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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localized/early_transitional_cell_carcinomas_of_bladder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Localized/early transitional cell carcinomas of bladder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localized/early_transitional_cell_carcinomas_of_bladder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_or_metastatic_transitional_cell_carcinomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_or_metastatic_transitional_cell_carcinomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_or_metastatic_transitional_cell_carcinomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urothelkarzinom" title="Urothelkarzinom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urothelkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinome_uroth%C3%A9lial" title="Carcinome urothélial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carcinome urothélial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%96%89%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%95%94%EC%A2%85" title="이행세포암종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이행세포암종" data-language-autonym="한국어" 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Transitional+cell+carcinoma%22">"Transitional cell carcinoma"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Transitional+cell+carcinoma%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Transitional+cell+carcinoma%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Transitional+cell+carcinoma%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Transitional+cell+carcinoma%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Transitional+cell+carcinoma%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Transitional cell carcinoma</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Urothelial carcinoma</b></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_(1)_pT1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_%281%29_pT1.JPG/220px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_%281%29_pT1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_%281%29_pT1.JPG/330px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_%281%29_pT1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_%281%29_pT1.JPG/440px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_%281%29_pT1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Histopathology of transitional carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Transurethral biopsy. <a href="/wiki/Hematoxylin_and_eosin_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematoxylin and eosin stain">Hematoxylin and eosin stain</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Transitional cell carcinoma</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that arises from the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">transitional epithelium</a>, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Urothelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelium">urothelium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a>; in that case, it is also called <b>urothelial carcinoma</b>. It is the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a> and cancer of the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urachus" title="Urachus">urachus</a>. Symptoms of urothelial carcinoma in the bladder include hematuria (blood in the urine). Diagnosis includes urine analysis and imaging of the urinary tract (<a href="/wiki/Cystoscopy" title="Cystoscopy">cystoscopy</a>). </p><p>It accounts for 95% of <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a> cases and bladder cancer is in the top 10 most common malignancy disease in the world and is associated with approximately 200,000 deaths per year in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-AndreassenAagnes2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreassenAagnes2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CancerCenter_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CancerCenter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second most common type of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidney cancer</a>, but accounts for only five to 10 percent of all primary renal malignant tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men and older people have a higher rate of urothelial carcinomas. Other risk factors include smoking and exposure to <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amine" title="Aromatic amine">aromatic amines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment approaches depend on the stage and spread of the tumour. Tumour removal (resection), chemotherapy and chemoradiation may be indicated. <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Immune_checkpoint_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune checkpoint inhibitor">immune check point inhibitor</a> medications may also be suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signs and symptoms of transitional cell carcinomas depend on the location and extent of the cancer. Symptoms of bladder cancer is blood in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urothelial carcinoma is a prototypical example of a <a href="/wiki/Malignancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignancies">malignancy</a> arising from environmental <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> influences. By far the most important cause is <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">cigarette smoking</a>, which contributes to approximately one-half of the <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">disease burden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Exposure">Chemical exposure</a>, such as those sustained by workers in the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>, the manufacture of paints and pigments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> dyes),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> are known to predispose one to urothelial cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk is lowered by increased liquid consumption, presumably as a consequence of increased urine production and thus less dwell time on the urothelial surface. Conversely, risk is increased among long-haul truck drivers and others in whom long urine dwell-times are encountered. As with most <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cancers">epithelial cancers</a>, physical <a href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritation</a> has been associated with increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Malignant_transformation" title="Malignant transformation">malignant transformation</a> of the urothelium. Thus, urothelial carcinomas are more common in the context of chronic <a href="/wiki/Urinary_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary stone">urinary stone disease</a>, chronic <a href="/wiki/Catheterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Catheterization">catheterization</a> (as in patients with <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>), and chronic <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>. Some particular examples are listed below: </p> <ol><li>Certain drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">phenacetin</a>, may predispose to the development of transitional cell carcinomas (the latter especially with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper urinary tract">upper urinary tract</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19689473_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19689473-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> exposure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_mutation" title="Somatic mutation">Somatic mutation</a>, such as deletion of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_9q_deletion_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome">chromosome 9q</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 9 (human)">9p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">11p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17p_deletion_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 17p deletion syndrome">17p</a>, <a href="/wiki/13q_deletion_syndrome" title="13q deletion syndrome">13q</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 14 (human)">14q</a> and overexpression of <a href="/wiki/Ras_subfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras subfamily">RAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogene</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">epidermal growth factor receptor</a> (EGFR).