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<li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple_Books_Store" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple_Books_Store"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Apple Books Store</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple_Books_Store-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iBooks_Author" 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id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple Books</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="أبل بوكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبل بوكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8" title="অ্যাপল বুকস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপল বুকস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks" title="IBooks – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IBooks" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks" title="IBooks – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IBooks" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="آی‌بوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌بوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livres_(Apple)" title="Livres (Apple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livres (Apple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C_%EB%B6%81%EC%8A%A4" title="애플 북스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애플 북스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks" title="IBooks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="IBooks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_(Apple)" title="Libri (Apple) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libri (Apple)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks" title="IBooks – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IBooks" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks" title="IBooks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IBooks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="آئی بکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئی بکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibooks" title="Ibooks – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibooks" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="แอปเปิลบุ๊กส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอปเปิลบุ๊กส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0Books" title="İBooks – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İBooks" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Apple Books" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an application for iOS, iPadOS and macOS. For Apple's <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> consumer laptop, see <a href="/wiki/IBook" title="IBook">iBook</a>. For the graphic novel publisher known as "ibooks Inc.", see <a href="/wiki/Byron_Preiss" title="Byron Preiss">Byron Preiss</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Apple Books</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Books_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Apple_Books_icon.png/64px-Apple_Books_icon.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Apple_Books_icon.png/96px-Apple_Books_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Apple_Books_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg/300px-Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg/450px-Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg/600px-Apple_Books_screenshot_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1620" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An e-book displayed in Apple Books on iPad</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">April 2, 2010<span class="noprint">; 14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-04-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release(s)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">iOS</th><td class="infobox-data">4.2.3 / June 3, 2019<span class="noprint">; 5 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2019-06-03</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Apple_Books_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_Books-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">macOS</th><td class="infobox-data">5.2</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">iPhone OS 3</a>.2 and later</li><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a> and later</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">33 languages<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_Books_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_Books-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background-color: transparent;">List of languages</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">English, Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/apple-books/">www<wbr />.apple<wbr />.com<wbr />/apple-books<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284115?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Apple Books</b> (known as <b>iBooks</b> prior to iOS 12) is an <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a> reading and store application by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> for its <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> operating systems and <a href="/wiki/List_of_iOS_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of iOS devices">devices</a>. It was announced, under the name iBooks, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> on January 27, 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-SpecialEvent_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpecialEvent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was released for the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> in mid-2010, as part of the <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> 4 update.<sup id="cite_ref-4.0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4.0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, iBooks was not pre-loaded onto iOS devices, but users could install it free of charge from the <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a>. With the release of <a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">iOS 8</a>, it became an integrated app. On June 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Worldwide Developers Conference">Apple Worldwide Developers Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a> announced that iBooks would also be provided with <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a> in Fall 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It primarily receives <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a> content from the Apple Books store, but users can also add their own EPUB and <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">Portable Document Format</a> (PDF) files via <a href="/wiki/Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">data synchronization</a> with <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>. Additionally, the files can be downloaded to Apple Books through <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> or Apple Mail. It is also capable of displaying e-books that incorporate multimedia.<sup id="cite_ref-SpecialEvent_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpecialEvent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to product information as of March 2010, iBooks will be able to "read the contents of any page [to the user]" using <a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 19, 2012, at an education-focused special event in New York City, Apple announced the free release of iBooks 2, which can operate in landscape mode and allows for interactive reading. In addition, a new application, iBooks Author, was announced for the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>, allowing anyone to create interactive textbooks for reading in iBooks; and the <a href="#Apple_Books_Store">iBooks Store</a> was expanded with a <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> category.