CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>Profiles</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_in_cb.gs_bsp .gs_cbx{top:6px;left:16px;border-radius:6px;border-width:3px;animation:gs_cbx_spn .5s infinite linear;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb.gs_md_li.gs_bsp .gs_cbx{top:14px}.gs_in_cb .gs_csp{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:absolute;height:25px;width:25px;top:2px;left:12px;display:none;animation:gs_cbx_ah 9s infinite;}.gs_in_cb.gs_bsp .gs_csp{display:block}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_csp{top:10px}@keyframes gs_cbx_spn{0%,100%{border-color:#4d90fe #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6}40%{border-color:#c6c6c6 #4d90fe #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6}50%{border-color:#c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #4d90fe #c6c6c6}60%{border-color:#c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #4d90fe}}@keyframes gs_cbx_ah{0%,100%{visibility:hidden}}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lgt:empty{display:none;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:table-cell;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{display:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gsc_sb_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_sb_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_sb_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_sb_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ccl{max-width:862px;margin:21px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}.gs_pp_tn,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_pp_sm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm{width:56px;height:56px;}.gs_pp_nm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm{width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_ai_pho{float:left;}.gs_ai_t{margin-left:72px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t{margin-left:48px;}.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:64px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:40px;}.gs_ai_name{font-size:17px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_name a{padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb{font-size:15px;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:link,.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:visited{padding:7px 0 5px 0; color:#222;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_ai_on{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_on_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_ai_int{margin-top:5px;}.gs_ai_eml:empty,.gs_ai_int:empty,.gs_ai_cby:empty{display:none;}.gs_ai_one_int{vertical-align:top;font-size:13px;margin-right:8px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc a.gs_ai_one_int{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_eml,.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;}.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_int,.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;color:#666;}.gs_ai.gs_ai_chpr{position:relative;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:276px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:156px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:0;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{position:absolute;top:4px;right:0;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby,.gs_el_ta .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{width:132px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{text-align:left;position:static;width:auto;}.gsc_pgn{text-align:right;font-weight:bold;line-height:29px;}.gsc_pgn_ppn{margin:0 8px;}#gsc_sa_ccl{max-width:862px;margin:21px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_sa_ccl{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_sa_ccl{max-width:780px}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:21px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_authors_header{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin:1em 0;padding:4px 8px;background:#ebeff9;}#gsc_org_help_label{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;padding:8px;margin-left:12px;}#gsc_org_help{display:none;padding-bottom:2em;}#gsc_org_help.gs_vis{display:block;}.gsc_instbox_sec{padding-bottom:16px;margin-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}.gsc_instbox_head{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_instbox_head{padding-bottom:5px;}.gsc_inst_res{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;padding-top:8px;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_inst_res,.gs_el_tc .gsc_inst_res a{padding:8px 0 6px 0;}.gsc_1usr{padding:16px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_1usr{padding:16px 0 14px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr:first-child{margin-top:-16px;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),h=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; h("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.aa=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.aa};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var ea=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},fa; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")fa=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ha;a:{var ja={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ja;ha=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ha=!1}fa=ha?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=fa,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=ea(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.qa=b.prototype};h("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); h("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};h("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var n=function(a){return a?a:na};h("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);h("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); h("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);h("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);h("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var t=function(){this.C=this.C;this.H=this.H};t.prototype.C=!1;t.