Manila | national capital, Philippines

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Salita</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-center-channel grid-md-auto"> <div class="md-alternate-titles"> <strong>Alternative Titles:</strong> Maynila, Maynilad</div> <article> <section id="toc362270main" data-level="intro"><div class="related-topics md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-15e6048b-7bd6-4319-9bcb-8c6bee0ab8b0" data-slot="TOP" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-15e6048b-7bd6-4319-9bcb-8c6bee0ab8b0'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="xs-hidden"> <div class="subhead">Related Topics</div> <ul class="dots gutter-bottom"> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfredo-Lim">Alfredo Lim</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Intramuros">Intramuros</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines">Philippines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Miguel-Lopez-de-Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jaime-Cardinal-Sin">Jaime Cardinal Sin</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Imelda-Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benigno-Aquino-III">Benigno Aquino III</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Luzon">Luzon</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom firstpar"><strong><span class="srTitle">Manila</span></strong><strong>, </strong>capital and chief city of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/456399/Philippines">Philippines</span></a>. The city is the centre of the country’s economic, political, social, and cultural activity. It is located on the island of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Luzon"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/352414/Luzon">Luzon</span></a> and spreads along the eastern shore of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila-Bay"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/362288/Manila-Bay">Manila Bay</span></a> at the mouth of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pasig-River"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/445563/Pasig-River">Pasig River</span></a>. The city’s name, originally Maynilad, is derived from that of the <em>nilad</em> plant, a flowering shrub adapted to marshy conditions, which once grew profusely along the banks of the river; the name was shortened first to Maynila and then to its present form. In 1975, by presidential decree, Manila and its contiguous cities and municipalities were integrated to function as a single administrative region, known as <a name="ref377192" id="ref377192" class="idxref"></a>Metropolitan Manila (also called the National Capital Region); the Manila city proper encompasses only a small proportion of that area.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure class="flex center-both column"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Manila-looking-across-Roxas-Boulevard/68657" data-id="68657" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/71/74871-004-B23984D3.jpg" alt=""><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></a><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Manila, looking across Roxas Boulevard.</div><div class="credit"><em>Paul A. Souders/Corbis</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li><li><figure class="flex center-both column"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Manila/156558" data-id="156558" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/98/148398-004-1890D07A.jpg" alt=""><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></a><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Manila.</div><div class="credit"><em>ibarra_svd/Bar Fabella</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li><li data-map="true"><figure class="flex center-both column"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Manila/156571" data-id="156571" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/38/52338-004-8FCC4194.jpg" alt=""><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></a><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Manila.</div><div class="credit"><em>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Manila has been the principal city of the Philippines for four centuries and is the centre of its industrial development as well as the international port of entry. It is situated on one of the finest sheltered harbours of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pacific-Ocean"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/437703/Pacific-Ocean">Pacific</span></a> region, about 700 miles (1,100 km) southeast of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Hong-Kong"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/270971/Hong-Kong">Hong Kong</span></a>. The city has undergone rapid economic development since its destruction in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/648813/World-War-II">World War II</span></a> and its subsequent rebuilding; it is now plagued with the familiar urban problems of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/science/pollution-environment"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/468070/pollution">pollution</span></a>, traffic congestion, and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/science/overpopulation"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/905180/overpopulation">overpopulation</span></a>. Measures have been taken, however, to ameliorate those problems. Area city, 15 square miles (38 square km); National Capital Region, 244 square miles (633 square km). Pop. (2000) city, 1,581,082; National Capital Region, 9,932,560; (2010) city, 1,652,171; National Capital Region, 11,855,975.</p></section><section data-level="1" id="toc12350"><h2 class="h2">Landscape</h2><section data-level="2" id="toc12351"><h2 class="h3">City site</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Manila occupies the low, narrow deltaic plain of the <a name="ref360819" id="ref360819" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pasig-River"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/445563/Pasig-River">Pasig River</span></a>, which flows northwestward to <a name="ref360818" id="ref360818" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila-Bay"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/362288/Manila-Bay">Manila Bay</span></a>. The swampy delta of the southward-flowing <a name="ref1114362" id="ref1114362" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pampanga-River"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/440458/Pampanga-River">Pampanga River</span></a> lies to the north of the city. Immediately to the northeast and east of the urban region lies a stretch of lowlands, beyond which rise the peaks of the southern range of the Sierra Madre. Laguna de Bay, the large lake from which the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pasig-River"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/445563/Pasig-River">Pasig River</span></a> flows, flanks Metropolitan Manila to the southeast. Enclosing <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila-Bay"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/362288/Manila-Bay">Manila Bay</span></a> to the west is the mountainous <a name="ref360820" id="ref360820" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bataan-Peninsula"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/55722/Bataan-Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</span></a>. Although the city’s area is constricted, it is an excellent port site because of its sheltered harbour, its access to inland agricultural areas by way of the river, and its relative proximity to the Asian mainland.