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distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Identities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Identities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Identities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Elsewhere in Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flags-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flags subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>From New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>After the conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_French_Canadian_civic_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_French_Canadian_civic_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Of French Canadian civic institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_French_Canadian_civic_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Of_francophone_groups_located_in_native_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_francophone_groups_located_in_native_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Of francophone groups located in native land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_francophone_groups_located_in_native_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_francophone_groups_formed_by_French_Canadian_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_francophone_groups_formed_by_French_Canadian_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>Of francophone groups formed by French Canadian emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_francophone_groups_formed_by_French_Canadian_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_other_groups_originating_from_the_colonisation_of_New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_other_groups_originating_from_the_colonisation_of_New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Of other groups originating from the colonisation of New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_other_groups_originating_from_the_colonisation_of_New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Genealogical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French Canadians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="كنديون فرنسيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنديون فرنسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ফরাসি কানাডীয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরাসি কানাডীয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Франкаканадцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франкаканадцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Французи в Канада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Французи в Канада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francocanadencs" title="Francocanadencs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francocanadencs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk-canadiere" title="Fransk-canadiere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fransk-canadiere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Kanadier" title="Französische Kanadier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französische Kanadier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_prantslased" title="Kanada prantslased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada prantslased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francocanadienses" title="Francocanadienses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francocanadienses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franckanadanoj" title="Franckanadanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franckanadanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franko-kanadar" title="Franko-kanadar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Franko-kanadar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فرانسوی-کانادایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسوی-کانادایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadiens_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Canadiens français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canadiens français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanadaigh_Fhrancacha" title="Ceanadaigh Fhrancacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceanadaigh Fhrancacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EA%B3%84_%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="프랑스계 캐나다인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스계 캐나다인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="फ़्रेंच कनाडाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रेंच कनाडाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Prancis_Kanada" title="Orang Prancis Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Prancis Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-canadesi" title="Franco-canadesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Franco-canadesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קנדים צרפתים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדים צרפתים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadenses_Francogallici" title="Canadenses Francogallici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canadenses Francogallici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فرنسيين كنديين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسيين كنديين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E4%BA%BA" title="フランス系カナダ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス系カナダ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk-canadiere" title="Fransk-canadiere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fransk-canadiere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankokanadyjczycy" title="Frankokanadyjczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frankokanadyjczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-canadianos" title="Franco-canadianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Franco-canadianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Франкоканадцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франкоканадцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French Canadians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Франкоканађани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франкоканађани" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Canadiens" redirects here. For the hockey team, see <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a>. For the French-speaking population of Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">Francophone Canadians</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canadien_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canadien (disambiguation)">Canadien (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="French Canadian (disambiguation)">French Canadian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">French Canadians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canadiens français</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>4,995,040</b> in Canada (by ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-population2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>14.5%</b> of the total Canadian population (2016)<br /><br /><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10.56 million</span></b> (French-speaking Canadians)<sup id="cite_ref-french2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>29.1%</b> of the total Canadian population (2021)<br /><br /><b>1,998,012</b> in the United States (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Canada</b>: majority in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, large minority in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, small minorities in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. <br /> <b>United States</b>: small <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian American">French Canadian American</a> minorities in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a>,</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, minority <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">Irreligious</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a>, other <a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Canadians" title="Norman Canadians">Norman Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:French_people" title="Category:French people">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-size: 200%;"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/150px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/200px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Native communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aosta</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_French_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of French origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li>Namibia <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li></ul> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="French people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Korea" title="French people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Middle East</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Lebanon" title="French people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East#French_(Levantine)_people_in_Turkey" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li>Netherlands <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#The_Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany (pre-1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hungary" title="French people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>Spain</li> <li>Portugal</li></ul> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">French Antilles</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Jamaica" title="French immigration to Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_settlement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="French settlement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">French Canadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Albertan">Franco-Albertan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>South America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvians" title="French Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayans" title="French Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Venezuelans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Venezuelans (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> <p><b>Oceania</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Zealanders" title="French New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <sup>1</sup>Overseas parts of France proper <br /> <i>Migration of minorities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).</i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="French Church">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_dress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French dress (page does not exist)">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_France" title="National symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in France">Cultural Heritage sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people" title="List of French people">List of French people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_French_descent" title="Category:People of French descent">People of French descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_people" title="Template:French people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_people" title="Template talk:French people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>French Canadians</b>, referred to as <b>Canadiens</b> mainly before the nineteenth century, are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> colonists first arriving in <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">France's colony of Canada</a> in 1608.