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multiplexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-division_multiplexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarization-division_multiplexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarization-division_multiplexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Polarization-division multiplexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarization-division_multiplexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Orbital angular momentum multiplexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code-division_multiplexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code-division_multiplexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Code-division multiplexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code-division_multiplexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_access_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_access_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Multiple access method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_access_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Telephony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Video processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Digital broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analog_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Analog broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other meanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiplexing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="إرسال متعدد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرسال متعدد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мултиплексиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мултиплексиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexaci%C3%B3" title="Multiplexació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Multiplexació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Multiplexování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Multiplexování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleksing_(telekommunikation)" title="Multipleksing (telekommunikation) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Multipleksing (telekommunikation)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexverfahren" title="Multiplexverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Multiplexverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleksimine" title="Multipleksimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Multipleksimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολυπλεξία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυπλεξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexaci%C3%B3n" title="Multiplexación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Multiplexación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexazio" title="Multiplexazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Multiplexazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%86" title="هم‌تافتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هم‌تافتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexage" title="Multiplexage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multiplexage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94_(%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0)" title="다중화 (통신) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다중화 (통신)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleksing" title="Multipleksing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Multipleksing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplazione" title="Multiplazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Multiplazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91" title="ריבוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריבוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Мультиплекстеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мультиплекстеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleks%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Multipleksēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Multipleksēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexel%C3%A9s" title="Multiplexelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Multiplexelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Мултиплексирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мултиплексирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemultipleksan" title="Pemultipleksan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemultipleksan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Multiplexing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%8C%96" title="多重化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多重化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleksing" title="Multipleksing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Multipleksing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleksowanie" title="Multipleksowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Multipleksowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Multiplexação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multiplexação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexare" title="Multiplexare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Multiplexare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Мультиплексирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мультиплексирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multiplexing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(sp%C3%B4sob_prenosu)" title="Multiplex (spôsob prenosu) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Multiplex (spôsob prenosu)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Мултиплексирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мултиплексирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Multiplexing" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipleksaus" title="Multipleksaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Multipleksaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex" title="Multiplex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Multiplex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oklama" title="Çoklama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çoklama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of combining multiple signals into one signal over a shared medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bdb; display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiplexing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiplexing_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/150px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/225px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/300px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Circuit mode<br /><span class="nobold">(constant bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">TDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">OAM</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing<br /><span class="nobold">(variable bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access#Dynamic_TDMA" title="Time-division multiple access">Dynamic TDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_frequency-division-multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-carrier frequency-division-multiplex">SC-FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_spread_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-carrier spread spectrum">MC-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">Medium access control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template talk:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiplexing_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/250px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/375px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/500px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Multiple low <a href="/wiki/Data_rate" title="Data rate">data rate</a> signals are multiplexed over a single high-data-rate link, then demultiplexed at the other end.