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12352"><h2 class="h3">Climate</h2><div class="similar-topics md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-50ba096e-a008-43c3-a1f4-9056f246fca7" data-slot="BOT" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-50ba096e-a008-43c3-a1f4-9056f246fca7'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="xs-hidden"> <div class="subhead">Similar Topics</div> <ul class="dots gutter-bottom"> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Iloilo-City">Iloilo City</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Quezon-City">Quezon City</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Intramuros">Intramuros</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cagayan-de-Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Davao-City">Davao City</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Batangas">Batangas</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Makati">Makati</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cebu-City">Cebu City</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lapu-Lapu">Lapu-Lapu</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Baguio">Baguio</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The city is protected from extreme weather conditions by the hills of the Sierra Madre and the mountains of the Bataan Peninsula. The tropical climate is characterized by a wet season that lasts from <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/June"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/308160/June">June</span></a> to <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/November-month"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/421149/November">November</span></a> and by a dry season lasting from <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/December"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/155003/December">December</span></a> to <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/May-month"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/370697/May">May</span></a>. The wettest months are <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/July"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/307993/July">July</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/August-month"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/42820/August">August</span></a>, and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/September"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/535087/September">September</span></a>, when thunderstorms are especially common. The average annual rainfall totals about 80 inches (about 2,000 mm). There is little monthly variation from the mean annual temperature, which is in the low 80s F (about 27 °C).</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12353"><h2 class="h3">Plant and animal life</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The city is dotted with palms, banyans, acacias, and other tropical trees, and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/plant/bamboo"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/51182/bamboo">bamboo</span></a> grows in many public parks. Domestic mammals—such as <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/water-buffalo"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/636991/water-buffalo">water buffalo</span></a>, horses, dogs, pigs, and goats—are common, while wild birdlife includes shrikes, doves, and pigeons. Manila Bay abounds with <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/sardine"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/524126/sardine">sardines</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/anchovy"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/23254/anchovy">anchovies</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/mackerel"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/354908/mackerel">mackerel</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/tuna-fish"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/608882/tuna">tuna</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/snapper"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/550377/snapper">snappers</span></a>, and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/animal/barracuda-fish"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/53940/barracuda">barracuda</span></a>. The city’s natural beauty is marred, however, by air and water pollution caused by the expansion of industry and the growing number of motor vehicles.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12354"><h2 class="h3">City layout</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The city is bisected by the Pasig River. It is divided into six administrative divisions that comprise 17 districts. Most of the districts developed from the original fortress city of <a name="ref360826" id="ref360826" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Intramuros"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/291967/Intramuros">Intramuros</span></a> (“Within Walls”) and the 13 villages located outside its walls. About two-thirds of the districts lie to the north of the river and the remaining third lies to the south. The two sections of the city are connected by several bridges.</p><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/capitals-cities-fact-or-fiction" class="test-your-knowledge md-content-module-left grid-md-fit lg-visible md-visible"> <div class="subhead">Test Your Knowledge</div> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/81/99581-118-F9E74263.jpg" alt="Arc de Triomphe illuminated at night, Paris."/> <div class="title">Capitals & Cities: Fact or Fiction?