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iBooks Author Conference, an annual gathering of digital content creators around Apple's iBooks Author, has convened between 2015 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple discontinued iBooks Author in 2020, its functionality having been integrated into <a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, iBooks was renamed "Apple Books" upon the release of <a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">iOS 12</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS Mojave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features a new variation of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_(sans-serif_typeface)" title="San Francisco (sans-serif typeface)">San Francisco typeface</a> known as "SF Serif",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was later revealed to be released in six optical weights under the "<b><a href="/wiki/New_York_(2019_typeface)" title="New York (2019 typeface)">New York</a></b>" name.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>iBooks was announced alongside the iPad at a press conference in January 2010. The store itself, however, was released in America three days before the iPad with the introduction of iTunes 9.1. This was supposedly to prevent too much traffic on Apple's servers, as they have been overloaded with previous releases of the iPhone. On the day of its launch, on March 31, 2010, the iBooks Store collection comprised some 60,000 titles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 8, 2010, Apple announced that iBooks would be updated to support the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> with <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> 4. As a result, iBooks was not supported on first-generation iPhones and iPod Touches.<sup id="cite_ref-4.0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4.0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 8, 2010 at the WWDC Keynote it was announced that iBooks would be updated that month to read PDF files as well as have the ability to annotate both <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDFs</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">eBooks</a>. </p><p>As of July 1, 2010, Apple expanded iBooks availability to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>Upon its release for older devices running iOS 4, such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_3GS" title="IPhone 3GS">iPhone 3GS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a>, iBooks received criticism for its slow performance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a July 19 update from Apple offered several improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 27, 2011, Apple expanded the premium store to the Republic of Ireland. </p><p>On January 19, 2012, Apple announced the release of iBooks 2, which supported interactive <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> on the iPad; the release of iBooks 2 was accompanied by a new Mac app, iBooks Author.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 23, 2012, Apple announced iBooks 3. </p><p>On November 13, 2012, Apple was granted the patent "Display screen or portion thereof with animated graphical user interface"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for page-turning animation. The page-turning animation was first filed for in December 2011 as ornamental design for a display screen. The patent's illustration shows three different images of a virtual page being turned. One with a corner of a page being turned slightly, the next image with the page halfway turned, and the third showing the page almost entirely turned over.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent refers to <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a> and FlippingBook companies that use page-turning animation in eBooks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 10, 2013, Apple announced iBooks for <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a>. </p><p>On October 24, 2013, Apple applied for a patent (since granted) for "Personalizing digital gifts",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which describes a novel method for gifting <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a> to friends. The patent describes how a user can select the appealing e-book snippet that will bring up a contextual menu containing an option to gift the media to another party.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 15, 2013, Apple pushed version 3.2 of iBooks for iOS with a redesigned interface to match the "flat" style of <a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">iOS 7</a>, which dropped support for <a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">iOS 6</a> and earlier versions. </p><p>On the annual <a href="/wiki/WWDC" class="mw-redirect" title="WWDC">WWDC</a> in 2014, Apple unveiled that iBooks will be a pre-installed app in the next version of the operating system, <a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">iOS 8</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Podcasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a> app. </p><p>On September 17, 2014, Apple bundled version 4.0 of iBooks for iOS with iOS 8.0. This includes slight changes with the bookstore button (into a persistent navigation bar at the bottom), grouping of books by series in the bookshelf, Auto-night mode theme, as well as small changes to the underlying rendering engine. </p><p>On October 20, 2014, Apple bundled version 4.1 of iBooks for iOS with iOS 8.1. </p><p>On January 24, 2018, Apple renamed iBooks to Books in the iOS 11.3 beta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as in macOS 10.13.4 beta iBooks to Books on March 5, 2018. It was renamed back to iBooks in a next intermittent 10.13.4 macOS beta, showing some uncertainty about the marketing decision. </p><p>In early 2019, Apple renamed the app Apple Books. </p><p>On September 19, 2019, Apple included an Audiobooks app with <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS 6</a> to play from the Apple Books Audiobook store. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formats">Formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The supported <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a> formats of Apple Books are <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of version 2.0, it also supports a proprietary iBook format (IBA), generated with the iBooks Author tool. This format is based upon the EPUB format but depends on a custom widget code in the Apple Books app to function.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of version 3, iBooks started to render text written in 18 different languages. Users of the application are able to change the font and text size displayed. Available English fonts are <a href="/wiki/Baskerville" title="Baskerville">Baskerville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin_(typeface)" title="Cochin (typeface)">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(typeface)" title="Georgia (typeface)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatino" title="Palatino">Palatino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdana" title="Verdana">Verdana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athelas_(typeface)" title="Athelas (typeface)">Athelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITC_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="ITC Charter">Charter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowan_Old_Style" title="Iowan Old Style">Iowan Old Style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seravek" title="Seravek">Seravek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 5 removed Cochin and Baskerville.