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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation of the Sixth Coalition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_of_the_Sixth_Coalition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation of the Sixth Coalition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Sixth_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia,_Britain_and_Sweden_form_an_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia,_Britain_and_Sweden_form_an_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Russia, Britain and Sweden form an alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia,_Britain_and_Sweden_form_an_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defection_of_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defection_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Defection of Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defection_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declarations_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarations_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Declarations of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarations_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>War in Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_in_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War in Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spring_campaign_of_1813" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_campaign_of_1813"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spring campaign of 1813</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_campaign_of_1813-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice_of_Pläswitz;_Austria_joins_the_Coalition_and_creation_of_the_Trachenberg_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice_of_Pläswitz;_Austria_joins_the_Coalition_and_creation_of_the_Trachenberg_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Armistice of Pläswitz; Austria joins the Coalition and creation of the Trachenberg Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice_of_Pläswitz;_Austria_joins_the_Coalition_and_creation_of_the_Trachenberg_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewal_of_hostilities;_French_losses_and_defecting_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewal_of_hostilities;_French_losses_and_defecting_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Renewal of hostilities; French losses and defecting allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewal_of_hostilities;_French_losses_and_defecting_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Leipzig_and_the_Frankfurt_peace_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Leipzig_and_the_Frankfurt_peace_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of Leipzig and the Frankfurt peace proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Leipzig_and_the_Frankfurt_peace_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Denmark_and_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Denmark_and_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War in Denmark and Norway</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_in_Denmark_and_Norway-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War in Denmark and Norway subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_in_Denmark_and_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swedish_invasion_of_Denmark_and_the_liberation_of_northern_Germany_and_the_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_invasion_of_Denmark_and_the_liberation_of_northern_Germany_and_the_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Swedish invasion of Denmark and the liberation of northern Germany and the Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_invasion_of_Denmark_and_the_liberation_of_northern_Germany_and_the_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_battles_of_the_war:_Sweden's_Norwegian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_battles_of_the_war:_Sweden's_Norwegian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Final battles of the war: Sweden's Norwegian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_battles_of_the_war:_Sweden's_Norwegian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsular_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsular_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peninsular War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsular_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>War in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of the Sixth Coalition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="حرب التحالف السادس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب التحالف السادس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_la_Sesta_Coalici%C3%B3n" title="Guerra de la Sesta Coalición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de la Sesta Coalición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Koalisiya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="VI Koalisiya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VI Koalisiya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آلتینجی ائتلاف ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلتینجی ائتلاف ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-la%CC%8Dk_Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Tē-la̍k Liân-ha̍p Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-la̍k Liân-ha̍p Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%99_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(1813%E2%80%941814)" title="Рус армияһының сит илгә походтары (1813—1814) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рус армияһының сит илгә походтары (1813—1814)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Вайна шостай кааліцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна шостай кааліцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Война на Шестата коалиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война на Шестата коалиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hwec%27hvet_Kenunaniezh" title="C'hwec'hvet Kenunaniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hwec'hvet Kenunaniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisena_Coalici%C3%B3" title="Sisena Coalició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sisena Coalició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_%C5%A1est%C3%A9_koalice" title="Válka šesté koalice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka šesté koalice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechster_Koalitionskrieg" title="Sechster Koalitionskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sechster Koalitionskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuenda_koalitsiooni_s%C3%B5da" title="Kuuenda koalitsiooni sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuuenda koalitsiooni sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_la_Sexta_Coalici%C3%B3n" title="Guerra de la Sexta Coalición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de la Sexta Coalición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_de_la_Sesa_Koalicio" title="Milito de la Sesa Koalicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito de la Sesa Koalicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigarren_Koalizioko_Gerra" title="Seigarren Koalizioko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Seigarren Koalizioko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85" title="جنگ ائتلاف ششم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ائتلاف ششم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_la_Sixi%C3%A8me_Coalition" title="Guerre de la Sixième Coalition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de la Sixième Coalition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C6%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9" title="제6차 대프랑스 동맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제6차 대프랑스 동맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Koalisi_Keenam" title="Perang Koalisi Keenam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Koalisi Keenam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesta_coalizione" title="Sesta coalizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sesta coalizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקואליציה האנטי-צרפתית השישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקואליציה האנטי-צרפתית השישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეექვსე კოალიციის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეექვსე კოალიციის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sest%C4%81s_koal%C4%ABcijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Sestās koalīcijas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sestās koalīcijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatodik_koal%C3%ADci%C3%B3s_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Hatodik koalíciós háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hatodik koalíciós háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војна на Шестата коалиција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војна на Шестата коалиција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesde_Coalitieoorlog" title="Zesde Coalitieoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zesde Coalitieoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%BE%E4%BB%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第六次対仏大同盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第六次対仏大同盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sjette_koalisjonskrigen" title="Den sjette koalisjonskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den sjette koalisjonskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sjette_koalisjonskrigen" title="Den sjette koalisjonskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den sjette koalisjonskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_la_Seisena_Coalicion" title="Guèrra de la Seisena Coalicion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de la Seisena Coalicion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چھیویں اتحاد دی جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چھیویں اتحاد دی جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_koalicja_antyfrancuska" title="VI koalicja antyfrancuska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="VI koalicja antyfrancuska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexta_Coliga%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sexta Coligação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sexta Coligação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_celei_de-a_%C8%98asea_Coali%C8%9Bii" title="Războiul celei de-a Șasea Coaliții – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul celei de-a Șasea Coaliții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Война шестой коалиции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война шестой коалиции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_%C5%A1iestej_koal%C3%ADcie" title="Vojna šiestej koalície – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojna šiestej koalície" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_%C5%A0este_koalicije" title="Vojna Šeste koalicije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojna Šeste koalicije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Рат шесте коалиције – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат шесте коалиције" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_%C5%A0este_koalicije" title="Rat Šeste koalicije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat Šeste koalicije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuudennen_liittokunnan_sota" title="Kuudennen liittokunnan sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuudennen liittokunnan sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4tte_koalitionskriget" title="Sjätte koalitionskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjätte koalitionskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81" title="สงครามสหสัมพันธมิตรครั้งที่หก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามสหสัมพันธมิตรครั้งที่หก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nc%C4%B1_Koalisyon_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Altıncı Koalisyon Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altıncı Koalisyon Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Війна шостої коаліції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна шостої коаліції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%B9%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چھٹے اتحاد کی جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چھٹے اتحاد کی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Li%C3%AAn_minh_th%E1%BB%A9_S%C3%A1u" title="Chiến tranh Liên minh thứ Sáu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Liên minh thứ Sáu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第六次反法同盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第六次反法同盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q138107#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of the Sixth Coalition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block;"> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="War of the Sixth Coalition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg/300px-War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="675" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg/450px-War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg/600px-War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1980" usemap="#ImageMap_d053d3413724c269" resource="/wiki/File:War_of_the_sixth_coalition.