</div> </div> </a><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Although business areas are widespread, the districts to the north of the river—especially along the bay and in the city’s west-central region— constitute the chief centres of trade and commerce. The district of <a name="ref360825" id="ref360825" class="idxref"></a>San Miguel is the site of Malacañang Palace, the presidential residence; and several universities are located in <a name="ref1114372" id="ref1114372" class="idxref"></a>Sampaloc, on the northeastern edge of the city. Adjacent to the heavily populated districts on the northern shore is Manila North Harbor; Manila South Harbor, the main international port, is on the southern shore. <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Intramuros"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/291967/Intramuros">Intramuros</span></a> is renowned for its 16th-century San Agustin church as well as for the ruins of its old walls and of Fort Santiago. On the south shore, <a name="ref1114373" id="ref1114373" class="idxref"></a>Ermita and <a name="ref1114374" id="ref1114374" class="idxref"></a>Malate are choice residential districts and the sites of hotels and embassies. The districts to the southeast are generally middle-income residential areas.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure class="flex center-both column"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Manila/156559" data-id="156559" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/32/130532-004-E0C60904.jpg" alt=""><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></a><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Manila.</div><div class="credit"><em>Photos.com/Jupiterimages</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div><div class="md-sidebar-news-features md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-e187d696-6282-4c63-9df3-cbc58fcd6ceb" data-slot="BOT2" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-e187d696-6282-4c63-9df3-cbc58fcd6ceb'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="xs-hidden gutter-bottom"> <div class="subhead"> Britannica Stories</div> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/story/silkworms-spin-tougher-silk-on-nanomaterial-diet" class="BEHIND_THE_NEWS grid"> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">In The News / Science</div> Silkworms Spin Tougher Silk on Nanomaterial Diet</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/61/192061-117-B91AA374.jpg" alt="close up of silkworm"/> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-weather-and-climate" class="DEMYSTIFIED grid"> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">Demystified / Science</div> What’s the Difference Between Weather and Climate?</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/41/191941-117-A5C42EF5.jpg" alt="Average temperature in the United States during August 2016, weather "/> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/story/neo-impressionism-what-was-the-point" class="SPOTLIGHT grid"> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">Spotlight / Arts & Culture</div> Neo-Impressionism: What Was the Point?</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/36/191936-117-E826455A.jpg" alt="'Seascape at Port-en-Bessin, Normandy' Georges Seurat, ca. 1888, oil on canvas, 65.1 x 80.9 cm"/> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/story/hurricane-matthews-reign-of-destruction" class="BEHIND_THE_NEWS grid"> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">In The News / Science</div> Hurricane Matthew’s Reign of Destruction</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/96/191996-117-28E0A106.jpg" alt="On Oct. 5 at 2:30 p.m. EDT (1830 UTC) the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard the NASA-NOAA Suomi NPP satellite captured a visible image of Hurricane Matthew moving through the Bahamas."/> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="text-right"> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/stories/browse?type=all">See All Stories <em class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></a> </div> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Metropolitan Manila includes the cities of Manila, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Caloocan"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/90131/Caloocan">Caloocan</span></a> City to the north, <a name="ref360827" id="ref360827" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Quezon-City"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487200/Quezon-City">Quezon City</span></a> to the northeast, and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pasay"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/445394/Pasay">Pasay</span></a> City (located near the shore of Manila Bay) to the south and 13 municipalities. The municipalities include <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Makati"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/359184/Makati">Makati</span></a>, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Las Piñas, Malabon, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Navotas"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/407051/Navotas">Navotas</span></a>, Pasig, Pateros, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Paranaque"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/443085/Paranaque">Parañaque</span></a>, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Taguig, and Valenzuela. Metropolitan Manila was created in order to provide integrated services such as water supply, police and fire protection, and transport and to permit central planning for simultaneous and unified development.</p><section data-level="3" id="toc12355"><h2 class="h4">Housing</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The city has a chronic housing shortage, and tenement housing projects have been constructed by the government to help house the poor. A landmark—if ultimately unsuccessful—project undertaken from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s was the Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS), initiated by the governor of Metropolitan Manila. To provide homes for squatters, the government also developed resettlement projects in and around Manila that are easily accessible by land motor transportation.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Residential buildings include the single-family dwelling; the duplex for two independent households; the <em>accessoria</em>, whose dwelling units have individual entrances from the outside; the apartment building with common entrance; and the <em><a name="ref360828" id="ref360828" class="idxref"></a>barong-barong</em>, a makeshift shack built of salvaged materials (flattened tin cans, scrap lumber, cartons, or billboards) that is common in the poor areas.