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Users can adjust screen brightness from within the application. </p><p>Words can be selected and searched throughout the book. Definitions of words can also be found upon clicking on the word and selecting 'define' which will give the reader a brief description of what the word means and if there isn't a definition available, the reader can opt to either search on Wikipedia or the web for a definition, an option available even if there is a definition for the word. Readers can also highlight passages and when this is done, the part of the Ebook which deals with the chapters and notes will automatically save the words or sentences which were highlighted, as well as revealing any notes made after highlighting a certain passage, another feature. </p><p>Originally, there were three viewing background themes to choose from, except when reading PDF documents. The themes were:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Normal</b>: black text on a white background</li> <li><b>Sepia</b>: <a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">sepia</a> text on an off-white background</li> <li><b>Night</b>: light grey text on a black background</li></ul> <p>With the introduction of iOS 8 in 2014, an additional "Auto-Night Theme" was introduced, which dynamically changes the theme from 'Normal' or 'Sepia' to 'Night' and vice versa based on the ambient light conditions. </p><p>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">iOS 9</a> in 2015, a fourth background theme was added: <b>Gray</b>: light grey text on a dark gray background. </p><p>Apple Books also stacks books that belong to a series when the user is on the "All Books" screen. When selected, the books included in the series are shown in the order in which they were released, including books in the series that the user has not purchased. The prices of the unpurchased books are displayed on the upper right corner of the book "ear-marked" in green. Tapping the unpurchased book takes the user directly to the Apple Books store allowing for quick purchase. </p><p>There are three page layouts: Book, Full Screen, and Scroll. In Book or Full Screen layout, pages are turned by tapping or dragging the page, animated to imitate the appearance of a paper book. In Scroll, there is no page turning, and the book appears as continuous text, read vertically like a web browser. </p><p>Until May 2011<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Apple Books app (under name iBooks) included a free copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)" title="Winnie-the-Pooh (book)">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i>, the 1926 book by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>, in order to get the user's library started. </p><p>In macOS Monterey, released in late 2021, Apple added a Cover tag to user-editable metadata tags for books, while removing other editable tags for Year, Category, Comments, and Description. This coincided with the Mac version of the app being ported from the iOS/iPadOS version using <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina#Catalyst" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalyst</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apple_Books_Store">Apple Books Store</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apple Books Store"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apple Books Store (formerly iBook Store) is an <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">ePub</a> content sales and delivery system that delivers eBooks to any <a href="/wiki/List_of_iOS_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of iOS devices">iOS device</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a>. It does not currently support either the downloading or reading of Apple Books directly on Windows or <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, but it does support the downloading and reading of Apple Books on <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a> and later.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the unveiling of the iPad, publishers <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette Book Group USA">Hachette Book Group USA</a> committed to producing content for the Apple Books Store (under name iBooks Store). Additional publishers were invited to participate on the day of the product announcement, January 27, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apple Books Store also provides access to the 30,000+ free books available from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it provides content channeled through Draft2Digital or <a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a>, allowing independent authors and publishers to self-publish.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day before the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> event, <a href="/wiki/Harold_McGraw_III" title="Harold McGraw III">Terry McGraw</a>, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, appeared to divulge information to Erin Burnett on <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> about the upcoming iPad release.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was quickly picked up and disseminated by rumor sites and eventually mainstream media outlets as revelation of features of the iPad. McGraw Hill was not included in the iPad presentation at the Apple media event and there was speculation that the exclusion was in response to this release of information.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, McGraw-Hill has stated that the information disclosed by McGraw was not privileged, and that the company had not intended to participate in the event.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, an Apple spokesperson announced that "We are now requiring that if an app offers customers the ability to purchase books outside of the app, that the same option is also available to customers from within the app with in-app purchase."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the 30% revenue share that Apple receives from the in-app purchase mechanism, the financial viability of competing bookstore apps run by other book retailers is uncertain, even though in many countries, the Apple Books Store still does not provide consumers access to any e-books except for free works, such as ones that are in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. Apple's competitor <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> updated its iOS <a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a> in July 2013 to bypass the 30% revenue share by requiring the user to purchase content using the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a>'s website instead of using the Kindle app; users can still get free e-books or samples while using the app.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="iBooks_Author">iBooks Author</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: iBooks Author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">iBooks Author</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBooks_Author_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/IBooks_Author_logo.png/120px-IBooks_Author_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/IBooks_Author_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBooks_Author_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/IBooks_Author_screenshot.png/220px-IBooks_Author_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/IBooks_Author_screenshot.png/330px-IBooks_Author_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/IBooks_Author_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">January 19, 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-01-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.6.1<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / September 24, 2018<span class="noprint">; 6 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2018-09-24</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Pages (word processor)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Steve Jobs told biographer Walter Isaacson that:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The process by which states certify textbooks is corrupt. But if we can make the textbooks free, and they come with the iPad, then they don't have to be certified. The crappy economy at the state level will last for a decade, and we can give them an opportunity to circumvent that whole process and save money.