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.C};t.prototype.dispose=function(){this.C||(this.C=!0,this.K())};t.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};t.prototype.K=function(){if(this.H)for(;this.H.length;)this.H.shift()()};var pa=function(){};function u(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function v(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function w(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function x(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!w(a,b);(c?u:v)(a,b)};function z(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var qa=z("iPhone")||z("iPad")||z("iPod"),ra=z("iPhone")||z("Android")&&z("Mobile");function sa(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,oa:a.width,na:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.oa;b=b.na;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||ra)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var ta,ua=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); ta=ua?+ua[1]>0:z("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!z("Firefox")||z("Mobile")||z("Tablet")?qa||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function va(){if(wa==void 0){wa=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){wa=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",pa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",pa,a)}catch(b){}}return wa}var wa;var xa=new function(){this.pa="INPUT"};function D(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function E(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+ya++)}function za(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"}function Aa(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),g=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(g!="checkbox"&&g!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")} var ya=100,Ba=/\S+/g,Ca=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Da=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function F(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Ea}var Ea=0;var G=function(){this.o=[];this.F={};this.S=this.I=0};G.prototype.add=function(a){var b=F(a);this.F[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.F[b]=this.o.length,++this.I)};G.prototype.remove=function(a){a=F(a);var b=this.F[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.F[a],--this.I*2<this.o.length&&!this.S&&Ga(this))};G.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.S;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.S&&this.I*2<b.length&&Ga(this)}};G.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.I}; var Ga=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.F;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[F(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function H(a,b,c,d,e){Ha(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ia)}function I(a,b,c,d){Ha(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ja)}function Ka(a,b,c,d){function e(g){I(f,a,e,c);b(g)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;H(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function La(a){Ma?Ma.add(a):a()}var Na=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)}; function Oa(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function Pa(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ia(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&va();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ja(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)}function Ha(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,m=0;m<g;m++)f(a,b[m],c,d,e)}function Qa(){Ma.notify();Ma=null} function Ra(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(I(document,"readystatechange",Ra),Qa())}var Ma,Sa=!!document.attachEvent,Ta=document.readyState;if(Sa?Ta!="complete":Ta=="loading")Ma=new G,Sa?H(document,"readystatechange",Ra):Ka("DOMContentLoaded",Qa);function Ua(){Ka(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);H(document,"keydown",Va,!0)},!0,!0)}function Va(a){a.keyCode==9&&(x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),I(document,"keydown",Va,!0),Ua())}Ua();function Wa(a,b,c,d,e){var f=D(a);Xa(f,function(){u(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){v(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function Ya(a){a=J[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function Xa(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=E(a),m=Ya(g);if(!m||m<Ya(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=D(f);Za($a(f||a),!0);b&&b();K.push(function(l){J[g].pop();J[g].length||delete J[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var p=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(A){}else p&&a.contains(p)&&p.blur()}c&&c()});J[g]||(J[g]=[]);J[g].push(K.