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The vast majority of French Canadians live in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. </p><p>During the 17th century, French settlers originating mainly from the west and north of France settled Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from them that the French Canadian ethnicity was born. During the 17th to 18th centuries, French Canadians expanded across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and colonized various regions, cities, and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, people of French Canadian descent can be found across North America. Between 1840 and 1930, many French Canadians emigrated to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Grande Hémorragie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French Canadians get their name from the <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">French colony of Canada</a>, the most developed and densely populated region of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries. The original use of the term <i>Canada</i> referred to the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, divided in three districts (<a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montréal</a>), as well as to the <i><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></i> (Upper Countries), a vast and thinly settled territorial dependence north and west of Montreal which covered the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> area. </p><p>From 1535 to the 1690s, <i>Canadien</i> was a word used by the French to refer to the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> they had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at <a href="/wiki/Stadacona" title="Stadacona">Stadacona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hochelaga_(village)" title="Hochelaga (village)">Hochelaga</a>, though First Nations groups did not refer to themselves as <i>Canadien</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 17th century, <i>Canadien</i> became an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> distinguishing the French inhabitants of Canada from those of France. At the end of the 18th century, to distinguish between the English-speaking population and the French-speaking population, the terms <i><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadian</a></i> and <i>French Canadian</i> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s to 1980s, inhabitants of Quebec began to identify as <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> instead of simply French Canadian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyageur_canoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Voyageur_canoe.jpg/370px-Voyageur_canoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Voyageur_canoe.jpg/555px-Voyageur_canoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Voyageur_canoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><i>Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall</i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Anne_Hopkins" title="Frances Anne Hopkins">Frances Anne Hopkins</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> settlers from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauce,_France" title="Beauce, France">Beauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saintonge_(region)" title="Saintonge (region)">Saintonge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> were the first <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">Europeans</a> to permanently colonize what is now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (see <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a>). Their colonies of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritime provinces</a>, southern Quebec and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, as well as the entire <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley. </p><p>The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> in 1605 and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> in 1608 as <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trading posts</a>. The territories of New France were <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>; the mid-continent <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> was at first governed from Canada and then attached to Louisiana. The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec) called themselves the <i>Canadiens</i>, and came mostly from northwestern France.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early inhabitants of Acadia, or <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (<i>Acadiens)</i>, came mostly but not exclusively from the <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">southwestern regions of France</a>. </p><p><i>Canadien</i> explorers and fur traders would come to be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a></i>, while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">habitants</a></i>. Many French Canadians are the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a> (<i>Filles du Roi</i>) of this era. A few also are the descendants of mixed French and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> marriages (see also <a href="/wiki/Metis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis people">Metis people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian people">Acadian people</a>). During the mid-18th century, French explorers and <i>Canadiens</i> born in French Canada colonized other parts of North America in what are today the states of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor-Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor-Detroit">Windsor-Detroit</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian prairies">Canadian prairies</a> (primarily Southern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg/220px-Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg/330px-Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg/440px-Cornelius_Krieghoff_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption><i>Habitants</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Krieghoff" title="Cornelius Krieghoff">Cornelius Krieghoff</a> (1852)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1760 British conquest of New France in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in Canada), the French-Canadian population remained important in the life of the colonies. The British gained Acadia by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713. It took the 1774 <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> for French Canadians to regain the French civil law system, and in 1791 French Canadians in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> were introduced to the parliamentary system when an elected <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> was created. The Legislative Assembly having no real power, the political situation degenerated into the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellions</a> of 1837–1838, after which Lower Canada and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> were unified. Some of the motivations for the union was to limit French-Canadian political power and at the same time transferring a large part of the Upper Canadian debt to the debt-free Lower Canada. After many decades of British immigration, the <i>Canadiens</i> became a minority in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> in the 1850s. </p><p>French-Canadian contributions were essential in securing <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a> and in undertaking <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, French Canadians' discontent grew with their place in Canada because of a series of events: including the execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>, the elimination of official bilingualism in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba</a>, Canada's military participation in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation_17" title="Regulation 17">Regulation 17</a> which banned French-language schools in Ontario, the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1840s and the 1930s, some 900,000 French Canadians immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> region. About half of them returned home. The generations born in the United States would eventually come to see themselves as <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">Franco-Americans</a>. During the same period of time, numerous French Canadians also <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_migration_in_Canada" title="Interprovincial migration in Canada">migrated</a> and settled in Eastern and Northern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. The descendants of those Quebec inter-provincial migrants constitute the bulk of today's <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarian</a> community. </p><p>Since 1968, French has been one of Canada's two official languages. It is the sole official language of Quebec and one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. The province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> has no official languages defined in law, although the provincial government provides French language services in many parts of the province under the <i><a href="/wiki/French_Language_Services_Act" title="French Language Services Act">French Language Services Act</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a></div> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of French spoken by francophone Canadians, for example <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a>. The French spoken in Ontario, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian West">Canadian West</a>, and New England can trace their roots back to Quebec French because of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebec's diaspora</a>. Over time, many regional accents have emerged. Canada is estimated to be home to between 32 and 36 regional French accents,<sup id="cite_ref-quebeccultureblog.com2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quebeccultureblog.com2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17 of which can be found in Quebec, and 7 of which are found in New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also people who will naturally speak using <i>Québécois Standard</i> or <a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a> which are considered <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a>. </p><p>There are about seven million French Canadians and native French speakers in Quebec. Another one million French-speaking French Canadians are distributed throughout the rest of Canada. French Canadians may also speak <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, especially if they live in overwhelmingly English-speaking environments. In Canada, not all those of French Canadian ancestry speak French, but the vast majority do. </p><p>Francophones living in Canadian provinces other than Quebec have enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> rights under Canadian law since the <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)" title="Official Languages Act (Canada)">Official Languages Act</a> of 1969, and under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Constitution">Canadian Constitution</a> since 1982, protecting them from provincial governments that have historically been indifferent towards their presence. At the provincial level, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> formally designates French as a full <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, while other provinces vary in the level of French language services they offer. All three of Canada's territories include French as an official language of the territory alongside English and local indigenous languages, although in practice French-language services are normally available only in the capital cities and not across the entire territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> is the chief denomination. The kingdom of France forbade non-Catholic settlement in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> from 1629 onward and thus, almost all French settlers of <a href="/wiki/Canada,_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada, New France">Canada</a> were Catholic. In the United States, some families of French-Canadian origin have converted to Protestantism. Until the 1960s, religion was a central component of French-Canadian national identity. The Church parish was the focal point of civic life in French-Canadian society, and religious orders ran French-Canadian schools, hospitals and orphanages and were very influential in everyday life in general. During the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s, however, the practice of Catholicism dropped drastically.