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_d053d3413724c269"><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" shape="rect" coords="0,0,150,112" alt="Battle of Lützen (1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" shape="rect" coords="150,0,300,112" alt="Battle of the Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" shape="rect" coords="0,113,150,225" alt="Battle of Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" shape="rect" coords="150,113,300,225" alt="Battle of Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" shape="rect" coords="0,225,150,337" alt="Battle of Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" shape="rect" coords="150,225,300,337" alt="Battle of Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" shape="rect" coords="0,338,150,450" alt="Battle of La Rothière" title="Battle of La Rothière" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laubressel" shape="rect" coords="150,338,300,450" alt="Battle of Laubressel" title="Battle of Laubressel" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" shape="rect" coords="0,450,150,562" alt="Battle of Laon" title="Battle of Laon" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" shape="rect" coords="150,450,300,562" alt="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" shape="rect" coords="0,563,150,675" alt="Battle of Fère-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" shape="rect" coords="150,563,300,675" alt="Battle of Paris (1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)" /></map><figcaption>War of the Sixth Coalition</figcaption></figure> </div><br />Each image links to a battle.<br />Left to right, top to bottom:<br />Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lutzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">Kulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">Rothière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laubressel" title="Battle of Laubressel">Laubressel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Champenoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 December 1812 – 30 May 1814<br />(1 year, 5 months and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Original coalition</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Prussia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Spain</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Hanover"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Hanover</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin"><img alt="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/23px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/35px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/45px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sicily"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>After the Armistice of Pläswitz</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bavaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>After the Battle of Leipzig</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden"><img alt="Grand Duchy of Baden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Liechtenstein"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Saxony"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Württemberg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>After 20 November 1813</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands"><img alt="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </p> </div> <p><b>After January 1814</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#19th_century" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a> </p> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li></ul> <p><b>Until January 1814</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1813%E2%80%931814)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814)">1813–1814</a>) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria"><img alt="Kingdom of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin"><img alt="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Francis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Frederick Francis I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg"><img alt="Kingdom of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands"><img alt="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I of Orange-Nassau</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles John</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg"><img alt="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince Regent</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Robert Jenkinson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1813: 1,070,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1813: 850,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>526,000</b> </p> <ul><li>German campaign: 360,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>French campaign: 166,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>610,000</b> </p> <ul><li>German campaign: 460,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>French campaign: 150,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B6ckern" title="Battle of Möckern">Möckern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haynau" title="Battle of Haynau">Haynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">1st Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hagelberg" title="Battle of Hagelberg">Hagelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Altenburg" title="Battle of Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Rosslau" title="Combat of Rosslau">Rosslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dresden_(1813)" title="Siege of Dresden (1813)">2nd Dresden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Torgau" title="Siege of Torgau">Torgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1814)" title="Siege of Mainz (1814)">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamburg" title="Siege of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">Campaign in north-east France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_(1814)" title="Siege of Metz (1814)">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">1st Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesmont" title="Battle of Lesmont">Lesmont</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign" title="Six Days' Campaign">Six Days' Campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)"> Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">2nd Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gu%C3%A9-%C3%A0-Tresmes" title="Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes">Gué-à-Tresmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Julien_(1814)" title="Battle of Saint-Julien (1814)">Saint-Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laubressel" title="Battle of Laubressel">Laubressel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A2con_(1814)" title="Battle of Mâcon (1814)">Mâcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limonest" title="Battle of Limonest">Limonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_south-west_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in south-west France (1814)">Campaign in south-west France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nive" title="Battle of the Nive">Nive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lippa" title="Battle of Lippa">Lippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zara_(1813)" title="Siege of Zara (1813)">Zara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro" title="Siege of Cattaro">Cattaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(1814)" title="Siege of Ragusa (1814)">Ragusa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_of_1813%E2%80%931814" title="Italian campaign of 1813–1814">Italian campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Feistritz" title="Battle of Feistritz">Feistritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1813)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1813)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1814)" title="Siege of Genoa (1814)">Genoa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Low Countries campaign</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delfzijl_(1813%E2%80%931814)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Delfzijl (1813–1814) (page does not exist)">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naarden_(1813%E2%80%931814)" title="Siege of Naarden (1813–1814)">Naarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Woerden" title="Battle of Woerden">Woerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem_(1813)" title="Battle of Arnhem (1813)">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1813)" title="Siege of Breda (1813)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoogstraten" title="Battle of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1814)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1814)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Maastricht_(1814)" title="Blockade of Maastricht (1814)">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1814)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1814)">Bergen-op-Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1814)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1814)">Courtrai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_February_1813" title="Action of 7 February 1813">Îles de Los</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_November_1813" title="Action of 5 November 1813">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jobourg" title="Battle of Jobourg">Jobourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars"><span class="wrap">Napoleonic Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">English Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1813%E2%80%931814)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814)">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish-Norwegian War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor campaigns of 1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linois%27s_expedition_to_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean">Linois's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_campaign_of_1803%E2%80%931810" title="Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810">Caribbean campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troude%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Troude's expedition to the Caribbean">Troude's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquebert%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean">Roquebert's expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allemand%27s_expedition_of_1805" title="Allemand's expedition of 1805">Allemand's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Hermite%27s_expedition" title="L'Hermite's expedition">L'Hermite's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellerie%27s_expedition" title="Lamellerie's expedition">Lamellerie's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Archipelago_Expedition" title="Second Archipelago Expedition">Senyavin's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%931807" title="Java campaign of 1806–1807">1st Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%931811" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811">Mauritius campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">2nd Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_February_1812" title="Action of 3 February 1812">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish–Swedish_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish–Swedish_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars"><span class="wrap">Polish–Swedish wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_expedition_to_Livonia" title="Swedish expedition to Livonia">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1563%E2%80%931568)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1563–1568)">1563–1568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">1600–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">1626–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">1655–1660</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish–German_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_German%E2%80%93Polish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox German–Polish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_German%E2%80%93Polish_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox German–Polish Wars (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_German%E2%80%93Polish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox German–Polish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish–German_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93German_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–German Wars"><span class="wrap">Polish–German Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Holy Roman Empire</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_I%27s_raid_on_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto I's raid on Poland (page does not exist)">963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_between_Mieszko_I_and_Wichmann" title="Battle between Mieszko I and Wichmann">967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia" title="Battle of Cedynia">972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II%27s_raid_on_Poland" title="Otto II's raid on Poland">979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1003%E2%80%931018)" title="German–Polish War (1003–1018)">1003–1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1028%E2%80%931031)" title="German–Polish War (1028–1031)">1028–1031</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_War_between_Solomon_and_Geza_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil War between Solomon and Geza I (page does not exist)">1074</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V%27s_expedition_to_Poland" title="Henry V's expedition to Poland">1109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish-German_War_(1146)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish-German War (1146) (page does not exist)">1146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I%27s_expedition_to_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Frederick I's expedition to Głogów">1157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_I_Barbarossa%27s_raid_on_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick I Barbarossa's raid on Poland (page does not exist)">1184</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Brandenburg</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Przemys%C5%82_I%27s_fight_against_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przemysł I's fight against Brandenburg (page does not exist)">1247–1252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish-Brandenburgian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish-Brandenburgian War (page does not exist)">1265–1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Pomerelia" title="Civil war in Pomerelia">1269–1272</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburgian_raid_on_Rogo%C5%BAno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburgian