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17.9125 8.46625C18.6138 9.23625 19.04 10.2125 19.04 11.4225C19.04 15.6437 16.4688 16.5787 14.0213 16.8537C14.42 17.1975 14.7638 17.8575 14.7638 18.8887C14.7638 20.36 14.75 21.5425 14.75 21.9137C14.75 22.2025 14.9563 22.5462 15.5063 22.4362C19.8513 20.9787 23 16.8537 23 12C23 5.9225 18.0775 1 12 1Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FSJTU-IPADS%2Fserverlessbench" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-button d-inline-flex d-lg-none flex-order-1 f5 no-underline border color-border-default rounded-2 px-2 py-1 color-fg-inherit js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/serverlessbench","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="f1e3401d88caf6c393153a20ce75302067ee221e6f3d03eb0b4e54faed30e170" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Marketing nav","action":"click to Sign in","label":"ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header"}" > Sign in </a> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu js-header-menu height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto top-0"> <div class="HeaderMenu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-start flex-lg-row flex-auto rounded rounded-lg-0"> <nav class="HeaderMenu-nav" aria-label="Global"> <ul class="d-lg-flex list-style-none"> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_copilot","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"github_copilot_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/copilot"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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</a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"actions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"actions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any 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0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"issues","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"issues_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/issues"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 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1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"discussions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"discussions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"code_search","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"code_search_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/code-search"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-square color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 8.24a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06L7.352 12l2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M2 3.75C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2h16.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v16.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 20.25 22H3.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 20.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v16.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h16.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V3.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Search</div> Find more, search less </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 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12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 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Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"trending","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"trending_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/trending"> Trending </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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href=\"/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/blob/master/logo.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/raw/master/logo.png\" alt=\"ServerlessBench logo\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eServerlessBench\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-serverlessbench\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: ServerlessBench\" href=\"#serverlessbench\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA benchmark suite with serverless workloads.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eOur work has been accepted by SoCC' 20. The paper is available at our WebSite: serverlessbench.systems\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInfo\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-info\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Info\" href=\"#info\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWebsite: \u003ca href=\"https://serverlessbench.systems/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://serverlessbench.systems/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSource code: \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench\"\u003ehttps://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSOCC'20 paper: \u003ca href=\"https://serverlessbench.systems/socc20-serverlessbench.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://serverlessbench.systems/socc20-serverlessbench.pdf\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonthly reports: \u003ca href=\"https://serverlessbench.systems/en-us/docs/report\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://serverlessbench.systems/en-us/docs/report\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServerlessBench 2.0 is released!\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGithub: \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/CodingYuanLiu/ServerlessBench-2.0\"\u003ehttps://github.com/CodingYuanLiu/ServerlessBench-2.0\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTest Cases\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-test-cases\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Test Cases\" href=\"#test-cases\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase1: varied resource needs\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase1-varied-resource-needs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase1: varied resource needs\" href=\"#testcase1-varied-resource-needs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case features a CPU-intensive Alu application with two execution phases:\nin the first phase, it connects to S3 and requests for a number N (Load configuration phase);\nin the second phase, 100 threads are spawned to conduct arithmetic calculations and loop for N times (Compute phase).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe workload is basically built by aws sam-cli.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe provide two versions of the application to compare their needs on resources:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ea together version (together.py), in which the application runs as a single serverless function;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ea splitted version, in which the application is splitted into two serverless functions (keyDownloader.py and alu.py) in a function chain. Each of the function handling one of the execution phase, respectively.