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church attendance in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> currently remains low. Rates of religious observance among French Canadians outside Quebec tend to vary by region, and by age. In general, however, those in Quebec are the least observant, while those in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> and other places away from Quebec tend to be the most observant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/French_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/French Canadians">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People who claim some French-Canadian ancestry or heritage number some 7 million in Canada. In the United States, 2.4 million people report French-Canadian ancestry or heritage, while an additional 8.4 million claim <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> ancestry; they are treated as a separate ethnic group by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png/200px-French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png/300px-French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png/400px-French_Canadian_population_by_province_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the proportion of French Canadian across Canada.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Canada, 85% of French Canadians reside in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> where they constitute the majority of the population in all regions except the far north (<a href="/wiki/Nord-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Nord-du-Québec">Nord-du-Québec</a>). Most cities and villages in this province were built and settled by the French or French Canadians during the <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">French colonial rule</a>. </p><p>There are various urban and small centres in Canada outside Quebec that have long-standing populations of French Canadians, going back to the late 19th century, due to <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_migration_in_Canada" title="Interprovincial migration in Canada">interprovincial migration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> have large populations of francophones in communities such as <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury,_Ontario" title="Hawkesbury, Ontario">Hawkesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timmins" title="Timmins">Timmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_District" title="Timiskaming District">Timiskaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welland" title="Welland">Welland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>. Many also pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a> in the late 18th century, founding the towns of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Boniface, Manitoba">Saint Boniface, Manitoba</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peace_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Country">Peace Country</a>, including the region of <a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a>. </p><p>It is estimated that roughly 70–75% of Quebec's population descend from the French pioneers of the 17th and 18th century. </p><p>The French-speaking population have massively chosen the "Canadian" ("<i>Canadien</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>) ethnic group since the government made it possible (1986), which has made the current statistics misleading. The term <i>Canadien</i> historically referred only to a French-speaker, though today it is used in French to describe any Canadian citizen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French language in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/170px-French_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/255px-French_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/340px-French_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French in the United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, many cities were founded as colonial outposts of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> by French or French-Canadian explorers. They include <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile (Alabama)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene (Idaho)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes (Indiana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois" title="Belleville, Illinois">Belleville (Illinois)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais,_Illinois" title="Bourbonnais, Illinois">Bourbonnais (Illinois)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Rocher,_Illinois" title="Prairie du Rocher, Illinois">Prairie du Rocher (Illinois)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque (Iowa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge (Louisiana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans (Louisiana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit (Michigan)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi (Mississippi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creve_Coeur,_Missouri" title="Creve Coeur, Missouri">Creve Coeur (Missouri)</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis (Missouri)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh (Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo (Utah)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay (Wisconsin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse (Wisconsin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee (Wisconsin)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin">Prairie du Chien (Wisconsin)</a>. </p><p>The majority of the French-Canadian population in the United States is found in the New England area, although there is also a large French-Canadian presence in <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> from <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>. Quebec and Acadian emigrants settled in industrial cities like <a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Massachusetts" title="Somerset, Massachusetts">Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island" title="Woonsocket, Rhode Island">Woonsocket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Connecticut" title="Bristol, Connecticut">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Hartford,_Connecticut" title="East Hartford, Connecticut">East Hartford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>; throughout the state of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(city),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (city), Vermont">St. Albans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barre,_Vermont_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barre, Vermont (city)">Barre</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Biddeford,_Maine" title="Biddeford, Maine">Biddeford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. Smaller groups of French Canadians settled in the Midwest, notably in the states of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. French Canadians also settled in central North Dakota, largely in <a href="/wiki/Rolette_County,_North_Dakota" title="Rolette County, North Dakota">Rolette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottineau_County,_North_Dakota" title="Bottineau County, North Dakota">Bottineau</a> counties, and in South Dakota. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Metis</a> still speak <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a>, a language influenced by French, and a mixture of other European and Native American tribal languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identities">Identities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/250px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/375px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/500px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Major ethnicities in Canada, 2021.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Top four reported "French" ethnic or cultural identities in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Identity </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>French Canadians </td> <td>6,695,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> </td> <td>4,941,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a> </td> <td>146,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a> </td> <td>96,145 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Reported French population history in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,082,940</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,298,929</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,649,371</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,061,719</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,452,743</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,927,990</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,483,038</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,319,167</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,540,346</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,180,120</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,111,540</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,123,360</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,389,180</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,709,215</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−31.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,809,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−15.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,146,940</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,386,995</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,995,040</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1981_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1981-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986B_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986B-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1991_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1991-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1996_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1996-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Note 1: 1981 Canadian census only included partial multiple ethnic origin responses for individuals with British and French ancestry.</i><br /><i>Note 2: 1996-present censuses include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">"Canadian" ethnic origin</a> category.</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>French Canadians living in Canada express their cultural identity using a number of terms. The <i>Ethnic Diversity Survey</i> of the 2006 Canadian census<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EDS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-questions_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, French Canadians, <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a>. The latter three were grouped together by Jantzen (2006) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jantzen (2006) distinguishes the English <i>Canadian</i>, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French <i>Canadien</i>, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen_2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Canadien" was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century. The English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called "Anglais". This usage continued until <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederation united several former British colonies into the Dominion of Canada, and from that time forward, the word "Canadian" has been used to describe both English-speaking and French-speaking citizens, wherever they live in the country. </p><p>Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61%, respectively, reporting a strong sense of belonging.<sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen_2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British or Canadian ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include French New World ancestries such as "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population) and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> (6% of Atlantic provinces).