%2C+320&rft.aulast=Ennis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1957%2F11%2F10%2F90853549.pdf%3Fpdf_redirect%3Dtrue%26ip%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1955-04.pdf">"SEAGRAM'S PLANS PLAZA TOWER IN NEW YORK and Mies van der Rohe designs his first skyscraper office building"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Architectural Forum</i>. <b>102</b> (4): 9. April 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Forum&rft.atitle=SEAGRAM%27S+PLANS+PLAZA+TOWER+IN+NEW+YORK+and+Mies+van+der+Rohe+designs+his+first+skyscraper+office+building&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1955-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAF%2FAF-1955-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1968" class="citation book cs1">Savage, George (1968). <i>A Concise History of Bronzes</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. Publishers. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bronzes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger%2C+Inc.+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for a translation of his inscription see the appendix in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (2013). <i>The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced</i>. OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966226-5"><bdi>978-0-19-966226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Hanging+Garden+of+Babylon%3A+an+elusive+World+Wonder+traced&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966226-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian bronze masterpieces: the great tradition: specially published for the Festival of India, Asharani Mathur, Sonya Singh, Festival of India, Brijbasi Printers, Dec 1, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tifffany_Morse_Museum-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tifffany_Morse_Museum_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morsemuseum.org/louis-comfort-tiffany/tiffany-studios/">"Tiffany Studios"</a>. <i>The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Charles+Hosmer+Morse+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=Tiffany+Studios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorsemuseum.org%2Flouis-comfort-tiffany%2Ftiffany-studios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiffany_Nash_book-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tiffany_Nash_book_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidelbergMcClelland2001" class="citation book cs1">Eidelberg, Martin; McClelland, Nany (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Id9kQgAACAAJ"><i>Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking: the Nash Notebooks</i></a> (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 2–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312282653" title="Special:BookSources/9780312282653"><bdi>9780312282653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+of+Tiffany+Glassmaking%3A+the+Nash+Notebooks&rft.pages=2-10&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780312282653&rft.aulast=Eidelberg&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=McClelland%2C+Nany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DId9kQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiffany_Studios-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tiffany_Studios_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiffanystudios.org/tiffany-chronology.html">"A Chronology of Louis C. Tiffany and Tiffany Studios"</a>. <i>Tiffany Studios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tiffany+Studios&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+Louis+C.+Tiffany+and+Tiffany+Studios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiffanystudios.org%2Ftiffany-chronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartermuseum.org/artists/roman-bronze-works">"Roman Bronze Works"</a>. <i>Amon Carter Museum of American Art</i>. Carter Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amon+Carter+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=Roman+Bronze+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartermuseum.org%2Fartists%2Froman-bronze-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anrew_Mellon_fountain-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anrew_Mellon_fountain_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/press/2016/fountain.html">"Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain Restored by National Gallery of Art in Honor of 75th Anniversary with a Major Grant from Richard King Mellon Foundation —Monumental Bronze Fountain Operational on March 17—"</a>. <i>National Gallery of Art</i>. Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain, situated at the apex of the Federal Triangle complex in downtown Washington, DC</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=Andrew+W.+Mellon+Memorial+Fountain+Restored+by+National+Gallery+of+Art+in+Honor+of+75th+Anniversary+with+a+Major+Grant+from+Richard+King+Mellon+Foundation+%E2%80%94Monumental+Bronze+Fountain+Operational+on+March+17%E2%80%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fpress%2F2016%2Ffountain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bronze_Doors-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bronze_Doors_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/bronzedoors_5-7-2018_final.pdf">"The Bronze Doors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Supreme Court</i>. Washington, DC: The Supreme Court<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Out of all of our monumental projects, spread over two lifetimes, the Supreme Court doors are the only work that we ever signed – that's how important they were." – JOHN DONNELLY, JR., Sculptor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court&rft.atitle=The+Bronze+Doors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Fbronzedoors_5-7-2018_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Falkenhausen1993" class="citation book cs1">Von Falkenhausen, Lothar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ve1h53NTNW0C&pg=PA106"><i>Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07378-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07378-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07378-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526225554/https://books.google.com/books?id=ve1h53NTNW0C&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suspended+Music%3A+Chime-Bells+in+the+Culture+of+Bronze+Age+China&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07378-4&rft.aulast=Von+Falkenhausen&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dve1h53NTNW0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreight1992" class="citation