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, <b>multiplexing</b> (sometimes contracted to <b>muxing</b>) is a method by which multiple <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signals</a> are combined into one signal over a <a href="/wiki/Shared_medium" title="Shared medium">shared medium</a>. The aim is to share a scarce resource – a physical <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">transmission medium</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, in telecommunications, several <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">telephone calls</a> may be carried using one wire. Multiplexing originated in <a href="#Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> in the 1870s, and is now widely applied in communications. In <a href="#Telephony">telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a> is credited with the development of telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910. </p><p>The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel such as a cable. The multiplexing divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, extracts the original channels on the receiver end. </p><p>A device that performs the multiplexing is called a <a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">multiplexer</a> (MUX), and a device that performs the reverse process is called a <a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">demultiplexer</a> (DEMUX or DMX). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inverse_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse multiplexing">Inverse multiplexing</a> (IMUX) has the opposite aim as multiplexing, namely to break one data stream into several streams, transfer them simultaneously over several communication channels, and recreate the original data stream. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>I/O multiplexing</b> can also be used to refer to the concept of processing multiple <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> <a href="/wiki/Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a> from a single <a href="/wiki/Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, with system calls like <a href="/wiki/Poll_(Unix)" title="Poll (Unix)">poll</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select (Unix)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Variable_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable bit rate">variable bit rate</a> digital <a href="/wiki/Bit_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit stream">bit streams</a> may be transferred efficiently over a single fixed <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> channel by means of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">statistical multiplexing</a>. This is an <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous</a> mode time-domain multiplexing which is a form of time-division multiplexing. </p><p>Digital bit streams can be transferred over an analog channel by means of code-division multiplexing techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a> (FHSS) and <a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">direct-sequence spread spectrum</a> (DSSS). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communications</a>, multiplexing can also be accomplished through alternating <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">vertical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a>/<a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a>) on each <a href="/wiki/Adjacent_channel" title="Adjacent channel">adjacent channel</a> and satellite, or through <a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">phased multi-antenna array</a> combined with a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-input multiple-output communications">multiple-input multiple-output communications</a> (MIMO) scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space-division_multiplexing">Space-division multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Space-division multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division multiple access</a></div> <p>In wired communication, <a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-division multiplexing">space-division multiplexing</a>, also known as space-division multiple access (SDMA) is the use of separate point-to-point electrical conductors for each transmitted channel. Examples include an analog stereo audio cable, with one pair of wires for the left channel and another for the right channel, and a multi-pair <a href="/wiki/Telephone_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cable">telephone cable</a>, a switched <a href="/wiki/Star_network" title="Star network">star network</a> such as a telephone access network, a switched Ethernet network, and a <a href="/wiki/Mesh_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh network">mesh network</a>. </p><p>In wireless communication, space-division multiplexing is achieved with multiple antenna elements forming a <a href="/wiki/Phased_array_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Phased array antenna">phased array antenna</a>. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Multiple-input_and_multiple-output" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-input and multiple-output">multiple-input and multiple-output</a> (MIMO), single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) and multiple-input and single-output (MISO) multiplexing. An IEEE 802.11g wireless router with <i>k</i> antennas makes it in principle possible to communicate with <i>k</i> multiplexed channels, each with a peak bit rate of 54 Mbit/s, thus increasing the total peak bit rate by the factor <i>k</i>. Different antennas would give different <a href="/wiki/Multi-path_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-path propagation">multi-path propagation</a> (echo) signatures, making it possible for <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> techniques to separate different signals from each other. These techniques may also be utilized for <a href="/wiki/Space_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Space diversity">space diversity</a> (improved robustness to fading) or <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a> (improved selectivity) rather than multiplexing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency-division_multiplexing">Frequency-division multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frequency-division multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequenzmultiplex001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Frequenzmultiplex001.svg/400px-Frequenzmultiplex001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Frequenzmultiplex001.svg/600px-Frequenzmultiplex001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Frequenzmultiplex001.svg/800px-Frequenzmultiplex001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM): The spectrum of each input signal is shifted to a distinct frequency range.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division multiplexing</a> (FDM) is inherently an analog technology. FDM achieves the combining of several signals into one medium by sending signals in several distinct frequency ranges over a single medium. <b>In FDM the signals are electrical signals.