CINXE.COM
GNU in a Nutshell - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="author" href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/graphics/gnu-head-mini.png" /> <meta name="ICBM" content="42.355469,-71.058627" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/layout.min.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/print.min.css" media="print" /> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <title>GNU in a Nutshell - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!-- begin translist file --> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/gnu/about-gnu.html" hreflang="x-default" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en" href="/gnu/about-gnu.en.html" title="English" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" href="/gnu/about-gnu.ar.html" title="العربية" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" href="/gnu/about-gnu.cs.html" title="čeština" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de" href="/gnu/about-gnu.de.html" title="Deutsch" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="es" hreflang="es" href="/gnu/about-gnu.es.html" title="español" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" href="/gnu/about-gnu.fr.html" title="français" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" href="/gnu/about-gnu.hr.html" title="hrvatski" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="it" hreflang="it" href="/gnu/about-gnu.it.html" title="italiano" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" href="/gnu/about-gnu.ja.html" title="日本語" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" href="/gnu/about-gnu.nl.html" title="Nederlands" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" href="/gnu/about-gnu.pl.html" title="polski" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br" href="/gnu/about-gnu.pt-br.html" title="português" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" href="/gnu/about-gnu.ru.html" title="русский" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" href="/gnu/about-gnu.sq.html" title="Shqip" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" href="/gnu/about-gnu.tr.html" title="Türkçe" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" href="/gnu/about-gnu.uk.html" title="українська" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" href="/gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html" title="简体中文" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw" href="/gnu/about-gnu.zh-tw.html" title="繁體中文" /> <!-- end translist file --> <!-- start of server/banner.html --> <!-- start of head-include-2.html --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server/banners/fundraiser.css" media="screen" /> <style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- .progress-bar { width: 11%; } .percentage { text-align: left; left: 100%; padding-right: 1em; padding-left: .5em; } --></style> <style type="text/css" media="screen"> <!-- TRANSLATORS: Change direction to rtl if you translate the fundraiser and your script is right-to-left. --> #fundraiser { direction: ltr; } </style> <!-- end of head-include-2.html --> </head> <body> <div class="inner"> <!-- start of server/body-include-1.html --> <div id="top"> <p><a class="skip" href="#content"><b>Skip to main text</b></a></p> </div> <div id='fundraiser'> <div class="message"> <p class="headline"><b>Come build a better world with us!</b></p> <p><a href="https://my.fsf.org/donate?mtm_campaign=fall24&mtm_source=banner">Please don't scroll past this. We've been building a better world with free software since 1985. Today, we ask for your support. Only with your help can the FSF continue to be the cornerstone of a more just digital society! Donate to help us reach the goal of USD $400,000 by Dec 31.<span class="gnun-split"></span></a></p> <p class="button"><a href="https://my.fsf.org/donate?mtm_campaign=fall24&mtm_source=banner">Donate<span class="gnun-split"></span></a> </p> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div><!-- .message --> <div class="progress"> <div class="progress-bar"><span class="percentage">$46,778</span></div> <span class="goal">$400,000<span class="gnun-split"></span> </span> </div><!-- .progress --> </div><!-- #fundraiser --> <div style="clear: both"></div> <div id="header" role="banner"> <p id="gnu-banner"> <a href="/"> <img src="/graphics/heckert_gnu.transp.small.png" height="48" width="49" alt=" [A GNU head] " /><strong>GNU</strong> <span class="hide">Operating System</span></a><br /> <small id="fsf-support">Supported by the <a href="#mission-statement">Free Software Foundation</a></small> </p> <div id="switches"> <div id="search-button" class="switch"> <a href="//www.gnu.org/cgi-bin/estseek.cgi"> <img id="search-icon" height="30" width="30" src="/graphics/icons/search.png" alt=" [Search www.gnu.org] " /></a> </div> <div id="language-button" class="switch"> <a href="#language-container"> <img id="language-icon" height="30" width="37" src="/graphics/icons/translations.png" alt=" [Other languages] " /></a> </div> </div><!