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Steve Jobs</cite></div></blockquote> <p>After Jobs's death, in 2012, Apple released iBooks 2, which added support for interactive <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> on the iPad. These textbooks can display interactive diagrams, audio, video, quizzes, HTML, and 3D content,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support highlights, notes, and annotations, which can be viewed in an "<a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">index card</a>"-like interface. Apple argued that these iPad textbooks would be more engaging for students than paper textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple simultaneously released a free Mac app, iBooks Author, which could be used to create these interactive textbooks in <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple's launch partners included education publishers <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education" title="McGraw Hill Education">McGraw-Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>, whose textbooks were available in a new Textbooks section of the iBookstore.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>iBooks Author introduced two proprietary file formats: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">.iba</span> files is its native file format, which can be opened and edited in iBooks Author. These files are <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">zip</a> archives disguised as Mac <a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">bundles</a>, and store their data in an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> file.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">.ibooks</span> is the format for exported iBooks Author documents, which can be opened by the iBooks app on iPhone, iPad and Mac. This format is a proprietary extension of EPUB3, and can only be read with the iBooks app on Apple devices.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/TechRadar" title="TechRadar">TechRadar</a></i>'s Steve Paris called iBooks Author "incredibly simple to use", but noted a few bugs in the first public release, and criticized the fact that it only supported H.264 video files, despite iPads being compatible with more formats.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Macworld</i> called it an "impressive" tool, but said it was "constrained" by its exclusive compatibility with iPads.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iBooks Author's license agreement was controversial upon release, for stating that documents created with the tool could only be sold for a fee if they were accepted and exclusively distributed by Apple.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesrelease_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesrelease-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple backtracked a few weeks later, in an updated license agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its proprietary file format was also criticized by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Bott" title="Ed Bott">Ed Bott</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>, who compared it to Microsoft's "<a href="/wiki/Embrace,_extend,_and_extinguish" title="Embrace, extend, and extinguish">embrace, extend, extinguish</a>" strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Serenity Caldwell of <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i> lauded iBooks Author's additional features over EPUB authoring software.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple added support for EPUB export to iBooks Author in 2015, although textbooks exported in EPUB supported fewer features than iBooks textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable books created using iBooks Author include <i>How to Say Cheese</i>, <i>Physics in Motion</i>, NASA's <i>Destination: Jupiter.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E.O. Wilson's <i>Life On Earth</i> was also released for free as an interactive textbook.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2015 and 2017, an annual iBooks Author Conference was held; <i><a href="/wiki/Tidbits" title="Tidbits">Tidbits</a></i> reports that some authors called the tool "best in class", with no equivalent on any other platform, but that Apple had "let the entire iBooks Author ecosystem stagnate". Author Denise Clifton reported that despite the iBooks Author version of her book being the "best and most advanced", it "sold fewer copies than any other" edition. The most downloaded interactive textbook on the iBooks Store was only downloaded 3,000 times in total, despite being free.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Apple abandoned iBooks Author, and recommended that authors use Apple's <a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a> word processor instead. In the intervening years, Apple had built most of iBook Author's functionality into Pages, and the latter can export these books in standard EPUB format rather than the proprietary iBooks Author format. However, as of 2020, Pages only supported image galleries, videos, and audio, and lacked iBooks Author's more advanced features.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics have stated that the Apple Books (under name iBooks) interface is a near-exact replica of Classics by Andrew Kaz and Phill Ryu, released over a year prior and even featured in Apple's own TV commercials. Apple has made no acknowledgment of this.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademark_dispute">Trademark dispute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trademark dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2011, Apple was sued by New York publisher John T. Colby over the use of the term "iBook".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colby claims to be the owner of a trademark on the term "ibooks" as applied to published books, after acquiring the assets of deceased publisher <a href="/wiki/Byron_Preiss" title="Byron Preiss">Byron Preiss</a>, who had published a series of sci-fi and fantasy books under the term. Apple had previously used the term "<a href="/wiki/IBook" title="IBook">iBook</a>" to refer to a line of laptops that it sold until 2006, but Colby claims exclusive right to the term as applied to published books, including e-books. Apple began using the term "iBooks" in 2010 to refer to e-books sold for the iPad. Byron Preiss published more than 1,000 books under the "ibooks" brand starting in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet2011jun_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet2011jun-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple emerged the victor in the suit. The judge stated: "They have offered no evidence that consumers who use Apple's iBooks software to download ebooks have come to believe that Apple has also entered the publishing business and is the publisher of all of the downloaded books, despite the fact that each book bears the imprint of its actual publisher."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">United States v. Apple Inc.