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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identification and self-evaluation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identification_and_self-evaluation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Identification and self-evaluation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Identification_and_self-evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behavioural_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioural_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Behavioural expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioural_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_emotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_emotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with other emotions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_emotions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other emotions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_emotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_guilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_guilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comparison with guilt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_guilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_embarrassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_embarrassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comparison with embarrassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_embarrassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtypes_of_shame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes_of_shame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subtypes of shame</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subtypes_of_shame-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subtypes of shame subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subtypes_of_shame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robert_Karen's_types_of_shame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Karen's_types_of_shame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Robert Karen's types of shame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Karen's_types_of_shame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Burgo's_shame_paradigms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Burgo's_shame_paradigms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Joseph Burgo's shame paradigms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Burgo's_shame_paradigms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shame_and_mental_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shame_and_mental_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shame and mental illness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shame_and_mental_illness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shame and mental illness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shame_and_mental_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Narcissism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stigma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Stigma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shame_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shame_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Shame campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shame_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Empathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shame</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="خزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emot%C4%A9" title="Ñemotĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemotĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinq%27a" title="Phinq'a – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phinq'a" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utanma" title="Utanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Utanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="লজ্জা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লজ্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supog" title="Supog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Supog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Срам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Срам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ངོ་ཚ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ངོ་ཚ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezh" title="Mezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergonya" title="Vergonya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vergonya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%81" title="Намăс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Намăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud" title="Stud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywilydd" title="Cywilydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cywilydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skam" title="Skam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schamgef%C3%BChl" title="Schamgefühl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schamgefühl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4bi" title="Häbi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Häbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE" title="Ντροπή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντροπή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C3%B2gna" title="Vergògna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vergògna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C3%BCenza_(sentimiento)" title="Vergüenza (sentimiento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vergüenza (sentimiento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honto" title="Honto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Honto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotsa" title="Lotsa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lotsa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85" title="شرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharam" title="Sharam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sharam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honte" title="Honte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Honte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergo%C3%B1a" title="Vergoña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vergoña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%B9%98%EC%8B%AC" title="수치심 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수치심" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abin_kunya" title="Abin kunya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abin kunya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A9" title="Ամոթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամոթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="शर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malu" title="Malu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6mm" title="Skömm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skömm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergogna" title="Vergogna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vergogna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="בושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ront" title="Ront – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ront" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudor" title="Pudor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pudor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmt" title="Schimmt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schimmt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%97da" title="Gėda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gėda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9gyen" title="Szégyen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szégyen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaamte" title="Schaamte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schaamte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%9E%E6%81%A5%E5%BF%83" title="羞恥心 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="羞恥心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skam_(emosjon)" title="Skam (emosjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skam (emosjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skam" title="Skam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸ਼ਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wstyd_(emocja)" title="Wstyd (emocja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wstyd (emocja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vergonha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schamhaftichkeet" title="Schamhaftichkeet – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schamhaftichkeet" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C8%99ine" title="Rușine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rușine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27inqa" title="P'inqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P'inqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Стыд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стыд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3" title="ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpi" title="Turpi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turpi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgogna" title="Virgogna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virgogna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame" title="Shame – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shame" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud" title="Stud – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stud" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Срам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Срам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4pe%C3%A4" title="Häpeä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Häpeä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skamk%C3%A4nsla" title="Skamkänsla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skamkänsla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utan%C3%A7_(duygu)" title="Utanç (duygu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Utanç (duygu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsum" title="Nsum – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nsum" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Сором – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сором" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85" title="شرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E1%BA%A5u_h%E1%BB%95_(c%E1%BA%A3m_x%C3%BAc)" title="Xấu hổ (cảm xúc) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xấu hổ (cảm xúc)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honte" title="Honte – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Honte" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%9E%E8%80%BB" title="羞耻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="羞耻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2" title="שאנדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שאנדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A5" title="恥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="恥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Affect, emotion, cognition, state or condition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about psychological, philosophical, and societal aspects of shame. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shame_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shame (disambiguation)">Shame (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher,_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher%2C_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg/220px-75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher%2C_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher%2C_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg/330px-75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher%2C_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher%2C_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg/440px-75_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_-_%C3%88ve_au_rocher%2C_grand_mod%C3%A8le_%E2%80%93_Auguste_Rodin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="7508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> covers herself and lowers her head in shame in <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin's</a> <i>Eve after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall</a></i>. </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shame</b> is an unpleasant self-conscious emotion often associated with negative self-evaluation; motivation to quit; and feelings of pain, exposure, distrust, powerlessness, and worthlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shame is a discrete, basic emotion, described as a <a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social emotion">social emotion</a> that drives people to hide or deny their wrongdoings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moral emotions are emotions that have an influence on a person's decision-making skills and monitors different social behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of shame is on the self or the individual with respect to a perceived audience. It can bring about profound feelings of deficiency, defeat, inferiority, unworthiness, or self-loathing. Our attention turns inward; we isolate from our surroundings and withdraw into closed-off self-absorption. Not only do we feel alienated from others but also from the healthy parts of ourselves. The alienation from the world is replaced with painful emotions and self-deprecating thoughts and inner anguish.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empirical research demonstrates that it is dysfunctional for the individual and group level.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame can also be described as an unpleasant self-conscious emotion that involves negative evaluation of the self.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame can be a painful emotion that is seen as a "...comparison of the self's action with the self's standards..." but may equally stem from comparison of the self's state of being with the ideal social context's standard. According to Neda Sedighimornani,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shame is relevant in several psychological disorders such as depression, phobia of social interactions, and even some eating disorders. Some <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_guilt_and_shame" title="Measures of guilt and shame">scales of shame</a> measure it to assess emotional states, whereas other shame scales are used to assess emotional traits or dispositions- shame proneness.