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_langues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Quebec_langues.png/220px-Quebec_langues.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Quebec_langues.png/330px-Quebec_langues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Quebec_langues.png/440px-Quebec_langues.png 2x" data-file-width="3311" data-file-height="3745" /></a><figcaption>Languages in Quebec</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used <i>Québécois</i> (masculine) or <i>Québécoise</i> (feminine) to express their cultural and national identity, rather than <i>Canadien français</i> and <i>Canadienne française</i>. Francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as "French Canadian" (<i>Canadien</i> or <i>Canadien français</i>), though the term "French Canadian" may by extension refer to natives of the province of Quebec or other parts of French Canada of foreign descent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec sovereignty">Quebec sovereignty</a>, often find <i>Canadien français</i> to be archaic or even pejorative. This is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebecers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. It has given Québécois an ambiguous meaning<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has often played out in <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">political issues</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as all public institutions attached to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Government of Quebec</a> refer to all Quebec citizens, regardless of their language or their cultural heritage, as Québécois. </p><p>Academic analysis of French Canadian culture has often focused on the degree to which the Quiet Revolution, particularly the shift in the social and cultural identity of the Québécois following the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_French_Canada" title="Estates General of French Canada">Estates General of French Canada</a> of 1966 to 1969, did or did not create a "rupture" between the Québécois and other francophones elsewhere in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere_in_Canada">Elsewhere in Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French speakers across Canada may now self-identify as <i>québécois(e)</i>, <i>acadien(ne)</i>, or <i>Franco-canadien(ne)</i>, or as provincial linguistic minorities such as <i>Franco-manitobain(e)</i>, <i>Franco-ontarien(ne)</i> or <i>fransaskois(e)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education, health and social services are provided by provincial institutions, so that provincial identities are often used to identify French-language institutions: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg/220px-Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg/330px-Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg/440px-Ontario_French_Ability_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Map of French language ability in Ontario according to the 2021 census.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlanders</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, also known as Terre-Neuvien(ne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarians</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, also referred to as Ontarien(ne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitobans</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, also referred to as Manitobain(e)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, also referred to Saskois(e)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Albertan">Franco-Albertans</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, also referred to Albertain(e)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbians</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> mostly live in the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> metro area; also referred to as Franco-Colombien(ne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a>, territory of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, also referred to as Yukonais(e)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a>, territory of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, also referred to as Ténois(e)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a>, territory of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, also referred to as Nunavois(e)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> residing in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> represent a distinct ethnic <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">French-speaking</a> culture. This group's culture and history evolved separately from the French Canadian culture, at a time when the Maritime Provinces were <i>not</i> part of what was referred to as Canada, and are consequently considered a distinct culture from French Canadians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Madawaska County, New Brunswick">Madawaska County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_County,_Maine" title="Aroostook County, Maine">Aroostook County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> may be identified with either the Acadians or the Québécois, or considered a distinct group in their own right, by different sources. </p><p>French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as "French Canadian". Identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do. Few identify <i>only</i> with the provincial groupings, explicitly rejecting "French Canadian" as an identity label. A population genetics ancestry study claims that for those French Canadians who trace their ancestry to the French founder population, a significant percentage, 53-78% have at least one indigenous ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French1346.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/French1346.gif/220px-French1346.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/French1346.gif/330px-French1346.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/French1346.gif/440px-French1346.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Distribution</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-18th century, French Canadian explorers and colonists colonized other parts of North America in what are today <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (called <i>Louisianais</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, far northern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a> as well as around <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Illinois_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illinois-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also founded such cities as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> and villages in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Valley">Mississippi Valley</a>. French Canadians later emigrated in large numbers from Canada to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between the 1840s and the 1930s in search of economic opportunities in border communities and industrialized portions of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emigration_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emigration-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French-Canadian communities in the United States remain along the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> border in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, as well as further south in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. There is also a significant community of French Canadians in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood, Florida</a>, especially during the winter months. The wealth of Catholic churches named after <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">St. Louis</a> throughout New England is indicative of the French immigration to the area. They came to identify as <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">Franco-American</a>, especially those who were born American. </p><p>Distinctions between French Canadian, natives of France, and other New World French identities is more blurred in the U.S. than in Canada, but those who identify as French Canadian or Franco American generally do not regard themselves as French. Rather, they identify culturally, historically, and ethnically with the culture that originated in Quebec that is differentiated from French culture. In <i>L'Avenir du français aux États-Unis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Veltman" title="Calvin Veltman">Calvin Veltman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Lacroix" title="Benoît Lacroix">Benoît Lacroix</a> found that since the French language has been so widely abandoned in the United States, the term "French Canadian" has taken on an ethnic rather than linguistic meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French Canadian identities are influenced by historical events that inform regional cultures. For example, in New England, the relatively recent immigration (19th/20th centuries) is informed by experiences of language oppression and an identification with certain occupations, such as the mill workers. In the Great Lakes, many French Canadians also identify as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> and trace their ancestry to the earliest <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">settlers</a>; many also have ancestry dating to the lumber era and often a mixture of the two groups. </p><p>The main Franco-American regional identities are: </p> <ul><li>French Canadians: <ul><li>French Canadians of the Great Lakes (including <a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat French</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a></li></ul></li> <li>Creoles: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a> (and other people of French ancestry in the former <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a> (who speak <a href="/wiki/Colonial_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial French">Colonial French</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, Canadiens had a <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> in Eastern Canada (Québec). This subsistence agriculture slowly evolved in dairy farm during the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century while retaining the subsistence side. By 1960, agriculture changed toward an industrial agriculture. French Canadians have <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> distinct livestock over the centuries, including <a href="/wiki/Canadienne_cattle" title="Canadienne cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_horse" title="Canadian horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chantecler_chicken" title="Chantecler chicken">chickens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/French_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/French Canadians">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In English usage, the terms for provincial subgroups, if used at all, are usually defined solely by province of residence, with all of the terms being strictly interchangeable with French Canadian. Although this remains the more common usage in English, it is considered outdated to many Canadians of French descent, especially in Quebec. Most francophone Canadians who use the provincial labels identify with their province of origin, even if it is not the province in which they currently reside; for example, a Québécois who moved to Manitoba would not normally change their own self-identification to Franco-Manitoban.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Increasingly, provincial labels are used to stress the linguistic and cultural, as opposed to ethnic and religious, nature of French-speaking institutions and organizations. The term "French Canadian" is still used in historical and cultural contexts, or when it is necessary to refer to Canadians of French-Canadian heritage collectively, such as in the name and mandate of national organizations which serve francophone communities across Canada. Francophone Canadians of non-French-Canadian origin such as immigrants from francophone countries are not usually designated by the term "French Canadian"; the more general term "francophones" is used for French-speaking Canadians across all ethnic origins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags">Flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_New_France">From New France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: From New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal pavilion of 1534 to 1599."