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ekeyDownloader downloads the file named \"loopTime.txt\", which stores a number as the loop time that alu function does the calculation. You need to modify the \u003ccode\u003ebucketName\u003c/code\u003e to the name of the bucket where you stores \"loopTime.txt\". \u003ccode\u003edefaultKey\u003c/code\u003e is the default name of the file \"loopTime.txt\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase2: Parallel composition\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase2-parallel-composition\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase2: Parallel composition\" href=\"#testcase2-parallel-composition\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case features a CPU-intensive Alu application with parallelizable core handling logic.\nThree versions are presented to analyze parallelization in serverless computing:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eno-parallel version (sequential.py), with no parallelization;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003einstance-parallel version (parallel.py, doAlu.py), with multiple function instances executing concurrently; You need to modify the AluFunctionArn to the arn of the alu function (doAlu.py)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ein-function-parallel version (infunction.py), parallelization with multithreading in a single function.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe workload is basically built by AWS sam-cli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase3: Long function chain\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase3-long-function-chain\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase3: Long function chain\" href=\"#testcase3-long-function-chain\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case includes the Array Sum application which is a serverless application with a configurable number of chained functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTwo versions of the application are provided, implemented with the sequence function chain method (in \u003ccode\u003eSequence-chained\u003c/code\u003e folder) and the nested function chain method (in \u003ccode\u003eSequence-nested\u003c/code\u003e folder), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase4: Application breakdown\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase4-application-breakdown\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase4: Application breakdown\" href=\"#testcase4-application-breakdown\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case includes four real-world serverless applications: Image processing, Alexa skill, Online-compiling, and Data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetails of these applications are presented int the \u003ca href=\"/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/blob/master/Testcase4-Application-breakdown/README.md\"\u003eREADME of the test case\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase5: Data transfer costs\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase5-data-transfer-costs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase5: Data transfer costs\" href=\"#testcase5-data-transfer-costs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case presents a Node.js serverless application which transfers images with different sizes (the payload size) between two functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe provide the application to be evaluated on three serverless platforms: OpenWhisk, Fn, AWS Lambda.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe chain on the three platforms are implemented with \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/apache/openwhisk/blob/master/docs/actions.md\"\u003eOpenWhisk’s Action Sequence\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/fnproject/flow\"\u003eFn flow\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://aws.amazon.com/step-functions/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAWS Step Functions\u003c/a\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs per the \u003ca href=\"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/step-functions/latest/dg/avoid-exec-failures.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epayload size restriction\u003c/a\u003e (32KB when we refer in May 2020) on AWS Lambda, for payload data larger than 32KB in AWS Lambda, the payload is uploaded to S3 in the first function before it finishes, and the second function download the data before it starts the handling logic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase6: Startup breakdown\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase6-startup-breakdown\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase6: Startup breakdown\" href=\"#testcase6-startup-breakdown\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case includes serverless functions with different language runtimes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase7: Sandbox comparision\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase7-sandbox-comparision\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase7: Sandbox comparision\" href=\"#testcase7-sandbox-comparision\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA simple Hello function and a more complex serverless function are provided in C, Java, Python, Ruby, and Node.js.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese applications can be used to evaluate the startup performance with different language runtimes in different sandboxes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase8: Function size\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase8-function-size\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase8: Function size\" href=\"#testcase8-function-size\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe application consists of Python functions with varying package sizes, constructed by packing the handler codes with different numbers of dependency packages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecifically, four popular PyPI packages (\u003ccode\u003emypy\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003enumpy\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003edjango\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003esphinx\u003c/code\u003e) of sizes between 10–23MB are added into the function package accumulatively, producing function packages of sizes: 22.7MB (with \u003ccode\u003emypy\u003c/code\u003e), 44.1MB (with \u003ccode\u003emypy\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003enumpy\u003c/code\u003e), 54.4MB (with \u003ccode\u003emypy\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003enumpy\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003edjango\u003c/code\u003e), and 72.6MB (with all four packages).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase9: Concurrent startup\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase9-concurrent-startup\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase9: Concurrent startup\" href=\"#testcase9-concurrent-startup\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSimple Hello functions in C and Java are provided to evaluate the startup latencies when invoked concurrently.