<sup id="cite_ref-Schalkwijk,_F._2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schalkwijk,_F._2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "To shame" generally means to actively assign or communicate a state of shame to another person. Behaviors designed to "uncover" or "expose" others are sometimes used to place shame on the other person. Whereas, having shame means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others (as with modesty, humility, and deference). In contrast to having shame is to have no shame; behaving without restraint, offending others, similar to other emotions like <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_and_self-evaluation">Identification and self-evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification and self-evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nineteenth-century scientist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> described shame affect in the physical form of blushing, confusion of mind, downward cast eyes, slack posture, and lowered head;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin noted these observations of shame affect in human populations worldwide, as mentioned in his book "<a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a>". Darwin also mentions how the sense of warmth or heat, associated with the vasodilation of the face and skin, can result in an even greater sense of shame. More commonly, the act of crying can be associated with shame. </p><p>When people feel shame, the focus of their evaluation is on the self or identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Schalkwijk,_F._2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schalkwijk,_F._2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame is a self-punishing acknowledgment of something gone wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is associated with "mental <a href="/wiki/Undoing_(psychology)" title="Undoing (psychology)">undoing</a>". Studies of shame showed that when ashamed people feel that their entire self is worthless, powerless, and small, they also feel exposed to an audience—real or imagined—that exists purely for the purpose of confirming that the self is worthless. Shame and the sense of self is stigmatized, or treated unfairly, like being overtly rejected by parents in favor of siblings' needs, and is assigned externally by others regardless of one's own experience or awareness. An individual who is in a state of shame will assign the shame internally from being a victim of the environment, and the same is assigned externally, or assigned by others regardless of one's own experience or awareness. </p><p>A "sense of shame" is the feeling known as <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> but "consciousness" or awareness of "shame as a state" or condition defines core/toxic shame (Lewis, 1971; Tangney, 1998). The person experiencing shame might not be able to, or perhaps simply will not, identify their emotional state as shame, and there is an intrinsic connection between shame and the mechanism of denial.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> " The key emotion in all forms of shame is contempt (Miller, 1984; Tomkins, 1967). Two realms in which shame is expressed are the <i>consciousness of self as bad</i> and <i>self as inadequate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenbergKoole2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenbergKoole2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People employ negative coping responses to counter deep rooted, associated sense of "shameworthiness".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shame <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> may occur as a result of the experience of shame affect or, more generally, in any situation of <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dishonor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonor">dishonor</a>, disgrace, inadequacy, <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chagrin#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:chagrin">chagrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dynamics of shame and devaluation appear to be consistent across cultures. This has led some researchers to propose the existence of a universal human psychology related to how we assign value and worth. This applies both to us and to others. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioural_expression">Behavioural expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavioural expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physiological symptoms caused by the autonomic nervous system include blushing, perspiration, dizziness, or nausea. A feeling of paralysis, numbness, or loss of muscle tone might set in making it difficult to think, act, or talk. Children often visibly slump and hang their head. In an effort to hide this reaction, adults are more likely to laugh, stare, avoid eye contact, freeze their face, tighten their jaw, or show a look of contempt. In another's presence, there's a feeling of being strange, naked, transparent, or exposed, as if wanting to disappear or hide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shame Code was developed to capture behavior as it unfolds in real time during the socially stressful and potentially shaming spontaneous speech task and was coded into the following categories: (1) Body Tension, (2) Facial Tension, (3) Stillness, (4) Fidgeting, (5) Nervous Positive Affect, (6) Hiding and Avoiding, (7) Verbal Flow and Uncertainty, and (8) Silence.<sup id="cite_ref-France,_K._2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France,_K._2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame tendencies were associated with more fidgeting and less freezing, but both stillness and fidgeting were social cues that convey distress to the observer and may elicit less harsh responses. Thus, both may be an attempt to diminish further shaming experiences. Shame involves global, self-focused negative attributions based on the anticipated, imagined, or real negative evaluations of others and is accompanied by a powerful urge to hide, withdraw, or escape from the source of these evaluations. These negative evaluations arise from transgressions of standards, rules, or goals and cause the individual to feel separate from the group for which these standards, rules, or goals exist, resulting in one of the most powerful, painful, and potentially destructive experiences known to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-France,_K._2017_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France,_K._2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_emotions">Comparison with other emotions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with other emotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distinguishing between shame, <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a> can be challenging. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are all similar reactions or emotions in the fact that they are self-conscious, "implying self-reflection and self-evaluation."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_guilt">Comparison with guilt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with guilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt (emotion)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guilt%E2%80%93shame%E2%80%93fear_spectrum_of_cultures" title="Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures">Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Goya9.jpg/220px-Goya9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Goya9.jpg/330px-Goya9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Goya9.jpg/440px-Goya9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Person hiding face and showing posture of shame (while wearing a <a href="/wiki/Sanbenito" title="Sanbenito">Sanbenito</a> and coroza hat) in <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a>'s sketch "For being born somewhere else". The person has been shamed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to cultural anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>, shame arises from a violation of cultural or social values while guilt feelings arise from violations of one's internal values.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus shame arises when one's 'defects' are exposed to others, and results from the negative evaluation (whether real or imagined) of others; guilt, on the other hand, comes from one's own negative evaluation of oneself, for instance, when one acts contrary to one's values or idea of one's self.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame is more attributed to internal characteristics and guilt is more attributed to behavioral characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it might be possible to feel ashamed of thought or behavior that no one actually knows about (because one is afraid of what they find), and conversely, feeling guilty about the act of gaining approval from others. </p><p>Psychoanalyst Helen B. Lewis argued that, "The experience of shame is directly about the self, which is the focus of evaluation. In guilt, the self is not the central object of negative evaluation, but rather the thing done is the focus."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Fossum and Mason say in their book <i>Facing Shame</i> that "While guilt is a painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one's actions, shame is a painful feeling about oneself as a person."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this line of reasoning, Psychiatrist Judith Lewis Herman concludes that "Shame is an acutely self-conscious state in which the self is 'split,' imagining the self in the eyes of the other; by contrast, in guilt the self is unified."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinical psychologist Gershen Kaufman's view of shame is derived from that of <a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect theory</a>, namely that shame is one of a set of instinctual, short-duration physiological reactions to stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauf92_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauf92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, guilt is seen as a learned behavior consisting primarily of self-directed <a href="/wiki/Blame" title="Blame">blame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">contempt</a>, and the shame that results from this behavior, making up a part of the overall experience of guilt. Here, <a href="/wiki/Self-blame" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-blame">self-blame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-contempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-contempt">self-contempt</a> mean the application, towards (a part of) one's self, of exactly the same dynamic that blaming of, and contempt for, others represents when it is applied interpersonally. </p><p>Kaufman saw that mechanisms such as blame or contempt may be used as a defending strategy against the experience of shame and that someone who has a pattern of applying them to himself may well attempt to defend against a shame experience by applying self-blame or self-contempt. This, however, can lead to an internalized, self-reinforcing sequence of shame events for which Kaufman coined the term "shame spiral".<sup id="cite_ref-Kauf92_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauf92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame can also be used as a strategy when feeling guilty, especially when the hope is to avoid punishment by inspiring compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_embarrassment">Comparison with embarrassment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparison with embarrassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One view of difference between shame and <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a> says that shame does not necessarily involve public humiliation while embarrassment does; that is, one can feel shame for an act known only to oneself but to be embarrassed one's actions must be revealed to others. In the field of ethics (moral psychology, in particular), however, there is debate as to whether or not shame is a heteronomous emotion, i.e., whether or not shame does involve recognition on the part of the ashamed that they have been judged negatively by others. </p><p>Another view of the dividing line between shame and embarrassment holds that the difference is one of intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view embarrassment is simply a less intense experience of shame. It is adaptive and functional. Extreme or toxic shame is a much more intense experience and one that is not functional. In fact, according to this view, toxic shame can be debilitating. The dividing line then is between functional and dysfunctional shame. This includes the idea that shame has a function or benefit for the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and his followers held that shame is heteronomous (comes from others); <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a> and others have argued that shame can be autonomous (comes from oneself).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame may carry the connotation of a response to something that is morally wrong whereas embarrassment is the response to something that is morally neutral but socially unacceptable. Another view of shame and guilt is that shame is a focus on self, while guilt is a focus on behavior. Simply put: A person who feels guilt is saying "I did something bad.", while someone who feels shame is saying "I am bad".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embarrassment has occasionally been viewed as a less severe or intense form of shame, which usually varies on different aspects such as intensity, the physical reaction of the person, or the size of the present social audience, but it is distinct from shame in that it involves a focus on the self-presented to an audience rather than the entire self.