CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="cy" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd - Wicipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cywikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Ionawr","Chwefror","Mawrth","Ebrill","Mai","Mehefin","Gorffennaf","Awst","Medi","Hydref","Tachwedd","Rhagfyr"],"wgRequestId":"98c9728b-29eb-4691-9cd0-ac122f50674e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd","wgTitle":"Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd","wgCurRevisionId":12996262,"wgRevisionId":12996262,"wgArticleId":3218,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion","Pages using the JsonConfig extension","Webarchive template errors","Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata","Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun di-Gymraeg","Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tyrceg","Webarchive template wayback links","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Cyn-wladwriaethau Affrica","Cyn-wladwriaethau Asia","Cyn-wladwriaethau Ewrop","Hanes Twrci","Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd","wgRelevantArticleId":3218,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"cy","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"cy"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty": false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12560","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg/1200px-OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1129"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg/800px-OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="753"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg/640px-OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="602"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd - Wicipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Golygu" href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wicipedia (cy)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cy.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd rootpage-Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Enw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Enw</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enw-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Enw</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyfraith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfraith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cyfraith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfraith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes_(crynodeb)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes_(crynodeb)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hanes (crynodeb)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanes_(crynodeb)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strwythr_yr_ymerodraeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strwythr_yr_ymerodraeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Strwythr yr ymerodraeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strwythr_yr_ymerodraeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwylliant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwylliant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diwylliant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diwylliant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Diwylliant</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diwylliant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Llenyddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llenyddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Llenyddiaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llenyddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addysg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addysg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Addysg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addysg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strwythr_milwrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strwythr_milwrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Strwythr milwrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strwythr_milwrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taleithiau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taleithiau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Taleithiau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taleithiau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swltaniaid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swltaniaid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Swltaniaid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swltaniaid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darllen_pellach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darllen_pellach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Darllen pellach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Darllen_pellach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Darllen pellach</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Darllen_pellach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyffredinol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyffredinol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cyffredinol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyffredinol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y_cyfnod_cynnar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_cyfnod_cynnar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Y cyfnod cynnar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y_cyfnod_cynnar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomataeth_a_militaraidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomataeth_a_militaraidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Diplomataeth a militaraidd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomataeth_a_militaraidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astudiaeth_pellach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astudiaeth_pellach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Astudiaeth pellach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astudiaeth_pellach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Hanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolenni_allanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolenni_allanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dolenni allanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 179 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Османтәи аимпериа - Abchaseg" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Османтәи аимпериа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki_Utsmani" title="Turuki Utsmani - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki Utsmani" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо - Circaseg Gorllewinol" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Circaseg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ottomaanse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%BEomanisce_R%C4%ABce" title="Oþomanisce Rīce - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oþomanisce Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84-ub%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84_Otoman" title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman - Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة العثمانية - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة لعتمانية - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الدولة لعتمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Otomanu" title="Imperiu Otomanu - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Otomanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ГӀусманияб империя - Afareg" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀусманияб империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Afareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Osmanlı imperiyası - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғосман империяһы - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғосман империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanischs_Reich" title="Osmanischs Reich - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Osmanischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uosmanu_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Uosmanu imperėjė - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uosmanu imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" title="Imperyong Ottoman - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імперыя - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асманская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імпэрыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асманская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османска империя - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Османска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_otoman" title="Impalaeriezh otoman - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh otoman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Otomà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Osman Dá̤-guók - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Osman Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Iусманойн шуре - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Iусманойн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Osmanská říše - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmanská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Осман империйĕ - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осман империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Osmanniske_Rige" title="Det Osmanniske Rige - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Osmanniske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Usman%C4%B1can" title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomana_Imperio" title="Otomana Imperio - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_otomano" title="Imperio otomano - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio otomano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanite_riik" title="Osmanite riik - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmanite riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomandar_Inperioa" title="Otomandar Inperioa - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otomandar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperiu_otomanu" title="Emperiu otomanu - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Emperiu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری عثمانی - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanien_valtakunta" title="Osmanien valtakunta - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmanien valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmann%C3%B5_riik" title="Osmannõ riik - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Osmannõ riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Osmanska ríkið - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osmanska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire ottoman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansk_Rik" title="Osmaansk Rik - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osmaansk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaanske_Ryk" title="Osmaanske Ryk - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Osmaanske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Otam%C3%A1nach" title="An Impireacht Otamánach - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Otamánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti - Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_otoman" title="Ampir otoman - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir otoman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_nan_Otomanach" title="Impireachd nan Otomanach - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd nan Otomanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_otom%C3%A1no" title="Mburuvi otománo - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi otománo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Usmaniyya" title="Daular Usmaniyya - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Usmaniyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ti-koet" title="Osman Ti-koet - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Osman Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה העות'מאנית - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה העות'מאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Samrajya" title="Ottoman Samrajya - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ottoman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Otoman" title="Anpi Otoman - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Otoman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszm%C3%A1n_Birodalom" title="Oszmán Birodalom - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszmán Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ottoman" title="Imperio Ottoman - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Ottoman" title="Empayar Ottoman - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Empayar Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Imperie" title="Ottoman Imperie - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ottoman Imperie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_nga_Otomano" title="Imperio nga Otomano - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio nga Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьункархой импери - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьункархой импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoman_imperio" title="Otoman imperio - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Otoman imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkjaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero ottomano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オスマン帝国 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスマン帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman_Empaya" title="Ataman Empaya - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ataman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Ottoman" title="Kakaisaran Ottoman - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_n_Iturkiyen" title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Уэсмэн империэ - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэсмэн империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_A%CC%B1toman" title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman - Tyapeg" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyapeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осман империясы - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осман империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់ - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="오스만 제국 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스만 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Osman%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Osmanî - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Osmanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Ottoman" title="Emperoureth Ottoman - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осмон империясы - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмон империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Ottomanicum" title="Imperium Ottomanicum - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Ottomanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Osmanescht Räich - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osmanescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Усманрин империя - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Усманрин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Osmanan" title="Impero Osmanan - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Osmanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaans_Riek" title="Ottomaans Riek - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ottomaans Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman%C5%B3_imperija" title="Osmanų imperija - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmanų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rija" title="Osmaņu impērija - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmaņu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_%C3%94t%C3%B4m%C3%A0na" title="Empira Ôtômàna - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Ôtômàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отоманско Царство - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отоманско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Uthmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ottoman" title="Imperu Ottoman - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Outomano" title="Ampério Outomano - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Outomano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عثمانی - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عثمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansch_Riek" title="Osmaansch Riek - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Osmaansch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Riek" title="Ottomaanse Riek - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ottomaanse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अटोमन साम्राज्य - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अटोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मान साम्राज्य - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उस्मान साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottomaanse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_riket" title="Det osmanske riket - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det osmanske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_rike" title="Det osmanske rike - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det osmanske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8F%DF%95%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2_%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B0%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A" title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ - N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Otoman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Османты импери - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Османты импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich - Almaeneg Palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Osma%C5%84skie" title="Imperium Osmańskie - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Osmańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="عثماني سترواکي - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عثماني سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Império Otomano - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomano_Thagaripen" title="Otomano Thagaripen - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Otomano Thagaripen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Otoman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Ottomane" title="'Mbere Ottomane - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Mbere Ottomane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османская империя - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османьска імперія - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Османьска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_otomanu" title="Impèriu otomanu - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiru_uttumanu" title="Mpiru uttumanu - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiru uttumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="عثماني سلطنت - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عثماني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Osmanská ríša - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmanská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmansko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimintooyada_Cosmaniya" title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Osmane" title="Perandoria Osmane - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Osmane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Османско царство - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Османско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoansk_Riek" title="Osmoansk Riek - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Osmoansk Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_riket" title="Osmanska riket - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmanska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Osmani" title="Milki ya Osmani - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Osmani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94sma%C5%84ske_Imperyjum" title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Osman imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Otomano" title="Imperyong Otomano - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Otomano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanijon_Imperij%C9%99" title="Osmanijon Imperijə - Talysheg" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Osmanijon Imperijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Госман империясе - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Госман империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османська імперія - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Османська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmoniylar_davlati" title="Usmoniylar davlati - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usmoniylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_otoman" title="Inpero otoman - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero otoman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanan_imperii" title="Osmanan imperii - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osmanan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ottoman" title="Đế quốc Ottoman - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Otomano" title="Imperyo Otomano - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Otomano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%E1%BB%8Cba_%C3%92tt%C3%B3m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Daeqgoz" title="Osman Daeqgoz - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Osman Daeqgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧斯曼帝國 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧斯曼帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Osman Tè-kok - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Osman Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="鄂圖曼帝國 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄂圖曼帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&oldid=12996262" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&id=12996262&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12560" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Ailgyfeiriad o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg/220px-OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg/330px-OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg/440px-OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1850" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o'r canlynol</th><td>gwlad ar un adeg <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daeth i ben</th><td>17 Tachwedd 1922 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P576" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o</th><td>Y Pwerau Canolog <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Dechrau/Sefydlu</th><td>29 Gorffennaf 1299, c. 1300 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhagflaenwyd gan</th><td><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Trebizond" title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond">Ymerodraeth Trebizond</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P155" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth y sefydliad</th><td>swltan yr Ymerodraeth Otoman <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P2388" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-lat="41" data-lon="29" data-overlays="["_3c4b97fdf4e6aaebe74567e5c71e24a36fae02f2"]" href="/wiki/Arbennig:Map/8/41/29/cy"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,41,29,280x250.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&revid=12996262&groups=_3c4b97fdf4e6aaebe74567e5c71e24a36fae02f2" width="280" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,41,29,280x250@2x.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&revid=12996262&groups=_3c4b97fdf4e6aaebe74567e5c71e24a36fae02f2 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhagflaenydd</th><td><a href="/wiki/Abassiaid" title="Abassiaid">Abassiaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a>, Beylik o Osman, Beylik o Bafra, Maona of Chios and Phocaea, Duchy of Leucas <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P1365" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Olynydd</th><td>Government of the Grand National Assembly, occupation of Smyrna <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P1366" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enw brodorol</th><td>دولت عالیه عثمانیه <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560?uselang=cy#P1705" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ottoman Empire">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gwladwriaeth <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Dwrcaidd</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Y_Dwyrain_Canol" title="Y Dwyrain Canol">y Dwyrain Canol</a> yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (neu <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a>), a rhannau o dde-orllewin <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica">Gogledd Affrica</a> a de-ddwyrain <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> oedd <b>yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</b>. Fe'i sefydlwyd gan y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrciaid_Oghuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrciaid Oghuz (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tyrciaid Oghuz</a>, llwyth Tyrcaidd o orllewin Anatolia, yn <a href="/wiki/14eg_ganrif" title="14eg ganrif">y bedwaredd ganrif ar ddeg</a> ac fe'i diddymwyd ar ddechrau'r <a href="/wiki/20fed_ganrif" title="20fed ganrif">ugeinfed ganrif</a> yn sgîl <a href="/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a> ac esgyniad <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> i rym yn Nhwrci. Yn ystod yr <a href="/wiki/16eg_ganrif" title="16eg ganrif">unfed ganrif ar bymtheg</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/17eg_ganrif" title="17eg ganrif">ail ganrif ar bymtheg</a> roedd hi'n un o'r ymerodraethau mwyaf nerthol yn y byd ac roedd gwledydd Ewrop yn wyliadwrus ohoni oherwydd ei bod yn dal i ehangu ei thiriogaethau ar orynys y <a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a>. </p><p>Sefydlwyd yr ymerodraeth gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Osman I</a> (<i>Uthmān,</i> yn <a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabeg</a>; sail yr enw <i>Ottoman</i>). O'r flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a> ymlaen <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a>, a ddaeth i'w galw'n <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul">İstanbul</a>) ar ôl hynny, oedd prifddinas yr ymerodraeth. </p><p>Roedd yn ymerodraeth a oedd yn rheoli llawer o <a href="/wiki/De_Ddwyrain_Ewrop" title="De Ddwyrain Ewrop">Dde-ddwyrain Ewrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-orllewin_Asia" title="De-orllewin Asia">Gorllewin Asia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica">Gogledd Affrica</a> rhwng y <a href="/wiki/14g" class="mw-redirect" title="14g">14g</a> a dechrau'r <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a>. Fe'i sefydlwyd ar ddiwedd y 13g yng ngogledd-orllewin <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Anatolia</a> yn nhref Söğüt (Talaith Bilecik heddiw) gan arweinydd y Tyrcaidd<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-principality_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principality-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Osman I.