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase10: Stateless costs\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase10-stateless-costs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase10: Stateless costs\" href=\"#testcase10-stateless-costs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn ImageResize function is provided to analyze the impact of losing implicit states (e.g. JIT profiles) in serverless computing's \"stateless\" nature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen requests are issued subsequently, the sandbox and JVM environment is shared across requests;\nwhen requests are issued concurrently, the requests are handled in auto-scaling manner and the implicit states are lost across requests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase11: Real world emulation\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase11-real-world-emulation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase11: Real world emulation\" href=\"#testcase11-real-world-emulation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case consists of applications that emulate the real world applications.\nThe emulation is based on traces from MS Azure.\nDetails can be found in the subdirectory (see README in subdirectory).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTestcase12: Transaction Application\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testcase12-transaction-application\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testcase12: Transaction Application\" href=\"#testcase12-transaction-application\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis test case simulates bank transaction processing for checking and savings accounts, focusing on serverless platforms. The application manages checking and savings accounts in CouchDB and supports a range of transactional actions—Amalgamate, Balance, DepositChecking, SendPayment, TransactSavings, and WriteCheck.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Transaction Application is inspired by the SmallBank benchmark and borrows design elements from H-Store’s SmallBank implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContact\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contact\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contact\" href=\"#contact\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://serverlessbench.systems/en-us/docs/developers/developers_dev.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTianyi Yu\u003c/a\u003e,\n\u003ca href=\"https://ipads.se.sjtu.edu.cn/zh/pub/members/qingyuan_liu/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eQingyuan Liu\u003c/a\u003e,\n\u003ca href=\"http://dongd.info/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDong Du\u003c/a\u003e,\n\u003ca href=\"http://ipads.se.sjtu.edu.cn/zh/pub/members/yubin_xia/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYubin Xia\u003c/a\u003e,\n\u003ca href=\"https://ipads.se.sjtu.edu.cn/pub/members/haibo_chen\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHaibo Chen\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCite\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-cite\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Cite\" href=\"#cite\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo cite serverlessbench, please consider using the following bibtex:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"@inproceedings{socc20-serverlessbench,\n author = {Yu, Tianyi and Liu, Qingyuan and Du, Dong and Xia, Yubin and Zang, Binyu and Lu, Ziqian and Yang, Pingchao and Qin, Chenggang and Chen, Haibo},\n title = {Characterizing Serverless Platforms with ServerlessBench},\n year = {2020},\n publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},\n url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421280},\n doi = {10.1145/3419111.3421280},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing},\n series = {SoCC '20}\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e@inproceedings{socc20-serverlessbench,\n author = {Yu, Tianyi and Liu, Qingyuan and Du, Dong and Xia, Yubin and Zang, Binyu and Lu, Ziqian and Yang, Pingchao and Qin, Chenggang and Chen, Haibo},\n title = {Characterizing Serverless Platforms with ServerlessBench},\n year = {2020},\n publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},\n url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421280},\n doi = {10.1145/3419111.3421280},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing},\n series = {SoCC '20}\n}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"ServerlessBench","anchor":"serverlessbench","htmlText":"ServerlessBench"},{"level":2,"text":"Info","anchor":"info","htmlText":"Info"},{"level":2,"text":"Test Cases","anchor":"test-cases","htmlText":"Test Cases"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase1: varied resource needs","anchor":"testcase1-varied-resource-needs","htmlText":"Testcase1: varied resource needs"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase2: Parallel composition","anchor":"testcase2-parallel-composition","htmlText":"Testcase2: Parallel composition"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase3: Long function chain","anchor":"testcase3-long-function-chain","htmlText":"Testcase3: Long function chain"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase4: Application breakdown","anchor":"testcase4-application-breakdown","htmlText":"Testcase4: Application breakdown"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase5: Data transfer costs","anchor":"testcase5-data-transfer-costs","htmlText":"Testcase5: Data transfer costs"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase6: Startup breakdown","anchor":"testcase6-startup-breakdown","htmlText":"Testcase6: Startup breakdown"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase7: Sandbox comparision","anchor":"testcase7-sandbox-comparision","htmlText":"Testcase7: Sandbox comparision"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase8: Function size","anchor":"testcase8-function-size","htmlText":"Testcase8: Function size"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase9: Concurrent startup","anchor":"testcase9-concurrent-startup","htmlText":"Testcase9: Concurrent startup"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase10: Stateless costs","anchor":"testcase10-stateless-costs","htmlText":"Testcase10: Stateless costs"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase11: Real world emulation","anchor":"testcase11-real-world-emulation","htmlText":"Testcase11: Real world emulation"},{"level":3,"text":"Testcase12: Transaction Application","anchor":"testcase12-transaction-application","htmlText":"Testcase12: Transaction