book cs1">McCreight, Tim (1992). <i>Metals technic: a collection of techniques for metalsmiths</i>. Brynmorgen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9615984-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9615984-3-3"><bdi>0-9615984-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metals+technic%3A+a+collection+of+techniques+for+metalsmiths&rft.pub=Brynmorgen+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-9615984-3-3&rft.aulast=McCreight&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPlantz1991" class="citation book cs1">LaPlantz, David (1991). <i>Jewelry – Metalwork 1991 Survey: Visions – Concepts – Communication</i>. S. LaPlantz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942002-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-942002-05-9"><bdi>0-942002-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewelry+%E2%80%93+Metalwork+1991+Survey%3A+Visions+%E2%80%93+Concepts+%E2%80%93+Communication&rft.pub=S.+LaPlantz&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-942002-05-9&rft.aulast=LaPlantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811002147/http://www.sax.co.uk/signature-custom-alto-sax-phosphor-bronze-big-bell.ir">"www.sax.co.uk"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sax.co.uk/signature-custom-alto-sax-phosphor-bronze-big-bell.ir">the original</a> on 11 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.sax.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sax.co.uk%2Fsignature-custom-alto-sax-phosphor-bronze-big-bell.ir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiminoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Siminoff, Roger H. (2008). <i>Siminoff's Luthiers Glossary</i>. New York: Hal Leonard. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423442929" title="Special:BookSources/9781423442929"><bdi>9781423442929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siminoff%27s+Luthiers+Glossary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781423442929&rft.aulast=Siminoff&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bells.org/blog/what-bronze">"What Is Bronze? | National Bell Festival"</a>. <i>www.bells.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bells.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Bronze%3F+%7C+National+Bell+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bells.org%2Fblog%2Fwhat-bronze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bronze_{{!}}_alloy-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bronze_{{!}}_alloy_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/bronze-alloy">"bronze | alloy"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730212401/https://www.britannica.com/technology/bronze-alloy">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bronze+%7C+alloy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbronze-alloy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeschel2017" class="citation web cs1">Meschel, Susan V. (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbqnew.jewishbible.org/jbq-past-issues/2017/453/nehoshet-copper-bronze-brass-plausible-tanakh/">"Nehoshet: Copper, Bronze or Brass? Which are Plausible in the Tanakh?"</a>. <i>Jewish Bible Quarterly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nehoshet%3A+Copper%2C+Bronze+or+Brass%3F+Which+are+Plausible+in+the+Tanakh%3F&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Meschel&rft.aufirst=Susan+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjbqnew.jewishbible.org%2Fjbq-past-issues%2F2017%2F453%2Fnehoshet-copper-bronze-brass-plausible-tanakh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Bronze</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bronze" class="extiw" title="wikt:bronze">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bronze" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bronze">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bronze" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bronze">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095" class="extiw" title="d:Q34095">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216180940/http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2005/bell/bell.html">Bronze bells</a> (archived 16 December 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523044615/http://wildlifeart.org/Foundry/index2.html">"Lost Wax, Found Bronze": lost-wax casting explained</a> (archived 23 May 2009)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jepsculpture.com/bronze.shtml">"Flash animation of the lost-wax casting process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Peniston" title="James Peniston">James Peniston Sculpture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+animation+of+the+lost-wax+casting+process&rft.pub=James+Peniston+Sculpture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jepsculpture.com%2Fbronze.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416001549/http://web.comhem.se/vikingbronze/">Viking Bronze – Ancient and Early Medieval bronze casting</a> (archived 16 April 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4146667-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017093">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976193v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976193v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570282">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bronz"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph174617&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292423105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2c3abb68-c372-4b63-b395-6262ac1692ef">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze&oldid=1258795974">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze&oldid=1258795974</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze" title="Category:Bronze">Bronze</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copper_alloys" title="Category:Copper alloys">Copper alloys</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tin_alloys" 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