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Presence of an abnormal extra chromosome, classified as a <a href="/wiki/Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome" title="Small supernumerary marker chromosome">small supernumerary marker chromosome</a> (sSMC), in this malignancy's tumor cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The sSMC has an <a href="/wiki/Isochromosome" title="Isochromosome">isochromosome</a>-like structure consisting of two copies of the short (i.e. p) arm of chromosome 5. In consequence, the malignant cells bearing it have four copies of this p arm's genetic material, two from each of the normal chromosome 5's and two from the sSMC.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26322288_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26322288-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "sSMC i(5)(p10)" is the single most common recurrent structural chromosomal abnormality in transitional cell carcinoma, being present in its malignant cells in most cases of the disease. Transitional cell bladder carcinomas associated with this sSMS are more aggressive and invasive than those not associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16083510_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16083510-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_and_spread">Growth and spread</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth and spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transitional cell carcinomas are often multifocal, with 30–40% of patients having more than one <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> at diagnosis. The pattern of growth of transitional cell carcinomas can be papillary, <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (medicine)">sessile</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma in situ</a>. The most common site of transitional cell carcinoma <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> is bone (35%); of these, 40 percent are in the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png/220px-BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png/330px-BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png/440px-BladderdiverticuliwithstoneMark.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Bladder diverticula containing stones. The bladder wall is thickened due to possible transitional cell carcinoma.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png/330px-The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png/495px-The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png/660px-The_Paris_System_for_reporting_urinary_cytology_2.0.png 2x" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="4537" /></a><figcaption>The Paris System for reporting <a href="/wiki/Urinary_cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary cytology">urinary cytology</a>, version 2.0, ranging from negative to positive for high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Transitional refers to the histological subtype of the cancerous cells as seen under a microscope. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png/220px-Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png/330px-Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png/440px-Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a> for <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> can help distinguish a PUNLMP from a low grade urothelial carcinoma. Overexpression is seen in 75% of low-grade urothelial carcinomas and only 10% of PUNLMP.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transitional cell carcinomas are mostly papillary (70%,<sup id="cite_ref-AndreassenAagnes2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreassenAagnes2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 30% non-papillary).<sup id="cite_ref-AndreassenAagnes2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreassenAagnes2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1973 <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> grading system for transitional cell carcinomas (<a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">papilloma</a>, G1, G2 or G3) is most commonly used despite being superseded by the 2004 WHO<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grading for papillary types (papillary <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasm</a> of low malignant potential [PNLMP], low grade, and high grade papillary carcinoma). High-grade carcinoma typically displays more pleomorphism, multiple mitoses, euchromatin and relatively prominent nucleoli, and uneven distribution of nuclei. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transitional cell carcinoma, being low-grade to the left, and high-grade to the right. H&E stain"><img alt="Transitional cell carcinoma, being low-grade to the left, and high-grade to the right. H&E stain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg/120px-Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg/180px-Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg/240px-Low-_and_high-grade_urothelial_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transitional cell carcinoma, being low-grade to the left, and high-grade to the right. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_(low-grade),_intermed._mag.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papillary transitional cell carcinoma, low grade"><img alt="Papillary transitional cell carcinoma, low grade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_%28low-grade%29%2C_intermed._mag.1.jpg/120px-Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_%28low-grade%29%2C_intermed._mag.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_%28low-grade%29%2C_intermed._mag.1.jpg/180px-Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_%28low-grade%29%2C_intermed._mag.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_%28low-grade%29%2C_intermed._mag.1.jpg/240px-Papillary_urothelial_carcinoma_%28low-grade%29%2C_intermed._mag.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papillary transitional cell carcinoma, low grade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_(1)_at_trigone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, showing a nested pattern of invasion. Transurethral biopsy. H&E stain"><img alt="Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, showing a nested pattern of invasion. Transurethral biopsy. H&E stain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29_at_trigone.jpg/90px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29_at_trigone.