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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Índice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Doutoramento</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 53 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دكتوراه — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دكتوراه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دكتوراه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دكتوراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%C3%A1u" title="Doctoráu — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Doctoráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ডক্টরেট — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডক্টরেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorat" title="Doctorat — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Doctorat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دکتۆرا — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دکتۆرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doethuriaeth" title="Doethuriaeth — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Doethuriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Doktorgrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorat" title="Doktorat — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Doktorat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Διδακτορικό δίπλωμα — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διδακτορικό δίπλωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Doctorate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktoreco" title="Doktoreco — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Doktoreco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorado" title="Doctorado — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doctorado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorikraad" title="Doktorikraad — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Doktorikraad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorego" title="Doktorego — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Doktorego" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دکترا — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دکترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohtori" title="Tohtori — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tohtori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granskara%C3%BAtb%C3%BAgving" title="Granskaraútbúgving — feroês" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Granskaraútbúgving" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorat" title="Doctorat — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doctorat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktoraat" title="Doktoraat — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Doktoraat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士 — gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="博士" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotaireachd" title="Dotaireachd — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dotaireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutoramento" title="Doutoramento — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Doutoramento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="डॉक्टरेट — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डॉक्टरेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor%C3%A1tus" title="Doktorátus — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Doktorátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokterandes" title="Dokterandes — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dokterandes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorsgr%C3%A1%C3%B0a" title="Doktorsgráða — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Doktorsgráða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="博士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დოქტორანტურა — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დოქტორანტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%82%AC" title="박사 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedoktoran" title="Kedoktoran — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kedoktoran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="ပါရဂူဘွဲ့ — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါရဂူဘွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoraat" title="Doctoraat — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doctoraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Doktorgrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor" title="Doktor — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Doktor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="ආචාර්ය උපාධි — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආචාර්ය උපාධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Doctorate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorat" title="Doktorat — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Doktorat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorati" title="Doktorati — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Doktorati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Докторске академске студије — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Докторске академске студије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="డాక్టరేట్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డాక్టరేట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ปริญญาเอก — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปริญญาเอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorado" title="Doktorado — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Doktorado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktora" title="Doktora — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doktora" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89" title="دوكتور ئاسپرانتى — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دوكتور ئاسپرانتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Докторат — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Докторат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="ڈاکٹریٹ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈاکٹریٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_s%C4%A9" title="Tiến sĩ — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiến sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="博士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="דאקטאראט — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דאקטאראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phok-s%C5%AB" title="Phok-sū — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phok-sū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="博士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849697#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Doutoramento" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Doutoramento" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Doutoramento" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Doutoramento" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doutoramento&oldid=66980137" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doutoramento&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849697" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" 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.tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Mais_notas plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esta página cita fontes, mas não cobrem todo o conteúdo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta página <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <b><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé">inserir referências</a> (<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Doutoramento">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Doutoramento&oq=Doutoramento">notícias</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Doutoramento">livros</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Doutoramento">acadêmico</a>)</span></small>).</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Outubro de 2016</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0.4em 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg/80px-Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg/120px-Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg/160px-Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Parte da <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Categoria:Educação"><i>série</i></a> sobre <a href="/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Educação">Educação</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADveis_de_escolaridade" title="Níveis de escolaridade">Evolução acadêmica</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_infantil" title="Educação infantil">Educação infantil</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infant%C3%A1rio" title="Infantário">Infantário</a> / <a href="/wiki/Creche" title="Creche">Creche</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jardim_de_inf%C3%A2ncia" title="Jardim de infância">Jardim de infância</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_b%C3%A1sica" title="Educação básica">Educação básica</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensino_prim%C3%A1rio" title="Ensino primário">Ensino primário</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ensino_fundamental" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensino fundamental">Ensino fundamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensino_secund%C3%A1rio" title="Ensino secundário">Ensino secundário</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ensino_m%C3%A9dio" title="Ensino médio">Ensino médio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_profissional" class="mw-redirect" title="Educação profissional">Ensino