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is experienced as a sense of fluster and slight mortification resulting from a social awkwardness that leads to a loss of esteem in the eyes of others. Embarrassment has been characterized as a sudden-onset sense of fluster and mortification that results when the self is evaluated negatively because one has committed, or anticipates committing, a gaffe or awkward performance before an audience. So, because shame is focused on the entire self, those who become embarrassed apologize for their mistake, and then begin to repair things and this repair involves redressing harm done to the presented self.<sup id="cite_ref-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One view of difference between shame and embarrassment says that shame does not necessarily involve public humiliation while embarrassment does; that is, one can feel shame for an act known only to oneself but to be embarrassed one's actions must be revealed to others. Therefore shame can only be experienced in private and embarrassment can never be experienced in private.<sup id="cite_ref-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of ethics (moral psychology, in particular), however, there is debate as to whether or not shame is a heteronomous emotion, i.e. whether or not shame does involve recognition on the part of the ashamed that they have been judged negatively by others. This is a mature heteronomous type of shame where the agent does not judge herself negatively, but, due to the negative judgments of others, suspects that she may deserve negative judgment, and feel shame on this basis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, shame may carry the connotation of a response to something that is morally wrong whereas embarrassment is the response to something that is morally neutral but socially unacceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes_of_shame">Subtypes of shame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subtypes of shame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Karen's_types_of_shame"><span id="Robert_Karen.27s_types_of_shame"></span>Robert Karen's types of shame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Robert Karen's types of shame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologist Robert Karen identified four categories of shame: existential, situational, class, and narcissistic. Existential shame occurs when we become self-aware of an objective, unpleasant truth about ourselves or our situation. Situational shame is the feeling we have when violating an ethical principle, interpersonal boundary, or cultural norm. Class shame relates to social power and pertains to skin color, social class, ethnic background, and gender and occurs in societies that have rigid caste stratifications or disparate classes. Narcissistic shame occurs when our self-image and pride are wounded, affecting how we feel and think about ourselves as an individual, in contrast as a member of a group.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joseph_Burgo's_shame_paradigms"><span id="Joseph_Burgo.27s_shame_paradigms"></span>Joseph Burgo's shame paradigms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Joseph Burgo's shame paradigms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different reasons that people might feel shame. According to Joseph Burgo, there are four different aspects of shame. He calls these aspects of shame paradigms.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Unrequited love: "</b>Unreciprocated love that causes yearning for more complete love."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Unwanted exposure:</b> Something personal that we would like to keep private is unexpectedly revealed, or when we make a mistake in [a] public [setting]."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Disappointed expectation: "</b>The feeling of dissatisfaction that follows the failure of expectations or hopes to manifest."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Exclusion:</b> Being left out of connection or involvement with others or groups that we would like to belong to.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In his first subdivision of shame he looks into is unrequited love; which is when you love someone but your partner does not reciprocate, or one is rejected by somebody that they like; this can be mortifying and shaming.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrequited love can be shown in other ways as well. For example, the way a mother treats her new born baby. An experiment called "The Still Face Experiment" was done where a mother showed her baby love and talked to the baby for a set period of time. She then went a few minutes without talking to the baby. This resulted with the baby making different expressions to get the mother's attention. When the mother stopped giving the baby attention, the baby felt shame. According to research on unrequited love, people tend to date others who are similar in attractiveness, leaving those less attractive to feel an initial disappointment that creates a type of unrequited love in the person.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second type of shame is unwanted exposure. This would take place if you were called out in front of a whole class for doing something wrong or if someone saw you doing something you did not want them to see. This is what you would normally think of when you hear the word shame.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disappointed expectation would be your third type of shame according to Burgo. This could be not passing a class, having a friendship go wrong, or not getting a big promotion in a job that you thought you would get.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth and final type of shame according to Burgo is exclusion which also means being left out. Many people will do anything to just fit in or want to belong in society, e.g., at school, work, friendships, relationships, everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_subtypes">Other subtypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Addiction_shaming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addiction shaming (page does not exist)">Addiction shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Age_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Age shaming">Age shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bottom_shaming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bottom shaming (page does not exist)">Bottom shaming</a></b></li> <li><b>Genuine shame</b>: is associated with genuine dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>False shame</b>: is associated with false condemnation as in the <a href="/wiki/Double_bind" title="Double bind">double bind</a> form of false shaming; "he brought what we did to him upon himself". Author and TV personality <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(author)" title="John Bradshaw (author)">John Bradshaw</a> calls shame the "emotion that lets us know we are finite".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fat_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat shaming">Fat shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Femme_shaming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Femme shaming (page does not exist)">Femme shaming</a>'</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Food_shaming" title="Food shaming">Food shaming</a></b></li> <li><b>Secret shame</b>: describes the idea of being ashamed to be ashamed, so causing ashamed people to keep their shame a secret.