Application"},{"level":2,"text":"Contact","anchor":"contact","htmlText":"Contact"},{"level":2,"text":"Cite","anchor":"cite","htmlText":"Cite"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FSJTU-IPADS%2Fserverlessbench"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"ServerlessBench","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"License","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FSJTU-IPADS%2Fserverlessbench"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase1-Resource-efficiency">Testcase1-Resource-efficiency</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-1"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase10-Stateless-costs" aria-label="Testcase10-Stateless-costs, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase10-Stateless-costs">Testcase10-Stateless-costs</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase10-Stateless-costs" aria-label="Testcase10-Stateless-costs, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase10-Stateless-costs">Testcase10-Stateless-costs</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-2"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation" aria-label="Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation">Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation" aria-label="Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation">Testcase11-Real-world-app-emulation</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-3"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase12-TP-Transaction" aria-label="Testcase12-TP-Transaction, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase12-TP-Transaction">Testcase12-TP-Transaction</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase12-TP-Transaction" aria-label="Testcase12-TP-Transaction, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase12-TP-Transaction">Testcase12-TP-Transaction</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-4"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase2-Parallel-composition" aria-label="Testcase2-Parallel-composition, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase2-Parallel-composition">Testcase2-Parallel-composition</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase2-Parallel-composition" aria-label="Testcase2-Parallel-composition, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase2-Parallel-composition">Testcase2-Parallel-composition</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-5"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase3-Long-function-chain" aria-label="Testcase3-Long-function-chain, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase3-Long-function-chain">Testcase3-Long-function-chain</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase3-Long-function-chain" aria-label="Testcase3-Long-function-chain, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase3-Long-function-chain">Testcase3-Long-function-chain</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-6"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase4-Application-breakdown" aria-label="Testcase4-Application-breakdown, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase4-Application-breakdown">Testcase4-Application-breakdown</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase4-Application-breakdown" aria-label="Testcase4-Application-breakdown, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase4-Application-breakdown">Testcase4-Application-breakdown</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-7"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs" aria-label="Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs">Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs" aria-label="Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs">Testcase5-Data-transfer-costs</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-8"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase6-Startup-breakdown" aria-label="Testcase6-Startup-breakdown, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase6-Startup-breakdown">Testcase6-Startup-breakdown</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase6-Startup-breakdown" aria-label="Testcase6-Startup-breakdown, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase6-Startup-breakdown">Testcase6-Startup-breakdown</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-commit-cell"><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td><td><div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-9"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="Testcase7-Sandbox-comparison" aria-label="Testcase7-Sandbox-comparison, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/tree/master/Testcase7-Sandbox-comparison">Testcase7-Sandbox-comparison</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div 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style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <h2 dir="auto"></h2> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">ServerlessBench</h1><a id="user-content-serverlessbench" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: ServerlessBench" href="#serverlessbench"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A benchmark suite with serverless workloads.</p> <p dir="auto"><em>Our work has been accepted by SoCC' 20. The paper is available at our WebSite: serverlessbench.systems</em></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Info</h2><a id="user-content-info" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Info" href="#info"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Website: <a href="https://serverlessbench.systems/" rel="nofollow">https://serverlessbench.systems/</a></li> <li>Source code: <a href="https://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench">https://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench</a></li> <li>SOCC'20 paper: <a href="https://serverlessbench.systems/socc20-serverlessbench.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://serverlessbench.systems/socc20-serverlessbench.pdf</a></li> <li>Monthly reports: <a href="https://serverlessbench.systems/en-us/docs/report" rel="nofollow">https://serverlessbench.systems/en-us/docs/report</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong>ServerlessBench 2.0 is released!</strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Github: <a href="https://github.com/CodingYuanLiu/ServerlessBench-2.0">https://github.com/CodingYuanLiu/ServerlessBench-2.0</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Test Cases</h2><a id="user-content-test-cases" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Test Cases" href="#test-cases"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase1: varied resource needs</h3><a id="user-content-testcase1-varied-resource-needs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase1: varied resource needs" href="#testcase1-varied-resource-needs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case features a CPU-intensive Alu application with two execution phases: in the first phase, it connects to S3 and requests for a number N (Load configuration phase); in the second phase, 100 threads are spawned to conduct arithmetic calculations and loop for N times (Compute phase).</p> <p dir="auto">The workload is basically built by aws sam-cli.