-- #switches --> </div><!-- #header --> <!-- end of server/body-include-1.html --> <!-- start of server/body-include-2 --> <div style="clear: both"></div> <div id="navigation" role="navigation"> <a id="more-links" href="#navigation" title="More..."> <span>Site navigation</span></a> <a id="less-links" href="#content"><b>Skip</b></a> <ul> <li id="tabAboutGNU" class="active"> <span class='no-display'>=</span> <a href="/gnu/gnu.html">ABOUT GNU</a> <span class="gnun-split"></span> <span class='no-display'>=</span> </li> <li id="tabPhilosophy"><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">PHILOSOPHY</a></li> <li id="tabLicenses"><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">LICENSES</a></li> <li id="tabEducation"><a href="/education/education.html">EDUCATION</a></li> <li id="tabSoftware"><a href="/software/software.html">SOFTWARE</a></li> <li id="tabDistros"><a href="/distros/distros.html">DISTROS</a></li> <li id="tabDoc"><a href="/doc/doc.html">DOCS</a></li> <li id="tabMalware"><a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html">MALWARE</a></li> <li id="tabHelp"><a href="/help/help.html">HELP GNU</a></li> <li id="tabAV"><a href="/audio-video/audio-video.html">AUDIO & VIDEO</a></li> <li id="tabArt"><a href="/graphics/graphics.html">GNU ART</a></li> <li id="tabFun"><a href="/fun/humor.html">FUN</a></li> <li id="tabPeople"><a href="/people/people.html">GNU'S WHO?</a></li> <li><a href="//directory.fsf.org">SOFTWARE DIRECTORY</a></li> <li><a href="https://h-node.org/">HARDWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/server/sitemap.html">SITEMAP</a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div><!-- /"navigation --> <!-- end of server/body-include-2 --> <div id="content" role="main"> <!-- end of server/banner.html --> <div class="breadcrumb" role="navigation"> <a href="/"><img src="/graphics/icons/home.png" height="26" width="26" alt="GNU Home" title="GNU Home" /><span class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> <a href="/gnu/gnu.html#content">About GNU<span class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> </div> <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> <div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>GNU in a Nutshell</h2> <div class="thin"></div> <p>GNU <a href="#f1">[1]</a> was launched by Richard Stallman (rms) in 1983, as an operating system which would be put together by people working together for the freedom of all software users to control their computing. rms remains the Chief GNUisance today.</p> <p>The primary and continuing goal of GNU is to offer a Unix-compatible system that would be 100% <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%. The name of the system, GNU, is a recursive acronym meaning GNU's Not Unix—a way of paying tribute to the technical ideas of Unix, while at the same time saying that GNU is something different. Technically, GNU is like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its users freedom.</p> <p><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">Completely free system distributions</a> (“distros”) meeting this goal are available today, many using the <a href="https://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/">Linux-libre kernel</a> (the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">relationship between GNU and the Linux kernel</a> is described more fully elsewhere). The <a href="/software/software.html">GNU packages</a> have been designed to work together so we could have a functioning GNU system. It has turned out that they also serve as a common “upstream” for many distros, so contributions to GNU packages help the free software community as a whole. Naturally, work on GNU is ongoing, with the goal to create a system that gives the greatest freedom to computer users. GNU packages include user-oriented applications, utilities, tools, libraries, even games—all the programs that an operating system can usefully offer to its users. <a href="/help/evaluation.html">New packages are welcome.</a> </p> <p>Thousands of people have joined in to make GNU the success it is today, and there are <a href="/help/help.html">many ways to contribute</a>, both technical and non-technical. GNU developers gather from time to time in <a href="/ghm/ghm.html">GNU Hackers Meetings</a>, sometimes as part of the larger free software community <a href="https://libreplanet.org/">LibrePlanet</a> conferences.</p> <p>GNU has been supported in several ways by the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a>, the nonprofit organization also founded by rms to advocate free software ideals. Among other things, the FSF accepts copyright assignments and disclaimers, so it can act in court on behalf of GNU programs. (To be clear, contributing a program to GNU does <em>not</em> require transferring copyright to the FSF. If you do assign copyright, the FSF will enforce the GPL for the program if someone violates it; if you keep the copyright, enforcement will be up to you.)