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatrist James Gilligan discovered, while working as a prison psychiatrist, that violence is primarily caused by secret shame. Gilligan stated, "...so intense and so painful that it threatens to overwhelm him and bring about the death of the self, cause him to lose his mind, his soul, or his sacred honor"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Internalized shame</b>: Internalization of shame was first coined by Gershen Kaufman.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to an acute short-lived experience of shame, internalized shame reflects deep-seated beliefs of inadequacy that feel permanent and irreversible and are accompanied by words, voices, and images. Internalized shame stems from chronic or less frequent severe experiences of shame occurring with prior trauma or in childhood. It can take over a child's emotions and identity and continue into adulthood or may gradually increase over time.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once internalized, the original shaming event(s) and beliefs need not be recalled nor be conscious. Later experiences of shame are intensified and last longer. They do not require an external event or another person to trigger associated feelings and thoughts and can cause depression and feelings of hopelessness and despair. It also causes "shame anxiety," which makes people apprehensive about experiencing shame.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_Shaming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Identity Shaming (page does not exist)">Identity Shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kink_shaming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kink shaming (page does not exist)">Kink shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_shaming" title="Online shaming">Online shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media_shaming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social media shaming (page does not exist)">Social media shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tech_shame" title="Tech shame">Tech shame</a></b>: describes the shame that employees, particularly younger workers, feel when they have challenges utilizing technology at work.<sup id="cite_ref-Demopoulos_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demopoulos-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Toxic shame</b>: describes false, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathological_shame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathological shame (page does not exist)">pathological shame</a>. It was coined by Sylvan Tomkins in the early 60s.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Bradshaw states that <a href="/wiki/Toxic_shame" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic shame">toxic shame</a> is induced, inside children, by all forms of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> can cause particularly severe toxic shame. Toxic shame often induces what is known as <i>complex</i> <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a> in children who cannot cope with toxic shaming as it occurs and who <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociate</a> the shame until it is possible to cope with.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Vicarious shame</b>: refers to the experience of shame on behalf of another person. Individuals vary in their tendency to experience vicarious shame, which is related to <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neuroticism</a> and to the tendency to experience personal shame. Extremely shame-prone people might even experience vicarious shame even to an increased degree, in other words: shame on behalf of another person who is already feeling shame on behalf of a third party (or possibly on behalf of the individual proper).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victim_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Victim shaming">Victim shaming</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shame_and_mental_illness">Shame and mental illness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shame and mental illness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissism">Narcissism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Narcissism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> in adults is related to defenses against shame<sup id="cite_ref-shame1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shame1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a> is connected to shame as well.<sup id="cite_ref-shame2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shame2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Glen_Gabbard" title="Glen Gabbard">Glen Gabbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">NPD</a> can be broken down into two subtypes, a <a href="/wiki/Grandiose" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandiose">grandiose</a>, arrogant, thick-skinned "oblivious" subtype and an easily hurt, oversensitive, ashamed "<a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilant</a>" subtype. The oblivious subtype presents for <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_supply" title="Narcissistic supply">admiration</a>, envy, and appreciation a grandiose self that is the antithesis of a weak internalized self which hides in shame, while the <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervigilant">hypervigilant</a> subtype neutralizes devaluation by seeing others as unjust abusers.<sup id="cite_ref-shame2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shame2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another form of mental illness where shame is one of the most notable symptoms is depression.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a meta-analytic review performed in 2011, it was found that there were stronger associations with shame and depression than with guilt and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External shame, or a negative view of the self, seen through other people, had larger effect sizes correlated with depression than did internal shame.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different degrees or levels of symptoms of shame in depression depending on different cultures. Those who show greater symptoms of shame in depression usually live in more socio-economic cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_aspects">Social aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taunting_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Taunting_0001.jpg/220px-Taunting_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Taunting_0001.jpg/330px-Taunting_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Taunting_0001.jpg/440px-Taunting_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A girl feeling ashamed as two other girls taunt behind her back</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>, cultures may be classified by their emphasis on the use of either shame (a <a href="/wiki/Shame_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Shame society">shame society</a>) or guilt to regulate the social activities of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shame may be used by those people who commit <a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">relational aggression</a> and may occur in the workplace as a form of overt social control or aggression. Shaming is used in some societies as a type of <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracism</a>. In this sense, "the real purpose of shaming is not to punish crimes but to create the kind of people who don't commit them".