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29_at_trigone.jpg/135px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29_at_trigone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29_at_trigone.jpg/181px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29_at_trigone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, showing a nested pattern of invasion. Transurethral biopsy. H&E stain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_(2)_at_trigone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder."><img alt="Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_at_trigone.jpg/120px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_at_trigone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_at_trigone.jpg/180px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_at_trigone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_at_trigone.jpg/240px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_at_trigone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_(3)_at_trigone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder."><img alt="Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%283%29_at_trigone.jpg/120px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%283%29_at_trigone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%283%29_at_trigone.jpg/180px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%283%29_at_trigone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%283%29_at_trigone.jpg/240px-Bladder_urothelial_carcinoma_histopathology_%283%29_at_trigone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Micrograph of urethral urothelial cell carcinoma. H&E stain"><img alt="Micrograph of urethral urothelial cell carcinoma. H&E stain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg/120px-Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg/180px-Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg/240px-Urethral_urothelial_cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Micrograph of <a href="/wiki/Urethral_cancer" title="Urethral cancer">urethral urothelial cell carcinoma</a>. H&E stain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localized/early_transitional_cell_carcinomas_of_bladder"><span id="Localized.2Fearly_transitional_cell_carcinomas_of_bladder"></span>Localized/early transitional cell carcinomas of bladder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Localized/early transitional cell carcinomas of bladder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transitional cell carcinomas can be very difficult to treat. Treatment for localized stage transitional cell carcinomas is surgical resection of the tumor, but recurrence is common. Some patients are given <a href="/wiki/Mitomycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitomycin">mitomycin</a> into the bladder either as a one-off dose in the immediate post-operative period (within 24 hrs) or a few weeks after the surgery as a six dose regimen. </p><p>Localized/early transitional cell carcinomas can also be treated with infusions of <a href="/wiki/BCG_as_a_treatment_for_bladder_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="BCG as a treatment for bladder cancer">Bacille Calmette–Guérin</a> into the bladder. These are given weekly for either 6 weeks (induction course) or 3 weeks (maintenance/booster dose). Side effects include a small chance of developing systemic <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> or the patient becoming sensitized to BCG, causing severe intolerance and a possible reduction in bladder volume due to scarring. </p><p>In patients with evidence of early muscular invasion, radical curative surgery in the form of a cysto-prostatectomy usually with lymph node sampling can also be performed. In such patients, a bowel loop is often used to create either a "neo-bladder" or an "ileal conduit" which act as a place for the storage of urine before it is evacuated from the body either via the urethra or a urostomy respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_or_metastatic_transitional_cell_carcinomas">Advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First-line <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> regimens for advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas consists of <a href="/wiki/Gemcitabine" title="Gemcitabine">gemcitabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a>) or a combination of <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinblastine" title="Vinblastine">vinblastine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriamycin">adriamycin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> (MVAC polychemotherapy).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The side effects associated with some of these polychemotherapy treatment options are considered serious and mortality from MVAC treatment has been estimated at approximately 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cisplatin and gemcitabine treatment may be associated with less severe side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to half of people with bladder cancer are not able to take these chemotherapy treatments due to their overall health. </p><p>Taxanes or <a href="/wiki/Vinflunine" title="Vinflunine">vinflunine</a> have been used as second-line therapy (after progression on a platinum containing chemotherapy).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">pembrolizumab</a> is often used as second-line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma that has progressed despite treatment with GC or MVAC, however this is based on low certainty evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, the FDA granted <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_approval" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated approval">accelerated approval</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab" title="Atezolizumab">atezolizumab</a> for locally advanced or metastatic <a href="/wiki/Urothelial_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelial carcinoma">urothelial carcinoma</a> treatment after failure of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA-BC-2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-BC-2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_IV" title="Phases of clinical research">confirmatory trial</a> (to convert the accelerated approval into a full approval) failed to achieve its <a href="/wiki/Primary_endpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary endpoint">primary endpoint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Overall_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Overall survival">overall survival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021, the FDA granted accelerated approval to <a href="/wiki/Sacituzumab_govitecan" title="Sacituzumab govitecan">sacituzumab govitecan</a> for people with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) who previously received a platinum-containing chemotherapy and either a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) or a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_sacituzumab_govitecan_20210413_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_sacituzumab_govitecan_20210413-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prostate">Prostate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prostate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transitional