raid on Rogoźno (page does not exist)">1296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_Albert%27s_Rebellion" title="Mayor Albert's Rebellion">1311–1312</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish-Brandenburgian_fights_in_Greater_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish-Brandenburgian fights in Greater Poland (page does not exist)">1316</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish-Brandenburgian_fights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish-Brandenburgian fights (page does not exist)">1326–1329</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburgian_raid_on_Santok_and_Drezdenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburgian raid on Santok and Drezdenko (page does not exist)">1370</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_Succession_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War of Succession of Głogów (page does not exist)">1476–1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War#Brandenburgian-Swedish_alliance_and_Russia's_war_on_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">1656–1657</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_Wars" title="Polish–Teutonic Wars">Teutonic Order</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">1308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1326%E2%80%931332)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)">1326–1332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">1409–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">1414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1419)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1419) (page does not exist)">1419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golub_War" title="Golub War">1422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">1431–1435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">1454–1466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Priests_(Poland)" title="War of the Priests (Poland)">1467–1479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1519%E2%80%931521)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)">1519–1521</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Prussia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">1733–1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">1792–1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">1806–1807</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1813–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1846)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1846)">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1848)" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1848)">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East_(1914%E2%80%931920)" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East (1914–1920)">1914–1918</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Weimar Republic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Vilnius_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Battles for Vilnius (1918–1919)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">1919–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war" title="German–Polish customs war">1919–1934</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Nazi Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">1939–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">1943–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">1944–1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 304px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 200px; width: 304px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 304px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="304" data-height="200" data-zoom="3" data-lat="50" data-lon="14" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/50/14/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,50,14,304x200.png?lang=en" width="304" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,50,14,304x200@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -52px; left: 0px; width: 304px; height: 304px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 93px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182px; left: 291px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182px; left: 194px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 156px; left: 242.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 155.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 1000km<br />620miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 87.335267230277px; left: 90.477274251739px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 88.335267230277px; left: 86.977274251739px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Waterloo</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 87.335267230277px; left: 97.977274251739px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">9</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 87.335267230277px; left: 90.477274251739px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days"><img alt="Hundred Days 1815:...Waterloo..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 101.87854681686px; left: 84.97177353854px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 102.87854681686px; left: 81.47177353854px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> France</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 101.87854681686px; left: 92.47177353854px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">8</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 101.87854681686px; left: 84.97177353854px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 82.710050935719px; left: 142.95157792441px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 83.710050935719px; left: 139.45157792441px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 82.710050935719px; left: 150.45157792441px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">7</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 82.710050935719px; left: 142.95157792441px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 37.261057659232px; left: 280.01560609675px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 38.261057659232px; left: 276.51560609675px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Russia</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 37.261057659232px; left: 287.51560609675px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 37.261057659232px; left: 280.01560609675px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia"><img alt="French invasion of Russia 1812:...Moscow..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 107.68258793374px; left: 158.83724144062px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 108.68258793374px; left: 177.33724144062px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Austria</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 107.68258793374px; left: 166.33724144062px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 107.68258793374px; left: 158.83724144062px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition"><img alt="Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 170.26074299493px; left: 42.877632668876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 171.26074299493px; left: 61.377632668876px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Spain</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 170.26074299493px; left: 50.377632668876px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 170.26074299493px; left: 42.877632668876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War"><img alt="Peninsular War: Spain 1808...Vitoria..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 182.83588072854px; left: 11.737144259847px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 183.83588072854px; left: 30.237144259847px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Portugal</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 182.83588072854px; left: 19.237144259847px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182.83588072854px; left: 11.737144259847px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War"><img alt="Peninsular War: Portugal 1807...Torres Vedras..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 68.89833993933px; left: 141.11641102001px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 69.89833993933px; left: 159.61641102001px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Prussia</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 68.89833993933px; left: 148.61641102001px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 68.89833993933px; left: 141.11641102001px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition"><img alt="Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 106.217173447px; left: 121.44571576348px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 104.217173447px; left: 128.94571576348px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Germany</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 106.217173447px; left: 128.94571576348px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 106.217173447px; left: 121.44571576348px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition"><img alt="Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/50/14/en" data-zoom="4" data-lat="50" data-lon="14" data-overlays="["_6ecfec1309c501fb2a01a11e3c62a2141a21d6ef"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Key:<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a>: Germany 1803:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a>: Prussia 1806:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>: Portugal 1807...<a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras"><i>Torres Vedras</i></a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>: Spain 1808...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria"><i>Vitoria</i></a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a>: Austria 1809:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> 1812:...<a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">7</span></div> Sixth Coalition: <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">Germany 1813</a>:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">8</span></div> Sixth Coalition: <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">France 1814</a>:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">9</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> 1815:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>...</div></div></div> <p>In the <b>War of the Sixth Coalition</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Guerre de la Sixième Coalition</i>) (December 1812 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the <b>Wars of Liberation</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Befreiungskriege</i>), a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">German States</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> and drove <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> into exile on <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>. After the disastrous <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> of 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Portugal, and the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula War">rebels in Spain</a> who were already at war with France. </p><p>The War of the Sixth Coalition saw battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a>. The even larger <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> (also known as the Battle of Nations) was the largest battle in European history before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Ultimately, Napoleon's earlier setbacks in Spain, Portugal and Russia proved to be the seeds of his undoing. With their armies reorganized, the allies <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">drove Napoleon out of Germany</a> in 1813 and invaded France in 1814. The Allies defeated the remaining French armies, occupied Paris, and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile. The French monarchy was revived by the allies, who handed rule to the heir of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. </p><p>The "Hundred Days" <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">War of the Seventh Coalition</a> was triggered in 1815 when Napoleon escaped from his captivity on <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and returned to power in France. He was defeated again for the final time at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background:_Invasion_of_Russia">Background: Invasion of Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background: Invasion of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></div> <p>In June 1812, <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Russia (1812)">Napoleon invaded Russia</a> to compel Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> to remain in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i></span>, consisting of as many as 650,000 men (roughly half of whom were French, with the remainder coming from allies or subject areas), crossed the <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> river on 24 June 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, while Napoleon proclaimed a "<a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Polish War">Second Polish War</a>". But against the expectations of the Poles, who supplied almost 100,000 troops for the invasion force, and having in mind further negotiations with Russia, he avoided restoring the old <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. Russian forces fell back, destroying everything potentially of use to the invaders until giving <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">battle at Borodino</a> (7 September) where the two armies fought a devastating battle. Despite the fact that France won a tactical victory, the battle was inconclusive. Following the battle the Russians withdrew, thus opening the road to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. By 14 September, the French had occupied Moscow but found the city practically empty. Alexander I (despite having almost lost the war by Western European standards) refused to capitulate, leaving the French in the abandoned city of Moscow with little food or shelter (large parts of Moscow had <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">burned down</a>) and winter