profissional</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_corporativa" title="Educação corporativa">Educação corporativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensino_t%C3%A9cnico" title="Ensino técnico">Ensino técnico</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>- Formação</dd> <dd>- Especialização</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensino_superior" title="Ensino superior">Ensino superior</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curso_sequencial" title="Curso sequencial">Curso sequencial</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>- Formação</dd> <dd>- Complementação</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gradua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Graduação">Graduação</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>- <a href="/wiki/Bacharelado" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacharelado">Bacharelado</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Licenciatura" title="Licenciatura">Licenciatura</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Curso_superior_de_tecnologia" title="Curso superior de tecnologia">Tecnologia</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3s-gradua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pós-graduação">Pós-graduação</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>- <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doutorado</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Doutor_em_filosofia" title="Doutor em filosofia">PhD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legum Doctor">LLD</a>)</small></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Mestrado" title="Mestrado">Mestrado</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Especializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especialização">Especialização</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Mestrado_em_administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_empresas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestrado em administração de empresas">MBA</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Outras titulações</li></ul> <dl><dd>- <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3s-doutorado" title="Pós-doutorado">Pós-doutorado</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Habilita%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Habilitação">Habilitação</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" title="Honoris causa">Honoris causa</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Livre-doc%C3%AAncia" title="Livre-docência">Livre-docência</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Not%C3%B3rio_saber" title="Notório saber">Notório saber</a></dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_agregado" title="Título de agregado">Título de agregado</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit">Outros termos</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">Diploma</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Grau_acad%C3%A9mico" title="Grau académico">Grau acadêmico</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Grau_terminal" title="Grau terminal">Grau terminal</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Portal:Educação">Portal da Educação</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_acad%C3%A9mica" title="Predefinição:Evolução académica"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_acad%C3%A9mica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Evolução académica (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_acad%C3%A9mica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="no-conversion"><b><span lang="pt-pt">Doutoramento</span></b> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_europeu" title="Português europeu">português europeu</a>)</sup> ou <b><span lang="pt-br">doutorado e doutoramento</span></b> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_brasileiro" title="Português brasileiro">português brasileiro</a>)</sup></span> é um <a href="/wiki/Grau_acad%C3%A9mico" title="Grau académico">grau académico</a> concedido por uma instituição de ensino superior universitário, que pode ser uma <a href="/wiki/Universidade" title="Universidade">universidade</a>, um centro universitário, uma faculdade isolada, com o propósito de certificar <i>academicamente</i> a capacidade do candidato para desenvolver investigação num determinado campo da <a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia" title="Ciência">ciência</a> (no seu conceito mais abrangente).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No caso do grau <i>acadêmico</i>, espera-se que o aluno adquira capacidade de trabalho independente e criativo. Essa capacidade deve ser demonstrada pela criação de novo conhecimento e será validada por publicações em bons veículos científicos ou pela obtenção de patentes. É essencial para a seleção ao doutoramento a demonstração de qualidades e experiência em pesquisa. Um bom currículo acadêmico na <a href="/wiki/Gradua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Graduação">graduação</a> é condição indispensável, além da elaboração de uma <a href="/wiki/Tese" title="Tese">tese</a> original, que deverá ser avaliada por uma banca, composta por professores no mínimo doutores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="No_Brasil">No Brasil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doutoramento&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: No Brasil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doutoramento&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: No Brasil"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No Brasil, somente têm validade nacional os doutoramentos obtidos em cursos recomendados pela Capes. Títulos obtidos no exterior precisam ser reconhecidos por programas recomendados pela <a href="/wiki/Coordena%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Aperfei%C3%A7oamento_de_Pessoal_de_N%C3%ADvel_Superior" title="Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior">Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</a> (Capes), conforme o art. 48 da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As universidades brasileiras fornecem o título de <i>DSc</i> (<i>Doctor Scientiae</i>, <i>Doctor of Science</i> ou <i>Doutor em Ciências</i>) para as pessoas que completam um curso de doutorado, sendo este título (<i>DSc</i>) equivalente ao título de <i>PhD</i> (do <a href="/wiki/Latim" title="Latim">latim</a>: <span lang="la"><i>philosophiae doctor</i> ou <i>doctor philosophiaeque</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Doutorado_em_filosofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Doutorado em filosofia">doutor em filosofia</a>") que é obtido em universidades de outros países.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doutoramento&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doutoramento&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordena%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Aperfei%C3%A7oamento_de_Pessoal_de_N%C3%ADvel_Superior" title="Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior">Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Bolonha" title="Declaração de Bolonha">Declaração de Bolonha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutor" title="Doutor">Doutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutorado_em_filosofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Doutorado em filosofia">Doutorado em filosofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grau_acad%C3%A9mico" title="Grau académico">Grau académico</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-phd-and-vs-dsc/">«Difference Between PhD and DSc»</a>. <i>Difference Between</i>. 14 de julho de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de maio de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ADoutoramento&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+PhD+and+DSc&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Difference+Between&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.differencebetween.com%2Fdifference-between-phd-and-vs-dsc%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oureverydaylife.com/difference-phd-dsc-programs-37656.html">«What is the Difference in PhD & DSC Programs?»</a>. <i>Our Everyday Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de maio de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ADoutoramento&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Difference+in+PhD+%26+DSC+Programs%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Everyday+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foureverydaylife.com%2Fdifference-phd-dsc-programs-37656.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findaphd.com/advice/phd-types/other-doctorates.aspx">«Not just a PhD: The other types of doctorates»</a>. <i>www.FindAPhD.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de maio de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ADoutoramento&rft.atitle=Not+just+a+PhD%3A+The+other+types+of+doctorates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.FindAPhD.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findaphd.com%2Fadvice%2Fphd-types%2Fother-doctorates.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Farm-Fresh_blackboard_steps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Farm-Fresh_blackboard_steps.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_blackboard_steps.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Farm-Fresh_blackboard_steps.png 1.5x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre <a href="/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Educação">educação ou sobre um educador</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. 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