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigma">Stigma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stigma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></div> <p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Stigma:_Notes_on_the_Management_of_Spoiled_Identity" title="Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity">Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity</a></i>. For Goffman, the condition when a particular person is excluded from full societal reception is greatly discrediting. This negative evaluation may be "felt" or "enacted". Thus, stigma can occur when society labels someone as tainted, less desirable, or handicapped. When felt, it refers to the shame associated with having a condition and the fear of being discriminated against... when enacted it refers to actual discrimination of this kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapple,_A._2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapple,_A._2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shame in relation to stigma studies have most often come from the sense and mental consequences that young adolescents find themselves trapped in when they are deciding to use a condom in STD or HIV protection. The other use of stigma and shame is when someone has a disease, such as cancer, where people look to blame something for their feelings of shame and circumstance of sickness. Jessica M. Sales et al. researched young adolescents ages 15–21 on whether they had used protection in the 14 days prior to coming in for the study. The answers showed implications of shame and stigma, which received an accommodating score.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scores, prior history of STDs, <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> variables were put into a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Regression_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Regression model">regression model</a> to determine probability of an adolescents chances of using protected sex in the future. The study found that the higher sense of shame and stigma the higher chance the adolescent would use protection in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that if a person is more aware of consequences, is more in-tune with themselves and the stigma (stereotypes, disgrace, etc.), they will be more likely to protect themselves. The study shows that placing more shame and stigma in the mind of people can be more prone to protecting themselves from the consequences that follow the action of unprotected sex.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HIV-related stigma from those who are born with HIV due to their <a href="/wiki/Maternal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal">maternal</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> have a proneness to shame and avoidant coping. David S. Bennett et al. studied the ages 12–24 of self-reported measures of potential risk factors and three domains of internalizing factors: depression, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a>. The findings suggested that those who had more shame-proneness and more awareness of HIV-stigma had a greater amount of depressive and PTSD symptoms. This means that those who have high HIV-stigma and shame do not seek help from interventions. Rather, they avoid the situation that could cause them to find themselves in a predicament of other mental health issues. Older age was related to greater HIV-related stigma and the female gender was more related to stigma and internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, PTSD). Stigma was also associated with greater shame-proneness.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapple et al. researched people with lung cancer in regards to the shame and stigma that comes from the disease. The stigma that accompanies lung cancer is most commonly caused by smoking. However, there are many ways to contract lung cancer, therefore those who did not receive lung cancer from smoking often feel shame; blaming themselves for something they did not do. The stigma effects their opinions of themselves, while shame is found to blame other cancer causing factors (tobacco products/anti-tobacco products) or ignoring the disease in avoidant <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping</a> altogether. The stigma associated with lung cancer effected relationships of patients with their family members, peers, and physicians who were attempting to provide comfort because the patients felt shame and victimized themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapple,_A._2004_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapple,_A._2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shame_campaign">Shame campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shame campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A shame campaign is a tactic in which particular individuals are singled out because of their behavior or suspected crimes, often by marking them publicly, such as <a href="/wiki/Hester_Prynne" title="Hester Prynne">Hester Prynne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter" title="The Scarlet Letter">The Scarlet Letter</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lim" title="Alfredo Lim">Alfredo Lim</a> popularized such tactics during his term as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. On July 1, 1997, he began a controversial "spray paint shame campaign" in an effort to stop drug use. He and his team sprayed bright red paint on two hundred squatter houses whose residents had been charged, but not yet convicted, of selling prohibited substances. Officials of other municipalities followed suit. Former Senator Rene A. Saguisag condemned Lim's policy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communists in the 20th century used <a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">struggle sessions</a> to handle corruption and other problems.