approaching. In these circumstances, and with no clear path to victory, Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Moscow. </p><p>So began the disastrous <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Retreat" title="French invasion of Russia">Great Retreat</a>, during which the retreating army came under increasing pressure due to lack of food, desertions, and increasingly harsh winter weather, all while under continual attack by the Russian army led by Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, and other militias. Total losses of the Grand Army were at least 370,000 casualties as a result of fighting, starvation and the freezing weather conditions, and 200,000 captured. By November, only 27,000 fit soldiers re-crossed the <a href="/wiki/Berezina" title="Berezina">Berezina</a> river. Napoleon now left his army to return to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and prepare a defence of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> against the advancing Russians. The situation was not as dire as it might at first have seemed; the Russians had also lost around 400,000 men, and their army was similarly depleted. However, they had the advantage of shorter supply lines and were able to replenish their armies with greater speed than the French, especially because Napoleon's losses of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and wagons were irreplaceable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_Sixth_Coalition">Formation of the Sixth Coalition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation of the Sixth Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia,_Britain_and_Sweden_form_an_alliance"><span id="Russia.2C_Britain_and_Sweden_form_an_alliance"></span>Russia, Britain and Sweden form an alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russia, Britain and Sweden form an alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg/220px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg/330px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg/440px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Strategic situation in Europe in 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of 1812 Britain had already been at war with France for eight years, and had been fighting alongside the Portuguese and Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> for more than three years. Russia and Sweden, which had opposed Napoleon up to 1807 and 1810 respectively, had been forced to join his <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> against Britain, but continued to trade secretly with her. On 9 January 1812, French troops suddenly occupied <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, ostensibly to end the illegal trade with the United Kingdom from Sweden, which was in violation of the Continental System. Swedish estates were confiscated and Swedish officers and soldiers were taken as prisoners. </p><p>In response, Charles John, formerly French Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bernadotte">Jean Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, now the Crown Prince and Regent of Sweden, declared neutrality, and though Sweden was still at war with Britain, and Russia was its perennial enemy, he dispatched diplomats to London and St. Petersburg to create a new coalition against France. Sweden then signed the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1812)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1812)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a> with Russia against France and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> on 5 April 1812. On 18 July 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C3%96rebro" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Örebro">Treaty of Örebro</a> formally ended the wars between <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Britain and Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Britain and Russia</a>, forming the basis of coalition between Russia, Britain, and Sweden, though the exact parameters of a military alliance remained in negotiation throughout the winter of 1812-1813.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193533–38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193533–38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Napoleon marched on Moscow in June 1812, neither Britain nor Sweden was able to give direct military support to Russia, though that same month the British and Spanish armies had <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War#1812" title="Peninsular War">advanced into central Spain</a>, defeating the French at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a> and capturing <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, tying down a French army of 230,000. Britain also helped subsidize the Russian war effort while Charles John had struck up a friendship with Alexander, and gave him moral support, strategic and tactical advice on how to defeat the French, as well as valuable insights on Napoleon himself (having had much contact with Napoleon as a member of the extended Imperial Family). However Russia bore the brunt of the French onslaught on her territory alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192544–47_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192544–47-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> retreated from Moscow on 18/19 October 1812 and suffered heavy casualties due to extreme cold, food shortages and repeated Russian attacks, Napoleon did not seem to be as invincible as before. On 14 December, the last French troops had left Russian soil, and Paris' allies were seriously considering rebellion and joining the Tsar's side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defection_of_Prussia">Defection of Prussia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defection of Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Convention of Tauroggen</a> was a truce signed 30 December 1812 at <a href="/wiki/Taurag%C4%97" title="Tauragė">Tauroggen</a> between Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg" title="Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg">Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg</a> on behalf of his Prussian troops (who had been compelled to augment the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> during the invasion of Russia), and by General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Karl_von_Diebitsch" title="Hans Karl von Diebitsch">Hans Karl von Diebitsch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> (9 July 1807), Prussia had to support Napoleon's invasion of Russia. This resulted in some Prussians leaving their army to avoid serving the French, like <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, who joined Russian service. When Yorck's immediate French superior Marshal <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">MacDonald</a>, retreated before the corps of Diebitsch, Yorck found himself isolated. As a soldier his duty was to break through, but as a Prussian patriot his position was more difficult. He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for starting a war of liberation; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff-officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head, and negotiated with Clausewitz. The Convention of Tauroggen armistice, signed by Diebitsch and Yorck, "neutralized" the Prussian corps without consent of their king. The news was received with the wildest enthusiasm in Prussia, but the Prussian Court dared not yet throw off the mask, and an order was despatched suspending Yorck from his command pending a court-martial. Diebitsch refused to let the bearer pass through his lines, and the general was finally absolved when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1813)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1813)">Treaty of Kalisch</a> (28 February 1813) definitely ranged Prussia on the side of the Allies. </p><p>Meanwhile, Austria's alliance with France ended in February 1813, and Austria then moved to a position of armed neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197286–92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197286–92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not declare war on France until half a year later, in August 1813. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declarations_of_war">Declarations of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Declarations of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 March 1813, after lengthy negotiations, the United Kingdom agreed to Swedish claims to Norway. Sweden entered a military alliance with the United Kingdom and declared war against France, liberating Swedish Pomerania shortly thereafter. On 17 March, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> published a call to arms to his subjects, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Mein_Volk" title="An Mein Volk">An Mein Volk</a></i>. Prussia had declared war on France on 13 March, which was received by the French on 16 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015a105,_120_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015a105,_120-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first armed conflict occurred on 5 April in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B6ckern" title="Battle of Möckern">Battle of Möckern</a>, where combined Prusso-Russian forces defeated French troops. </p><p>Meanwhile, Napoleon withdrew some 20,000 troops from the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> to reinforce his position in Central Europe, which left his Iberian forces weakened and vulnerable to Anglo–Spanish–Portuguese attacks. On 17 March 1813, his brother King <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> of Spain withdrew from Madrid, a clear sign of losing control. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a> led a 123,000-strong army across northern Spain, taking <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a> in late May, and decisively defeating <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a> on 21 June. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a> failed to turn the tide in his large-scale <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Battle of the Pyrenees</a> (25 July to 2 August). </p><p>In June, the United Kingdom formally entered the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriman1996579_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriman1996579-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Austria remained loyal to France, and foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a> aimed to mediate in good faith a peace between France and its continental enemies, but it became apparent that the price was to be the dismantling of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, the Napoleon-controlled union of all German states aside from Prussia and Austria, and the return to France's pre-Revolutionary borders. Napoleon was not interested in any such compromise that would in effect end his empire, so Austria joined the allies and declared war on France in August 1813. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_in_Germany">War in Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German campaign of 1813</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_campaign_of_1813">Spring campaign of 1813</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spring campaign of 1813"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as that he had sent into Russia, and quickly built up his forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000. Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a> (near Leipzig, 2 May) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a> (20–21 May 1813) but his army lost about the same number of men during those encounters. Both battles involved total forces of over 250,000 – making them among the largest battles of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> to that point in time. The lack of horses for Napoleon's cavalry did not allow him to follow up his victories with a vigorous pursuit, robbing him of decisive results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991880–891_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991880–891-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite losing as many men as the Allies, Napoleon's victories had greatly demoralized the Prussians and Russians. Losses were heavy, and the Russian and Prussian forces were a shambles. Both Allied armies were in dire need of substantial reinforcements en route from the east and from Prussian recruiting depots. Many Russian officers yearned to return to Russia having achieved their goal of ridding Russia of the French. Frederick William of Prussia had always viewed a renewed war with France as dubious, and the two defeats at Lützen and Bautzen had led him to reconsider peace. Moreover, the Prussians and the Russians were hopeful of bringing the Austrians into the war and a break in the fighting would give them time to negotiate with Vienna. Another victory by Napoleon may very well have led to a favorable peace as not only were the Russians and Prussians at their nadir, but the Austrians, with their 150,000 troops would have seen a decisive French victory as ample proof that another war with France would be most undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the two victories over the Prussians and Russians, French losses had been heavy and a chronic lack of horses for his cavalry meant that Napoleon could not fully exploit his victories and inflict a decisive defeat in the same vein as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a>. Napoleon's new army was filled with fresh conscripts, lacked many necessities and was exhausted from their long march from France and Napoleon's rapid maneuvering. The French were "in dire need of a period of reconstruction and recuperation" and Napoleon needed time to acquire horses for his depleted cavalry and bring up more reinforcements. Therefore, Napoleon was amiable to the armistice offered by the Allies despite the Allies being in a grave condition. During the armistice, a disastrous interview with Austrian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Klemens_Von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Von Metternich">Metternich</a>, in which