</a></i>, a book price-fixing conspiracy, which also involved collusion between publishers and was also ruled illegal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Apple_Books-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple_Books_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple_Books_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/apple-books/id364709193">"Apple Books"</a>. <i>App Store Preview</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001153959/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/apple-books/id364709193">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 10, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114523/http://www.cnet.com/news/apple-wins-trademark-lawsuit-over-use-of-ibooks-term/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Apple+wins+trademark+lawsuit+over+use+of+%27iBooks%27+term&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fapple-wins-trademark-lawsuit-over-use-of-ibooks-term&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Books&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/apple-books">Apple Books</a></span></span> – official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgyXObP9TwU"><span class="plainlinks">Making & Selling iBooks for iPad</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (video)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc." title="Template talk:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apple_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc." title="Outline of Apple Inc.">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Apple Inc. products">Timeline of products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental practices of Apple">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc." title="Marketing of Apple Inc.">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_supply_chain" title="Apple supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._products" title="Category:Apple Inc. products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware" title="Category:Apple Inc. hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">Pro</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Mini" title="IPod Mini">Mini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">Nano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Shuffle" title="IPod Shuffle">Shuffle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">Touch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">Hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhone models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories" title="List of iPad accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Pro" title="AirPods Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Max" title="AirPods Max">Max</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SIM" title="Apple SIM">Apple SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">AirTag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Pill" title="Beats Pill">Pill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._software" title="Category:Apple Inc. software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operatingsystems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> / <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_models" title="List of iPad models">iPads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Apps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SceneKit" title="SceneKit">SceneKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services" title="Category:Apple Inc. services">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_1" title="Apple Music 1">1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next" title="Apple Music Up Next">Up Next</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival" title="Apple Music Festival">Festival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-Talkie (Apple)">Walkie-Talkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail and<br />digital sales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">macOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">Connect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleCare%2B" title="AppleCare+">AppleCare+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider" title="Apple Authorized Service Provider">AASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_certification_programs" title="Apple certification programs">Certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Bar" title="Genius Bar">Genius Bar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCare" title="ProCare">ProCare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_to_One_(Apple)" title="One to One (Apple)">One to One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Account" title="Apple Account">Apple Account</a> (formerly <i>Apple ID</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple" title="Sign in with Apple">Sign in with Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One" title="Apple One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flyover_(Apple_Maps)" title="Flyover (Apple Maps)">Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Around_(Apple)" title="Look Around (Apple)">Look Around</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries" title="Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IMC" title="Apple IMC">Apple IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Studios" title="Apple Studios">Apple Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn_Capital" title="Braeburn Capital">Braeburn Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple">Completed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AuthenTec" title="AuthenTec">AuthenTec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cue_(search_engine)" title="Cue (search engine)">Cue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EditGrid" title="EditGrid">EditGrid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">Emagic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FingerWorks" title="FingerWorks">FingerWorks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrinsity" title="Intrinsity">Intrinsity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InVisage_Technologies" title="InVisage Technologies">InVisage Technologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company" title="The Keyboard Company">The Keyboard Company</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lala_(website)" title="Lala (website)">Lala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaio" title="Metaio">Metaio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_Real" title="Nothing Real">Nothing Real</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation" title="Power Computing Corporation">Power Computing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PrimeSense" title="PrimeSense">PrimeSense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam Entertainment Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texture_(app)" title="Texture (app)">Texture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topsy_Labs" title="Topsy Labs">Topsy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Disney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships" title="Category:Apple Inc. partnerships">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Ocean" title="Digital Ocean">Digital Ocean</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium" title="Rockstar Consortium">Rockstar Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising" title="Apple Inc. advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_advertising" title="IPod advertising">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events" title="List of Apple Inc. media events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_University" title="Apple University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs" title="Apple Inc. design motifs">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group" title="Apple Industrial Design Group">IDg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc." title="Typography of Apple Inc.">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames" title="List of Apple codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_FileWare" title="Apple FileWare">Apple FileWare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_community" title="Apple community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleMasters" title="AppleMasters">AppleMasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc." title="Litigation involving Apple Inc.">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">Non-recruiting agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">Price-fixing ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI encryption dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_app_approvals" title="IOS app approvals">iOS app approvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleToo" title="AppleToo">#AppleToo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions of Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_Apple_devices" title="Linux on Apple devices">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_car_project" title="Apple