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,p=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||p&&ta)l=a;try{l.focus(),p&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(A){}},0)}} function L(a){Za((Ya(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function ab(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;K.pop()(a)}function Za(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;K.length>a;)ab(b||K.length>a+1)}function $a(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=Ya(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var K=[],J={};H(document,"click",function(a){var b=K.length;b&&!Pa(a)&&b>$a(a.target)&&ab(!0)});H(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!Pa(a)&&K.length&&ab()}); H(document,"focus",function(a){var b=K.length;if(b)for(var c=$a(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in J)if(Ya(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(D(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Ba)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=D(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){Oa(a);d.focus();break}else ab(!0),--b}},!0);var bb={},cb={},db;try{db=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function M(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function eb(){var a=fb(),b=gb();b=hb(b);a=ib(a);a=jb(a)||"#";N=M(b);kb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function jb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function lb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function mb(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return lb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function nb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}}function ib(a){var b=mb();nb(b,a);return b} function hb(a){var b=N||M(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];nb(c,a);return c}function ob(){setTimeout(function(){if(!pb){var a=window.history.state;pb=!0;N=M(a);qb.notify()}rb=!1},0)}var qb=new G,N,pb=!1,rb=!0,kb="pushState"in window.history,sb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")sb=!1;else{var tb=.001*Date.now(),ub=GSP.eventId,vb=!1,O,wb=db;if(!("nh"in bb)){var xb=wb&&wb.getItem("nh"),yb;if(xb)try{yb=JSON.parse(xb)}catch(a){}cb.nh=yb}O=cb.nh;O instanceof Array||(O=[]);for(var zb=O.length,Ab=0,Bb=0;Bb<zb;Bb++){var Cb=O[Bb];if(Cb instanceof Array&&Cb.length==2){var Db=Cb[1]==ub;vb=vb||Db;zb-Bb<=10&&+Cb[0]>tb-86400&&!Db&&(O[Ab++]=Cb)}}O.length=Ab;O.push([tb,ub]);var Eb=O,Fb=db;cb.nh=Eb;try{Fb&&Fb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Eb))}catch(a){}sb=vb} var Gb=sb;"onpageshow"in window?H(window,"pageshow",ob):La(ob);H(window,kb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,pb=!0,N=M(a),qb.notify())});function Hb(){Ib&&(I(D("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Ib),Ib=void 0)}function Jb(){var a=Kb();u(a,"gs_anm");u(a,"gs_vis");H(document,"click",Lb);clearTimeout(Mb);Mb=setTimeout(Lb,4E3);++Nb;setTimeout(Ob,0)}function Lb(){Nb||(I(document,"click",Lb),clearTimeout(Mb),Mb=void 0,Hb(),v(Kb(),"gs_vis"))}function Kb(){return D("gs_alrt")}function Ob(){Nb=0}var Mb,Nb=0,Ib;La(function(){var a=D("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Gb&&Jb(),H(window,"pagehide",function(){Nb=0;Lb();v(Kb(),"gs_anm")}))});function Pb(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),m=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";m&&m.indexOf(l+k)&&m.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function Qb(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var Rb=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.j=c===void 0?null:c;this.U=!1};Rb.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.j&&this.j.stopPropagation();this.U=!0};var P=function(a){a.j&&Oa(a.j);a.U=!0};var Q=function(a,b){this.V=a;this.ma=b},Sb=function(a,b,c){this.V=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Tb(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=F(a),e=Ub[d];if(!e){e=Ub[d]=[];d=Vb(b[0].V);for(var f in d){var g=Wb[f];g||(g=Wb[f]=Object.create(null));for(var m in d[f]){var k=g[m];k||(k=g[m]=[]);k.push(a)}}Xb(a,e,b[0],Yb);for(f=1;f<c;f++)Xb(a,e,b[f],Zb)}}}function S(a,b,c){$b(new Rb(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function T(a,b,c){var d=ac;typeof b==="string"&&(bc[0]=b,b=bc);var e=b.length;a=Vb(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var m=0;m<e;m++)d(f,g,b[m],c)}function Vb(a){typeof a==="string"&&(cc[0]=a,a=cc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function ac(a,b,c,d){var e=dc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&H(document,c,ec,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=dc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new G);a.add(d)}function ec(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);$b(new Rb(a.type,b,a))} function $b(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!w(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!fc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!fc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function fc(a,b,c){var d=dc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.U}function Xb(a,b,c,d){var e=c.V;c=c.ma;for(var f in c){var g=oa(d,a,c[f]);T(e,f,g);b.push(new Sb(e,f,g))}}function Yb(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=gc(a,d)||a;a=hc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function Zb(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=gc(a,d);if(e){a=hc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function hc(a,b){var c=ic(b),d=jc[c];d||(d=jc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=F(a);(d=kc[a])||(d=kc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function gc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=lc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=lc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function lc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=Wb[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function ic(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+mc++);return b}var dc=Object.create(null),cc=[""],bc=[""],Wb=Object.create(null),Ub=Object.create(null),kc=Object.create(null),jc=Object.create(null),mc=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=ec;function nc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return w(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function oc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function pc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function qc(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return rc(a,b,nc(),c,!1)} function rc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=oc(b,d);f;f=pc(f,d))if(e=rc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=pc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var sc=["false","true","mixed"];var U=function(){this.D=Object.create(null)};U.prototype.clear=function(){this.D=Object.create(null)};U.