Napoleon heaped recriminations on the Austrians and threw his hat to the ground and stamped it with his foot, ensured that Austria would join the coalition against France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelot1991460_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1991460-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon did not know it at the time, but the armistice would turn out to be a grave mistake as the Allies gained far more from the suspension of hostilities than he did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, on 21 May 1813, a Swedish corps of 15,000 commanded by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Carl_von_D%C3%B6beln" title="Georg Carl von Döbeln">General Döbeln</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> without orders from Bernadotte, following a Danish declaration that they would hold the city for Napoleon, irrevocably binding Denmark to France, an action that would guarantee full Swedish cooperation in North Germany. The Swedish occupation of Hamburg came as welcome news to the Allies, insofar as holding a wealthy center of finance was a blow against Napoleon. However, Bernadotte's initial misgivings at extending his troops so far from the Allied lines, with British General Hope calling Döbeln, who was later court-martialed for disobeying orders "the mad Swedish General," were validated when <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Marshal Davout</a> approached Hamburg with a French force of 34,000, intent on retaking the city. The Swedes quietly withdrew on 26 May and Davout would occupy the city until after Napoleon's abdication in 1814. It would be the last major action of the Spring before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Pl%C3%A4switz" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Pläswitz">Armistice of Pläswitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193567–73_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193567–73-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg/220px-Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg/330px-Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg/440px-Vernet-Battle_of_Hanau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6948" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Battle of Hanau</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice_of_Pläswitz;_Austria_joins_the_Coalition_and_creation_of_the_Trachenberg_Plan"><span id="Armistice_of_Pl.C3.A4switz.3B_Austria_joins_the_Coalition_and_creation_of_the_Trachenberg_Plan"></span>Armistice of Pläswitz; Austria joins the Coalition and creation of the Trachenberg Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armistice of Pläswitz; Austria joins the Coalition and creation of the Trachenberg Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The belligerents declared an armistice from 4 June 1813 which lasted until 13 August, during which time both sides attempted to recover from approximately a quarter of a million losses since April. During this time Allied negotiations finally brought Austria out in open opposition to France (like Prussia, Austria had moved from nominal ally of France in 1812 to armed neutral in 1813). Two principal Austrian armies deployed in Bohemia and Northern Italy, adding 300,000 troops to the Allied armies. In total the Allies now had around 800,000 frontline troops in the German theatre, with a strategic reserve of 350,000. As a consequence of the armistice, the French lost their initial advantage in numbers as the Austrians, and Russia's huge manpower reserves, were brought to the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991901_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991901-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon succeeded in bringing the total imperial forces in the region up to around 650,000 (although only 250,000 were under his direct command, with another 120,000 under <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Charles_Oudinot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Charles Oudinot">Nicolas Charles Oudinot</a> and 30,000 under Davout). The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> furnished Napoleon with the bulk of the remainder of the forces, with Saxony and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> as principal contributors. In addition, to the south, Murat's <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> had a combined total of 100,000 men under arms. In Spain an additional 150–200,000 French troops were being steadily beaten back by Spanish and British forces numbering around 150,000. Thus in total around 900,000 French troops were opposed in all theatres by somewhere around a million Allied troops (not including the strategic reserve being formed in Germany). </p><p>During the armistice, three Allied sovereigns, Alexander of Russia, Frederick William of Prussia, and Carl Johan of Sweden (by then Regent of the kingdom due to his adoptive father's illness) met at Trachenberg Castle in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> to coordinate the war effort. Allied staffs began creating a plan for the campaign wherein Bernadotte once again put to use his fifteen years of experience as a French general as well as his familiarity with Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192574_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192574-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Trachenberg_Plan" title="Trachenberg Plan">Trachenberg Plan</a>, authored primarily by Carl Johan of Sweden and the Austrian Chief of Staff, Field-Marshal Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky</a>, that sought to wear down the French using a <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a>, avoiding direct combat with Napoleon, engaging and defeating his marshals whenever possible and slowly encircling the French with three independent armies until the French Emperor could be cornered and brought to battle against vastly superior numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b52–55_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b52–55-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the conference, the Allies stood up their three armies: The Army of Silesia, with 95,000 Prussians and Russians, commanded by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a>; the Army of the North, 120,000 Swedes, Russians, Prussians, and German troops from <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, the Hanseatic cities and North Germany, under the independent command of Sweden's Crown Prince Carl Johan; and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Bohemia" title="Army of Bohemia">Army of Bohemia</a>, the primary Allied force in the field, with which the Allied sovereigns Alexander, Francis and Frederick William oversaw the Campaign, numbering 225,000 Austrians, Russians, and Prussians commanded by Prince <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl von Schwarzenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewal_of_hostilities;_French_losses_and_defecting_allies"><span id="Renewal_of_hostilities.3B_French_losses_and_defecting_allies"></span>Renewal of hostilities; French losses and defecting allies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renewal of hostilities; French losses and defecting allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the end of the armistice, Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a> (26–27 August 1813), where he inflicted one of the most lop-sided losses of the era on the Prussian-Russian-Austrian forces. On 26 August, the Allies under Prince von Schwarzenberg attacked the French garrison in Dresden. Napoleon arrived on the battlefield in the early hours of 27 August with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Guard</a> and other reinforcements and despite being severely outnumbered having only 135,000 men to the Coalition's 215,000, Napoleon chose to attack the Allies. Napoleon turned the Allied Left Flank, and in skilful use of terrain, pinned it against the flooded <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritz" title="Weißeritz">Weißeritz</a> river and isolated it from the rest of the Coalition Army. He then gave his famed cavalry commander, and King of Naples, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> leave to destroy the surrounded Austrians. The day's torrential rain had dampened gunpowder, rendering the Austrians' muskets and cannon useless against the sabers and lances of Murat's Cuirassiers and Lancers who tore the Austrians to shreds, capturing 15 standards and forcing the balance of three divisions, 13,000 men, to surrender. </p><p>The Allies were forced to retreat in some disorder having lost nearly 40,000 men to only 10,000 French. However, Napoleon's forces were also hampered by the weather and unable to close the encirclement the Emperor had planned before the Allies narrowly slipped the noose. So while Napoleon had struck a heavy blow against the Allies, several tactical errors had allowed the Allies to withdraw, thus ruining Napoleon's best chance at ending the war in a single battle. Nonetheless, Napoleon had once again inflicted a heavy loss on the primary Allied Army despite being outnumbered and for some weeks after Dresden Schwarzenberg declined to take offensive action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–912_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–912-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However at about the same time the French sustained several serious defeats, first at the hands of Bernadotte's Army of the North on 23 August, with Oudinot's thrust towards Berlin beaten back by the Prussians, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Katzbach">Katzbach</a> the Prussians, commanded by Blücher, took advantage of Napoleon's march toward Dresden to attack Marshal MacDonald's Army of the Bober. During a torrential rainstorm on 26 August, and due to conflicting orders and a breakdown of communications, MacDonald's several corps found themselves isolated from one another with many bridges over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katzback&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katzback (page does not exist)">Katzback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Neisse</a> rivers destroyed by surging waters. 200,000 Prussians and French collided in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">confused battle</a> that degenerated into hand-to-hand combat. However, Blücher and the Prussians rallied their scattered units and attacked an isolated French corps and pinned it against the Katzbach, annihilating it; forcing the French into the raging waters where many drowned. The French suffered 13,000 killed and wounded and 20,000 captured. The Prussians lost but 4,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–911_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon himself, lacking reliable and numerous cavalry, was unable to prevent the destruction of a whole army corps, which had isolated itself pursuing the enemy following the Battle of Dresden without support, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">Battle of Kulm</a> (29–30 August 1813), losing 13,000 men further weakening his army. Realizing that the Allies would continue to defeat his subordinates, Napoleon began to consolidate his troops to force a decisive battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991912_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991912-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French then suffered another grievous loss at the hands of Bernadotte's army on 6 September at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a> where <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Ney</a> was now in command, with Oudinot now as his deputy. The French were once again attempting to capture Berlin, the loss of which Napoleon believed would knock Prussia out of the War. However, Ney blundered into a trap set by Bernadotte and was stopped cold by the Prussians, and then routed when the Crown Prince arrived with his Swedes and a Russian corps on their open flank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192589–92_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192589–92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b8–10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b8–10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second defeat at the hands of Napoleon's ex-Marshal was catastrophic for the French, with them losing 50 cannon, four Eagles and 10,000 men on the field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWencker-Wildberg1936296_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWencker-Wildberg1936296-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKléber1910469–479_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKléber1910469–479-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further losses occurred during the pursuit that evening, and into the following day, as the Swedish and Prussian cavalry took a further 13,000–14,000 French prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETingsten1924112–143_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETingsten1924112–143-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1935100_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1935100-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ney retreated to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> with the remains of his command and made no further attempt at capturing Berlin. Napoleon's bid to knock Prussia out of the war had failed; as had his operational plan to fight the battle of the central position. Having lost the initiative, he was now forced to concentrate his army and seek a decisive battle at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–913._26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–913.