</p> <p>The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p> <div class="column-limit"></div> <h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">“GNU” is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard <i>g</i></a>.</li> </ol> </div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!-- begin server/footer-text.html --> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div id="language-container"> <div class="backtotop"> <hr class="no-display" /> <a href="#top"><b>▲</b></a> </div> <div id="languages" class="rounded-corners"> <div class="button"> <a href="#top" class="close"><span>BACK TO TOP</span></a> </div> <div id="set-language" class="button"> <span class="gnun-split"></span> <a href="/server/select-language.html?callback=/gnu/about-gnu.html" rel="nofollow"> Set language <span class="gnun-split"></span> </a> </div> <p>Available for this page:</p> <div id="translations"> <p> <span dir="ltr" class="original">[en] <a lang="en" hreflang="en" href="/gnu/about-gnu.en.html">English</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[ar] <a lang="ar" hreflang="ar" href="/gnu/about-gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[cs] <a lang="cs" hreflang="cs" href="/gnu/about-gnu.cs.html">čeština</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[de] <a lang="de" hreflang="de" href="/gnu/about-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[es] <a lang="es" hreflang="es" href="/gnu/about-gnu.es.html">español</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[fr] <a lang="fr" hreflang="fr" href="/gnu/about-gnu.fr.html">français</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[hr] <a lang="hr" hreflang="hr" href="/gnu/about-gnu.hr.html">hrvatski</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[it] <a lang="it" hreflang="it" href="/gnu/about-gnu.it.html">italiano</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[ja] <a lang="ja" hreflang="ja" href="/gnu/about-gnu.ja.html">日本語</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[nl] <a lang="nl" hreflang="nl" href="/gnu/about-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[pl] <a lang="pl" hreflang="pl" href="/gnu/about-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[pt-br] <a lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br" href="/gnu/about-gnu.pt-br.html">português</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[ru] <a lang="ru" hreflang="ru" href="/gnu/about-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[sq] <a lang="sq" hreflang="sq" href="/gnu/about-gnu.sq.html">Shqip</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[tr] <a lang="tr" hreflang="tr" href="/gnu/about-gnu.tr.html">Türkçe</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[uk] <a lang="uk" hreflang="uk" href="/gnu/about-gnu.uk.html">українська</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[zh-cn] <a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" href="/gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> </span> <span dir="ltr">[zh-tw] <a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw" href="/gnu/about-gnu.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mission-statement" role="complementary"> <div class="backtotop"> <hr class="no-display" /> <a href="#header"><span>BACK TO TOP </span>▲</a> </div> <div style="clear: both"></div> <blockquote> <p style="direction:ltr; text-align:left"><a href="//www.fsf.org"><img id="fsfbanner" src="/graphics/fsf-logo-notext-small.png" alt=" [FSF logo] " width="75" height="25" /></a><strong> “The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all software users.”</strong></p> </blockquote> <div id="support-the-fsf" class="button"> <a class="join" href="//www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom?referrer=4052">JOIN</a> <a class="donate" href="//donate.fsf.org/">DONATE</a> <a class="shop" href="//shop.fsf.org/">SHOP</a> </div> </div> <!-- end server/footer-text.html --> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, replace it with the translation of these two: We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the document was modified, or published. If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> <p>Copyright © 2011, 2017, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!-- start of server/bottom-notes.html --> <div id="bottom-notes" class="unprintable"> <p><a href="//www.fsf.org/about/dmca-notice">Copyright Infringement Notification</a></p> <div id="generic"> </div> </div> <!-- end of server/bottom-notes.html --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> $Date: 2021/10/24 06:55:33 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> </div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html>