</p> <p dir="auto">We provide two versions of the application to compare their needs on resources:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>a together version (together.py), in which the application runs as a single serverless function;</li> <li>a splitted version, in which the application is splitted into two serverless functions (keyDownloader.py and alu.py) in a function chain. Each of the function handling one of the execution phase, respectively.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">keyDownloader downloads the file named "loopTime.txt", which stores a number as the loop time that alu function does the calculation. You need to modify the <code>bucketName</code> to the name of the bucket where you stores "loopTime.txt". <code>defaultKey</code> is the default name of the file "loopTime.txt"</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase2: Parallel composition</h3><a id="user-content-testcase2-parallel-composition" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase2: Parallel composition" href="#testcase2-parallel-composition"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case features a CPU-intensive Alu application with parallelizable core handling logic. Three versions are presented to analyze parallelization in serverless computing:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>no-parallel version (sequential.py), with no parallelization;</li> <li>instance-parallel version (parallel.py, doAlu.py), with multiple function instances executing concurrently; You need to modify the AluFunctionArn to the arn of the alu function (doAlu.py)</li> <li>in-function-parallel version (infunction.py), parallelization with multithreading in a single function.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The workload is basically built by AWS sam-cli</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase3: Long function chain</h3><a id="user-content-testcase3-long-function-chain" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase3: Long function chain" href="#testcase3-long-function-chain"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case includes the Array Sum application which is a serverless application with a configurable number of chained functions.</p> <p dir="auto">Two versions of the application are provided, implemented with the sequence function chain method (in <code>Sequence-chained</code> folder) and the nested function chain method (in <code>Sequence-nested</code> folder), respectively.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase4: Application breakdown</h3><a id="user-content-testcase4-application-breakdown" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase4: Application breakdown" href="#testcase4-application-breakdown"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case includes four real-world serverless applications: Image processing, Alexa skill, Online-compiling, and Data analysis.</p> <p dir="auto">Details of these applications are presented int the <a href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/blob/master/Testcase4-Application-breakdown/README.md">README of the test case</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase5: Data transfer costs</h3><a id="user-content-testcase5-data-transfer-costs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase5: Data transfer costs" href="#testcase5-data-transfer-costs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case presents a Node.js serverless application which transfers images with different sizes (the payload size) between two functions.</p> <p dir="auto">We provide the application to be evaluated on three serverless platforms: OpenWhisk, Fn, AWS Lambda.</p> <p dir="auto">The chain on the three platforms are implemented with <a href="https://github.com/apache/openwhisk/blob/master/docs/actions.md">OpenWhisk’s Action Sequence</a>, <a href="https://github.com/fnproject/flow">Fn flow</a>, and <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/step-functions/" rel="nofollow">AWS Step Functions</a>, respectively.</p> <p dir="auto">As per the <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/step-functions/latest/dg/avoid-exec-failures.html" rel="nofollow">payload size restriction</a> (32KB when we refer in May 2020) on AWS Lambda, for payload data larger than 32KB in AWS Lambda, the payload is uploaded to S3 in the first function before it finishes, and the second function download the data before it starts the handling logic.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase6: Startup breakdown</h3><a id="user-content-testcase6-startup-breakdown" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase6: Startup breakdown" href="#testcase6-startup-breakdown"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case includes serverless functions with different language runtimes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase7: Sandbox comparision</h3><a id="user-content-testcase7-sandbox-comparision" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase7: Sandbox comparision" href="#testcase7-sandbox-comparision"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A simple Hello function and a more complex serverless function are provided in C, Java, Python, Ruby, and Node.js.</p> <p dir="auto">These applications can be used to evaluate the startup performance with different language runtimes in different sandboxes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase8: Function size</h3><a id="user-content-testcase8-function-size" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase8: Function size" href="#testcase8-function-size"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The application consists of Python functions with varying package sizes, constructed by packing the handler codes with different numbers of dependency packages.</p> <p dir="auto">Specifically, four popular PyPI packages (<code>mypy</code>, <code>numpy</code>, <code>django</code>, and <code>sphinx</code>) of sizes between 10–23MB are added into the function package accumulatively, producing function packages of sizes: 22.7MB (with <code>mypy</code>), 44.1MB (with <code>mypy</code> and <code>numpy</code>), 54.4MB (with <code>mypy</code>, <code>numpy</code>, and <code>django</code>), and 72.6MB (with all four packages).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase9: Concurrent startup</h3><a id="user-content-testcase9-concurrent-startup" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase9: Concurrent startup" href="#testcase9-concurrent-startup"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Simple Hello functions in C and Java are provided to evaluate the startup latencies when invoked concurrently.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase10: Stateless costs</h3><a id="user-content-testcase10-stateless-costs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase10: Stateless costs" href="#testcase10-stateless-costs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">An ImageResize function is provided to analyze the impact of losing implicit states (e.g. JIT profiles) in serverless computing's "stateless" nature.</p> <p dir="auto">When requests are issued subsequently, the sandbox and JVM environment is shared across requests; when requests are issued concurrently, the requests are handled in auto-scaling manner and the implicit states are lost across requests.