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ar ôl 1354, croesodd yr Otomaniaid i Ewrop a, gyda choncwest y <a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a>, trawsnewidiwyd y beylik Otomanaidd yn ymerodraeth draws-gyfandirol. Daeth yr <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a> i ben gan yr Otomaniaid gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cwymp_Caergystennin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cwymp Caergystennin (dim tudalen ar gael)">choncwest Caergystennin</a> yn 1453 gan Mehmed y Gorchfygwr.<sup id="cite_ref-Quataert2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quataert2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O dan deyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Swleiman_I" title="Swleiman I">Suleiman I</a>, gwelodd yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd anterth ei phwer a'i ffyniant, megis datblygiad ei systemau llywodraethu, cymdeithasol ac economaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ar ddechrau'r <a href="/wiki/17g" class="mw-redirect" title="17g">17g</a>, roedd yr ymerodraeth yn cynnwys 32 o daleithiau a nifer o wladwriaethau caeth. Ymgorfforwyd rhai o'r rhain yn ddiweddarach gan yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd, tra rhoddwyd gwahanol fathau o ymreolaeth i eraill dros y canrifoedd. Gyda Chaercystennin (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbwl</a> heddiw) yn brifddinas ac yn rheoli tiroedd o amgylch Basn Môr y Canoldir, roedd yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd yn ganolbwynt i'r holl rhyngweithio rhwng y <a href="/wiki/Y_Dwyrain_Canol" title="Y Dwyrain Canol">Dwyrain Canol</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> am chwe chanrif. </p><p>Er y credwyd ar un adeg i'r ymerodraeth ddechrau dirywio yn dilyn marwolaeth Suleiman y Gogoneddus, nid yw'r farn hon bellach yn cael ei chefnogi gan y mwyafrif o haneswyr academaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-decline_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r consensws academaidd bellach yn awgrymu bod yr ymerodraeth wedi parhau i gynnal economi, cymdeithas a byddin hyblyg a chryf trwy gydol yr 17g ac am lawer o'r 18g.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, yn ystod cyfnod hir o heddwch rhwng 1740 a 1768, syrthiodd y system filwrol Otomanaidd y tu ôl i system ei chystadleuwyr Ewropeaidd, yr ymerodraethau <a href="/wiki/Y_Frenhiniaeth_Hapsbwrgaidd" title="Y Frenhiniaeth Hapsbwrgaidd">Habsburg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Rwsia" title="Ymerodraeth Rwsia">Rwsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AksanOW_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AksanOW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O ganlyniad, dioddefodd yr Otomaniaid orchfygiadau milwrol difrifol ar ddiwedd y <a href="/wiki/18g" class="mw-redirect" title="18g">18g</a> a dechrau'r 19g. Daeth Rhyfel Annibyniaeth llwyddiannus Groeg i ben gyda dad-<a href="/wiki/Datrefedigaethu" title="Datrefedigaethu">drefedigaethu</a> Gwlad Groeg yn dilyn Protocol Llundain (1830) a Chytundeb Caercystennin (1832). Arweiniodd hyn a gorchfygiadau eraill y wladwriaeth Otomanaidd i gychwyn proses gynhwysfawr o ddiwygio a moderneiddio a elwir yn Tanzimat . Felly, yn ystod y 19g, daeth y wladwriaeth Otomanaidd yn llawer mwy pwerus a threfnus yn fewnol, er gwaethaf dioddef colledion tiriogaethol pellach, yn enwedig yn y Balcanau, lle daeth nifer o daleithiau newydd i'r amlwg.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sefydlodd y Pwyllgor Uno a Chynnydd (CUP) (<i>İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti)</i> yr ail Gyfansoddiadol yn yr hyn a elwir yn Chwyldro Twrcaidd Ifanc ym 1908, gan droi'r Ymerodraeth yn frenhiniaeth gyfansoddiadol, a gynhaliodd etholiadau amlbleidiol cystadleuol. Fodd bynnag, ar ôl <a href="/wiki/Rhyfeloedd_y_Balcanau" title="Rhyfeloedd y Balcanau">Rhyfeloedd trychinebus y Balcanau</a>, yn 1913, cymerodd y CUP (a oedd erbyn hynny yn radicalaidd a chenedlaetholgar) awenau'r llywodraeth mewn <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>, gan greu cyfundrefn un blaid. Ymunodd y CUP â'r Ymerodraeth gyda'r Almaen yn y <a href="/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a> ar ochr y Pwerau Canolog.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd yr Ymerodraeth yn cael trafferth gydag anghytuno mewnol parhaus, yn enwedig gyda'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Gwrthryfel_Arabaidd" title="Y Gwrthryfel Arabaidd">Gwrthryfel Arabaidd</a>. Yn ystod y cyfnod hwn, arweiniodd llywodraeth yr Otomaniaid hil-<a href="/wiki/Hil-laddiad" title="Hil-laddiad">laddiad</a> yn erbyn yr <a href="/wiki/Hil-laddiad_Armenia" title="Hil-laddiad Armenia">Armeniaid</a>, yr Asyriaid, a'r Groegiaid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Gorchfygwyd hi gan Bwerau'r Cynghreiriaid yn dilyn y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf a chipiwyd ei thiriogaethau yn y Dwyrain Canol gan y Deyrnas Unedig a Ffrainc. Arweiniodd Rhyfel Annibyniaeth llwyddiannus Twrci, dan arweiniad <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> yn erbyn y Cynghreiriaid at ymddangosiad <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Gweriniaeth Twrci</a> ym mherfeddwlad Anatolian a diddymwyd y frenhiniaeth Otomanaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enw">Enw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Enw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Enw"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addasiad hanesyddol o'r enw Osman I, sylfaenydd yr Ymerodraeth yw'r gair <i>Otoman</i>. Tarddodd Osman o'r ffurf Twrcaidd ar yr enw Arabaidd <i>Uthmān</i> (<span lang="ota-Arab">عثمان</span>). Yn Nhwrci Otomanaidd, cyfeiriwyd at yr ymerodraeth fel <span lang="tr">Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿO<u>s</u>mānīye</span> (<span lang="ota-Arab">دولت عليه عثمانیه</span>), yn llythrennol "Y Goruchaf Wladwriaeth Otomanaidd", neu fel arall <span lang="tr">O<u>s</u>mānlı Devleti</span> (<span lang="ota-Arab">عثمانلى دولتى</span>). Mewn <a href="/wiki/Tyrceg" title="Tyrceg">Twrceg Modern</a>, fe'i gelwir yn <span lang="tr">Osmanlı İmparatorluğu</span> ("Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd") neu <span lang="tr">Osmanlı Devleti</span> ("Y Wladwriaeth Otomanaidd").  </p><p>Cyfeiriodd y gair Twrcaidd "Osmanli" yn wreiddiol at ddilynwyr llwythol Osman yn y <a href="/wiki/14g" class="mw-redirect" title="14g">14g</a>. Daeth y gair wedyn i gael ei ddefnyddio i gyfeirio at elît milwrol-gweinyddol yr ymerodraeth. Mewn cyferbyniad, mae'r term "Twrc" (<span lang="tr">Türk</span>) yn cyfeirio at y boblogaeth werinol a llwythol Anatolaidd ac yn cael ei ystyried yn derm dilornus o'i gymhwyso at unigolion trefol, addysgedig.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn y <a href="/wiki/Cyfnod_Modern_Cynnar" title="Cyfnod Modern Cynnar">cyfnod modern cynnar</a>, yn aml byddai siaradwr Twrcaidd addysgedig, trefol nad oedd yn aelod o'r dosbarth milwrol-gweinyddol yn cyfeirio ato'i hun fel <span lang="tr">Rūmī</span> (<span lang="ota-Arab">رومى</span>), neu "Rufeinig", sy'n golygu un o drigolion tiriogaeth yr hen <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a> yn y Balcanau ac Anatolia. Mae'r term <span lang="tr">Rūmī</span> yn cael ei ddefnyddio hefyd i gyfeirio at siaradwyr Tyrceg gan bobloedd Mwslemaidd eraill yr ymerodraeth a thu hwnt.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dechreuodd y term hwn ddod i ben ar ddiwedd yr <a href="/wiki/17g" class="mw-redirect" title="17g">17g</a>, a daeth yn fwyfwy cysylltiedig â phoblogaeth Groeg yr ymerodraeth, ystyr sy'n parhau yn Nhwrci heddiw.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yng Ngorllewin Ewrop, roedd yr enwau Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd, yr Ymerodraeth <b>Twrcaidd</b> yn aml yn cael eu defnyddio'n gyfnewidiol, gyda Thwrci yn cael ei ffafrio fwyfwy mewn sefyllfaoedd ffurfiol ac anffurfiol. Daeth y ddeuoliaeth hon i ben yn swyddogol ym 1920-1923, pan ddewisodd <a href="/wiki/Cynulliad_Cenedlaethol_Mawr_Twrci" title="Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Mawr Twrci">llywodraeth</a> Twrci a oedd newydd ei sefydlu yn <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> un enw, "Twrci" fel yr unig enw swyddogol. Ers hynny mae'r rhan fwyaf o haneswyr ysgolheigaidd yn osgoi'r termau "Twrci", "Twrciaid", a "Thwrceg" wrth gyfeirio at yr Otomaniaid, oherwydd cymeriad amlwladol ac amlhiliol yr ymerodraeth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyfraith">Cyfraith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfraith" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfraith"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derbyniodd y system gyfreithiol Otomanaidd gyfraith crefydd. Ar yr un pryd roedd y <i>Qanun</i> (neu <i>Kanun</i>), y gyfraith ddynastig, yn cydfodoli â chyfraith grefyddol y Sharia.<sup id="cite_ref-otmkanun_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otmkanun-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd bob amser wedi'i threfnu o amgylch system o <a href="/wiki/Cyfreitheg" title="Cyfreitheg">gyfreitheg</a> leol. Roedd gweinyddiaeth gyfreithiol yn yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd yn rhan o gynllun mwy o gydbwyso awdurdod canolog a lleol.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_109-110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd pŵer yr Otomaniaid yn ymwneud â gweinyddu’r hawliau i dir, a roddodd le i’r awdurdod lleol ddatblygu anghenion y <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%A9t" title="Millét">millét</a> lleol.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_109-110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nod yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd oedd caniatáu integreiddio grwpiau diwylliannol a chrefyddol gwahanol.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_109-110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd gan y system Otomanaidd dair system llys: un ar gyfer Mwslimiaid, un ar gyfer pobl nad oeddent yn Fwslimiaid, yn cynnwys Iddewon penodedig a Christnogion yn rheoli eu cymunedau crefyddol priodol, a'r "llys masnach". Rheoleiddiwyd y system gyfan oddi uchod trwy gyfrwng y <i>Qanun</i> gweinyddol, hy, deddfau, system yn seiliedig ar y Tyrcig <i>Yassa</i> a <i>Töre</i>, a ddatblygwyd yn y cyfnod cyn-Islamaidd.  </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png/220px-1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png/330px-1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png/440px-1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Darlun o lys barn Otomanaidd, 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>Fodd bynnag, nid oedd y categorïau llys mor ddu a gwyn; er enghraifft, gellid defnyddio'r llysoedd Islamaidd, sef prif lysoedd yr Ymerodraeth, hefyd i setlo gwrthdaro masnachol neu anghydfod rhwng ymgyfreithwyr o wahanol grefyddau, ac roedd Iddewon a Christnogion yn aml yn mynd atyn nhw i gael dyfarniad mwy grymus ar fater. Roedd y wladwriaeth Otomanaidd yn tueddu i beidio ag ymyrryd â systemau cyfraith grefyddol nad oedd yn Fwslimaiddl. Roedd system gyfraith Islamaidd <i>Sharia</i> wedi'i datblygu o gyfuniad o'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Cor%C3%A2n" title="Y Corân">Qur'an</a>; yr <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, neu eiriau'r proffwyd Muhammad; <i>ijmā'</i>, neu gonsensws aelodau'r <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">gymuned Fwslimaidd</a>; qiyas, system o ymresymu analogaidd o gynseiliau cynharach; ac arferion lleol. Dysgwyd y ddwy system yn ysgolion cyfraith yr Ymerodraeth, a oedd yn <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>. </p><p>Sefydlwyd y system gyfreithiol Islamaidd-Otomanaidd yn wahanol i lysoedd Ewropeaidd traddodiadol. Byddai <i>Qadi</i>, neu farnwr, yn llywyddu ar lysoedd Islamaidd. Canolbwyntiodd <i>Qadis</i> ledled yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd lai ar gynsail cyfreithiol, a mwy ar arferion a thraddodiadau lleol yn yr ardaloedd yr oeddent yn eu gweinyddu.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_109-110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, nid oedd gan system y llysoedd Otomanaidd strwythur apeliadol, gan arwain at strategaethau achos awdurdodaethol lle gallai cwynwr fynd â’u anghydfod o un system lysoedd i’r llall nes iddynt gyflawni dyfarniad a oedd o’u plaid. </p><p>Ar ddiwedd y 19g, diwygiwyd y system gyfreithiol Otomanaidd yn sylweddol. Dechreuodd y broses hon o foderneiddio cyfreithiol gydag Edict Gülhane ym 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-review-niza_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-niza-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd y diwygiadau hyn yn cynnwys "treialon teg a chyhoeddus pawb a gyhuddwyd waeth beth fo'u crefydd", creu system o "gymwyseddau ar wahân, crefyddol a sifil", a dilysu tystiolaeth ar bobl nad oeddent yn Fwslimiaid.