><img alt="Royal pavilion of 1534 to 1599." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/140px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/210px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/280px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal pavilion of 1534 to 1599.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_(Civil_Ensign).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavilion of the merchant navy from 1600 to 1663."><img alt="Pavilion of the merchant navy from 1600 to 1663." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Civil_Ensign%29.svg/140px-Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Civil_Ensign%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Civil_Ensign%29.svg/210px-Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Civil_Ensign%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Civil_Ensign%29.svg/280px-Naval_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Civil_Ensign%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant navy</a> from 1600 to 1663.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal pavilion of 1663 to 1763."><img alt="Royal pavilion of 1663 to 1763." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg/140px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg/210px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg/280px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal pavilion of 1663 to 1763.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carillon_drapeau.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carillon Flag."><img alt="Carillon Flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Carillon_drapeau.png/65px-Carillon_drapeau.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Carillon_drapeau.png/98px-Carillon_drapeau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Carillon_drapeau.png/131px-Carillon_drapeau.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_de_Carillon" class="extiw" title="fr:Drapeau de Carillon">Carillon Flag</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_conquest">After the conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: After the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_(Lower_Canada).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patriote flag."><img alt="Patriote flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_%28Lower_Canada%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_%28Lower_Canada%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_%28Lower_Canada%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_%28Lower_Canada%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_%28Lower_Canada%29.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_%28Lower_Canada%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Patriote_flag" title="Patriote flag">Patriote flag</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carillon-Sacré-Cœur."><img alt="Carillon-Sacré-Cœur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png/140px-CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png/210px-CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png/280px-CarillonSacreCoeur_Drapeau.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_de_Carillon#Carillon_Sacré-Cœur" class="extiw" title="fr:Drapeau de Carillon">Carillon-Sacré-Cœur</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Quebec in 1948."><img alt="Flag of Quebec in 1948." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg/140px-Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg/210px-Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg/280px-Drapeau_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_1948.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag of Quebec</a> in 1948.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Quebec."><img alt="Flag of Quebec." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/140px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/210px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/280px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag of Quebec</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_French_Canadian_civic_institutions">Of French Canadian civic institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Of French Canadian civic institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Of_francophone_groups_located_in_native_land">Of francophone groups located in native land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Of francophone groups located in native land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Québécois."><img alt="Québécois." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/140px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/210px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/280px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québécois</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Albertans."><img alt="Franco-Albertans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Franco_Albertains.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Franco-Albertans</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Manitoban."><img alt="Franco-Manitoban." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Manitobains.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Ontarians."><img alt="Franco-Ontarians." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg/140px-Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg/210px-Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg/280px-Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarians</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fransaskois."><img alt="Fransaskois." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Fransaskois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Of_francophone_groups_formed_by_French_Canadian_emigration">Of francophone groups formed by French Canadian emigration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Of francophone groups formed by French Canadian emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Americans."><img alt="Franco-Americans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg/140px-Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg/210px-Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg/280px-Drapeau_Franco-Am%C3%A9ricain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">Franco-Americans</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Columbians."><img alt="Franco-Columbians." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Colombiens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbians</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Nunavois."><img alt="Franco-Nunavois." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Nunavois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Ténois."><img alt="Franco-Ténois." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_FrancoTenois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Yukonnais."><img alt="Franco-Yukonnais." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Franco-Yukonnais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_other_groups_originating_from_the_colonisation_of_New_France">Of other groups originating from the colonisation of New France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Of other groups originating from the colonisation of New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acadians."><img alt="Acadians." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/140px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/210px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/280px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cajuns."><img alt="Cajuns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/132px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/198px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/263px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Terreneuviens."><img alt="Franco-Terreneuviens." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg/140px-Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg/210px-Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg/280px-Flag_of_Franco-Terreneuviens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Terreneuviens" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Terreneuviens">Franco-Terreneuviens</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Métis (Canada)."><img alt="Métis (Canada)." 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/191px-Metis_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/253px-Metis_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis (Canada)">Métis (Canada)</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 125px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelonais."><img alt="Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelonais." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/140px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/210px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/280px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon">Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelonais</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28279%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+%2812%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census+-+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110528%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D120%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-french2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-french2021_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163716/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+and+French+Perspectives+on+Diversity&rft.atitle=The+Advantages+of+Analyzing+Ethnic+Attitudes+Across+Generations%E2%80%94Results+From+the+Ethnic+Diversity+Survey&rft.pages=103-118&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jantzen&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2FCollection%2FCH36-4-1-2004E.pdf%23page%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jantzen_2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jantzen_2006_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jantzen_2006_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2006) Footnote 5: <i>"Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things. In English, it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations. In French it is referring to "Les Habitants", settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th centuries who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2006): "The reporting of French New World ancestries (Canadien, Québécois, and French-Canadian) is concentrated in the 4th+ generations; 79% of French-Canadian, 88% of Canadien and 90% of Québécois are in the 4th+generations category."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jantzen_2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jantzen_2005_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jantzen_2005_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005): <i>"According to Table 3, the 4th+ generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Québécois."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2006): <i>For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different. Where generational data is available, it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. The high proportions are focused among those respondents that are in the 4th+ generations, and unlike with the British Isles example, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th+ generation is more pronounced. Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th+ generations, their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th+ generational results."