</p></section><section data-level="3" id="toc12356"><h2 class="h4">Architecture</h2><div class="connect md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad text-center"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div class="google-ad-iframe" data-refresh="false" data-info="passback ARTICLE_RR"> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20161012162652js_/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js"> googletag.pubads().definePassback( '34444486/EB_HOUSE/ARTICLE_RR', [300,250] ) .display(); </script> </div> </div> <div class="xs-hidden"> <div class="subhead md-blue">Connect with Britannica</div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle flex justify-center inverted" data-value="connect"> <a class="ui-icon-facebook flex center-both" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter flex center-both" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-youtube-play flex center-both" data-provider="youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-instagram flex center-both" data-provider="instagram" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-pinterest flex center-both" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank"></a> </div></div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences. Rizal Park and a number of government buildings were designed by U.S. architect and city planner <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-H-Burnham"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/85650/Daniel-H-Burnham">Daniel H. Burnham</span></a>. Modern buildings—including multistoried commercial houses and public and private buildings—are commonly made of reinforced concrete and hollow cement blocks. Houses of modern design—especially low, sprawling ranch houses with spacious lawns—are common in the districts of Ermita and Malate. Spanish-style houses, with tiled roofs, barred windows, and thick walls, were common before <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/648813/World-War-II">World War II</span></a> and have remained popular. The churches of the city are American, Spanish, or European in character. The Manila cathedral was rebuilt in the 1950s and is an important landmark. It succeeds five earlier cathedrals—the first dating from the mid-16th century—that were destroyed either by earthquakes or during wartime.</p></section></section></section><section data-level="1" id="toc12357"><h2 class="h2">People</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Metropolitan Manila is densely populated and contains a significant proportion of the population of the country. This concentration of people has been brought about by a constant rural-urban migration. The strain on municipal services has had an adverse effect on the quality of life in the urban area. Consequently, various government policies and resettlement projects have been implemented in an effort to address the problem of population density.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Almost all the residents of Manila are Filipinos. The largest single foreign community, representing less than one-tenth of the population, is made up of Chinese. The population of the city is predominantly <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholic</span></a>, although there are some <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage-1354359"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/1354359/The-Protestant-Heritage">Protestants</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/295507/Islam">Muslims</span></a>, and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/83184/Buddhism">Buddhists</span></a>. The two national churches—the Iglesia ni Kristo and the Philippine Independent, or Aglipayan, Church—have small congregations.</p></section><section data-level="1" id="toc12358"><h2 class="h2">Economy</h2><section data-level="2" id="toc12359"><h2 class="h3">Manufacturing</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The diverse manufacturing activities of Manila include textile production, publishing and printing, food and tobacco processing, and chemical processing. Manila also produces lumber and wood items, rope and cordage, soap, and other goods. Factories generally are small and are located mostly in the congested districts of <a name="ref360821" id="ref360821" class="idxref"></a>Tondo (which also has the railroad and truck terminals), <a name="ref360822" id="ref360822" class="idxref"></a>Binondo, and <a name="ref360823" id="ref360823" class="idxref"></a>Santa Cruz. Heavy industries are located in the districts of Paco, Pandacan, and Santa Ana.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12360"><h2 class="h3">Finance and other services</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Manila is the centre of trade and finance in the Philippines. Trade flourishes within the metropolitan area and between the city and the provinces and other countries. Most of the Philippines’ imports and exports pass through the port of Manila. Financial institutions headquartered in Manila include such establishments as the Development Bank of the Philippines, the Philippine National Bank, the Philippine Veterans Bank, the Government Service Insurance System, the Social Security System, and many private commercial and developmental banks. Private insurance companies and the Philippine Stock Exchange also contribute to the mobilization of savings for investment.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12361"><h2 class="h3">Transportation</h2><div class="quiz-list-module md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-f887a4a1-cc7d-4b23-b847-180dabc0696a" data-slot="BOT3" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-f887a4a1-cc7d-4b23-b847-180dabc0696a'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="xs-hidden gutter-bottom"> <div class="subhead">Britannica Lists & Quizzes</div> <ul> <li> <a class="grid quiz" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/military-history-buff-quiz"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/25/164225-131-7F3D6CE6.jpg" alt="Tecumseh and his troops (on the right) fought American forces during the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813."/> </div> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">History Quiz</div> Military History Buff Quiz<em class="material-icons" data-icon="casino"></em> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="grid list" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/list/botanical-sex-9-alluring-adaptations"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/79/120779-131-4FB4D722.jpg" alt="Shooting star (Dodecatheon pauciflorum)."