<sup id="cite_ref-int-handbook_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deddfwyd codau tir penodol (1858), codau sifil (1869–1876), a chod gweithdrefn sifil hefyd.<sup id="cite_ref-int-handbook_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roedd y diwygiadau hyn wedi'u seilio'n helaeth ar fodelau o Ffrainc, fel y nodwyd gan fabwysiadu system llysoedd tair haen. Estynnwyd y system hon (y Nizamiye) i lefel ynadon lleol gyda chyhoeddi'r Mecelle, cod sifil a oedd yn rheoleiddio priodas, ysgariad, alimoni, ewyllys, a materion eraill o statws personol.<sup id="cite_ref-int-handbook_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Mewn ymgais i egluro rhaniad cymwyseddau barnwrol, gosododd cyngor gweinyddol fod llysoedd crefyddol i gael eu trin gan lysoedd crefyddol, a llysoedd Nizamiye i ymdrin â materion statud.<sup id="cite_ref-int-handbook_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes_(crynodeb)"><span id="Hanes_.28crynodeb.29"></span>Hanes (crynodeb)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes (crynodeb)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes (crynodeb)"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sefydlwyd yr ymerodraeth gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Osman I</a> ym <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>. Cipiodd y Swltan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed II</a> Gaergystennin (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> heddiw) ym <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a> a datblygodd ei deyrnas i fod yn ymerodraeth enfawr. Roedd ei ffiniau ar ei ehangaf yn ystod tyernasiad <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_y_Godidog" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman y Godidog">Suleiman y Godidog</a> yn yr 16g, pan yr oedd yn cynnwys yr holl dir rhwng <a href="/wiki/Gwlff_Persia" title="Gwlff Persia">Gwlff Persia</a> yn y dwyrain a <a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a> yn y gorllewin, ac o'r <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">Aifft</a> yn y de i'r <a href="/wiki/Cawcasws" class="mw-disambig" title="Cawcasws">Cawcasws</a> yn y gogledd. Ym <a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a> gorchfygwyd yr ymerodraeth ym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Fienna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Fienna (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mrwydr Fienna</a> ac yn sgîl hynny dirywiodd yn araf cyn cael ei gorchfygu yn derfynol yn y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf. </p><p>Ymranwyd yr Ymerodraeth gan Bwerau'r Cynghreiriaid (Prydain, Ffrainc, UDA, Yr Eidal, Gwlad Groeg ac eraill) yn gyntaf gan <a href="/wiki/Cytundeb_S%C3%A8vres" title="Cytundeb Sèvres">Gytundeb Sèvres</a> yn 1920 ac yna, wedi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyfel_Annibyniaeth_Twrci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyfel Annibyniaeth Twrci (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhyfel Annibyniaeth Twrci</a> o dan arweiniad <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> a ad-enillodd beth o diriogaeth yr hen Ymerodraeth yn <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> gan <a href="/wiki/Cytundeb_Lausanne" title="Cytundeb Lausanne">Gytundeb Lausanne</a> yn 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strwythr_yr_ymerodraeth">Strwythr yr ymerodraeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Strwythr yr ymerodraeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Strwythr yr ymerodraeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pen y hierarchaeth oedd y swltan. O dan y swltan yr oedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisier (dim tudalen ar gael)">fisierau</a>, swyddogwyr llys eraill ac arweinwyr milwrol. Rhannwyd a gweindyddwyd yr Ymerodraeth drwy daleithiau neu <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayet</a> a allai, fel unrhyw drefn o reoli, amrywio mewn maint, nifer a thiriogaeth dros amser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diwylliant">Diwylliant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Diwylliant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Diwylliant"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er iddi fod yn wlad grefyddol iawn yn y dechrau gan fod y rheolwyr yn <i>Gazi</i> (Rhyfelwyr Sanctaidd) ac yn cymryd rhan mewn <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> (Rhyfel Sanctaidd) yn erbyn <a href="/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth">Cristnogaeth</a>, ar ôl chwalu'r <a href="/wiki/Bysantiaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bysantiaid">Bysantiaid</a> o Anatolia a'u gyrru i <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a>, roedd yr ymerodraeth yn oddefgar iawn. Yn ystod y cyfnod pan ehangodd ei thiriogaeth i'r gorllewin, cymhathodd y diwyllianau Groeg a Balcanaidd ac roedd arweinwyr Twrci ei hunain yn derbyn rhan o'r diwylliant gorllewinol. Fel hynny, creuasant ddiwylliant Ottoman arbennig. </p><p>Ar ôl cipio <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> ym <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a> ni ddinistriwyd yr eglwysi a dim ond nifer fach ohonynt a drowyd yn <a href="/wiki/Mosg" title="Mosg">fosgiau</a> (er enghraifft <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> yn Istanbul). Roedd bywyd y llys Ottoman fel bywyd <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahau</a> <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persia</a>, ond roedd yna ddylanwad Ewropeaidd (Groegaidd yn bennaf), yn ogystal. Am ganrifoedd bu <a href="/wiki/Iddewon" title="Iddewon">Iddewon</a> Ewrop yn ffoi i'r Ymerodraeth Ottoman am noddfa. </p><p>Amsugnodd yr Otomaniaid rai o'r traddodiadau, celfyddyd y gwledydd a orchfygwyd ganddynt gan ychwanegu dimensiynau newydd iddynt. Mabwysiadodd y Tyrciaid Otomanaidd nifer o draddodiadau a nodweddion diwylliannol ymerodraethau blaenorol (mewn meysydd fel pensaernïaeth, bwyd, cerddoriaeth, hamdden a llywodraeth) gan eu datblygu'n ffurfiau newydd, gan arwain at hunaniaeth ddiwylliannol Otomanaidd newydd a nodedig. Er mai <a href="/wiki/Tyrceg" title="Tyrceg">Tyrceg</a> oedd prif iaith lenyddol yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd, <a href="/wiki/Perseg" title="Perseg">Perseg</a> oedd y cyfrwng dewisol ar gyfer taflunio delwedd imperialaidd. </p><p>Fel Lloegr, roedd caethwasiaeth yn rhan o'r gymdeithas Otomanaidd,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gyda'r rhan fwyaf o gaethweision yn cael eu cyflogi fel gweision domestig. Roedd caethwasiaeth amaethyddol, fel yr hyn a oedd yn gyffredin yn America, yn gymharol brin. Yn wahanol i systemau <a href="/wiki/Caethwasiaeth" title="Caethwasiaeth">caethwasiaeth enfawr</a>, nid oedd caethweision o dan gyfraith Islamaidd yn cael eu hystyried yn eiddo symudol, a ganwyd plant caethweision benywaidd yn rhydd yn gyfreithiol. Roedd caethweision benywaidd yn dal i gael eu gwerthu yn yr Ymerodraeth mor ddiweddar â 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a> daeth yr Ymerodraeth dan bwysau gan wledydd Gorllewin Ewrop i wahardd yr arferiad. Roedd polisïau a ddatblygwyd gan wahanol syltaniaid trwy gydol y 19g yn ceisio cwtogi ar y fasnach gaethweision Otomanaidd ond roedd gan gaethwasiaeth ganrifoedd o gefnogaeth a sancsiwn crefyddol ac felly ni ddiddymwyd caethwasiaeth yn yr Ymerodraeth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parhaodd y pla drwy'r gymdeithas Otomanaidd tan ail chwarter y 19g. “Rhwng 1701 a 1750, cofnodwyd 37 epidemig heb sôn am y rhai a gafwyd yn Istanbul; cafwyd 31 pla rhwng 1751 a 1801”<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mabwysiadodd yr Otomaniaid draddodiadau a diwylliant biwrocrataidd Persia. Gwnaeth y syltaniaid gyfraniad pwysig hefyd yn natblygiad llenyddiaeth Bersaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llenyddiaeth">Llenyddiaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Llenyddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Llenyddiaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Y ddwy brif ffrwd o lenyddiaeth ysgrifenedig Otomanaidd yw barddoniaeth a <a href="/wiki/Rhyddiaith" title="Rhyddiaith">rhyddiaith</a>. Barddoniaeth oedd y brif ffrwd o bell ffordd. Hyd at y 19eg ganrif, nid oedd rhyddiaith Otomanaidd yn cynnwys unrhyw enghreifftiau o ffuglen: nid oedd unrhyw gymar i, er enghraifft, y <a href="/wiki/Rhamant" title="Rhamant">rhamant</a> Ewropeaidd, y stori fer, na'r nofel. Er hynny, yr oedd genres analog yn bodoli mewn llenyddiaeth werin Twrcaidd ac mewn barddoniaeth Difan. </p><p>Roedd barddoniaeth Otomanaidd Divan yn ffurf gelfyddyd hynod ddefodol a symbolaidd. O'r farddoniaeth Bersaidd a'i hysbrydolodd i raddau helaeth, etifeddodd gyfoeth o symbolau y rhagnodwyd eu hystyron a'u cydberthnasau. Cyfansoddwyd barddoniaeth Divan trwy gyfosod llawer o ddelweddau o'r fath yn gyson o fewn fframwaith mydryddol caeth, gan ganiatáu i nifer o ystyron posibl ddod i'r amlwg. Telynegol ei natur oedd mwyafrif helaeth barddoniaeth <a href="/wiki/Telyneg" title="Telyneg">Difan</a>: naill ai <i>gazels</i> (sef y rhan fwyaf o <i>repertoire</i> y traddodiad), neu <i>kasîdes</i>. Fodd bynnag, yr oedd genres cyffredin eraill, ee y <i>mesnevî</i>, math o <a href="/wiki/Rhamant" title="Rhamant">ramant ar benillion</a> ac felly amrywiaeth o farddoniaeth naratif; y ddwy enghraifft fwyaf nodedig o'r ffurf hon yw <i>Leyli</i> a <i>Majnun</i> o <i><a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a></i> a'r <i>Hüsn ü Aşk</i> o Şeyh Gâlib. Mae <i>Seyahatnâme</i> Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) yn enghraifft ragorol o lenyddiaeth am deithio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addysg">Addysg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Addysg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Addysg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_(14667026514).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_%2814667026514%29.jpg/220px-Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_%2814667026514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_%2814667026514%29.jpg/330px-Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_%2814667026514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_%2814667026514%29.jpg/440px-Beyaz%C4%B1t_State_Library_%2814667026514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption> Sefydlwyd Llyfrgell Talaith Beyazıt ym 1884.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd, sefydlodd pob <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%A9t" title="Millét">Millét</a> system addysg i wasanaethu ei haelodau.<sup id="cite_ref-StraussPT194195_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraussPT194195-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhannwyd addysg, fel yng Nghymru, yn ôl crefydd ac ethnigrwydd: ychydig o bobl nad oeddent yn Fwslimiaid a fynychai ysgolion ar gyfer myfyrwyr Mwslimaidd ac i’r gwrthwyneb. Roedd y rhan fwyaf o sefydliadau a wasanaethodd yr holl grwpiau ethnig a chrefyddol yn cael eu haddysgu mewn Ffrangeg neu ieithoedd eraill.<sup id="cite_ref-StraussPT195_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraussPT195-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strwythr_milwrol">Strwythr milwrol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Strwythr milwrol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Strwythr milwrol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roedd strwythr milwrol yr ymerodraeth yn gymhleth iawn. Roedd y gwŷr meirch ysgafn yn bwysicaf, ac roedd ganddynt ffiffau o'r enw <i>timar</i>. Roeddynt yn defnyddio bwâu, cleddyfau ac yn ymladd â thactegau cyffelyb i rheini <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Mongoliaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth y Mongoliaid">Ymerodraeth y Mongoliaid</a>; hwy hefyd oedd y lluoedd cyntaf i ddefnyddio musgedi. Roedd llu y <a href="/wiki/Janisariaid" title="Janisariaid">Janisariaid</a> yn enwog fel llu arbennig y swltan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg/220px-Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg/330px-Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg/440px-Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption> Sipahis Otomanaidd mewn brwydr, yn dal baner y cilgant (gan Józef Brandt )</figcaption></figure> <p>Roedd uned filwrol gyntaf y Wladwriaeth Otomanaidd yn fyddin a drefnwyd gan Osman I o'r llwythau a drigai ar fryniau gorllewin Anatolia ar ddiwedd y 13g. Daeth y gyfundrefn filwrol yn sefydliad dyrys gyda dyfodiad yr Ymerodraeth. Roedd y fyddin Otomanaidd yn system gymhleth o recriwtio a chynnal. Roedd prif gorfflu'r Fyddin Otomanaidd yn cynnwys Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı a Mehterân. Ar un adeg roedd y fyddin Otomanaidd ymhlith y lluoedd ymladd mwyaf datblygedig yn y byd, gan fod yn un o'r rhai cyntaf i ddefnyddio <a href="/wiki/Mysgedwr" title="Mysgedwr">mysgedi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(arf)" title="Canon (arf)">chanonau</a>. Dechreuodd y Tyrciaid Otomanaidd ddefnyddio <i>falconets</i>, sef canonau byr ond llydan, yn ystod Gwarchae Caergystennin. Roedd y marchoglu Otomanaidd yn dibynnu ar gyflymder yn hytrach nag arfwisgoedd trwm, gan ddefnyddio bwâu a chleddyfau byr ar geffylau cyflym,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ac yn aml yn cymhwyso tactegau tebyg i rai <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Mongol" title="Ymerodraeth y Mongol">Ymerodraeth y Mongol</a>, fel esgus cilio wrth amgylchynu lluoedd y gelyn y tu mewn i ffurfiant siâp cilgant ac yna gwneud yr ymosodiad go iawn. Parhaodd y fyddin Otomanaidd i fod yn rym ymladd effeithiol trwy gydol yr17g a dechrau'r 18g,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gan ddisgyn y tu ôl i gystadleuwyr Ewropeaidd yr ymerodraeth yn ystod cyfnod hir o heddwch yn unig o 1740 hyd 