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1871to1971-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada1999" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-516-X">"Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - Archived"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928012613/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-516-X">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Historical+statistics+of+Canada%2C+section+A%3A+Population+and+migration+-+Archived&rft.date=1999-07-29&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2F11-516-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1901to1961-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html">"1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220918171052/https://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1961+Census+of+Canada+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+part+2+%3D+1961+Recensement+du+Canada+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+partie+2.+Ethnic+groups.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.831160%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1921to1971-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html">"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220918170906/https://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1971+Census+of+Canada+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+part+3+%3D+Recensement+du+Canada+1971+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+partie+3.+Ethnic+groups.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.834326%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1981-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1981_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.837638/publication.html">"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927011644/https://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.837638/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1981+Census+of+Canada+%3A+volume+1+-+national+series+%3A+population+%3D+Recensement+du+Canada+de+1981+%3A+volume+1+-+s%C3%A9rie+nationale+%3A+population.+Ethnic+origin.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.837638%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1986-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1986_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html">"Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914162707/https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Canada+1986+Profile+of+ethnic+groups&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.676331%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1986B-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1986B_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.576036/publication.html">"1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912093809/https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.576036/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1986+Census+of+Canada%3A+Ethnic+Diversity+In+Canada.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.576036%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1991-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1991_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html">"1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418120318/https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1991+Census%3A+The+nation.+Ethnic+origin.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.676069%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1996-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population1996_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812184631/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Data+tables%2C+1996+Census+Population+by+Ethnic+Origin+%28188%29+and+Sex+%283%29%2C+Showing+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories+and+Census+Metropolitan+Areas%2C+1996+Census+%2820%25+Sample+Data%29&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus96%2Fdata%2Ftables%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D5216%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D89103%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D9%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154600/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28232%29%2C+Sex+%283%29+and+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29+for+Population%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2001+Census+-+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D62911%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D55440%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D44%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population2006_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2020" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (May 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921233310/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28247%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2006+Census+-+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Ftbt%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D92333%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D80%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928151805/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28264%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2810%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2011+National+Household+Survey&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111551/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population"</a>. <i>The Daily</i>. Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28247%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Ftbt%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D92333%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971%2C97154%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D80%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDS-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDS_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000926/http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/housingconference/Statistics.pdf">"Ethnic Diversity Survey: portrait of a multicultural society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics Canada. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/housingconference/Statistics.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+Survey%3A+portrait+of+a+multicultural+society&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbancentre.utoronto.ca%2Fpdfs%2Fhousingconference%2FStatistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-questions-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-questions_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2002" class="citation web cs1">Statistics Canada (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5nUG44rGn?url=http://janus.ssc.uwo.ca/docfiles/2002eds/Questionnaire-E.pdf">"Ethnic Diversity Survey: Questionnaire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janus.ssc.uwo.ca/docfiles/2002eds/Questionnaire-E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>The survey, based on interviews, asked the following questions: "1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+Survey%3A+Questionnaire&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2002-04&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanus.ssc.uwo.ca%2Fdocfiles%2F2002eds%2FQuestionnaire-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2006) Footnote 9: <i>"These will be called "French New World" ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacoursièreBouchardHoward1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lacoursière, Jacques; Bouchard, Claude; Howard, Richard (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_988BAAAAMAAJ"><i>Notre histoire: Québec-Canada, Volume 2</i></a> (in French). Montreal: Editions Format. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notre+histoire%3A+Qu%C3%A9bec-Canada%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Editions+Format&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Bouchard%2C+Claude&rft.au=Howard%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_988BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2006): <i>"As shown on Graph 3, over 30% of respondents reporting Canadian, British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2006): <i>Table 3: Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong* Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups, by Generational Status, 2002 EDS"</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 14 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/cgi-bin/downpub/listpub.cgi?catno=89-593-XIE2003001">report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104202519/http://www.statcan.ca/cgi-bin/downpub/listpub.cgi?catno=89-593-XIE2003001">Archived</a> 4 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/sports/lightning/2024/03/16/anthony-duclair-boyd-anderson-florida-panthers-brett-peterson-jason-gershonovitch/">"Anthony Duclair's dream of a more inclusive game is becoming reality"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Anthony+Duclair%27s+dream+of+a+more+inclusive+game+is+becoming+reality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fsports%2Flightning%2F2024%2F03%2F16%2Fanthony-duclair-boyd-anderson-florida-panthers-brett-peterson-jason-gershonovitch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/laughing-in-both-official-languages/article18274912/">"Laughing in both official languages"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. October 20, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Laughing+in+both+official+languages&rft.date=2004-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Farts%2Flaughing-in-both-official-languages%2Farticle18274912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nhl/columns/story?id=1765748">"Burnside: All grown up"</a>. <i>ESPN.com</i>. March 23, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Burnside%3A+All+grown+up&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnhl%2Fcolumns%2Fstory%3Fid%3D1765748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebecdanse.org/agenda/for-my-relevance-bradley-eng-corrida-audrey-gaussiran-move-clement-le-disquay-et-paul-canestraro-women-and-cypresses-cai-glover/">"For my Relevance - Bradley Eng + Corrida - Audrey Gaussiran + MOVE - Clément Le Disquay et Paul Canestraro + Women and Cypresses - Cai Glover"</a>. <i>Regroupement québécois de la danse</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regroupement+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+de+la+danse&rft.atitle=For+my+Relevance+-+Bradley+Eng+%2B+Corrida+-+Audrey+Gaussiran+%2B+MOVE+-+Cl%C3%A9ment+Le+Disquay+et+Paul+Canestraro+%2B+Women+and+Cypresses+-+Cai+Glover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebecdanse.org%2Fagenda%2Ffor-my-relevance-bradley-eng-corrida-audrey-gaussiran-move-clement-le-disquay-et-paul-canestraro-women-and-cypresses-cai-glover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBédard2001" class="citation book cs1">Bédard, Guy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">"Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity"</a>. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). <i>Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 28–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9"><bdi>1-896357-36-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217232710/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30#v=snippet&q=%22le%20quebec%20aux%20quebecois%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9citude%3A+An+Ambiguous+Identity&rft.btitle=Talking+about+Identity%3A+Encounters+in+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Language&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=28-32&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-896357-36-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9dard&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7gtD9vcGJMC%26q%3D%2522le%2Bquebec%2Baux%2Bquebecois%2522%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/house-passes-motion-recognizing-quebecois-as-nation-1.574359">"House passes motion recognizing Québécois as nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. November 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905141312/https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/11/27/nation-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+passes+motion+recognizing+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+as+nation&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhouse-passes-motion-recognizing-quebecois-as-nation-1.574359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjf.qc.ca/revue-relations/publication/article/quebeccanada-francophone-le-mythe-de-la-rupture/">"Québec/Canada francophone : le mythe de la rupture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815121507/http://cjf.qc.ca/revue-relations/publication/article/quebeccanada-francophone-le-mythe-de-la-rupture/">Archived</a> August 15, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i> Relations</i> 778, May/June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2003" class="citation web cs1">Churchill, Stacy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ChurchillEN.pdf">"Language Education, Canadian Civic Identity, and the Identity of Canadians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division. pp. 8–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030173323/https://www.coe.int/en/web/language-policy/home">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>. <q>French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as franco-manitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Education%2C+Canadian+Civic+Identity%2C+and+the+Identity+of+Canadians&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe%2C+Language+Policy+Division&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Flinguistic%2FSource%2FChurchillEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreauLefebvreJompheBhérer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moreau, C.; Lefebvre, J. F.; Jomphe, M.; Bhérer, C.; Ruiz-Linares, A.; Vézina, H.; Roy-Gagnon, M. H.; Labuda, D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680396">"Native American Admixture in the Quebec Founder Population"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (6): e65507. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...865507M">2013PLoSO...865507M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065507">10.1371/journal.pone.0065507</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680396">3680396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776491">23776491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Native+American+Admixture+in+the+Quebec+Founder+Population&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e65507&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3680396%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23776491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...865507M&rft.aulast=Moreau&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Lefebvre%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Jomphe%2C+M.&rft.au=Bh%C3%A9rer%2C+C.&rft.au=Ruiz-Linares%2C+A.&rft.au=V%C3%A9zina%2C+H.&rft.au=Roy-Gagnon%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Labuda%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3680396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illinois-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Illinois_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalesi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Balesi, Charles J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/488.html">"French and French Canadians"</a>. <i>The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago</i>. Chicago Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183259/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/488.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French+and+French+Canadians&rft.btitle=The+Electronic+Encyclopedia+of+Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+Historical+Society.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Balesi&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F488.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emigration-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emigration_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélangerBélanger2000" class="citation web cs1">Bélanger, Damien-Claude; Bélanger, Claude (August 23, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/readings/leaving.htm">"French Canadian Emigration to the United States, 1840–1930"</a>. <i>Quebec History</i>. Marianapolis College CEGEP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104101144/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/readings/leaving.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+History&rft.atitle=French+Canadian+Emigration+to+the+United+States%2C+1840%E2%80%931930&rft.date=2000-08-23&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=Damien-Claude&rft.au=B%C3%A9langer%2C+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2FQuebecHistory%2Freadings%2Fleaving.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeltmanLacroix1987" class="citation book cs1">Veltman, Calvin; Lacroix, Benoît (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xlp0AAAAMAAJ"><i>L'Avenir du français aux États-Unis</i></a>. Service des communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782551088720" title="Special:BookSources/9782551088720"><bdi>9782551088720</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217232709/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xlp0AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Avenir+du+fran%C3%A7ais+aux+%C3%89tats-Unis&rft.pub=Service+des+communications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9782551088720&rft.aulast=Veltman&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlp0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/canadienne">"Breeds of Livestock – Canadienne Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science"</a>. <i>afs.okstate.edu</i>. March 18, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107142226/http://afs.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/canadienne">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afs.okstate.edu&rft.atitle=Breeds+of+Livestock+%E2%80%93+Canadienne+Cattle+%E2%80%94+Breeds+of+Livestock%2C+Department+of+Animal+Science&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafs.okstate.edu%2Fbreeds%2Fcattle%2Fcanadienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122134656/http://www.cfagrf.com/Chantecler_chicken.htm">"Chantecler Chicken"</a>. November 22, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfagrf.com/Chantecler_chicken.htm">the original</a> on November 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chantecler+Chicken&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfagrf.com%2FChantecler_chicken.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1981-present: Statistic also includes "<a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Quebecois</a>" responses. Additionally, 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">"Canadian" (English) or "Canadien" (French) ethnic origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen_2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen_2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Canadian-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada's nationality laws</a>. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage. <br /><b>Source 1:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Jedwab2008" class="citation web cs1">Jack Jedwab (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032711/http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf">"Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2011</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Virtually all persons who reported "Canadian" in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue, were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada. This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations. In effect the "new Canadians" were persons that previously reported either British or French origins. Moreover in 1996 some 55% of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian (alone or in combination with other origins). By contrast, only 4% of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian. Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children. Most important however was that neatly half of those persons reporting Canadian origin in 1996 were in Quebec this represented a majority of the mother tongue francophone population. ... In the 2001 Census, 11.7 million people, or 39% of the total population, reported Canadian as their ethnic origin, either alone or in combination with other origins. Some 4.9 million Quebecers out of 7.1 million individuals reported Canadian or "Canadien" thus accounting for nearly seven in ten persons (nearly eighty percent of francophones in Quebec). (Page 2)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+%27Cense%27+of+Self%3A+the+2006+Census+saw+1.6+million+%27Canadian%27&rft.pub=Association+for+Canadian+Studies&rft.date=2008-04&rft.au=Jack+Jedwab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs-aec.ca%2Fpdf%2Fpolls%2F12154527016855.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span><br /><b>Source 2:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Kerr2007" class="citation book cs1">Don Kerr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313"><i>The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population</i></a>. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-322-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Canada%3A+Essential+Readings+in+Population&rft.pages=313-317&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-322-2&rft.au=Don+Kerr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCofPBh5BRhwC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_works">Genealogical works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Genealogical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of the main genealogical works retracing the origins of French Canadian families: </p> <ol><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Charbonneau" class="extiw" title="fr:Hubert Charbonneau">Hubert Charbonneau</a> and Jacques Legaré, <i>Répertoire des actes de baptême, mariage et sépulture et des recensements du Québec ancien</i>, vol. I-XLVII. Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1980. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7606-0471-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7606-0471-3">2-7606-0471-3</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Jett%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:René Jetté">René Jetté</a> and collab, <i>Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec. Des origines à 1730</i>, Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1983. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782891058155" title="Special:BookSources/9782891058155">9782891058155</a>)</li> <li>Noël Montgomery Elliot, <i>Les Canadiens français 1600-1900</i>, vol. I-III. Toronto : 1st edition, La Bibliothèque de recherche généalogique, 1992. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919941-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-919941-20-6">0-919941-20-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Tanguay" title="Cyprien Tanguay">Cyprien Tanguay</a>, <i>Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes. Depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu'à nos jours</i>, vol. I-VII, 1871–1890. Nouvelle édition, Montréal : Éditions Élysée, 1975. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88545-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88545-009-4">0-88545-009-4</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Canadians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans#Further_reading" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans § Further reading</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan1997" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Greer (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKJAUqpAolQC&q=The%20People%20of%20New%20France&pg=PP1"><i>The People of New France. (Themes in Canadian History Series)</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7816-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7816-8"><bdi>0-8020-7816-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217232710/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKJAUqpAolQC&q=The%20People%20of%20New%20France&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=The%20People%20of%20New%20France&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+New+France.