/> </div> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">Science List</div> Botanical Sex: 9 Alluring Adaptations<em class="material-icons" data-icon="list"></em> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="grid quiz" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/the-most-perfect-refreshment-a-garden-quiz"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/37/191237-131-77CC4937.jpg" alt="Japanese garden, flowers, botanicals, botany, trees, foliage, water, bridge"/> </div> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">Arts & Culture Quiz</div> “The Most Perfect Refreshment”: A Garden Quiz<em class="material-icons" data-icon="casino"></em> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="grid list" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/list/editor-picks-6-influential-public-intellectuals"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 flex center-vertical"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/36/97036-131-8E8D28A7.jpg" alt="Peter Singer, 2004."/> </div> <div class="grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">History List</div> Editor Picks: 6 Influential Public Intellectuals<em class="material-icons" data-icon="list"></em> </div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Within the area of Metropolitan Manila, public transportation is provided principally by buses, jeepneys (small buses built on the chassis of jeeps), and taxis. Traffic congestion is serious, especially at the bridges during the morning and evening rush hours. Adjacent towns serve as dormitory suburbs, and many people commute to the city, adding to the traffic problem. Bus services operate routes to northern and southern <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Luzon"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/352414/Luzon">Luzon</span></a>.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Railroad services operated by the Philippine National Railways also connect the city with northern and southeastern Luzon. An elevated rail line, linking Caloocan City and the city of Baclaran (to the south of Pasay City), was completed in 1984. It was the first phase of a transit system, called the Light Rail Transit, that by the early 21st century had lines extending throughout much of the metropolitan area.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Interisland and international transportation is provided by domestic and foreign airlines and by shipping. <a name="ref360829" id="ref360829" class="idxref"></a>Manila South Harbor, with its enclosed customhouse, warehouses, and sheds, is sheltered by a low breakwater. There are no railway lines within the port area, and cargo is transported from the piers by trucks or barges. The piers and warehouses of <a name="ref360830" id="ref360830" class="idxref"></a>Manila North Harbor are busy with heavy traffic from all ports in the Philippines. In the 1980s additional port facilities for international shipping were built, partially on reclaimed land, in the area between the two harbours.</p></section></section><section data-level="1" id="toc12362"><h2 class="h2">Administration and society</h2><section data-level="2" id="toc12363"><h2 class="h3">Government</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Metropolitan Manila is administered by the <a name="ref1114376" id="ref1114376" class="idxref"></a>Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). Within the MMDA is an administrative council consisting of the mayors of each of the constituent cities and municipalities as well as a number of other officials. The Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Assembly) of each city or municipality helps in administration and legislation. It is composed of the mayor, vice mayor, councillors, captains of <em>barangays</em> (neighbourhoods), and representatives from other sectors who are appointed by the president upon recommendation of the local unit.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12364"><h2 class="h3">Municipal services</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Potable water comes from a supply network managed by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System. Satisfactory sanitation conditions are maintained by constant surveillance of markets, restaurants, movie theatres, recreation halls, and slaughterhouses. Insecticides are sprayed regularly on open sewers, uncollected garbage, and standing water; garbage is collected by a fleet of trucks that operate night and day. Moreover, workers maintain cleanliness in the metropolitan area and are also responsible for the beautification of the city as directed by the governor of Metropolitan Manila.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12365"><h2 class="h3">Health and security</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Health facilities in Manila are among the best in the region. The city government maintains numerous health centres as well as San Lazaro Hospital, where patients are treated free of charge, and subsidizes a number of government hospitals. There are also many missionary and private hospitals in the city.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Police and fire services are well organized and well supplied, and personnel are comparatively well trained and well paid. The Police Community Relations Group helps to combat local crime, as do <em><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/barangay"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/52606/barangay">barangay</span></a></em> brigades and <em>barangay tanods</em> (guards) throughout Metropolitan Manila. Members of those groups are volunteers and selected leaders of the <em>barangays</em> who aim to maintain peace and order in their communities.</p></section><section data-level="2" id="toc12366"><h2 class="h3">Education</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Nearly all citizens over age 10 are literate. More than 100 free public schools are maintained, in addition to the night vocational and secondary schools and the Manila branch of the University of the Philippines. Educational opportunities are also provided for children with disabilities, orphans of school age, and adults.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">As the education centre of the Philippines, Metropolitan Manila houses many of the major institutions of higher education of the country, including the University of the Philippines (with its main campus in Quezon City), the Philippine Normal College, and the Technological University of the Philippines. There are several universities sponsored by religious bodies, including the University of Santo Tomas (founded in 1611) and the Ateneo de Manila, as well as nonsectarian institutions such as the University of the East and the Far Eastern University.