CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "scholars.cityu.edu.hk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e7327951e899c98',cH: 'h58gEqrS0S_1AAaFH4O13.OpxEJ06XB4JNZip58kN7k-1732385831-1.2.1.1-fu1P4GDIYqp9zqwpfoBIdQ_xxv6_uMkAhWMrRRNO8FYZl4XdmYir7hHDhHwmwGfd',cUPMDTk: "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195875023&__cf_chl_tk=5EaG4r4HCMSuHFmnzyzfZDeFothy61QM0AXehdE9Kc8-1732385831-1.0.1.1-tNLI_yKIfDYEtHY.uw88IlBjX1j4lm65bamx2Yvddgc",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732385831',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195875023&__cf_chl_f_tk=5EaG4r4HCMSuHFmnzyzfZDeFothy61QM0AXehdE9Kc8-1732385831-1.0.1.1-tNLI_yKIfDYEtHY.uw88IlBjX1j4lm65bamx2Yvddgc",md: "H1TnitvHktP.a7cukEw_jFuOsPgjcCU1AkR6AcRzHW4-1732385831-1.2.1.1-6HozgsczySHES9VSky_Szs7BLbrIdCNfBL2LWsYXoJ4pjoPD9cD3O9X152GkF.SiRBHyjPhXBiL74BbfxrOcQHV748w_8SzJJEmtZ7S8f6.r796UQ.5IdS97yK3Pqi.46ByrxiPDou8xGjk2ku4k9ZGw0KC8_oTzBPawSigZdkk.MJGL.uXDQSgyjzXpepOMDsKnr_UMpdZW_ySpZXFYr3cbC5wFJOATafYc6z7oRPXiByJ7wBBVrNg7lcpVV0SyZCIG7cWDJCjBTtc5l0rXbNwKoXALsDOI42YHQgjT.eXnVpHgBL4BnEX8lG1rz7RmjDtBNdXN_DzK_CY6PAWFwkyT6.Vv3pgWzc_9hXpUKWl4XbaGF3X0rvl.TVgf1Foqga.wlMd0OihsiNcjIigRzoTyGJcnBnRCqWUYYZMkQohnRk.VO0aBUhkUElwafedNpXDy4gCW7JBOKQR8j90P9y0AiWvEMu_v_YKSjqsTVpiWghLAgVWSIsg9x1XTIrBUtNGmyZ_ZlJnfIGD5L_lqCzeY9hO83aWMrVRAIJRHj2iCx9z0A0KyPCNkJTm05AdHgz6Goh8LDBUXwS7EbF4aCzTz7wz8jCVHliiBV8uDE7lmTnCRwx4JL6bnEhA0mb3v5Nr_oo.XLSHDwYwmzn2fX.6BOy.vo2tu2qL0u4ecM.LEoQfyacXlx7ykbtVUBT3GVz7ADDwnY0XQ.OXJY8uRfCGrxCrAW3GCE6wimeKT16mrqIUx.wAqKOCA1HgUrEiDs0dLVDc48ojZM3LxjcH1F509B8dw7eWML9K8bCMhl3kNOomYThSFM0J8SgC1P2RuM2NJ.ljo.4iVDiDK0bfvaazzKeT1uYSvYAJ6My8QfX586TMcuWLrjV49n4R1V1nqyWsD86VHciSz1DEFl58wZHzv0nKtbYv1Ix49v2z1b0Pi1TPF1CsOF2L14ghNtGMkK_ULI8yoE6pAvYpvt0DkxVKTWBxVSM3fka586IXN8e.kdB8eim2Z5BGhpye9huPjgAMs_K9UHVPeIqgr5fPGFwCYQUlBrgqViAPivUf8MgOPE9BMVwbN.D5LcoyvxcWpSTemtZdBwgLLiR8qAaI1aeaRvUM_SdcndeTacQwVsrJsfXkWsCHYHbeGgkpd76TNJXeabSqgvJQna398Mtly93CrSJ4HjGHOihXA6D5m4NCMyVxg.rCh2YWfx4NPEO9hC3p_NodVLTNbsY3bZ_5DE4iftXO4nKR3V3.XT1MCC2pf._U9aogE1FYsiZ1i84BtDs7K090