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-AksanOW_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AksanOW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg/220px-Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg/330px-Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg/440px-Nizami-cedid-ordusu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption> Selim III yn gwylio gorymdaith ei fyddin newydd, milwyr <i>Nizam-ı Cedid</i> (y Drefn Newydd), yn 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>Dechreuodd y gwaith o foderneiddio'r Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd yn y 19g gyda'r fyddin. Ym 1826 diddymodd Sultan Mahmud II y corfflu Janissary a sefydlodd y fyddin Otomanaidd fodern. Bedyddiwyd hwy yn Nizam-ı Cedid (y Drefn Newydd). Y fyddin Otomanaidd hefyd oedd y sefydliad cyntaf i logi arbenigwyr tramor ac anfon ei swyddogion am hyfforddiant yng ngwledydd gorllewin Ewrop. O ganlyniad, dechreuodd Mudiad y Tyrciaid Ifanc pan ddychwelodd y dynion newydd eu hyfforddi yn llawn gwybodaeth filwrol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taleithiau">Taleithiau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Taleithiau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Taleithiau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pan oedd tiriogaeth yr ymerodraeth ar ei ehangaf, roedd hi'n cynnwys 29 o <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">daleithiau</a>, tair talaith deyrnngedol a thalaith ddeiliad <a href="/wiki/Transylfania" title="Transylfania">Transylfania</a>, teyrnas yr oedd ei llywodraethwyr wedi tyngu llw o deyrngarwch i'r swltan. Galwyd y taleithiau yn <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayet</a>. Gellir eu priodili heddiw i drefn <a href="/wiki/Llywodraethiaeth" title="Llywodraethiaeth">llywodraethiaethau</a> a ddefnyddir o hyd yn y gwledydd <a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabaidd</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swltaniaid">Swltaniaid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Swltaniaid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Swltaniaid"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg/250px-Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg/375px-Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg/500px-Suleiman_I._after_1560.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Swltan Suleiman I (Amgueddfa <a href="/wiki/Topkapi" title="Topkapi">Topkapi</a> Seraia, Istanbul)</figcaption></figure><p>Y <a href="/wiki/Swltan" title="Swltan">swltan</a> oedd unig lywodraethwr yr ymerodraeth ac ef ei hun oedd y llywodraeth swyddogol. Enw teuluol y swltans oedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmanli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmanli (dim tudalen ar gael)">Osmanli</a>. Ond yn y dechrau, nid swltans ond <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bey (dim tudalen ar gael)">beys</a> oeddynt. </p><table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Osman I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>-<a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>; <i>bey</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhan_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhan I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Orhan I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>-<a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>; <i>bey</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Murad I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>-<a href="/wiki/1389" title="1389">1389</a>; swltan ers <a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyazid_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyazid I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Beyazid I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1389" title="1389">1389</a>-<a href="/wiki/1402" title="1402">1402</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1403" title="1403">1403</a>-<a href="/wiki/1421" title="1421">1421</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Murad II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1421" title="1421">1421</a>-<a href="/wiki/1451" title="1451">1451</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed II</a> (y Cwncwerwr) (<a href="/wiki/1451" title="1451">1451</a>-<a href="/wiki/1481" title="1481">1481</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyazid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyazid II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Beyazid II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1481" title="1481">1481</a>-<a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Selim I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>-<a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman I">Suleiman I</a> (y Godidog) (<a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>-<a href="/wiki/1566" title="1566">1566</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Selim II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1566" title="1566">1566</a>-<a href="/wiki/1574" title="1574">1574</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murat_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murat III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Murat III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1574" title="1574">1574</a>-<a href="/wiki/1595" title="1595">1595</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1595" title="1595">1595</a>-<a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ahmed I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>-<a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mustafa I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>-<a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>-<a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mustafa I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>-<a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murat_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murat IV (dim tudalen ar gael)">Murat IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>-<a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ibrahim I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>-<a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li></ul> </td><td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed IV (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>-<a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suleiman II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Suleiman II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>-<a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ahmed II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>-<a href="/wiki/1695" title="1695">1695</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mustafa II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1695" title="1695">1695</a>-<a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ahmed III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>-<a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mahmud I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>-<a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Osman III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>-<a href="/wiki/1757" title="1757">1757</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mustafa III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1757" title="1757">1757</a>-<a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd-ul-Hamid_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd-ul-Hamid I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abd-ul-Hamid I</a> (<a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>-<a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Selim III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>-<a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa IV (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mustafa IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>-<a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mahmud II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>-<a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd-ul-Mejid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd-ul-Mejid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abd-ul-Mejid</a> (<a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>-<a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd-ul-Aziz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd-ul-Aziz (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abd-ul-Aziz</a> (<a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a>-<a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murat_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murat V (dim tudalen ar gael)">Murat V</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd-ul-Hamid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd-ul-Hamid II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abd-ul-Hamid II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a>-<a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed V (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed V</a> (Resad) (<a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>-<a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed VI (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed VI</a> (Vahdettin) (<a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>-<a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Mejid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Mejid II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abdul Mejid II</a>, fel <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> (<a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> - <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>).</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFA_́gostonMasters2008" class="citation book">A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Infobase Publishing, NY. t. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing%2C+NY&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=A+%CC%81goston&rft.aufirst=Ga+%CC%81bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-principality-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-principality_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I">"Osman I"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Osman+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOsman-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2006" class="citation book">Finkel, Caroline (2006-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink"><i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i></a>. Basic Books. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink/page/2">2</a>, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=2%2C+7&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fosmansdreamstory0000fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quataert2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Quataert2005_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2005" class="citation book">Quataert, Donald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OX3lsOrXJGcC"><i>The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922</i></a> (arg. 2). Cambridge University Press. t. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-83910-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-83910-5"><bdi>978-0-521-83910-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83910-5&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOX3lsOrXJGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3">"Ottoman Empire"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2012-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1801%3F_hi%3D41%26_pos%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decline-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-decline_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arablandsunderot0000hath"><i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800</i></a>. Pearson Education Ltd. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arablandsunderot0000hath/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8"><bdi>978-0-582-41899-8</bdi></a>. <q>historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41899-8&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farablandsunderot0000hath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston2009" class="citation book">Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Introduction". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (gol.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. t. xxxii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=xxxii&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AksanOW-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AksanOW_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AksanOW_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book">Aksan, Virginia (2007). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. tt. 130–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700%E2%80%931860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pages=130-135&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAksan2007">Aksan, Virginia (2007). </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert1994" class="citation book">Quataert, Donald (1994). "The Age of Reforms, 1812–1914". In İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert (gol.). <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914</i>. <b>2</b>. Cambridge University Press. t. 762. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-57456-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-57456-3"><bdi>978-0-521-57456-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Reforms%2C+1812%E2%80%931914&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57456-3&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2010" class="citation book">Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010). <i>Turkey, Islam, Nationalism and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. t. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Islam%2C+Nationalism+and+Modernity%3A+A+History%2C+1789%E2%80%932007&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15260-9&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> • <cite id="CITEREFQuataert2005" class="citation book">Quataert, Donald (2005). <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922</i>. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). t. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation book">Howard, Douglas A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e57eDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA318"><i>A History of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. t. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-108-10747-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-108-10747-1"><bdi>978-1-108-10747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10747-1&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De57eDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston2009" class="citation book">Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Introduction". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (gol.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. t. xxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=xxvi&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kafadar, Cemal (2007). "A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum". <i>Muqarnas</i> <b>24</b>: 11.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2015" class="citation book">Greene, Molly (2015). <i>The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1453 to 1768</i>. t. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+History+of+the+Greeks%2C+1453+to+1768&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Molly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2015" class="citation book">Soucek, Svat (2015). <i>Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700</i>. Istanbul: The Isis Press. t. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-975-428-554-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-975-428-554-3"><bdi>978-975-428-554-3</bdi></a>. <q>The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological contexts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Maritime+Wars%2C+1416%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Isis+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-975-428-554-3&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-otmkanun-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-otmkanun_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009012204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/24365067">"Balancing Sharia: The Ottoman Kanun"</a>. BBC. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/24365067">gwreiddiol</a> ar 9 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balancing+Sharia%3A+The+Ottoman+Kanun&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2F0%2F24365067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H., Law in the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law, Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton_109-110-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-2">19.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benton_109-110_19-3">19.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2001" class="citation book">Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=109"><i>Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. tt. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-00926-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Colonial+Cultures%3A+Legal+Regimes+in+World+History%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00926-3&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZtjR9JnwYwC%26pg%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBenton2001">Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001). </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-niza-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-review-niza_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSelçuk_Akşin_Somel" class="citation web">Selçuk Akşin Somel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/19475/1/Avi_Rubin_Ottoman_Nizamiye_Courts_Somel.pdf">"Review of "Ottoman Nizamiye Courts. Law and Modernity<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sabancı Üniversitesi. t. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+%22Ottoman+Nizamiye+Courts.+Law+and+Modernity%22&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Sabanc%C4%B1+%C3%9Cniversitesi&rft.au=Sel%C3%A7uk+Ak%C5%9Fin+Somel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.sabanciuniv.edu%2F19475%2F1%2FAvi_Rubin_Ottoman_Nizamiye_Courts_Somel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-int-handbook-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-int-handbook_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-int-handbook_21-1">21.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-int-handbook_21-2">21.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-int-handbook_21-3">21.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinO'ConnorGrub" class="citation web">Epstein, Lee; O'Connor, Karen; Grub, Diana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525015655/http://epstein.usc.edu/research/MiddleEast.pdf">"Middle East"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Legal Traditions and Systems: an International Handbook</i>. Greenwood Press. tt. 223–224. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epstein.usc.edu/research/MiddleEast.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> ar 25 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Traditions+and+Systems%3A+an+International+Handbook&rft.atitle=Middle+East&rft.pages=223-224&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Karen&rft.au=Grub%2C+Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepstein.usc.edu%2Fresearch%2FMiddleEast.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHalil_Inalcik" class="citation web">Halil Inalcik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911101051/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"</a>. Michigan State University. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 11 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Servile+Labor+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft.au=Halil+Inalcik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoursesa.matrix.msu.edu%2F~fisher%2Fhst373%2Freadings%2Finalcik6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_7.shtml">"Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+and+slavery%3A+Sexual+slavery&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fslavery_7.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2011" class="citation book">Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). <i>A Concise History of Islam</i>. New Delhi: Vij Books India. t. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-93-81411-09-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-93-81411-09-4"><bdi>978-93-81411-09-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Islam&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-81411-09-4&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+Husain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Faroqhi, Suraiya (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.peeters-leuven.be/POJ/purchaseform.php?id=2004296&sid=">"Migration into Eighteenth-century 'Greater Istanbul' as Reflected in the Kadi Registers of Eyüp"</a>. <i>Turcica</i> (Louvain: Éditions Klincksieck) <b>30</b>: 165. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2143%2FTURC.30.0.2004296">10.2143/TURC.30.0.2004296</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://secure.peeters-leuven.be/POJ/purchaseform.php?id=2004296&sid=">https://secure.peeters-leuven.be/POJ/purchaseform.php?id=2004296&sid=</a></span>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halil İnalcık (dim tudalen ar gael)">Halil İnalcık</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38228665/Halil_İnalcık_-_Has_Bağçede_Ayş_u_Tarab.pdf">"Has-bahçede 'Ayş u Tarab"</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Error in Webarchive template: URl gwag.</span>, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları (2011)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraussPT194195-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StraussPT194195_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strauss, Johann. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraussPT195-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StraussPT195_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strauss, Johann. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1990" class="citation book">Milner, Mordaunt (1990). <i>The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line</i>. Robert Hale Limited. tt. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85131-476-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85131-476-1"><bdi>978-0-85131-476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Godolphin+Arabian%3A+The+Story+of+the+Matchem+Line&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85131-476-1&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Mordaunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWall" class="citation book">Wall, John F. <i>Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants</i>. t. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-163-19167-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-163-19167-5"><bdi>978-1-163-19167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Running+Horses%3A+Their+Forebears+and+Descendants&rft.pages=8&rft.isbn=978-1-163-19167-5&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=John+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey1999" class="citation book">Murphey, Rhoads (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanwarfare150000murp"><i>Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700</i></a>. UCL Press. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanwarfare150000murp/page/n33">10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Warfare%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Rhoads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomanwarfare150000murp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAtasoyRaby1989">Atasoy, Nurhan; Raby, Julian (1989), Petsopoulos, Yanni, ed., <i>Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780500973745" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780500973745">9780500973745</a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom1995" class="citation book">Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PP3"><i>The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780300064650" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780300064650"><bdi>9780300064650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Islam+1250-1800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780300064650&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mhIgewDtNkC%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFreely2011" class="citation book">Freely, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC"><i>A History of Ottoman Architecture</i></a>. WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9"><bdi>978-1-84564-506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-506-9&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvgp46TUFK7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFItzkowitz1980">Itzkowitz, Norman (1980), <i>Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780226388069" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780226388069">9780226388069</a></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKinross1979">Kinross, Lord (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/n4"><i>The Ottoman centuries: the rise and fall of the Turkish empire</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780688080938" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780688080938">9780688080938</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/n4">https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/n4</a></span></span> popular history espouses old "decline" thesis</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKuban2010" class="citation book">Kuban, Doğan (2010). <i>Ottoman Architecture</i>. Cyfieithwyd gan Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9781851496044" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9781851496044"><bdi>9781851496044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781851496044&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFQuataert1983"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Quataert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Quataert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Quataert, Donald</a> (1983), <i>Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1908</i></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Quataert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Quataert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Quataert, Donald</a>; Spivey, Diane M. (2000), <i>Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550-1922</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780791444313" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780791444313">9780791444313</a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRogan2011" class="citation book">Rogan, Eugene (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arabs/16U0mEbf4nAC?hl=en&gbpv=1"><i>The Arabs: A History</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780465032488" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780465032488"><bdi>9780465032488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780465032488&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Arabs%2F16U0mEbf4nAC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darllen_pellach">Darllen pellach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Darllen pellach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Darllen pellach"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyffredinol">Cyffredinol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyffredinol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Cyffredinol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-turkey/EC9B3B62272E26DA30A7090DEE934DC9"><i>The Cambridge History of Turkey</i> online</a> <ul><li>Volume 1: Kate Fleet ed., "Byzantium to Turkey 1071–1453." Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Volume 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., "The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603." Cambridge University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Volume 3: Suraiya N. Faroqhi ed., "The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839." Cambridge University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Volume 4: Reşat Kasaba ed., "Turkey in the Modern World." Cambridge University Press, 2008.</li></ul></li> <li>Agoston, Gabor and Bruce Masters, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suraiya_Faroqhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suraiya Faroqhi (dim tudalen ar gael)">Faroqhi, Suraiya</a>. <i>The Ottoman Empire: A Short History</i> (2009) 196pp</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink"><i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fosmansdreamstory0000fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arablandsunderot0000hath"><i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800</i></a>. Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8"><bdi>978-0-582-41899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41899-8&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farablandsunderot0000hath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoward2017" class="citation book">Howard, Douglas A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000howa"><i>A History of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-72730-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-72730-3"><bdi>978-0-521-72730-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72730-3&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman0000howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFArthur_Arnold1877">Arthur Arnold (1877) (yn en), <i><a href="https://cy.wikisource.org/wiki/The_promises_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="s:The promises of Turkey">The promises of Turkey</a></i> (1st ed.), Westminster: The Eastern Question Association, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19097235" class="extiw" title="d:Q19097235">Q19097235</a></span></li> <li>Koller, Markus (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/from-the-turkish-menace-to-orientalism/markus-koller-ottoman-history-of-south-east-europe?set_language=en&-C="><i>Ottoman History of South-East Europe</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO - European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121258">pdf</a>).</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFImber2009" class="citation book">Imber, Colin (2009). <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power</i> (arg. 2). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-230-57451-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-230-57451-9"><bdi>978-0-230-57451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931650%3A+The+Structure+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-57451-9&rft.aulast=Imber&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFİnalcıkDonald_Quataert1994" class="citation book">İnalcık, Halil; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Quataert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Quataert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Donald Quataert</a>, gol. (1994). <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-57456-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-57456-3"><bdi>978-0-521-57456-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57456-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> Two volumes.</li> <li>Kia, Mehrdad, ed. <i>The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i> (2 vol 2017)</li> <li>McCarthy, Justin. <i>The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923.</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanturksintr0000mcca">The Ottoman Turks : an introductory history to 1923</a> online[</li> <li>Mikaberidze, Alexander. <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i> (2 vol 2011)</li> <li>Miller, William. <i>The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922</i> (2nd ed 1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill">online</a>, strong on foreign policy</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Quataert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Quataert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Quataert, Donald</a>. <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922.</i> 2005. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-521-54782-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-521-54782-2">0-521-54782-2</a>.</li> <li>Şahin, Kaya. "The Ottoman Empire in the Long Sixteenth Century." <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i> (2017) 70#1: 220–234 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/52257343/RQ_review_essay.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li>Somel, Selcuk Aksin. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire</i> (2003). pp. 399 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Ottoman-Dictionaries-Civilizations/dp/0810843323">excerpt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._S._Stavrianos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. S. Stavrianos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Stavrianos, L. S.</a> <i>The Balkans since 1453</i> (1968; new preface 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst">online</a></li> <li>Tabak, Faruk. <i>The Waning of the Mediterranean, 1550–1870: A Geohistorical Approach</i> (2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y_cyfnod_cynnar">Y cyfnod cynnar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Y cyfnod cynnar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Y cyfnod cynnar"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKafadar1995" class="citation book">Kafadar, Cemal (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds0000kafa"><i>Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State</i></a>. U California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-520-20600-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-520-20600-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds%3A+The+Construction+of+the+Ottoman+State&rft.pub=U+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20600-7&rft.aulast=Kafadar&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweentwoworlds0000kafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLindner1983" class="citation book">Lindner, Rudi P. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nomadsottomansin0000lind"><i>Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-933070-12-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-933070-12-7"><bdi>978-0-933070-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+and+Ottomans+in+Medieval+Anatolia&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+UP&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-933070-12-7&rft.aulast=Lindner&rft.aufirst=Rudi+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnomadsottomansin0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLowry2003" class="citation book">Lowry, Heath (2003). <i>The Nature of the Early Ottoman State</i>. Albany: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-5636-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-5636-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-5636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Early+Ottoman+State&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5636-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomataeth_a_militaraidd">Diplomataeth a militaraidd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Diplomataeth a militaraidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Diplomataeth a militaraidd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal">Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". <i>Journal of World History</i> <b>25</b>: 85–124. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0005">10.1353/jwh.2014.0005</a>.</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book">Aksan, Virginia (2007). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged</i>. Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700%E2%80%931860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li>Aksan, Virginia H. "Ottoman Military Matters." <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i> 6.1 (2002): 52–62, historiography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/53818952/Aksan_Ottoman_MIlitary_Matters.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li>Aksan, Virginia H. "Mobilization of Warrior Populations in the Ottoman Context, 1750–1850." in <i>Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour: 1500–2000</i> ed. by Erik-Jan Zürcher (2014)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/35001786/Chapter-11-Aksan-Mobilization_of_warrior_populations-1.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Aksan, Virginia. "Breaking the spell of the Baron de Tott: Reframing the question of military reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1760–1830." <i>International History Review</i> 24.2 (2002): 253–277 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/46384567/Aksan_BreakingtheSpelloftheBarondeTottReframingtheQuesti_retrieved_2016-06-10_.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Aksan, Virginia H. "The Ottoman military and state transformation in a globalizing world." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East (dim tudalen ar gael)">Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</a></i> 27.2 (2007): 259–272 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/53818899/Aksan_Ottoman_MIlitary_and_State_Transformation_in__Globalizing_CSSAAMEAksan.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Aksan, Virginia H. "Whatever happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768–1774 Russo-Ottoman War." <i>War in History</i> 5.1 (1998): 23–36 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228231453/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f9d7/c3a29abba101ebeb7705e2a733f2a8076187.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Albrecht-Carrié, René. <i>A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna</i> (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000albr_b4c1">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Çelik, Nihat. "Muslims, Non-Muslims and Foreign Relations: Ottoman Diplomacy." <i>International Review of Turkish Studies</i> 1.3 (2011): 8–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nihat_Celik2/publication/263369634_Muslims_Non-Muslims_and_Foreign_Relations_Ottoman_Diplomacy/links/0f31753aad5432da58000000.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Fahmy, Khaled. <i> All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt</i> (Cambridge University Press. 1997)</li> <li>Gürkan, Emrah Safa (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/alliances-and-wars/alliances-and-treaties/emrah-safa-gurkan-christian-allies-of-the-ottoman-empire?set_language=en&-C="><i>Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu">EGO - European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1020549114/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li>Hall, Richard C. ed. <i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurewitz,_Jacob_C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurewitz, Jacob C. (dim tudalen ar gael)">Hurewitz, Jacob C.</a> "Ottoman diplomacy and the European state system." <i>Middle East Journal</i> 15.2 (1961): 141–152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323345">online</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merriman,_Roger_Bigelow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merriman, Roger Bigelow (dim tudalen ar gael)">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a>. <i>Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566</i> (Harvard University Press, 1944) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87496">online</a></li> <li>Miller, William. <i>The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922</i> (2nd ed 1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill">online</a>, strong on foreign policy</li> <li>Minawi, Mustafa. <i>The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy an the Sahara and the Hijaz</i> (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kaoikaprophe007_gmail_20180922">online</a></li> <li>Nicolle, David. <i>Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774</i> (Osprey Publishing, 1983)</li> <li>Palmer, Alan. <i>The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire</i> (1994).