</p></section></section><section data-level="1" id="toc12367"><h2 class="h2">Cultural life</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The centre of the performing arts in the country is the Philippine Cultural Center. There is also the Folk Arts Theater, facing Manila Bay, the renovated historic Metropolitan Theatre, and an open-air theatre in Rizal Park. The many libraries and museums include the National Library and the National Museum, known for its anthropological and archaeological exhibits; the National Institute of Science and Technology, with a scientific reference library and large collections of plants and animals; the geological museum of the Bureau of Mines and Geosciences; the Planetarium; Fort Santiago, which houses original works of the Philippine patriot José Rizal; and the Kamaynilaan (Manila City) Library and Museum, which contains valuable carvings, paintings, and archives.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The foremost outdoor recreational area is <a name="ref360831" id="ref360831" class="idxref"></a>Rizal Park, with a Japanese garden, a Chinese garden, an open-air theatre, a playground, a grandstand, and a long promenade adjacent to Manila Bay. Other areas include the Manila Zoological and Botanical Gardens, the Mehan Garden, and Paco Park. Athletic facilities include the Rizal Memorial Stadium and the Jai-Alai Fronton, both located in Manila, and the Araneta Coliseum in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Quezon-City"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487200/Quezon-City">Quezon City</span></a>. Annual festivals and carnivals are held in the sunken garden fronting the City Hall of Manila.</p></section><section data-level="1" id="toc12374"><h2 class="h2">History</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">In the late 16th century Manila was a walled <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/295507/Islam">Muslim</span></a> settlement whose ruler levied customs duties on all commerce passing up the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pasig-River"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/445563/Pasig-River">Pasig River</span></a>. Spanish conquistadors under the leadership of <a name="ref360832" id="ref360832" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Miguel-Lopez-de-Legazpi"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/334927/Miguel-Lopez-de-Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</span></a>—first Spanish governor-general of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/456399/Philippines">Philippines</span></a>—entered the mouth of the river in 1571. They destroyed the settlement and founded the fortress city of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Intramuros"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/291967/Intramuros">Intramuros</span></a> in its place. Manila became the capital of the new colony. Outside the city walls stood some scattered villages, each ruled by a local chieftain and each centred on a marketplace. As Spanish colonial rule became established, churches were built near the marketplaces, where the concentration of population was greatest. Manila spread beyond its walls, expanding north, east, and south, linking together the market–church complexes as it did so.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The propagation of <a name="ref360833" id="ref360833" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</span></a> began with the Augustinian friar <a name="ref360834" id="ref360834" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-de-Urdaneta"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/619606/Andres-de-Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</span></a>, who accompanied the expedition of 1571. He was followed by Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit, and other Augustinian priests, who founded churches, convents, and schools. In 1574 Manila was baptized under the authorization of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/557573/Spain">Spain</span></a> and the Vatican as the “Distinguished and Ever Loyal City” and became the centre of Catholicism as well as of the Philippines.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">At various periods Manila was seriously threatened, and sometimes occupied, by foreign powers. It was invaded by the Chinese in 1574 and raided by the Dutch in the mid-17th century. In 1762, during the Seven Years’ War, the city was captured and held by the British, but the <a name="ref360835" id="ref360835" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1763"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/443764/Treaty-of-Paris">Treaty of Paris</span></a> (1763) resulted in its restoration to Spain. It was opened to foreign trade in 1832, and commerce was further stimulated by the opening of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suez-Canal"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/571673/Suez-Canal">Suez Canal</span></a> in 1869.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The Manila area became the centre of anti-Spanish sentiment in the 1890s, and the execution of Filipino patriot <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-Rizal"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/505015/Jose-Rizal">José Rizal</span></a> in the city in December 1896 sparked a year-long insurrection. During the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-American-War"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/558008/Spanish-American-War">Spanish-American War</span></a> the Spanish fleet was defeated at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, and on August 13 the city surrendered to U.S. forces. It subsequently became the headquarters for the U.S. administration of the Philippines.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure class="flex center-both column"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Battle-of-Manila-Bay-undated-print/119476" data-id="119476" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/53/125353-004-0030B25A.jpg" alt=""><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></a><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Battle of Manila Bay, undated print.</div><div class="credit"><em>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3b52211)</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The U.S. period was one of general social and economic improvement for the city. U.S. policy encouraged gradual Filipino political autonomy, and to help achieve this goal public schools were established in Manila and throughout the archipelago. The University of the Philippines, founded in 1908, became the apex of the educational system. The city developed into a major trading and tourist centre.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Upon the outbreak of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/648813/World-War-II">World War II</span></a>, Manila was declared an open city and was occupied by the Japanese in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/topic/January"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/300493/January">January</span></a> 1942. The city suffered little damage during the Japanese invasion but was leveled to the ground during the fight for its recapture by U.S. forces in 1945.