MKInK3jlTllDPh4mlbFJVCKKwjIGH0Y6WvrXlxeujXOZRZGH.3Jw.w6VLiLthOcn51fV.5SRGTeLu6h2a2WJkErtnC0JEsqYgmKR6Y9jVmU2kZjrCsrRh88XCXaQLs7DKjkZABB5DyNkGLOAgsS072wDRN_OIOtxrvwmMIgCc9IEosmpjelyTRdguvdB5K33UBXF7OXuTSKNiJLKmo6VsugT_iWf50V819TIhzlkBiPBaTIEas.IiElC6tmERsK3dQo0ppF3JMcxBK_h3JRkG4hl8BTfb7nIeiue_Vxes39DwCoTuzGvzZhbZwrE6WVF6D0f7hGZcEIaKkZ9K1ceXjyxhFN0xLjp28ODOMDQTHGhKKLj1ZmaUuKoKuUc7kNQVg0QKekpIHdkfSK_7io4NlNusB9u6jQah8s3rsOzVe8fSXV0WdorlYzimEh_aEQ2M9XgjHp8.iot9q4u71AH8VM0jkj0MFqZG_gEvxCEZ.UprPc_HlM.WRxk7gmyInqzlPt_W5isTEMU5606NlMW429634z.a9uWpcVqhNVkgO5tqGdVQ8oNCAV3ktqXXuh3PN2SROV2yIIvZHu9k.jHhAuSz1TWDzeo7lUHPn4S8nAxVuDzk5prB4MH3v9yYTeYn08SPGc68fnsTGgDC10FOQ67wWj.dwjEPeufJfYW2XN.0C1OAj71xE5FPmw80nzAG7jCc_JMxvswJadoEQknz_WIqQUhLIDAmc36fuOkjWX1sywzNKY9.NhQ5Y4xjJCV7vpelkN_i02b_2b961X9ZpsO_bvtHKFuiDbZtDD8MATtDE9dPg02X7cDCfP8WoPSc5MN1vFZQHrUegoX5rgSBxPr9rZO5wanjUDfGehnvCAQzE0OXPfr6qZTXweUO5.aF4Jf.4EllDMIjTqbgbYAdzxn0ipHFMjKUIyi_bdLIGRrNMINC3XfetBZiGrNVIaXolJIBT_Zux9jl_ilSmn2jkOefDlyGd2atiscNmDJvMtyy2VOarBiaSROH5FMevwguAhfFQ8zQtlJbrd9qalMgfEkXAZNrKUs6GO1tdwvWyyAeEneMSzDQo3Dr7IpdUnmcGOEkjIkLAK7x0ReP.qB0uNx5LjOm.frhOXg8wHUjrhay4BcMFbePhirUR0kkz8uHrJEWFKKbNBRC.C8uLmlRY.cUpApMZPZnAOj9BLW4XNQhM4WIaOZ0cXZysAG9chdP4wJHff7lYCh_eT6RsvdJAFy70yvWYtaT0X9sxOd.KmN74uaMmsvcb.BTI3GxN00qDq19XAyu1MWyr_o29imBLJ9CFfgqV6f_54itPqAXotobtvXlJzGbZZopktGON3WcFhbPi99Ifoh9X_uZe6bPy2gxg5VP6jUokv71K22.TsX67zFqpSsbOVn2oAli81P2QJ0e76MtOx3X0hDswBWIQXmsuiPnA1khQPwpT8k6F_e5gLsnNVuVCmjPVZFVVKM.AAm4XTMvDBCAOhAWMH6ZAkscNbHU25KPdi3OAab1_z6JIsf6DteqBcemwcNxLs5tqakYylOXakFl.ypHepFFoGp79Clb8jFgm1K7HmJqvEVgB0AOvlQYZi4GPjPCgEgLQUxYwUpmUg3LK231VVrB6tmlqvoPfi3jwXh5PnCUsvsmcFp9hz9nXgc89HroPDiiHFHgHhO6oq4yrMJINegREJX0rmACqV6jHLRQrPD4bJCWTygS8m5hVKG9b2_y2uw89BsYcKNsiBGMjERh8sLqfTsXUMpBUflT_QGt6FOZe4PPTXfjS4FZaJX6",mdrd: "yC.r6kafMRVO28i5eyaFMQcNsAWUivXZkI5mplJl5hU-1732385831-1.2.1.1-hRKBbukqy5ko3gPMC1GNATbEvxPTLNPWuAsYkwdYfsHCSAXL03_tQVrxj5CHsh8ex7MI8NI01H.hmfDa.4dig7gfIzrmOzwBGFu_pvZCAVM2bouMLlCSw.4slY0Ik.gpgyA.H5Vk8WOPwj9xwxHla9CucX_FQ4Epdlb00z71TzDI6GUtxobbfygw._5QIbhQeisBkfk6KHnQ.I_vtu0bGlVOEtiCmp5ii4S9918dsFVIh0wx5DcZgVrJ67K70HQT0v17ymx4ivESJrL37Xb0zZnGv_o8iczwiUEi26SWX_S949PTxZwZKTIlepwD4FRDCeuwt4YK7KXDgXEYXeG0wXMCoVTYi3FO4D4ZXwOqN9t2uuGC97i_1oeaGrCyEP9wi.kAFf.0oJ4k2c0geG3lmJ6E3FzSL6NTQC9yRXhUmCsymWf6hguEER5ZtLvfb6KafcMaUHhoj9f2ayrkPE7FXs5A0PGxpJhtTEo7kXHZjH4CzRlVrnqbXF17.WR7nRLREhFqekFagkZOrWSiWwCPsa.6jgXWqkLrfUcgSt0O3pMAHhsFsvseSrfHZzojglT31lW1A9XlKvr9PT.N.CwzzUMAi0sLNvBTvs5n9usu4HH1MkVo27blS.y_ZvZ69X7_7UyyCK5HEjT4ZBb0at_V44IzKTL71s2_gkGTqFMVQKOlVXKSP62S_bn_NFJkFxsK4.cPRpbWyimRMu_kv3qxSufbVPN7bMRW4E.YR3EWC0gi.IF.RoJ.oIIPx61RKnkm1tE8AxxBZPPvLQMLIYJwBinU5MUyZ6Jqhk8xLLMovQKT3gorgkBsMrsneLZNdgRDF5dtdLCLHntwrTq5sPZZaDAExFXNW.yllrIdT5lCOIDegrN_ff6SoQlQaRx3Gg4_PXSyaqS1yVfHmJtrgX9udEEgnSXILbwbehsenYZthWrtQ0AWC_oqLcLBVvbtgfS0Mm_7cU_12HxrLT.kQNsWrhRn.r7rvfPBPMXDz2PLKCsDO.BksCV8CvKxLmO8_75KzKWwFSltFUG_Y8Ex1FojaIyOjkaxQ8bvyLo6W3mG_.Yg0KaIWuS6AwMHi4iuU5Fsk4DLaoKkDTOL4kBnbUDavDJ7opbvNg6IIVyd5u2D7wezDoMTeddDxFfxPPHCqYTPea7N4ZwDgTfPISTCQtnday9O4zNhsirS16fy3eBenfv5Lvic6sGsAkJoLOEQpQ_YXXy_youXNGYXa_zy8UdUrXKwD4tB7eSavK.TjJe1UH3IPOFcPuDxe_JlEs7GdttaD.W8F9EM6i_xZ0VHqBz8O9yK6KdSMCsxCCxGjhvSkFnVzcmr4KO8OtIRyb8Avl8COqhiOl95oJ20pMiFgsNE0HUdIdp4nYxZRNYiF4EkYbVHkU2.OIKXDT9Y9Fl1XGNQem07EpTUGhkEwvSTCMM5lvqH_.R_4ou7CtZ6c86ZYiVHDyVbNOs7a4Smmt1XdXsVxi4Fed0owGA4lfeG3jt_V7IupNNKL6atJjE9DDA7JmThORw0.TsSqEmfCzX7f8Zl804sVdZvuHchA1iEA6wv_Q7Amd1TX1qZ2B7mwAz_Ok_co7tP3k3wHCazV0k931B5ewJdnxyuvRsVgS63QvxmMptbBhaakRqOAhhxSQcjpkoNea0V2oAhDKwQsWA99aZ_cGSGa8l_1g7sMKC1oKSkDBg8m4pVT7z3UKRyB5cdtu5Rb5Dpr_gVBLE4FDlrYMkv3s0f9jXcqOJXk2w1yg6EsxY8deyOhYsZNV7H_JgVsPuBirCyCS6TaZJC.HoRoZZZcGoxSqLQkdbWthg9RzRitRFY2FOhISxGTc7CmhrQq43qmfOwbpZqOkX4j8uOaWMwaDemf4MFbnl_ncBvNLChuqPp3UuaM91VT78I3uXTXOi04rjaZ7iYGO_.kjbQW21Nmde2HEwlZDPEY1ODQbbBgObZxdOycPMkI4fDP1QnhJbmBZQz5RtHoSq0h9lOM56Z"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e7327951e899c98';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195875023&__cf_chl_rt_tk=5EaG4r4HCMSuHFmnzyzfZDeFothy61QM0AXehdE9Kc8-1732385831-1.0.1.1-tNLI_yKIfDYEtHY.uw88IlBjX1j4lm65bamx2Yvddgc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>