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.D};U.prototype.get=function(a){return this.D[a]};U.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a);this.D[a]=b};U.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&delete this.D[a]};var tc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new G;this.Y=0;this.W=[b,a,function(){c.Y++||Na(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.Y=0;c.o.notify()}};tc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||H.apply(null,this.W);this.o.add(a)};tc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||I.apply(null,this.W)};var uc=new tc("scroll"),vc=new tc("resize");var wc=new G;function xc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=sa();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:ta||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(w(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;x(a,c,d)}}e&&wc.notify()}x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",qa);xc();vc.addListener(xc);H(window,["pageshow","load"],xc);var yc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.g=a;this.B=b;this.v=c;this.A=d;this.T=e;this.s=f;this.m=null},zc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Cc=function(){this.l=[];this.i=-1};Cc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.i;this.i==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.i]=a,this.l.splice(this.i+1,this.l.length-this.i))};Cc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.i};var Dc=function(a){for(var b=W;b.i>a;)L(b.top().g)},Ec=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].s>=b);++c);return c};Cc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.i)}; Cc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Fc(a,b){var c=a==W.i;W.i=a;b&&!N&&!M(window.history.state)&&eb();c||Gc()}function Hc(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=W.top();e&&a==e.g&&b==e.B&&c==e.v||(W.push(new yc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.g==a?e.T+1:1,Date.now())),b=fb(),a=gb(),a=hb(a),b=ib(b),b=jb(b)||"#",N=M(a),kb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Gc())} function Ic(a){a=Jc(D(a));return!!a&&w(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&w(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function Kc(){var a=D("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=W.i&&!c;++d)c=!Ic(W.at(d).g);x(D("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=W.i;c>=1&&(c=W.at(c-1).g,d=Ic(c),x(D(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Ic(W.top().g)?"scroll":""} function Gc(){function a(){var y=c.clientHeight,q=+B.getAttribute("data-h");q||(g.style.maxHeight="none",q=f.offsetHeight);var r=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");q=Math.max((y-q)/2,10);y=Math.max(y-48-(r?r.offsetHeight:0)-2*q,10);r=Ic(e);f.style.top=r?"auto":q+"px";g.style.maxHeight=r?"none":y+"px";Lc(g)}var b=W.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=D("gs_top"),e=b.g,f=D(e),g=D(e+"-bdy"),m=1200+W.i,k=D(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.A,p=b.v,A=b.B,C=D("gs_md_s"),V=D(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",B=Jc(f),R=window.pageYOffset,Ac=A&&A[0]!="#"&&!l,Bc=W.i>0?W.at(W.i-1).g:"",ia=!!J[e];Ac?(ia?x(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):Mc(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+D("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),S("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&Mc(f,k,l,b),S("gs-md-lded",k));ia&&e==Bc||Xa(f,function(){(B||f).style.zIndex=m;Nc(V);if(!ia){B&&u(B,"gs_vis");u(f,"gs_vis");x(f,"gs_abt",rb);x(C,"gs_abt",rb);Oc(e);if(W.i==0){var y=Kc;wc.add(y);y()}else Kc();B&&g&&(a(),vc.addListener(a))}W.i==0&&(u(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-R+"px")},function(){ia|| (vc.removeListener(a),B&&v(B,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_abt"));for(var y=W.top()?W.top().T:0;W.top()&&W.top().g==e;){var q=W.top();Qb(q.m);q.m=null;W.pop()}if(W.top()){if(q=W.top().g,Nc(D(q).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),v(D(q),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ia){a:{q=W;for(var r=q.i;r>=0;r--)if(q.l[r].g==e){q=r;break a}q=-1}r=W.at(q);(B||f).style.zIndex=1200+q;Mc(f,k,r.A,r)}}else v(C,"gs_vis"),v(C,"gs_abt");W.i==-1?(wc.remove(Kc),c.style.overflowY="",v(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,R)): Kc();Pc||(y>0?window.history.go(-y):eb())},Qc(f),Rc(f),Bc);Ac&&(Qb(b.m),b.m=null,zc(b,Pb(A,p,function(y,q,r){b.m=null;r=(y=y==200&&r.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?q:Sc();Mc(f,k,r,b);if(y)for(y=e,r=0;r<W.l.length;++r){var Fa=W.at(r);y==Fa.g&&A==Fa.B&&p==Fa.v&&(Fa.A=q,r==W.i&&eb())}S("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function Jc(a){a=a.parentNode;return w(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function Qc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?D(a):null}function Rc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?D(a):null} function Mc(a,b,c,d){x(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},m=0;m<f;m++){for(var k=ic(e[m]),l=jc[k],p=l?l.length:0,A=0;A<p;A++){var C=l[A],V=F(C.constructor),B=g[V];B||(B=g[V]={});B[k]=!0;C&&typeof C.dispose=="function"&&C.dispose()}delete jc[k]}for(var R in g){R=+R;e=g[R];m=(f=kc[R])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<m;l++)p=f[l],p in e||(f[k++]=p);k?f.length=k:delete kc[R]}b.innerHTML=c;d.A=c;Oc(a.id);Qb(d.m);d.m=null} function Oc(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,Lc(a)}function Lc(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(za(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function Sc(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+D("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function fb(){var a=W.top();return{d:a&&a.g||void 0,u:a&&a.B||void 0,p:a&&a.v?