-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compounding the heavy military losses suffered at Dennewitz, the French were now losing the support of their German vassal states as well. News of Bernadotte's victory at Dennewitz sent shock waves across Germany, where French rule had become unpopular, inducing <a href="/wiki/German_Tyrol" title="German Tyrol">Tyrol</a> to rise in rebellion and was the signal for the King of Bavaria to proclaim neutrality and begin negotiations with the Austrians (on the basis of territorial guarantees and Maximilian's retention of his crown) in preparation of joining the Allied cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991916–917_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991916–917-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A body of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army" title="Royal Saxon Army">Saxon troops</a> had defected to Bernadotte's Army during the battle and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalian</a> troops were now deserting King <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme</a>'s army in large numbers. Following a proclamation by the Swedish Crown Prince urging the Saxon Army (Bernadotte had commanded the Saxon Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a> and was well liked by them) to come over to the Allied cause, Saxon generals could no longer answer for the fidelity of their troops and the French now considered their remaining German allies unreliable. Later, on 8 October 1813, Bavaria officially ranged itself against Napoleon as a member of the Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192594–95_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192594–95-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Leipzig_and_the_Frankfurt_peace_proposals">Battle of Leipzig and the Frankfurt peace proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Leipzig and the Frankfurt peace proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napoleon withdrew with around 175,000 troops to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in Saxony where he thought he could fight a defensive action against the Allied armies converging on him. There, at the so-called <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nations">Battle of Nations</a> (16–19 October 1813) a French army, ultimately reinforced to 191,000, found itself faced by three Allied armies converging on it, ultimately totalling more than 430,000 troops. Over the following days the battle resulted in a defeat for Napoleon, who however was still able to manage a relatively orderly retreat westwards. However, as the French forces were pulling across the <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a>, the bridge was prematurely blown and 30,000 troops were stranded to be taken prisoner by the Allied forces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg/220px-The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg/330px-The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg/440px-The_Charge_of_the_Life_Guards_Cossacks_by_C_Rechlin_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>The charge of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Guard (Russia)">Life Guards</a> <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> at Leipzig</figcaption></figure> <p>Napoleon defeated an army of his <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">former ally Bavaria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Battle of Hanau</a> (30–31 October 1813) before pulling what was left of his forces back into France. Meanwhile, Davout's corps continued to hold out in its <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamburg" title="Siege of Hamburg">Siege of Hamburg</a>, where it became the last Imperial field force east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </p><p>The Allies offered peace terms in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_proposals" title="Frankfurt proposals">Frankfurt proposals</a> in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers". That meant that France could retain control of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> (the west bank of the Rhine river), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Poland, Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich aimed to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2013206_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013206-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium and the Rhineland. Napoleon adamantly refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1969342–344_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1969342–344-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_in_Denmark_and_Norway">War in Denmark and Norway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War in Denmark and Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_invasion_of_Denmark_and_the_liberation_of_northern_Germany_and_the_Low_Countries">Swedish invasion of Denmark and the liberation of northern Germany and the Low Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Swedish invasion of Denmark and the liberation of northern Germany and the Low Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1813-1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War (1813-1814)">Dano-Swedish War (1813-1814)</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, Bernadotte and his Army of the North parted ways with the rest of the Coalition armies, and liberated Bremen and Lübeck in late November 1813. In early December, Bernadotte launched his long projected invasion of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to secure the Coalition's northern flank prior to the invasion of France scheduled for early 1814 and to see the treaty guarantees over the Danish cession of Norway to Sweden enforced. Bernadotte's Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish, North German and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher's army, attacked the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Army" title="Royal Danish Army">Royal Danish Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1925113–116_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1925113–116-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a lightning campaign of only two weeks the Swedes subdued the Danes. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Anders_Skj%C3%B6ldebrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Skjöldebrand">Anders Skjöldebrand</a> defeated the Danes at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a> on 7 December 1813. Three days later, the Danish Auxiliary Corps scored a minor victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a>. However, while the Danish victory managed to ensure the retreat of the main Danish army from immediate destruction, and brought about a three-week armistice, it could not change the course of war. Following a breakdown of negotiations, the armistice concluded and on 14 January 1814 Bernadotte invaded <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a>, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province. The Danes, heavily outnumbered, could not prevent an Allied advance on <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, and sued for peace. It would be the final chapter in the long and bloody history of conflicts between Sweden and Denmark with the former definitively victorious. </p><p>On 14 January 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> was concluded between Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>. By the terms of the treaty, the Kingdom of Norway was to be ceded to the King of Sweden. Believing his primary goal of detaching Norway from Denmark and binding it with Sweden had been fully achieved, Bernadotte and the Swedish and Russian corps of his Army of the North advanced into and occupied the Low Countries. Other elements of the Army of the North were also tasked with <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamburg" title="Siege of Hamburg">besieging</a> Marshal Davout's 40,000 French and Danish troops in Hamburg, as well as the 100,000 French troops still garrisoned in fortresses throughout northern Germany. Despite several attempts by the Russian General <a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Bennigsen</a> to storm the city, Marshal Davout held Hamburg for France until after Napoleon's abdication in April 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1925115–116_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1925115–116-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_battles_of_the_war:_Sweden's_Norwegian_campaign"><span id="Final_battles_of_the_war:_Sweden.27s_Norwegian_campaign"></span>Final battles of the war: Sweden's Norwegian campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final battles of the war: Sweden's Norwegian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, whilst Bernadotte cleared the Low Countries of the French in Spring 1814, the people of Norway objected to being bartered between kings, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">declared independence</a> and adopted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">their own constitution</a> on 17 May 1814. Even as fighting between the Coalition and France ended with Napoleon's abdication, codified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainbleau</a> on 11 April 1814, Bernadotte found himself planning and leading yet another campaign to see the results of the Treaty of Kiel fully realized. It would be the final campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition. </p><p>On 27 July 1814, Bernadotte, supported by the Swedish and British fleets, <a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">invaded Norway</a> on two fronts, intending to envelop the Norwegian forces with a combined Swedish army of 40,000 well-trained, well-equipped men, many of whom were veterans of the recent Leipzig and Danish Campaigns. Facing them were 30,000 Norwegian militia, who were short on equipment, training and munitions, but full of patriotic ardor and acquitted themselves well in the face of overwhelming odds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1935313–314_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1935313–314-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norwegians fought well, winning defensive battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lier_(1814)" title="Battle of Lier (1814)">Lier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matrand" title="Battle of Matrand">Matrand</a>, but could not stop the advancing Swedish columns. As a consequence, an armistice (the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>) was concluded on 14 August followed by swift negotiations. The terms of Union were generous to the Norwegians as Bernadotte and the Swedes had no wish to inaugurate the union of Sweden and Norway with further bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1925136–137_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1925136–137-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway agreed to enter into a personal union with Sweden as a separate state with its own constitution and institutions, except for the common king and foreign service. The <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union between Sweden and Norway</a> was formally established on 4 November 1814, when the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> adopted the necessary constitutional amendments, and elected <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII of Sweden</a> as King of Norway. </p><p>The Convention of Moss, signed on 14 August 1814, concluded the last active campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peninsular_War">Peninsular War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peninsular War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <p>While events unfolded in the East, the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> continued to be Napoleon's "Spanish ulcer" tying down hundreds of thousands of French soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, finally broke the French power in Spain and forced the French to retreat. In a strategic move, Wellington planned to move his supply base from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army" title="Anglo-Portuguese Army">Anglo-Portuguese forces</a> swept northwards in late May and seized <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>; they then outflanked the French army, forcing Joseph Bonaparte into the valley of the River <a href="/wiki/Zadorra" title="Zadorra">Zadorra</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a>, 21 June, the 65,000 French under Joseph were routed by 53,000 British, 27,000 Portuguese and 19,000 Spaniards. Wellington pursued and dislodged the French from <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, which was sacked and burnt after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">siege</a>. </p><p>The allies chased the retreating French, reaching the Pyrenees in early July. <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Soult" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Soult">Marshal Soult</a> was given command of the French forces and began a counter-offensive, dealing the allied generals two sharp defeats at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maya" title="Battle of Maya">Battle of Maya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncesvalles_(1813)" title="Battle of Roncesvalles (1813)">Battle of Roncesvalles</a>. Yet, he was put again onto the defensive by the <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">British army</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese</a> allies, lost momentum, and finally fled after the allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Battle of Sorauren</a> (28 and 30 July). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Battle of the Pyrenees</a> Wellington fought far from his supply line but won with a mixture of manoeuvre, shock and persistent hounding of the French forces. </p><p>On 7 October, after Wellington received news of the reopening of hostilities in Germany, the Coalition allies finally crossed into France, fording the <a href="/wiki/Bidasoa" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a> river. On 11 December, a beleaguered and desperate Napoleon agreed to a separate peace with Spain under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a>, under which he would release and recognize <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> as King of Spain in exchange for a complete cessation of hostilities. But the Spanish had no intention of trusting Napoleon, and the fighting continued on into France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_in_France">War in France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_south-west_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in south-west France (1814)">Campaign in south-west France (1814)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">Campaign in north-east France (1814)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Toulouse_-_April_10th_1814_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Toulouse, 10 April 1814 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonds_Ancely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonds Ancely (page does not exist)">Fonds Ancely</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the last months of 1813 and into 1814 Wellington led the Peninsular army into south-west France and fought a number of battles against Marshals Soult and <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Suchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Suchet">Suchet</a>. The Peninsular army gained victories at <a href="/wiki/Vera,_Spain" title="Vera, Spain">Vera</a> pass, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Battle of Nivelle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nive" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nive">Battle of Nive</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> (10–14 December 1813), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Battle of Orthez</a> (27 February 1814) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Battle of Toulouse</a> (10 April).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson191195–97_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson191195–97-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After retreating from Germany, Napoleon fought a series of battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a>, in France, but was steadily forced back against overwhelming odds. During the campaign he had issued <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_(conscript)" title="Marie-Louise (conscript)">a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts</a>, but only a fraction of these were ever raised. In early February Napoleon fought his <a href="/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign" title="Six Days' Campaign">Six Days' Campaign</a>, in which he won multiple battles against numerically superior enemy forces marching on Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he fielded less than 80,000 soldiers during this entire campaign against a Coalition force of between 370,000 and 405,000 engaged in the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> (9 March) the Allies agreed to preserve the Coalition until Napoleon's total defeat. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">defeating the French on the outskirts of Paris</a>, on 31 March the Coalition armies entered the city with Tsar Alexander I at the head of the army followed by the King of Prussia and Prince Schwarzenberg. On 2 April the French Senate passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Acte_de_d%C3%A9ch%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Empereur" title="Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur">Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur</a></i>, which declared Napoleon deposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napoleon was determined to fight on, proposing to march on Paris. His soldiers and regimental officers were eager to fight on. But Napoleon's marshals and senior officers mutinied. On 4 April, at <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>, Napoleon was confronted by his marshals and senior officers, led by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Ney</a>. They told the Emperor that they refused to march. Napoleon asserted that the army would follow him. Ney replied, "the army will obey its chiefs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2003259_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2003259-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon abdicated on 11 April 1814 and the war officially ended soon after, although some fighting continued until May. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> was signed on 11 April 1814 between the continental powers and Napoleon, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> on 30 May 1814 between France and the Great Powers including Britain. The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, and restored the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> monarchy in the person of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>. The Allied leaders attended <a href="/wiki/Allied_sovereigns%27_visit_to_England" title="Allied sovereigns' visit to England">Peace Celebrations</a> in England in June, before progressing to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (between September 1814 and June 1815), which was held to redraw the map of Europe. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Paris, by Horace Vernet"><img alt="The Battle of Paris, by Horace Vernet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg/120px-Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg/180px-Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg/240px-Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Battle of Paris</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Vernet" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Allied Bakers, by George Cruikshank, 1814"><img alt="The Allied Bakers, by George Cruikshank, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png/120px-Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png/180px-Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png/240px-Cruikshank_-_The_Allied_Bakers.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Allied_Bakers" title="The Allied Bakers">The Allied Bakers</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>, 1814</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Corsican Shuttlecock, by George Cruikshank, 1814"><img alt="The Corsican Shuttlecock, by George Cruikshank, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png/120px-Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png/180px-Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png/240px-Cruikshank_-_The_Corsican_Shuttlecock.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Shuttlecock" title="The Corsican Shuttlecock">The Corsican Shuttlecock</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>, 1814</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Napoleon's exile to Elba, from a British engraving, 1814"><img alt="Napoleon's exile to Elba, from a British engraving, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg/120px-Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg/180px-Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg/240px-Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Napoleon's exile to <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, from a British <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, 1814</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Cossacks in Paris in 1814"><img alt="Russian Cossacks in Paris in 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG/87px-Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG/131px-Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG/175px-Russian_cossacks_in_Paris_streets_in_1814.JPG 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian Cossacks in Paris in 1814</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_55064.7-1814,_entree_van_geallieerde_troepen_in_Parijs-Kroniek_van_echtpaar_Joh._Samuel_Wurfbain_(1770-1851)_en_Anna_Maria_Geertruida_Hurrelbrinck_(1772-1850),_bij_gelegenheid_van_hun_gouden_bruiloft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1814, Allied troops march through Paris, by Nicolaas Pieneman"><img alt="1814, Allied troops march through Paris, by Nicolaas Pieneman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SA_55064.7-1814%2C_entree_van_geallieerde_troepen_in_Parijs-Kroniek_van_echtpaar_Joh._Samuel_Wurfbain_%281770-1851%29_en_Anna_Maria_Geertruida_Hurrelbrinck_%281772-1850%29%2C_bij_gelegenheid_van_hun_gouden_bruiloft.jpg/80px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SA_55064.7-1814%2C_entree_van_geallieerde_troepen_in_Parijs-Kroniek_van_echtpaar_Joh._Samuel_Wurfbain_%281770-1851%29_en_Anna_Maria_Geertruida_Hurrelbrinck_%281772-1850%29%2C_bij_gelegenheid_van_hun_gouden_bruiloft.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SA_55064.7-1814%2C_entree_van_geallieerde_troepen_in_Parijs-Kroniek_van_echtpaar_Joh._Samuel_Wurfbain_%281770-1851%29_en_Anna_Maria_Geertruida_Hurrelbrinck_%281772-1850%29%2C_bij_gelegenheid_van_hun_gouden_bruiloft.jpg/160px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1814, Allied troops march through Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Pieneman" title="Nicolaas Pieneman">Nicolaas Pieneman</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hundred Days">The Hundred Days</a> or the War of the Seventh Coalition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was one last bloody engagement in southwest France, when under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Thouvenot" title="Pierre Thouvenot">Thouvenot</a>, the French sortied from Toulouse and fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Battle of Bayonne</a> (14 April 1814).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson191197_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson191197-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson gives no size for the <i>Army of the North</i> but estimates the <i>Austrian Grand Army</i> have 10,000 and the <i>Army of Silesia</i> 25,000 more men than Maud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson1841504_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson1841504-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008178_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2008">Clodfelter 2008</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008180_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2008">Clodfelter 2008</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193533–38-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193533–38_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1935">Scott 1935</a>, pp. 33–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192544–47-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192544–47_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 44–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197286–92-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197286–92_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 86–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015a105,_120-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015a105,_120_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2015a">Leggiere 2015a</a>, pp. 105, 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriman1996579-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriman1996579_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriman1996">Merriman 1996</a>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991880–891-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991880–891_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 880–891.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991898–901_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 898–901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1991460-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelot1991460_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastelot1991">Castelot 1991</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193567–73-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193567–73_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1935">Scott 1935</a>, pp. 67–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991901-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991901_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, p. 901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192574-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192574_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b52–55-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b52–55_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2015b">Leggiere 2015b</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 76–77; <a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 900–901; and <a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2015b">Leggiere 2015b</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–912-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–912_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 908–912.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–911-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–911_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 908–911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991912-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991912_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, p. 912.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192589–92-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192589–92_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 89–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b8–10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2015b8–10_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2015b">Leggiere 2015b</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWencker-Wildberg1936296-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWencker-Wildberg1936296_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWencker-Wildberg1936">Wencker-Wildberg 1936</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKléber1910469–479-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKléber1910469–479_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKléber1910">Kléber 1910</a>, pp. 469–479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETingsten1924112–143-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETingsten1924112–143_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTingsten1924">Tingsten 1924</a>, pp. 112–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1935100-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1935100_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1935">Scott 1935</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–913.-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991908–913._26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 908–913..