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure class="flex center-both column"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Manila-Philippines-in-the-aftermath-of-its-recapture-by-Allied/106977" data-id="106977" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/54/71354-004-D88D0DB6.jpg" alt=""><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></a><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Manila, Philippines, in the aftermath of its recapture by Allied forces in early 1945.</div><div class="credit"><em>U.S. Navy</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Manila was in shambles when in 1946 it became the capital of the newly independent Republic of the Philippines. The city was rapidly rebuilt, however, with U.S. aid. A significant change in its appearance was brought about by industrialization. In 1948 suburban <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Quezon-City"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487200/Quezon-City">Quezon City</span></a> was chosen as the site of a new national capital, but in 1976 Manila again became the capital and the permanent seat of the national government.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Metropolitan Manila experienced rapid growth in the late 20th century, which helped establish it as a major economic centre in the Pacific region. The expansion, however, also brought pollution, traffic congestion, and overcrowding. The government took numerous measures to alleviate the problems, but they persisted into the 21st century. Another mounting concern was the rise in terrorism. Once largely confined to outlying regions, terrorist activities perpetrated primarily by militant Islamist and communist groups also have increased.</p></section></article> <div class="md-content-footer"> <div class="footer-feedback-link md-link"> <div class="md-feedback-cta grid"> <div class="feedback grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <div class="title"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="chat"></em> Feedback </div> </div> <div class="description grid-xs-auto"> <span>Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article!</span> <span>Contact our editors with your feedback.</span> </div> </div> </div> <h2>Additional Media</h2> <div class="md-view-all-media"> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos" class="view-all flex center-both"> <div class="text text-center"> View<br/> all<br/> media </div> <em class="material-icons md-36" data-icon="chevron_right"></em> </a> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Headquarters-of-the-Asian-Development-Bank-Manila/118134" class="media-overlay-link" data-id="118134"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/78/124378-004-43C08293.jpg" alt="Headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, Manila."/> </div> </a> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/A-district-of-Manila-Phil/71481" class="media-overlay-link" data-id="71481"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/31/70931-004-604D9CCC.jpg" alt="A district of Manila, Phil., set afire during an insurrection, 1899."/> </div> </a> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Poor-children-gathering-recyclable-materials-from-a-garbage-dump-in/106980" class="media-overlay-link" data-id="106980"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/81/102981-004-F44D65D1.jpg" alt="Poor children gathering recyclable materials from a garbage dump in Manila, Phil."/> </div> </a> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/Portion-of-the-ruins-of-Manila-Philippines-after-shelling-by/106407" class="media-overlay-link" data-id="106407"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/29/70929-004-96AE590C.jpg" alt="Portion of the ruins of Manila, Philippines, after shelling by U.S. forces in 1899."/> </div> </a> <a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/images-videos/San-Agustin-Church-Intramuros-Manila-the-Philippines-1599-1614/3534" class="media-overlay-link" data-id="3534"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/25/60225-004-3DE1715B.jpg" alt="San Agustin Church, Intramuros, Manila, the Philippines, 1599–1614."/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="md-more-about"> <h2>More about <span>Manila</span></h2> <div class="gisted-more-about"> <div class="md-more-about-subtitle">5 References found in Britannica Articles</div><div class="index-entry-main"><strong>Assorted References</strong></div><ul class="dots"><li>role of Lim (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfredo-Lim#ref1078298">Alfredo Lim</a>) </li><li>work of Burnham (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-H-Burnham#ref1025305">Daniel H. Burnham: Urban planner</a>) </li></ul><div class="index-entry-main"><strong>history</strong></div><ul class="dots"><li>Philippines (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-Spanish-period#ref387373">Philippines: The Spanish period</a>) </li><li>World War II (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II/Japanese-policy-1939-41#ref511973">World War II: Pearl Harbor and the Japanese expansion, to July 1942</a>) (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II/Developments-from-summer-1944-to-autumn-1945#ref512221">World War II: The Philippines and Borneo, from September 1944</a>) </li></ul></div> </div> <div class="md-info-accordion"> <h2 id="Additional-Reading" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/362270/article-bibliography">Additional Reading</h2> <div class="md-accordion template-ajax-loaded-content BIBLIOGRAPHY"></div> <h2 id="External-Links" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/362270/article-websites">External Links</h2> <div class="md-accordion template-ajax-loaded-content WEBSITES"><div class="md-content-box-subcontent"> <ul class="md-external-websites"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/manilla.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">GlobalSecurity.org - Manila, Philippines</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-manila.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">How Stuff Works - Geography - Geography of Manila</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/philippines/manila" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Lonely Planet - Manila</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/cities/city_manila.html" target="_blank">National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Manila, Philippines</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h3 class="md-topic-subpage-title">Britannica Web sites</h3> <p class="bps-topic-student-sites">Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.