</b> One of the most common applications for FDM is traditional radio and television broadcasting from terrestrial, mobile or satellite stations, or cable television. Only one cable reaches a customer's residential area, but the service provider can send multiple television channels or signals simultaneously over that cable to all subscribers without interference. Receivers must tune to the appropriate frequency (channel) to access the desired signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WDM_operating_principle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WDM_operating_principle.svg/400px-WDM_operating_principle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WDM_operating_principle.svg/600px-WDM_operating_principle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WDM_operating_principle.svg/800px-WDM_operating_principle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>One stream, one color, light waves, in WDM</figcaption></figure> <p>A variant technology, called <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">wavelength-division multiplexing</a> (WDM) is used in <a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">optical communications</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time-division_multiplexing">Time-division multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Time-division multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telephony_multiplexer_system.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Telephony_multiplexer_system.gif/400px-Telephony_multiplexer_system.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Telephony_multiplexer_system.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>Time-division multiplexing (TDM)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division multiplexing</a> (TDM) is a digital (or in rare cases, analog) technology that uses time, instead of space or frequency, to separate the different data streams. TDM involves sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input stream, one after the other, and in such a way that they can be associated with the appropriate receiver. If done sufficiently quickly, the receiving devices will not detect that some of the circuit time was used to serve another logical communication path. </p><p>Consider an application requiring four terminals at an airport to reach a central computer. Each terminal communicated at 2400 <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a>, so rather than acquire four individual circuits to carry such a low-speed transmission, the airline has installed a pair of multiplexers. A pair of 9600 baud modems and one dedicated analog communications circuit from the airport ticket desk back to the airline data center are also installed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server#Web_proxy_servers" title="Proxy server">web proxy servers</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Polipo" title="Polipo">polipo</a>) use TDM in <a href="/wiki/HTTP_pipelining" title="HTTP pipelining">HTTP pipelining</a> of multiple <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> transactions onto the same <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP/IP connection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access" title="Carrier-sense multiple access">Carrier-sense multiple access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multidrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidrop">multidrop</a> communication methods are similar to time-division multiplexing in that multiple data streams are separated by time on the same medium, but because the signals have separate origins instead of being combined into a single signal, are best viewed as <a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">channel access methods</a>, rather than a form of multiplexing. </p><p>TD is a legacy multiplexing technology still providing the backbone of most National fixed-line telephony networks in Europe, providing the 2 Mbit/s voice and signaling ports on narrow-band telephone exchanges such as the DMS100. Each E1 or 2 Mbit/s TDM port provides either 30 or 31 speech timeslots in the case of CCITT7 signaling systems and 30 voice channels for customer-connected Q931, DASS2, DPNSS, V5 and CASS signaling systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polarization-division_multiplexing">Polarization-division multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polarization-division multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division multiplexing</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> of electromagnetic radiation to separate orthogonal channels. It is in practical use in both radio and optical communications, particularly in 100 Gbit/s per channel <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_transmission_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic transmission system">fiber-optic transmission systems</a>. </p><p>Differential Cross-Polarized Wireless Communications is a novel method for polarized antenna transmission utilizing a differential technique.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing">Orbital angular momentum multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orbital angular momentum multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: see <a href="/wiki/Talk:Multiplexing#Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing_section_needs_updating" title="Talk:Multiplexing">Talk:Multiplexing#Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing_section_needs_updating</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular momentum multiplexing</a> is a relatively new and experimental technique for multiplexing multiple channels of signals carried using electromagnetic radiation over a single path.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can potentially be used in addition to other physical multiplexing methods to greatly expand the transmission capacity of such systems. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is still in its early research phase, with small-scale laboratory demonstrations of bandwidths of up to 2.5 Tbit/s over a single light path.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a controversial subject in the academic community, with many claiming it is not a new method of multiplexing, but rather a special case of space-division multiplexing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code-division_multiplexing">Code-division multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Code-division multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Code-division multiplexing">Code-division multiplexing</a> (CDM), <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">code-division multiple access</a> (CDMA) or <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> is a class of techniques where several channels simultaneously share the same <a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">frequency spectrum</a>, and this spectral bandwidth is much higher than the bit rate or <a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate" title="Symbol rate">symbol rate</a>. One form is frequency hopping, another is direct sequence spread spectrum. In the latter case, each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence of pulses called chips. Number of chips per bit, or chips per symbol, is the <a href="/wiki/Spreading_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreading factor">spreading factor</a>. This coded transmission typically is accomplished by transmitting a