+%28Themes+in+Canadian+History+Series%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8020-7816-8&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Greer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKJAUqpAolQC%26q%3DThe%2520People%2520of%2520New%2520France%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrault1986" class="citation book cs1">Brault, Gerard J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZkXdBzYjzcC&q=The%20French-Canadian%20Heritage%20in%20New%20England&pg=PP1"><i>The French-Canadian Heritage in New England</i></a>. University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87451-359-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87451-359-6"><bdi>0-87451-359-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217232710/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZkXdBzYjzcC&q=The%20French-Canadian%20Heritage%20in%20New%20England&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French-Canadian+Heritage+in+New+England&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87451-359-6&rft.aulast=Brault&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZkXdBzYjzcC%26q%3DThe%2520French-Canadian%2520Heritage%2520in%2520New%2520England%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Breton, Raymond, and Pierre Savard, eds. <i>"The Quebec and Acadian Diaspora in North America</i> (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1300085932?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&imgSeq=1">online book review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114194515/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1300085932?fromopenview=true&imgSeq=1&pq-origsite=gscholar">Archived</a> November 14, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoty1985" class="citation book cs1">Doty, C. Stewart (1985). <i>The First Franco-Americans: New England Life Histories from the Federal Writers' Project, 1938–1939</i>. University of Maine at Orono Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Franco-Americans%3A+New+England+Life+Histories+from+the+Federal+Writers%27+Project%2C+1938%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=University+of+Maine+at+Orono+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=C.+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1">Faragher, John Mack (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara"><i>A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Noble+Scheme%3A+The+Tragic+Story+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+Their+American+Homeland&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyh2002" class="citation book cs1">Geyh, Patricia Keeney (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svJKKvIWfUcC&q=French%20Canadian&pg=PR7"><i>French Canadian sources: a guide for genealogists</i></a>. Ancestry Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931279-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-931279-01-2"><bdi>1-931279-01-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217232711/https://books.google.com/books?id=svJKKvIWfUcC&q=French%20Canadian&pg=PR7#v=snippet&q=French%20Canadian&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Canadian+sources%3A+a+guide+for+genealogists&rft.pub=Ancestry+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-931279-01-2&rft.aulast=Geyh&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Keeney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvJKKvIWfUcC%26q%3DFrench%2520Canadian%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lamarre, Jean. <i>Les Canadiens français du Michigan: leur contribution dans le développement de la vallée de la Saginaw et de la péninsule de Keweenaw, 1840-1914</i> (Les éditions du Septentrion, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFiZ8vTtT1QC&pg=PA8">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826143111/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFiZ8vTtT1QC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> August 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouderEric_Waddell1993" class="citation book cs1">Louder, Dean R.; Eric Waddell (1993). <i>French America: Mobility, Identity, and Minority Experience across the Continent</i>. Franklin Philip (trans.). Louisiana State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+America%3A+Mobility%2C+Identity%2C+and+Minority+Experience+across+the+Continent&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Louder&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rft.au=Eric+Waddell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>McQuillan, D. Aidan. "Franch-Canadian Communities in the American Upper Midwest during the Nineteenth Century." <i>Cahiers de géographie du Québec</i> 23.58 (1979): 53-72.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisLouis_Allen1923" class="citation journal cs1">Marquis, G. E.; Louis Allen (May 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/107/1/7">"The French Canadians in the Province of Quebec"</a>. <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>107</b> (Social and Economic Conditions in The Dominion of Canada): 7–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271622310700103">10.1177/000271622310700103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143714682">143714682</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032652/https://ann.sagepub.com/content/107/1/7">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+French+Canadians+in+the+Province+of+Quebec&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=Social+and+Economic+Conditions+in+The+Dominion+of+Canada&rft.pages=7-12&rft.date=1923-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271622310700103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143714682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft.au=Louis+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fann.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F107%2F1%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Newton, Jason L. "“These French Canadian of the Woods are Half-Wild Folk” Wilderness, Whiteness, and Work in North America, 1840–1955." <i>Labour</i> 77 (2016): 121-150. in New Hampshire <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/llt/1900-v1-n1-llt02503/1036396ar.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725054528/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/llt/1900-v1-n1-llt02503/1036396ar.pdf">Archived</a> July 25, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1983" class="citation book cs1">Parker, James Hill (1983). <i>Ethnic Identity: The Case of the French Americans</i>. University Press of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Case+of+the+French+Americans&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=James+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver1997" class="citation book cs1">Silver, A. I. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tipNL7l7FbQC&q=French%20Canadian&pg=PP1"><i>The French-Canadian idea of Confederation, 1864–1900</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7928-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7928-8"><bdi>0-8020-7928-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217232711/https://books.google.com/books?id=tipNL7l7FbQC&q=French%20Canadian&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=French%20Canadian&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French-Canadian+idea+of+Confederation%2C+1864%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8020-7928-8&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtipNL7l7FbQC%26q%3DFrench%2520Canadian%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sorrell, Richard S. "The survivance of French Canadians in New England (1865–1930): History, geography and demography as destiny." <i>Ethnic and Racial Studies</i> 4.1 (1981): 91-109.</li> <li>Szlezák, Edith. <i>Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: "No French no mo' 'round here" </i> (Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007051442/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> October 7, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040120103226/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/pct_french_canadian.pdf"><i>Map displaying the percentage of the US population claiming French Canadian ancestry by county</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Census 2000</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/French_Canadian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:French Canadian">French Canadian</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_people" title="Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_people" title="Template talk:Canadian people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian 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href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundlander">Newfoundlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist#Nova_Scotia" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horn of Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Canadians" title="Algerian Canadians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Canadians" title="Libyan Canadians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_diaspora" title="Template:French diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_diaspora" title="Template talk:French diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Angola" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Benin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Burkina Faso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">French Upper Volta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Cameroon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Central African Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Chad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Africa" title="French Africa">Comoros</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">French Comoros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Africa" title="French Africa">Djibouti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Gabon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">French Gabon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">The Gambia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Island_(Gambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Island (Gambia)">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ghana <small> (<a href="/wiki/White_Ghanaian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ghanaian">White Ghanaian</a>)</small></li> <li>Guinea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">French Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Ivory_Coast" title="French people in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Mali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritians" title="Franco-Mauritians">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#North_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huguenots_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguenots in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Niger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Colony of Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li>Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Togo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Tunisians" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="French people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Korea" title="French people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Lebanon" title="French people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East#French_(Levantine)_people_in_Turkey" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hungary" title="French people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>Netherlands <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#The_Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Franco-Albertans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">French Antilles</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Jamaica" title="French immigration to Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_settlement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="French settlement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Zealanders" title="French New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvians" title="French Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayans" title="French Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>Overseas parts of France proper <br /> <i>Migration of minorities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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