</p><dl class="bps-topic-web-sites bps-lk-student"><dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/http://kids.britannica.com/ebk/article-9345962/Manila" target="_blank">Manila - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)</a></dt><dd><p>Manila is the capital of the Philippines, an island country in Southeast Asia. It has been the country’s main city for about 400 years. It lies on Manila Bay, on Luzon Island. The Pasig River runs through the middle of the city.</p></dd><dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/http://kids.britannica.com/ebi/article-9275668/Manila" target="_blank">Manila - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)</a></dt><dd><p>The capital of the Philippines, Manila ranks among the largest metropolitan areas in Asia. For centuries it has been the country’s economic, political, social, and cultural center. Metropolitan Manila, or the National Capital Region, was formed in 1975 when four cities-Manila, Quezon City, Pasay, and Caloocan-and 13 municipalities merged. Metropolitan Manila has one eighth of the country’s total population.</p></dd></dl></div> <h2 id="Article-Contributors" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/362270/article-contributors">Article Contributors</h2> <div class="md-accordion template-ajax-loaded-content CONTRIBUTORS"></div> <h2 id="Article-History" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/362270/article-history">Article History</h2> <div class="md-accordion template-ajax-loaded-content HISTORY"></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="grid-xs-ad md-hidden"></aside> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <noscript> </noscript> <div id="md-media-overlay" class="ui-hidden"> <a href="#" class="md-media-overlay-close" title="Close"> <em class="material-icons md-36" data-icon="close"></em> </a> <div class="md-media-overlay-title"> <div class="subtitle">MEDIA FOR:</div> <div class="maintitle">Manila</div> </div> <div class="md-media-overlay-content-container"> <a href="#" class="md-media-overlay-arrow md-media-overlay-previous"><em class="material-icons md-48" data-icon="chevron_left"></em></a> <div id="md-media-container" class="md-media-wrapper flex center-both column"></div> <a href="#" class="md-media-overlay-arrow md-media-overlay-next"><em class="material-icons md-48" data-icon="chevron_right"></em></a> <div id="md-media-overlay-caption"> <div id="md-media-overlay-count"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-caption-title"></div> <div class="md-media-overlay-credit-caption fancy-scrollbar white"> <div id="md-media-overlay-caption-text"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-credit"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-license"></div> </div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle flex justify-center inverted colored" data-value="share" title="Manila"> <a class="ui-icon-facebook flex center-both" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter flex center-both" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-gplus flex center-both" data-provider="googleplus" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-linkedin flex center-both" data-provider="linkedin" target="_blank"></a> <a class="ui-icon-pinterest flex center-both" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162652/https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank"></a> </div></div> <div class="md-media-overlay-toolbar"> <a id="md-media-overlay-toolbar-print" href="#" target="_blank" title="Print" rel="nofollow"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="print"></em></a> <span id="md-media-overlay-toolbar-citations" title="Citation"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="bookmark"></em></span> <span id="md-media-overlay-toolbar-email" title="Email"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="mail_outline"></em></span> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-citations" class="md-media-overlay-box ui-hidden"> <div class="md-media-overlay-citations-menu"> <div id="md-media-overlay-citations-close" class="md-media-overlay-box-close"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em></div> <em>Citation</em> <ul class="md-media-overlay-citations-select"> <li data-value="mla">MLA</li> <li data-value="apa">APA</li> <li data-value="harvard">Harvard</li> <li data-value="chicago">Chicago</li> </ul> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-citations-text"></div> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-email" class="md-media-overlay-box ui-hidden"> <em>Email</em> <div id="md-media-overlay-email-close" class="md-media-overlay-box-close"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em></div> <form id="md-media-overlay-email-form"> <input type="hidden" name="assembly_id"/> <input type="hidden" name="page_id"/> <label for="md-media-overlay-email-to">To:</label> <input type="text" id="md-media-overlay-email-to" name="to" placeholder="Enter an email address" required="true" data-validation="email"/> <label for="md-media-overlay-email-from">From:</label> <input type="text" id="md-media-overlay-email-from" name="from" placeholder="Enter an email address" required="true" data-validation="email"/> <label for="md-media-overlay-email-comment">Comment:</label> <textarea id="md-media-overlay-email-comment" name="comment" placeholder="Add a comment"></textarea> <input type="submit" value="SEND"/> </form> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-submit-email" class="md-media-overlay-box ui-hidden"> <div class="md-media-overlay-submit-email-ok ui-hidden">You have successfully emailed this.</div> <div class="md-media-overlay-submit-email-error">Error when sending the email. 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class="md-alternative-titles">national capital, Philippines</div></div> <div class="md-toc-toggle grid-xs-auto flex center-vertical column-sm row-md" data-popover=".md-table-of-contents"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="toc"></em> <div class="title"> <small> <span class="lg-visible md-visible">Table of Contents</span> <span class="lg-hidden md-hidden">Contents</span> </small> <div class="section md-visible lg-visible"></div> </div> </div> <div class="md-table-of-contents md-popover"> <ul class="toc-ul"><li class="lv1" data-section="362270main" data-toc="toc362270main"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila">Introduction</a></li><li class="lv1" data-section="362270main" data-toc="toc12350"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila#toc12350">Landscape</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="362270main" data-toc="toc12351"><a href="/web/20161012162652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila#toc12351">City site</a></li><li 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Manila | national capital, Philippines | Britannica.com