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.s||void 0}}function gb(){var a=W.top();return{n:a&&a.T||0,p:a&&a.v||"",h:a&&a.A||""}}function Nc(a){if(Tc!=a){var b=D("gs_md_s");Tc&&v(b,Tc);(Tc=a)&&u(b,a)}}var Pc=0,Tc="",W=new Cc; qb.add(function(){var a=mb(),b=a.d||"",c=b?D(b):null;++Pc;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=N||M(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Da)||(d="");for(var m=Ec(W,e),k=m;k<W.l.length;++k){var l=W.at(k);if(e<l.s&&l.g!=b)break}for(l=m-1;l>=0;--l){var p=W.at(l);if(e>p.s&&p.g!=b)break}Dc(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)p=W.at(k).g,J[p]||Fc(l,!1);if(l=m<W.l.length)l=W.at(m),l=b==l.g&&d==l.B&&c==!!l.v&&e==l.s;l?Fc(m,!0):(a==0&&(Dc(-1),W=new Cc,e=Date.now()),c!=!!g&& (d=g="",f=Sc()),b=new yc(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=W,e=b.s,a=Ec(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).s,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),W.i=a,eb(),Gc())}else Dc(-1);--Pc});var Uc=function(a){t.call(this);this.G=a;this.R=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.R[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(Uc,t);Uc.prototype.K=function(){Qb(this.m);this.G=this.m=null;t.prototype.K.call(this)}; Uc.prototype.ia=function(a){var b=this;P(a);if((a=this.G)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Aa(a);Vc(this,!0);this.m=Pb(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;Vc(b,!1);var f=b.G,g=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(g=g?D(g):null)g.innerHTML="";try{var m=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(B){}d=!1;m&&typeof m=="object"||(Wc(g,D("gs_md_err").innerHTML),m={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(m.P||""));S("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=m.L){var k=""+e;k.match(Ca)&&(window.location.href=k)}else{if(e=m.M)Wc(g,e),d=!0;e=1E6;g&&g.innerHTML&& (k=g,e=g.getBoundingClientRect().top);g=f.elements;m=m.E;typeof m=="object"||(m=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.R){var p=g[l],A=void 0,C=""+(m[l]||""),V=p.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");x(p.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!C);V&&(V.innerHTML=C||b.R[l]||"");C&&(A=p.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(k=p,e=A);d=d||!!C}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&L(f);k&&k.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&k.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var Vc=function(a,b){a=a.G;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;x(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},Wc=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;D("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Kb().action=d.match(Ca)?d:"";a=D("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=D("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(xa.pa),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Hb();x(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Jb()}};Tb(Uc,[new Q(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:Uc.prototype.ia})]);var Xc=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];T(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=(w(b,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(w(b,"gs_par")?1:0),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;c=Xc[+d][c];d=!0;d=d===void 0?!1:d;x(b,"gs_sel",c==1);x(b,"gs_par",c==2);b.setAttribute("aria-checked",sc[c]);d||b.setAttribute("data-s",""+c);S("gs-change",b,a.j)});T(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(P(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});T([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.j.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(P(a),b.click())});var Yc=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),Zc="",$c=null;function ad(){$c=null}function bd(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):$c&&a==$c.src||(($c=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(ad,1E3))} function cd(){var a=document.location.href,b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");a=lb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;bd(a)}La(function(){Zc=Gb?"&bn=1":"";Gb&&cd()});H(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(Zc="&bn=1",cd())}); H(document,Yc,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?D(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ Zc,bd(b))}},!1,!0);T(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=D(a))&&a.submit()});var X=function(a){this.g=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.J=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};X.prototype.N=function(a){var b=D(this.g);return a!==void 0?qc(b,b,a):null};X.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.N(a);if(w(D(this.J),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=D(this.J);Wa(this.g,function(){u(b,"gs_sel")},function(){v(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};X.prototype.close=function(){L(this.g)};X.prototype.ba=function(a){P(a);w(D(this.J),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.j.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; X.prototype.X=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)P(a),this.open(b==38)};X.prototype.da=function(a){a.target.id==this.g&&this.X(a)};Tb(X,[new Q(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new Q(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":X.prototype.ba,keydown:X.prototype.X}),new Q(".gs_md_d",{keydown:X.prototype.da})]);var Y=function(a){X.call(this,a);this.ka=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.la=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(Y,X);Y.prototype.N=function(){return D(this.g).