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1991916–917-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1991916–917_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1991">Chandler 1991</a>, pp. 916–917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton192594–95-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton192594–95_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013206-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2013206_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2013">Riley 2013</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1969342–344-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1969342–344_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1969">Ross 1969</a>, pp. 342–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1925113–116-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1925113–116_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 113–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1925115–116-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1925115–116_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1935313–314-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1935313–314_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1935">Scott 1935</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1925136–137-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1925136–137_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1925">Barton 1925</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Spanish Ulcer" <a href="#CITEREFEllis2014">Ellis 2014</a>, p. 100 cites Owen Connelly (ed), "peninsular War", <i>Historical Dictionary</i>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson191195–97-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson191195–97_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1911">Robinson 1911</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson191197-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson191197_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1911">Robinson 1911</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaude1911232_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaude1911">Maude 1911</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson1841504-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson1841504_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgson1841">Hodgson 1841</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2003259-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2003259_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGates2003">Gates 2003</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarton1925" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Sir D. Plunket (1925). <i>Bernadotte: Prince and King 1810–1844</i>. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernadotte%3A+Prince+and+King+1810%E2%80%931844&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Sir+D.+Plunket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1916" class="citation book cs1">Bodart, G. (1916). <i>Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary; France</i>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1371465520" title="Special:BookSources/978-1371465520"><bdi>978-1371465520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+in+Modern+Wars%2C+Austria-Hungary%3B+France&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-1371465520&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelot1991" class="citation book cs1">Castelot, Andre. (1991). <i>Napoleon</i>. Easton Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.pub=Easton+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Castelot&rft.aufirst=Andre.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1991" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David G. (1991). <i>The Campaigns of Napoleon Vol. I and II</i>. Easton Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon+Vol.+I+and+II&rft.pub=Easton+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2008). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2007</i> (3th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786433193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786433193"><bdi>978-0786433193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932007&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=3th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0786433193&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation cs2">Ellis, Geoffrey (2014), <i>Napoleon: Profiles in Power</i>, Routledge, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lnJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317874706" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317874706"><bdi>978-1317874706</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+Profiles+in+Power&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317874706&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2003" class="citation book cs1">Gates, David (2003). <i>The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815</i>. Pimlico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%2C+1803%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1841" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, William (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOlBAAAAcAAJ"><i>The life of Napoleon Bonaparte, once Emperor of the French, who died in exile, at St. Helena, after a captivity of six years' duration</i></a>. Orlando Hodgson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte%2C+once+Emperor+of+the+French%2C+who+died+in+exile%2C+at+St.+Helena%2C+after+a+captivity+of+six+years%27+duration&rft.pub=Orlando+Hodgson&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOlBAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKléber1910" class="citation book cs1">Kléber, Hans (1910). <i>Marschall Bernadotte, Kronprinz von Schweden</i>. Perthes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marschall+Bernadotte%2C+Kronprinz+von+Schweden&rft.pub=Perthes&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A9ber&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggiere2015a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Leggiere" title="Michael Leggiere">Leggiere, Michael V.</a> (2015a). <i>Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany</i>. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107080515" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107080515"><bdi>978-1107080515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Struggle+for+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107080515&rft.aulast=Leggiere&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggiere2015b" class="citation book cs1">Leggiere, Michael V. (2015b). <i>Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany</i>. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107080546" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107080546"><bdi>978-1107080546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Struggle+for+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107080546&rft.aulast=Leggiere&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman1996" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, John (1996). <i>A History of Modern Europe</i>. W.W. Norton Company. p. 579.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Maude, Frederic Natusch (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Napoleonic Campaigns"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Napoleonic_Campaigns">"Napoleonic Campaigns" </a></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 19 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 212–236</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napoleonic+Campaigns&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=212-236&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Natusch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1972" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan (1972). <i>Metternich: Councillor of Europe 1997</i> (reprint ed.). London: Orion. pp. 86–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857998689" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857998689"><bdi>978-1857998689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich%3A+Councillor+of+Europe+1997&rft.place=London&rft.pages=86-92&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1857998689&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2013" class="citation book cs1">Riley, J. P. (2013). <i>Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beq3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+World+War+of+1813%3A+Lessons+in+Coalition+Warfighting&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Robinson, Charles Walker (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peninsular War"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peninsular_War">"Peninsular War" </a></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 21 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–98</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peninsular+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=90-98&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1969" class="citation cs2">Ross, Stephen T. (1969), <i>European Diplomatic History 1789–1815: France against Europe</i>, pp. 342–344</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Diplomatic+History+1789%E2%80%931815%3A+France+against+Europe&rft.pages=342-344&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Stephen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1935" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Franklin D. (1935). <i>Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernadotte+and+the+Fall+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingsten1924" class="citation book cs1">Tingsten, Lars (1924). <i>Huvuddragen av Sveriges Krig och Yttre Politik, Augusti 1813 – Januari 1814</i>. Stockholm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huvuddragen+av+Sveriges+Krig+och+Yttre+Politik%2C+Augusti+1813+%E2%80%93+Januari+1814&rft.pub=Stockholm&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Tingsten&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWencker-Wildberg1936" class="citation book cs1">Wencker-Wildberg, Friedrich (1936). <i>Bernadotte, A Biography</i>. Jarrolds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernadotte%2C+A+Biography&rft.pub=Jarrolds&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Wencker-Wildberg&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cate, Curtis (1985), <i>The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander: Russia, 1812</i>, Random house</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Two+Emperors%3A+The+Duel+Between+Napoleon+and+Alexander%3A+Russia%2C+1812&rft.pub=Random+house&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Cate&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Delderfield, Ronald Frederick (1984), <i>Imperial sunset: The fall of Napoleon, 1813–14</i>, Stein and Day</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+sunset%3A+The+fall+of+Napoleon%2C+1813%E2%80%9314&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Delderfield&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Leggiere, Michael V. (2007), <i>The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813–1814</i>, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Napoleon%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Allied+Invasion+of+France%2C+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Leggiere&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Lüke, Martina (2009), "Anti-Napoleonic Wars of Liberation (1813–1815)", in Ness, Immanuel (ed.), <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500–present</i>, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 188–190, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405184649" title="Special:BookSources/9781405184649"><bdi>9781405184649</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Napoleonic+Wars+of+Liberation+%281813%E2%80%931815%29&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest%3A+1500%E2%80%93present&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=188-190&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405184649&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCke&rft.aufirst=Martina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Muir, Rory (1996), <i>Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815</i>, Yale University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Defeat+of+Napoleon%2C+1807%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Riehn, Richard K (1990), <i>1812: Napoleon's Russian campaign</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+Russian+campaign&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Riehn&rft.aufirst=Richard+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther Erich</a> (1999), <i>The Napoleonic Wars</i>, London: Cassell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304359831" title="Special:BookSources/0304359831"><bdi>0304359831</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0304359831&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Riley, Jonathon P. (2009), <i>Napoleon and the world war of 1813: lessons in coalition warfighting</i>, Psychology Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+world+war+of+1813%3A+lessons+in+coalition+warfighting&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Jonathon+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Spring, Lawrence (2009), <i>1812: Russia's Patriotic War</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+Russia%27s+Patriotic+War&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Sixth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025065033/http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/index.html">Napoleon, His Armies and Tactics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexikus.de/index.php?PHPSESSID=fdmldjf2hu80lbmk50u3cjcga4&page=thema&thema=11">Collection of historical eBooks about the War of the Sixth Coalition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619062132/http://www.lexikus.de/index.php?PHPSESSID=fdmldjf2hu80lbmk50u3cjcga4&page=thema&thema=11">Archived</a> 19 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona_(Peninsular_War)" title="Third siege of Girona (Peninsular War)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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