car project">Car project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._executives" title="Category:Apple Inc. executives">Executives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)" title="Jeff Williams (Apple)">Jeff Williams</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Maestri" title="Luca Maestri">Luca Maestri</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine L. Adams">Katherine Adams</a> (General Counsel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe" title="Isabel Ge Mahe">Isabel Ge Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giannandrea" title="John Giannandrea">John Giannandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Joswiak" title="Greg Joswiak">Greg Joswiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabih_Khan" title="Sabih Khan">Sabih Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien" title="Deirdre O'Brien">Deirdre O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Riccio" title="Dan Riccio">Dan Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiller" title="Phil Schiller">Phil Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ternus" title="John Ternus">John Ternus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> (CDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts" title="Angela Ahrendts">Angela Ahrendts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browett" title="John Browett">John Browett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca" title="Guerrino De Luca">Guerrino De Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deneve" title="Paul Deneve">Paul Deneve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hancock" title="Ellen Hancock">Ellen Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen" title="Nancy R. Heinen">Nancy R. Heinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Ron Johnson (businessman)">Ron Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nagel" title="David Nagel">David Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer" title="Peter Oppenheimer">Peter Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Papermaster" title="Mark Papermaster">Mark Papermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein" title="Jon Rubinstein">Jon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet" title="Bertrand Serlet">Bertrand Serlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sewell" title="Bruce Sewell">Bruce Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon" title="Sina Tamaddon">Sina Tamaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Apple_Inc." title="Category:Directors of Apple Inc.">Board of<br />directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sugar" title="Ronald Sugar">Ronald D. Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wagner" title="Susan Wagner">Susan L. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(business_executive)" title="Bill Campbell (business executive)">Bill Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Drexler" title="Mickey Drexler">Mickey Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Robert A. Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Lewis" title="Delano Lewis">Delano Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_York_(businessman)" title="Jerry York (businessman)">Jerry York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wayne" title="Ronald Wayne">Ronald Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc." title="Category:Apple Inc.">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="iOS_and_iOS-based_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IOS" title="Template:IOS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IOS" title="Template talk:IOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="iOS_and_iOS-based_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and iOS-based products</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_iOS" title="Issues relating to iOS">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_iOS" title="Outline of iOS">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_3G" title="IPhone 3G">3G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_3GS" title="IPhone 3GS">3GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_4s" title="IPhone 4s">4s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_5" title="IPhone 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_5c" title="IPhone 5c">5c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">6 & 6 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_6s" title="IPhone 6s">6s & 6s Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_7" title="IPhone 7">7 & 7 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_8" title="IPhone 8">8 & 8 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_XR" title="IPhone XR">XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_XS" title="IPhone XS">XS & XS Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_11" title="IPhone 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_11_Pro" title="IPhone 11 Pro">11 Pro & Pro Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_12" title="IPhone 12">12 & 12 Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_12_Pro" title="IPhone 12 Pro">12 Pro & Pro Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_13" title="IPhone 13">13 & 13 Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_13_Pro" title="IPhone 13 Pro">13 Pro & Pro Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_14" title="IPhone 14">14 & 14 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_14_Pro" title="IPhone 14 Pro">14 Pro & Pro Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_15" title="IPhone 15">15 & 15 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_15_Pro" title="IPhone 15 Pro">15 Pro & Pro Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_16" title="IPhone 16">16 & 16 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_16_Pro" title="IPhone 16 Pro">16 Pro & Pro Max</a></li> <li>SE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_SE_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone SE (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_SE_(2nd_generation)" title="IPhone SE (2nd generation)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_SE_(3rd_generation)" title="IPhone SE (3rd generation)">3rd</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(1st_generation)" title="IPod Touch (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(2nd_generation)" title="IPod Touch (2nd generation)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(3rd_generation)" title="IPod Touch (3rd generation)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(4th_generation)" title="IPod Touch (4th generation)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(5th_generation)" title="IPod Touch (5th generation)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(6th_generation)" title="IPod Touch (6th generation)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(7th_generation)" title="IPod Touch (7th generation)">7th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(1st_generation)" title="IPad (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_2" title="IPad 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(3rd_generation)" title="IPad (3rd generation)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(4th_generation)" title="IPad (4th generation)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(5th_generation)" title="IPad (5th generation)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(6th_generation)" title="IPad (6th generation)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(7th_generation)" title="IPad (7th generation)">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(8th_generation)" title="IPad (8th generation)">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(9th_generation)" title="IPad (9th generation)">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_(10th_generation)" title="IPad (10th generation)">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_(1st_generation)" title="IPad Mini (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_2" title="IPad Mini 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_3" title="IPad