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};Y.prototype.ea=function(a){dd(this,a)};Y.prototype.O=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||dd(this,a)}; var dd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=D(a.ka),e=a.N();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),D(a.la).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&ed(e,!1),ed(c,!0));P(b);a.close();S("gs-change",d,b.j)},ed=function(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};Tb(Y,[new Q(".gs_md_ris",{}),new Q(".gs_md_li",{click:Y.prototype.ea,keydown:Y.prototype.O})]);T("#gs_lp","click",function(a){P(a);Hc("gs_lp_d")});T("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){P(a);L("gs_lp_d")});var fd=function(a){this.Z=E(a)};fd.prototype.O=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=D(this.Z);d=qc(d,b,c==38)||qc(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=za(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Z){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=pc(d,c)||oc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],w(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(P(a),d.focus())};Tb(fd,[new Q(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new Q(".gs_md_li",{keydown:fd.prototype.O})]);T("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){P(a);Hc("gs_hdr_drw")});T("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){P(a);L("gs_hdr_drw")});T("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){P(a);sa()==1?(a=document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href,a.match(Ca)&&(window.location.href=a)):Wa("gs_hdr_act_d")});T("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=qc(c,c,b==38))P(a),b.focus()}}); T("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){I(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";x(D("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&ta&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];H(window,f,b)}});T("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){x(D("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); T("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){P(a);var b=D("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();S("input",b,a.j)});T("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){P(a);var b=D("gs_hdr");Wa("gs_hdr_frm",function(){v(b,"gs_hdr_src");u(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){u(b,"gs_hdr_src");v(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},D("gs_hdr_tsi"))});T(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&L(a)});var Z=function(){},gd,hd;Z.prototype.ca=function(a){a.j.button||(P(a),id(a))};Z.prototype.fa=function(a){jd(a)&&(P(a),id(a))};Z.prototype.ga=function(a){jd(a)&&P(a)};Z.prototype.ha=function(a){if(!a.j.button){P(a);var b=a.j;b&&(kd=b.clientX||0,ld=b.clientY||0,H(document,md,nd,!0),clearTimeout(gd),gd=setTimeout(od,2E3));id(a)}}; Z.prototype.ja=function(a){P(a);if(pd){var b=a.j;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)qd=b.clientX,rd=b.clientY,H(document,sd,td,!0),clearTimeout(hd),hd=setTimeout(ud,2E3)}id(a)}; var jd=function(a){a=a.j.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},id=function(a){S("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.j)},od=function(){I(document,md,nd,!0);clearTimeout(gd);gd=void 0},nd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-kd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-ld)<10?(Oa(a),a.type=="click"&&od()):od()},ud=function(){I(document,sd,td,!0);clearTimeout(hd);hd=void 0},td=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-qd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-rd)<10?(Oa(a),a.type=="click"&&ud()):ud()},kd=0,ld=0,md=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],pd=z("Android")&&!z("Chrome"),qd=0,rd=0,sd=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];Tb(Z,[new Q(".gs_press",{click:Z.prototype.ca,keydown:Z.prototype.fa,keyup:Z.prototype.ga,mousedown:Z.prototype.ha,touchstart:Z.prototype.ja})]);function vd(a){wd.style.left=xd&&yd===zd?a.left+"px":"auto";wd.style.width=xd?a.width+"px":"auto";S("gs-sth-change",D("gs_sth"))}function Ad(){var a=Bd.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=wd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&qa)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:zd;var f=xd!=d||yd!==zd!=e;b!==yd&&(yd=b,wd.style.transform=b===zd?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(xd=d,x(Cd,"gs_sth_vis",d),x(Cd,"gs_sth_trk",e),vd(a),Bd.style.height=xd?c+"px":"auto")} function Dd(){xd&&vd(Bd.getBoundingClientRect())}var zd,Cd,Bd,wd,xd=!1,yd;La(function(){if(Cd=D("gs_sth"))Bd=Cd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),wd=Cd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),uc.addListener(Ad),vc.addListener(Dd),Ad()});(function(a){La(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:aa(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())v(b.value,"gs_invis")});new U;new U;T("#gsc_org_help_label","click",function(){x(D("gsc_org_help"),"gs_vis")});T("#gsc_org_help_hide","click",function(){v(D("gsc_org_help"),"gs_vis")}); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"HEdCZ7vcHJuDy9YPs-PngA4"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&q=&as_sdt=0" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Articles</span></a><a href="/scholar?hl=en&q=&as_sdt=2" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Case law</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray gs_sel"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Profiles</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/citations"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="view_op" value="search_authors"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="mauthors" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" placeholder="Search