cell carcinomas can also be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18439852_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18439852-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12478124_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12478124-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer_in_cats_and_dogs" title="Bladder cancer in cats and dogs">Bladder cancer in cats and dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_cell_carcinoma_of_the_ovary" title="Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary">Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000017251.htm">"transitional cell carcinoma"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndreassenAagnes2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AndreassenAagnes2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndreassenAagnes2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndreassenAagnes2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndreassenAagnesGislefossAndreassen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Andreassen BK, Aagnes B, Gislefoss 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Transitional+cell+carcinoma+involving+the+prostate%3A+a+clinicopathological+retrospective+study+of+76+cases&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-152&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2805%2964056-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12478124&rft.aulast=Njinou+Ngninkeu&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Lorge%2C+F&rft.au=Moulin%2C+P&rft.au=Jamart%2C+J&rft.au=Van+Cangh%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div 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style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2501186" class="extiw" title="d:Q2501186">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology" title="International Classification of Diseases for Oncology">ICD-O</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://progenetix.org/subsets/?term_id=icdom:8120_3">M8120/3</a>-8130</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002295">D002295</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/27090000">27090000</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2003-overview">med/2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic711.htm#">radio/711</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumors_of_the_urinary_and_genital_systems" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urologic neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tumors_of_the_urinary_and_genital_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Tumors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genital_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital system">genital systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney_tumour" title="Kidney tumour">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glandular and epithelial neoplasm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">Renal cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_oncocytoma" title="Renal oncocytoma">Renal oncocytoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_tumor" title="Mixed tumor">Mixed tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilms%27_tumor" title="Wilms' tumor">Wilms' tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoblastic_nephroma" title="Mesoblastic nephroma">Mesoblastic nephroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_sarcoma_of_the_kidney" title="Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney">Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiomyolipoma" title="Angiomyolipoma">Angiomyolipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_nephroma" title="Cystic nephroma">Cystic nephroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephric_adenoma" title="Metanephric adenoma">Metanephric adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_medullary_carcinoma" title="Renal medullary carcinoma">Renal medullary carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_cell_tumor" title="Juxtaglomerular cell tumor">Juxtaglomerular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_medullary_fibroma" title="Renal medullary fibroma">Renal medullary fibroma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ureteral_cancer" title="Ureteral cancer">Ureter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureteral_neoplasm" title="Ureteral neoplasm">Ureteral neoplasm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">Bladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transitional cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma#Bladder" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_papilloma" title="Inverted papilloma">Inverted papilloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urethral_cancer" title="Urethral cancer">Urethra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transitional cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleomorphic_undifferentiated_sarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma">Malignant fibrous histiocytoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Tumors_of_the_male_urogenital_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Neoplasm">Tumors</a> of the male <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital system">urogenital system</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">Testicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_cord%E2%80%93gonadal_stromal_tumour" title="Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour">Sex cord–<br />gonadal stromal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli%E2%80%93Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour">Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli cell tumour">Sertoli cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Leydig cell tumour">Leydig cell tumour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">Germ cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor#Germinomatous" title="Germ cell tumor">G</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">Seminoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocytic_tumor" title="Spermatocytic tumor">Spermatocytic tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_neoplasia_in_situ" title="Germ cell neoplasia in situ">Germ cell neoplasia in situ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor#Nongerminomatous" title="Germ cell tumor">NG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonal_carcinoma" title="Embryonal carcinoma">Embryonal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor" title="Endodermal sinus tumor">Endodermal sinus tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadoblastoma" title="Gonadoblastoma">Gonadoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryoma" title="Embryoma">Embryoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-grade_prostatic_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia">High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-grade_prostatic_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia">HGPIN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_prostate_cancer" title="List of people with prostate cancer">List of people with prostate cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma#Prostate" title="Small-cell carcinoma">Small-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prostate">Transitional-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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