Mini 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_4" title="IPad Mini 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_(5th_generation)" title="IPad Mini (5th generation)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_(6th_generation)" title="IPad Mini (6th generation)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_(7th_generation)" title="IPad Mini (7th generation)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air_(1st_generation)" title="IPad Air (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air_2" title="IPad Air 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air_(3rd_generation)" title="IPad Air (3rd generation)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air_(4th_generation)" title="IPad Air (4th generation)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air_(5th_generation)" title="IPad Air (5th generation)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air_(6th_generation)" title="IPad Air (6th generation)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(1st_generation)" title="IPad Pro (1st generation)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(2nd_generation)" title="IPad Pro (2nd generation)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(3rd_generation)" title="IPad Pro (3rd generation)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(4th_generation)" title="IPad Pro (4th generation)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(5th_generation)" title="IPad Pro (5th generation)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(6th_generation)" title="IPad Pro (6th generation)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro_(7th_generation)" title="IPad Pro (7th generation)">7th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IOS_wordmark_(2017).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="iOS logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg/70px-IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg/105px-IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg/140px-IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS<wbr /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived from iOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features <wbr /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPlay" title="AirPlay">AirPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPrint" title="AirPrint">AirPrint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Center (iOS)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Detection" title="Crash Detection">Crash Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpringBoard" title="SpringBoard">SpringBoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SDK & API <wbr /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_SDK" title="IOS SDK">SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIKit" title="UIKit">UIKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-App_Audio" title="Inter-App Audio">Inter-App Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GymKit" class="mw-redirect" title="GymKit">GymKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HealthKit" class="mw-redirect" title="HealthKit">HealthKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SwiftUI" title="SwiftUI">SwiftUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Bundled<wbr /> apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock (iOS)">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeform_(Apple)" title="Freeform (Apple)">Freeform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files_(Apple)" title="Files (Apple)">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workouts_(Apple)" title="Workouts (Apple)">Workouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_(Apple)" title="Health (Apple)">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_(Apple)" title="Mindfulness (Apple)">Mindfulness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_(Apple)" title="Journal (Apple)">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure (Apple)">Measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passwords_(Apple)" title="Passwords (Apple)">Passwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocks_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stocks (software)">Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translate_(Apple)" title="Translate (Apple)">Translate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice Memos">Voice Memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_(Apple)" title="Weather (Apple)">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch#Software" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Find_My_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Find My Friends">Find My Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My_iPhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Find My iPhone">Find My iPhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apple<wbr /> apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clips_(software)" title="Clips (software)">Clips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike%2BiPod" title="Nike+iPod">Nike+iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Remote" title="ITunes Remote">iTunes Remote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Sharing" title="Family Sharing">Family Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">iTunes Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple News+">+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One_(service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple One (service)">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Push Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">TV+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="List of original programs distributed by Apple">Shows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li>Controversies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/300-page_iPhone_bill" title="300-page iPhone bill">300-page bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antennagate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antennagate">Antennagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batterygate" title="Batterygate">Batterygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendgate">Bendgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">Jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairPlay" title="FairPlay">FairPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">Free and open-source apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iOS_games" title="List of iOS games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">iPhone history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">iPhone hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IOS" title="Category:IOS">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebooks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ebooks" title="Template:Ebooks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ebooks" title="Template talk:Ebooks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ebooks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ebooks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ebooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">ePub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FictionBook" title="FictionBook">FictionBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_archive" title="Comic book archive">CBR/CBZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_File_Format" title="Kindle File Format">Kindle File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">Plain text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">IBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebook_digital_distribution_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ebook_digital_distribution_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apple Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM.com" title="DMM.com">DMM.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokomari.com" title="Rokomari.com">Rokomari.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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