profiles" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_ab" class=""><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw">Profiles</div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"></div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"><a href="/citations?hl=en" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_sa_ccl"><h2 class="gsc_authors_header">Max Planck Institute for Informatics <a id="gsc_org_help_label" href="javascript:void(0)">Learn more</a></h2><div id="gsc_org_help">This page lists public profiles for Max Planck Institute for Informatics. To include your profile here, set your affiliation to Max Planck Institute for Informatics and verify an email address at this institution. <a id="gsc_org_help_hide" href="javascript:void(0)">hide</a></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=z76PBfYAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Bernt Schiele" sizes="40px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=z76PBfYAAAAJ&citpid=5" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=z76PBfYAAAAJ&citpid=5 40w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=z76PBfYAAAAJ&citpid=5 92w" width="40" height="56"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=z76PBfYAAAAJ">Bernt Schiele</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Professor, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics …</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 109549</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_vision">Computer Vision</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:machine_learning">Machine Learning</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:artificial_intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:autonomous_driving">Autonomous Driving</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:scene_understanding">Scene Understanding</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=s2Ibok8AAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Hans-Peter Seidel" sizes="56px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=s2Ibok8AAAAJ&citpid=2" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=s2Ibok8AAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=s2Ibok8AAAAJ&citpid=2 128w" width="56" height="43"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=s2Ibok8AAAAJ">Hans-Peter Seidel</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Professor of Computer Science, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics …</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 60006</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_graphics">Computer Graphics</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:geometric_modeling">Geometric Modeling</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:geometry_processing">Geometry Processing</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:rendering">Rendering</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:video_processing">Video Processing</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=vNAD0mAAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Gerhard Weikum" sizes="43px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=vNAD0mAAAAAJ&citpid=2" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=vNAD0mAAAAAJ&citpid=2 43w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=vNAD0mAAAAAJ&citpid=2 98w" width="43" height="56"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=vNAD0mAAAAAJ">Gerhard Weikum</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Professor of Computer Science, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics …</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 47893</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:databases">Databases</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:data_mining">Data Mining</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:information_retrieval">Information Retrieval</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:web_data_management">Web Data Management</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:knowledge_bases">Knowledge Bases</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=eIWg8NMAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Christian Theobalt" sizes="47px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eIWg8NMAAAAJ&citpid=6" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eIWg8NMAAAAJ&citpid=6 47w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=eIWg8NMAAAAJ&citpid=6 108w" width="47" height="56"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=eIWg8NMAAAAJ">Christian Theobalt</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Professor, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland …</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 47184</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_graphics">Computer Graphics</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_vision">Computer Vision</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:ai_%26_machine_learning">AI & Machine Learning</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:hci">HCI</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:virtual_augmented_reality">Virtual/Augmented Reality</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=28CWXPUAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Kurt Mehlhorn" sizes="56px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=28CWXPUAAAAJ&citpid=2" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=28CWXPUAAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=28CWXPUAAAAJ&citpid=2 128w" width="56" height="45"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=28CWXPUAAAAJ">Kurt Mehlhorn</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Professor of Computer Science, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics …</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 