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase11: Real world emulation</h3><a id="user-content-testcase11-real-world-emulation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase11: Real world emulation" href="#testcase11-real-world-emulation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case consists of applications that emulate the real world applications. The emulation is based on traces from MS Azure. Details can be found in the subdirectory (see README in subdirectory).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testcase12: Transaction Application</h3><a id="user-content-testcase12-transaction-application" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testcase12: Transaction Application" href="#testcase12-transaction-application"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This test case simulates bank transaction processing for checking and savings accounts, focusing on serverless platforms. The application manages checking and savings accounts in CouchDB and supports a range of transactional actions—Amalgamate, Balance, DepositChecking, SendPayment, TransactSavings, and WriteCheck.</p> <p dir="auto">The Transaction Application is inspired by the SmallBank benchmark and borrows design elements from H-Store’s SmallBank implementation.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contact</h2><a id="user-content-contact" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contact" href="#contact"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://serverlessbench.systems/en-us/docs/developers/developers_dev.html" rel="nofollow">Tianyi Yu</a>, <a href="https://ipads.se.sjtu.edu.cn/zh/pub/members/qingyuan_liu/" rel="nofollow">Qingyuan Liu</a>, <a href="http://dongd.info/" rel="nofollow">Dong Du</a>, <a href="http://ipads.se.sjtu.edu.cn/zh/pub/members/yubin_xia/" rel="nofollow">Yubin Xia</a>, <a href="https://ipads.se.sjtu.edu.cn/pub/members/haibo_chen" rel="nofollow">Haibo Chen</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Cite</h2><a id="user-content-cite" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Cite" href="#cite"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To cite serverlessbench, please consider using the following bibtex:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="@inproceedings{socc20-serverlessbench, author = {Yu, Tianyi and Liu, Qingyuan and Du, Dong and Xia, Yubin and Zang, Binyu and Lu, Ziqian and Yang, Pingchao and Qin, Chenggang and Chen, Haibo}, title = {Characterizing Serverless Platforms with ServerlessBench}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421280}, doi = {10.1145/3419111.3421280}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing}, series = {SoCC '20} }"><pre class="notranslate"><code>@inproceedings{socc20-serverlessbench, author = {Yu, Tianyi and Liu, Qingyuan and Du, Dong and Xia, Yubin and Zang, Binyu and Lu, Ziqian and Yang, Pingchao and Qin, Chenggang and Chen, Haibo}, title = {Characterizing Serverless Platforms with ServerlessBench}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421280}, doi = {10.1145/3419111.3421280}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing}, series = {SoCC '20} } </code></pre></div> </article></div></div></div></div></div>   <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" 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3.5c-1.473 0-2.825.742-3.955 1.715-1.124.967-1.954 2.096-2.366 2.717ZM8 10a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 8 10Z"></path> </svg> <strong>9</strong> watching</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Forks</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/forks" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> <strong>35</strong> forks</a> </div> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" 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class="BorderGrid-row" hidden> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <include-fragment src="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/used_by_list" accept="text/fragment+html"> </include-fragment> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Contributors <span title="5" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">5</span></a></h2> <include-fragment src="/SJTU-IPADS/serverlessbench/contributors_list?count=5&current_repository=ServerlessBench&items_to_show=5" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading contributors"> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap mb-n2"> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> </ul> </include-fragment> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3">Languages</h2> <div class="mb-2"> <span data-view-component="true" class="Progress"> <span style="background-color:#f34b7d !important;;width: 29.5%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#555555 !important;;width: 11.9%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#89e051 !important;;width: 10.8%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#ccc !important;;width: 9.2%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#3D6117 !important;;width: 7.6%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#6E4C13 !important;;width: 6.3%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#ededed !important;;width: 24.7%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> </span></div> <ul class="list-style-none"> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/search?l=c%2B%2B" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#f34b7d;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">C++</span> <span>29.5%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/search?l=c" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#555555;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">C</span> <span>11.9%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/search?l=shell" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#89e051;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Shell</span> <span>10.8%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/search?l=m4" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#ccc;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">M4</span> <span>9.2%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/search?l=tex" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#3D6117;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">TeX</span> <span>7.6%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/SJTU-IPADS/ServerlessBench/search?l=assembly" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#6E4C13;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Assembly</span> <span>6.3%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <span class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap text-small mr-3"> <svg style="color:#ededed;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Other</span> <span>24.7%</span> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" > <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-shrink-0 mx-2"> <a aria-label="Homepage" 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