</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRhoads1999" class="citation book">Rhoads, Murphey (1999). <i>Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85728-389-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85728-389-1"><bdi>978-1-85728-389-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Warfare%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-389-1&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Murphey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2015" class="citation book">Soucek, Svat (2015). <i>Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700</i>. Istanbul: The Isis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-975-428-554-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-975-428-554-3"><bdi>978-975-428-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Maritime+Wars%2C+1416%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=The+Isis+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-975-428-554-3&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUyarErickson2009" class="citation book">Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). <i>A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-275-98876-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-275-98876-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+Ottomans%3A+From+Osman+to+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98876-0&rft.aulast=Uyar&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astudiaeth_pellach">Astudiaeth pellach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Astudiaeth pellach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Astudiaeth pellach"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baram, Uzi and Lynda Carroll, editors. <i>A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground</i> (Plenum/Kluwer Academic Press, 2000)</li> <li>Barkey, Karen. <i>Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.</i> (2008) 357pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Difference-Ottomans-Comparative-Perspective/dp/0521715334/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240307430&sr=1-7">Amazon.com</a>, excerpt and text search</li> <li>Davison, Roderic H. <i>Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876</i> (New York: Gordian Press, 1973)</li> <li>Deringil, Selim. <i>The well-protected domains: ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909</i> (London: IB Tauris, 1998)</li> <li>Findley, Carter V. <i>Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922</i> (Princeton University Press, 1980)</li> <li>McMeekin, Sean. <i>The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power</i> (2010)</li> <li>Mikhail, Alan. <i>God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Gods-Shadow-Sultan-Ottoman-Empire/dp/163149239X">excerpt</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Selim I</a> (1470–1529)</li> <li>Pamuk, Sevket. <i>A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire</i> (1999). pp. 276</li> <li>Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pp. 86–100 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy</i> edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-297-84913-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-297-84913-1">0-297-84913-1</a>.</li> <li>Yaycioglu, Ali. <i>Partners of the empire: The crisis of the Ottoman order in the age of revolutions</i> (Stanford University Press, 2016), covers 1760–1820 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192/meta.2018.10.7716">online review</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanes">Hanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aksan, Virginia H. "What's Up in Ottoman Studies?" <i>Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association</i> 1.1–2 (2014): 3–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.3">online</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.2.1.215">comment by Ehud R. Toledano</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/745216/summary">reply by Aksan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Aksan, Virginia H. "Ottoman political writing, 1768–1808." <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 25.1 (1993): 53–69 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/35157878/Aksan_OttomanPOlitical_WritingIJMES_1993.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Finkel, Caroline. "Ottoman history: whose history is it?." <i>International Journal of Turkish Studies</i> 14.1/2 (2008).</li> <li>Gerber, Haim. "Ottoman Historiography: Challenges of the Twenty-First Century." <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society,</i> 138#2 (2018), p. 369+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A551496598/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=04b4884e">online</a></li> <li>Hartmann, Daniel Andreas. "Neo-Ottomanism: The Emergence and Utility of a New Narrative on Politics, Religion, Society, and History in Turkey" (PhD Dissertation, Central European University, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2013/hartmann_daniel.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514063633/http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2013/hartmann_daniel.pdf">Archifwyd</a> 2022-05-14 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a>.</li> <li>Eissenstat, Howard. "Children of Özal: The New Face of Turkish Studies" <i>Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association</i> 1#1 (2014), pp. 23–35 DOI: 10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23">online</a></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Kayalı, Hasan (December 2017). "The Ottoman Experience of World War I: Historiographical Problems and Trends" (yn en). <i>The Journal of Modern History</i> <b>89</b> (4): 875–907. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F694391">10.1086/694391</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>.</span></li> <li>Lieven, Dominic. <i>Empire: The Russian Empire and its rivals</i> (Yale University Press, 2002), comparisons with Russian, British, & Habsburg empires. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Russian-Its-Rivals/dp/0300097263">excerpt</a></li> <li>Mikhail, Alan; Philliou, Christine M. "The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn," <i>Comparative Studies in Society & History</i> (2012) 54#4 pp. 721–745. Comparing the Ottomans to other empires opens new insights about the dynamics of imperial rule, periodisation, and political transformation</li> <li>Olson, Robert, "Ottoman Empire" in <cite id="CITEREFKelly_Boyd1999" class="citation book">Kelly Boyd, gol. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA892"><i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. tt. 892–896. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-884964-33-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-884964-33-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-33-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historians+and+Historical+Writing+vol+2&rft.pages=892-896&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-33-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0121vD9STIMC%26pg%3DPA892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AYr+Ymerodraeth+Otomanaidd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Quataert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Quataert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Quataert, Donald</a>. "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline.'" <i>History Compass</i> 1 (2003): 1–9.</li> <li>Yaycıoğlu, Ali. "Ottoman Early Modern." <i>Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association</i> 7.1 (2020): 70–73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/64051313/Ali%20Yaycioglu%20-%20Ottoman%20Early%20Modern.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Yılmaz, Yasir. "Nebulous Ottomans vs. Good Old Habsburgs: A Historiographical Comparison." <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i> 48 (2017): 173–190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/52736768/Yilmaz__Yasir__-_nebulous_ottomans_vs_good_old_habsburgs_a_historiographical_comparison.pdf">Online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (dim tudalen ar gael)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dolenni_allanol">Dolenni allanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Dolenni allanol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Dolenni allanol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.washington.edu/otap">Prosiect Archif Testun Otomanaidd - Prifysgol Washington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikilala.com/">Testunau Otomanaidd chwiliadwy - Wikilala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/journeys.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century">Teithwyr Americanaidd i'r Wlad Sanctaidd yn Sefydliad Llawysgrif Shapell o'r 19eg Ganrif</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523113237/http://www.shapell.org/journeys.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century">Archifwyd</a> 2013-05-23 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/ottemp.html">Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd: Adnoddau - Prifysgol Michigan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11770">Twrci yn Asia</a>, 1920</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&oldid=12996262">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&oldid=12996262</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Cyn-wladwriaethau_Affrica" title="Categori:Cyn-wladwriaethau Affrica">Cyn-wladwriaethau Affrica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Cyn-wladwriaethau_Asia" title="Categori:Cyn-wladwriaethau Asia">Cyn-wladwriaethau Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Cyn-wladwriaethau_Ewrop" title="Categori:Cyn-wladwriaethau Ewrop">Cyn-wladwriaethau Ewrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Hanes_Twrci" title="Categori:Hanes Twrci">Hanes Twrci</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Categori:Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_gyda_meysydd_deublyg_yn_y_Nodion" title="Categori:Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion">Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Categori:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Webarchive_template_errors" title="Categori:Webarchive template errors">Webarchive template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_defnyddio_Nodyn_Gwybodlen_pethau_Wicidata" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata">Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_di-Gymraeg" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun di-Gymraeg">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun di-Gymraeg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_Tyrceg" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tyrceg">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tyrceg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categori:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Categori:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 6 Medi 2024, am 16:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. Gweler y <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Telerau Gwasanaeth</a> am fanylion.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polisi preifatrwydd</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Yngl%C5%B7n_%C3%A2_Wicipedia">Ynglŷn â Wicipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Gwadiad_Cyffredinol">Gwadiadau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod Ymddygiad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Datblygwyr</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/cy.wikipedia.org">Ystadegau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Datganiad cwcis</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Golwg symudol</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-4qhwh","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_3c4b97fdf4e6aaebe74567e5c71e24a36fae02f2":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q12560","properties":{"title":"Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd","marker-symbol":"marker","stroke-width":0.5,"marker-color":"#1E90FF","fill":"#F5A9A9"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q12560","properties":{"title":"geomask3","marker-symbol":"marker","stroke-width":0.5,"fill-opacity":0.33,"marker-color":"#1E90FF","fill":"#FFFFE0"}},{"features":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[29,41],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#1E90FF","title":"Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd","marker-symbol":"marker"}}],"type":"FeatureCollection"}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.102","walltime":"1.330","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13682,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":123167,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18059,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":114338,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1171.789 1 -total"," 45.92% 538.056 1 Nodyn:Pethau"," 43.91% 514.553 1 Nodyn:Infobox"," 22.16% 259.696 1 Nodyn:Cyfeiriadau"," 20.54% 240.711 100 Nodyn:If_first_display_both"," 19.35% 226.783 35 Nodyn:Cite_book"," 6.95% 81.491 10 Nodyn:Citation/core"," 6.08% 71.295 1 Nodyn:Dylunio_map"," 6.00% 70.328 1 Nodyn:Cite_Q"," 5.43% 63.633 11 Nodyn:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.595","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7548312,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"1 1 Arthur Arnold\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kh2jk","timestamp":"20241122113640","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd","url":"https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12560","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12560","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-09T02:16:24Z","dateModified":"2024-09-06T16:14:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/58\/OttomanEmpireIn1683-cy.svg"}</script> </body> </html>