28250</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:algorithms">Algorithms</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computational_geometry">Computational Geometry</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_algebra">Computer Algebra</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:algorithm_engineering">Algorithm Engineering</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=mSK3340AAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Anja Feldmann" sizes="56px" src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w" width="56" height="56"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=mSK3340AAAAJ">Anja Feldmann</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Direktor, Max Planck Institut für Informatik, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland …</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 22936</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:networking">Networking</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:network_measurement">Network Measurement</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:network_management">Network Management</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_networks">Computer Networks</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=jphx5uUAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Mohamed Omran" sizes="45px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=jphx5uUAAAAJ&citpid=3" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=jphx5uUAAAAJ&citpid=3 45w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=jphx5uUAAAAJ&citpid=3 102w" width="45" height="56"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=jphx5uUAAAAJ">Mohamed Omran</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Max Planck Institute for Informatics</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 17525</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_vision">Computer Vision</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:machine_learning">Machine Learning</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=eZ40F-MAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Karol Myszkowski" sizes="56px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eZ40F-MAAAAJ&citpid=2" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eZ40F-MAAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=eZ40F-MAAAAJ&citpid=2 128w" width="56" height="37"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=eZ40F-MAAAAJ">Karol Myszkowski</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Senior Researcher, MPI Informatik</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 12566</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_graphics">computer graphics</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:high_dynamic_range_imaging">high dynamic range imaging</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:binocular_vision">binocular vision</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:perception_in_graphics">perception in graphics</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=DC9wzBgAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Shaoshuai Shi" sizes="56px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=DC9wzBgAAAAJ&citpid=10" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=DC9wzBgAAAAJ&citpid=10 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=DC9wzBgAAAAJ&citpid=10 128w" width="56" height="56"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=DC9wzBgAAAAJ">Shaoshuai Shi</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Didi Chuxing, Max Planck Institute for Informatics</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 10553</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:computer_vision">Computer Vision</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:deep_learning">Deep Learning</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:autonomous_driving">Autonomous Driving</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr"><div class="gs_ai gs_scl gs_ai_chpr"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=ofNbQXAAAAAJ" class="gs_ai_pho"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Danupon Nanongkai" sizes="56px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ofNbQXAAAAAJ&citpid=12" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ofNbQXAAAAAJ&citpid=12 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=ofNbQXAAAAAJ&citpid=12 128w" width="56" height="51"></span></a><div class="gs_ai_t"><h3 class="gs_ai_name"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=ofNbQXAAAAAJ">Danupon Nanongkai</a></h3><div class="gs_ai_aff">Director, Max Planck Institute for Informatics</div><div class="gs_ai_eml">Verified email at mpi-inf.mpg.de</div><div class="gs_ai_cby">Cited by 4717</div><div class="gs_ai_int"><a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:graph_algorithms">Graph Algorithms</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:complexity">Complexity</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:dynamic_algorithms">Dynamic algorithms</a> <a class="gs_ai_one_int" href="/citations?hl=en&view_op=search_authors&mauthors=label:distributed_algorithms">distributed algorithms</a> </div></div></div></div><div id="gsc_authors_bottom_pag" class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_pgn"><span class="gs_nph gsc_pgn_ppn">1 - 10</span><button type="button" aria-label="Previous" disabled class="gs_btnPL gs_in_ib gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb gs_btn_slt gsc_pgn_ppr"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dview_org\x26hl\x3den\x26org\x3d12535683263781636149\x26after_author\x3dxqwAAJDt__8J\x26astart\x3d10'" aria-label="Next" class="gs_btnPR gs_in_ib gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb gs_btn_srt gsc_pgn_pnx"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>