unique time-dependent series of short pulses, which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time. All channels, each with a different code, can be transmitted on the same fiber or radio channel or other medium, and asynchronously demultiplexed. Advantages over conventional techniques are that variable bandwidth is possible (just as in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">statistical multiplexing</a>), that the wide bandwidth allows poor signal-to-noise ratio according to <a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Hartley_theorem" title="Shannon–Hartley theorem">Shannon–Hartley theorem</a>, and that multi-path propagation in wireless communication can be combated by <a href="/wiki/Rake_receiver" title="Rake receiver">rake receivers</a>. </p><p>A significant application of CDMA is the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg/400px-Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg/600px-Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg/800px-Telecommunication-multiplexing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Telecommunication multiplexing</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_access_method">Multiple access method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multiple access method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A multiplexing technique may be further extended into a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_access_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple access method">multiple access method</a> or <a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">channel access method</a>, for example, TDM into <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA) and statistical multiplexing into <a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access" title="Carrier-sense multiple access">carrier-sense multiple access</a> (CSMA). A multiple-access method makes it possible for several transmitters connected to the same physical medium to share their capacity. </p><p>Multiplexing is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>, while multiple access also involves a <a href="/wiki/Media_access_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media access control">media access control</a> protocol, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a>. </p><p>The Transport layer in the OSI model, as well as TCP/IP model, provides statistical multiplexing of several application layer data flows to/from the same computer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Code-division multiplexing">Code-division multiplexing</a> (CDM) is a technique in which each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence of pulses. This coded transmission is typically accomplished by transmitting a unique time-dependent series of short pulses, which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time. All channels, each with a different code, can be transmitted on the same fiber and asynchronously demultiplexed. Other widely used multiple access techniques are <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA) and <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">frequency-division multiple access</a> (FDMA). Code-division multiplex techniques are used as an access technology, namely code-division multiple access (CDMA), in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard for the third-generation (3G) mobile communication identified by the ITU.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_areas">Application areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Application areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest communication technology using electrical wires, and therefore sharing an interest in the economies afforded by multiplexing, was the <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a>. Early experiments allowed two separate messages to travel in opposite directions simultaneously, first using an electric battery at both ends, then at only one end. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot" title="Émile Baudot">Émile Baudot</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-multiplexing">time-multiplexing</a> system of multiple <a href="/wiki/David_E._Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="David E. Hughes">Hughes</a> machines in the 1870s. In 1874, the <a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph">quadruplex telegraph</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> transmitted two messages in each direction simultaneously, for a total of four messages transiting the same wire at the same time. Several researchers were investigating <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">acoustic telegraphy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">frequency-division multiplexing</a> technique, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">invention of the telephone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephony">Telephony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Telephony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">customer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Local_loop" title="Local loop">telephone line</a> now typically ends at the <a href="/wiki/Remote_concentrator" title="Remote concentrator">remote concentrator</a> box, where it is multiplexed along with other <a href="/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">telephone lines</a> for that <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhood</a> or other similar area. The multiplexed signal is then carried to the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">central switching office</a> on significantly fewer wires and for much further distances than a customer's line can practically go. This is likewise also true for <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber lines</a> (DSL). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiber_in_the_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber in the loop">Fiber in the loop</a> (FITL) is a common method of multiplexing, which uses <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backbone</a>. It not only connects <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a> phone lines with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">PSTN</a>, but also replaces DSL by connecting directly to <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> wired into the <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">home</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> is often the <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a> used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">Cable TV</a> has long carried multiplexed <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">television channels</a>, and late in the 20th century began offering the same services as <a href="/wiki/Telephone_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone companies">telephone companies</a>. <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> also depends on multiplexing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_processing">Video processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Video processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer_(media_file)" title="Demultiplexer (media file)">Demultiplexer (media file)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> editing and processing systems, multiplexing refers to the process of interleaving audio and video into one coherent data stream. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a>, such a transport stream is normally a feature of a <a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">container format</a> which may include <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> and other information, such as <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a>. The audio and video streams may have variable bit rate. Software that produces such a transport stream and/or container is commonly called a multiplexer or <b>muxer</b>. A <b>demuxer</b> is software that extracts or otherwise makes available for separate processing the components of such a stream or container. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_broadcasting">Digital broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> systems, several variable bit-rate data streams are multiplexed together to a fixed bit-rate transport stream by means of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">statistical multiplexing</a>. This makes it possible to transfer several video and audio channels simultaneously over the same frequency channel, together with various services. This may involve several <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV) programs (particularly on <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> and ATSC-C), or one <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>, possibly with a single SDTV companion channel over one 6 to 8 MHz-wide TV channel. The device that accomplishes this is called a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexer">statistical multiplexer</a>. In several of these systems, the multiplexing results in an <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a>. The newer DVB standards DVB-S2 and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> has the capacity to carry several <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> channels in one multiplex.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a>, a multiplex (also known as an ensemble) is a number of radio stations that are grouped together. A multiplex is a stream of digital information that includes audio and other data.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a> which carry <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio networks</a>, this is known as <b>multiple channel per carrier</b> or <b>MCPC</b>. Where multiplexing is not practical (such as where there are different sources using a single <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponder</a>), <a href="/wiki/Single_channel_per_carrier" title="Single channel per carrier">single channel per carrier</a> mode is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_broadcasting">Analog broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Analog broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> media, multiplexing is a term commonly given to the process of adding <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a> to the audio signal before it enters the <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> occurs. (In fact, the stereo multiplex signal can be generated using time-division multiplexing, by switching between the two (left channel and right channel) input signals at an ultrasonic rate (the subcarrier), and then filtering out the higher harmonics.) Multiplexing in this sense is sometimes known as <b>MPX</b>, which in turn is also an old term for <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophonic">stereophonic</a> FM, seen on <a href="/wiki/Stereo_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo system">stereo systems</a> since the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_meanings">Other meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> the term is used to indicate that the experiment is performed with a mixture of frequencies at once and their respective response unraveled afterward using the <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> principle. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, it may refer to using a single in-memory resource (such as a file handle) to handle multiple external resources (such as on-disk files).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some electrical multiplexing techniques do not require a physical "<a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">multiplexer</a>" device, they refer to a "<a href="/wiki/Keyboard_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard matrix">keyboard matrix</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Charlieplexing" title="Charlieplexing">Charlieplexing</a>" design style: </p> <ul><li>Multiplexing may refer to the design of a <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_display" title="Multiplexed display">multiplexed display</a> (non-multiplexed displays are immune to <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_display#"Break_up"" title="Multiplexed display">break up</a>).</li> <li>Multiplexing may refer to the design of a "switch matrix" (non-multiplexed buttons are immune to "phantom keys" and also immune to <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)#Control_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">"phantom key blocking"</a>).</li></ul> <p>In high-throughput <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, the term is used to indicate that some artificial sequences (often called <i>barcodes</i> or <i>indexes</i>) have been added to link given sequence reads to a given sample, and thus allow for the sequencing of multiple samples in the same reaction. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, multiplexity is used to describe the number of distinct connections between individuals who are part of a <a href="/wiki/Social_network_(sociolinguistics)" title="Social network (sociolinguistics)">social network</a>. A multiplex network is one in which members share a number of ties stemming from more than one social context, such as workmates, neighbors, or relatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_M._HannumThe_NetBSD_Foundation1998" class="citation web cs1">Charles M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+%26+Television+Investigation+Service&rft.atitle=All+about+DAB+multiplexes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioandtvhelp.co.uk%2Finterference%2Frtis_radio%2FDABmuxes_DABradio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiplexing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perlfect.com/articles/select.shtml">"Multiplexing filehandles with select() in perl"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiplexing+filehandles+with+select%28%29+in+perl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perlfect.com%2Farticles%2Fselect.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiplexing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302235918/http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">"Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms"</a>. Institute for Telecommunication Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">the original</a> on 2009-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Standard+1037C%3A+Glossary+of+Telecommunications+Terms&rft.pub=Institute+for+Telecommunication+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.bldrdoc.gov%2Ffs-1037%2Ffs-1037c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiplexing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2569003">Efficient beam multiplexing using a spatial light modulator</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplexing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/multiplexing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:multiplexing"><i>multiplexing</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible closed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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