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">Public humiliation</a>, historically expressed by confinement in <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a> and in other public punishments may occur in social media through <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral phenomena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-River_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_guilt_and_shame" title="Measures of guilt and shame">Measures of guilt and shame</a></div> <p>Psychologists and other researchers who study shame use validated <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric testing">psychometric testing</a> instruments to determine whether or how much a person feels shame. Some of these tools include the Guilt and Shame Proneness (GASP) Scale,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS), the Experience of Shame Scale, and the Internalized Shame Scale. Some scales are specific to the person's situation, such as the Weight- and Body-Related Shame and Guilt scale (WEB-SG), the HIV Stigma Scale for <a href="/wiki/People_living_with_HIV" class="mw-redirect" title="People living with HIV">people living with HIV</a> and the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale (CLCSS) for people with lung cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are more general, such as the Emotional Reactions and Thoughts Scale, which deals with anxiety, depression, and guilt as well as shame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatments">Treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been little research performed on treatment options concerning shame and people who experience this negative, despairing emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different scientific approaches concerning a treatment have been put forward, using components of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral precepts. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of these approaches is not known because the studies have not been run or looked at in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of treatment for shame consists of group-based CBT and Compassion Focused Therapy, which patients report have helped them feel connectedness and encouraged to overcome difficult challenges related to shame. <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empathy">Empathy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Empathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brene_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Brene Brown">Brene Brown</a> explains that shame (using a metaphor of a petri-dish) only needs three things to grow: <a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">secrecy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silence" title="Silence">silence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">judgement</a>. Shame cannot grow or thrive, in the context (or supportive environment) of <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>. It is important, that when reaching out for a supportive or empathetic person (i.e. when reaching out to share a story or experience): that we choose the people who have <i>earned the right</i> to hear our story (i.e. someone trustworthy); share with people with whom we have a relationship that can bear the weight of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquiescence" title="Acquiescence">Acquiescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_shame" title="Badge of shame">Badge of shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya (Islam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_effect" title="Lady Macbeth effect">Lady Macbeth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shaming" title="Online shaming">Online shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrative_shaming" title="Reintegrative shaming">Reintegrative shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopophobia" title="Scopophobia">Scopophobia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_You%27ve_Been_Publicly_Shamed" title="So You've Been Publicly Shamed">So You've Been Publicly Shamed</a></i>, a 2015 book by journalist Jon Ronson about online shaming</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTracyRobins2007" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Jessica; Robins, Richard (2007). "Self-conscious emotions: Where self and emotion meet". In Sedikides, C. (ed.). <i>Frontiers of social psychology. The self</i>. Psychology Press. pp. 187–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Self-conscious+emotions%3A+Where+self+and+emotion+meet&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+social+psychology.+The+self&rft.pages=187-209&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Robins%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shein, L. (2018). "The Evolution of Shame and Guilt". PLoSONE, 13(7), 1–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancer, D. (2014). <i>Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the True You.</i> Hazelden Foundation, pp. 12–13, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6">978-1-61649-533-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tangney, June Price, and Ronda L. Dearing. <i>Shame and guilt</i>. Guilford Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572309876" title="Special:BookSources/9781572309876">9781572309876</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsa, S. (2018). "Psychological Construction of Shame in Disordered Eating". <i>New Psychology Bulletin</i>, 15(1), 11–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedighimornani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sedighimornani, Neda (2018-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1453426">"Shame And Its Features: Understanding Of Shame"</a>. <i>European Journal of Social Sciences Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2FZENODO.1453426">10.5281/ZENODO.1453426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+Studies&rft.atitle=Shame+And+Its+Features%3A+Understanding+Of+Shame&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2FZENODO.1453426&rft.aulast=Sedighimornani&rft.aufirst=Neda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1453426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schalkwijk,_F._2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schalkwijk,_F._2016_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schalkwijk,_F._2016_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schalkwijk, F., Stams, G. J., Dekker, J., & Elison, J. (2016). "Measuring Shame Regulations: Validation of the Compass of Shame Scale". <i>Social Behavior and Personality</i>, 44(11), 1775–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles.2020" class="citation book cs1">Charles., Darwin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1203963155"><i>Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</i></a>. Digireads.com Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4209-6989-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4209-6989-4"><bdi>978-1-4209-6989-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1203963155">1203963155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expression+of+the+Emotions+in+Man+and+Animals&rft.pub=Digireads.com+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1203963155&rft.isbn=978-1-4209-6989-4&rft.aulast=Charles.&rft.aufirst=Darwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1203963155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niedenthal,_P._M._2017_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedenthalRic2017" class="citation book cs1">Niedenthal, Paula M.; Ric, François (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315276229-6/self-conscious-emotions-paula-niedenthal-fran%C3%A7ois-ric">"Self-Conscious Emotions"</a></span>. <i>Psychology of Emotion</i> (2nd ed.). 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Rutland, VT (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3032420">"The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture"</a>. <i>RAIN</i> (24): 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3032420">10.2307/3032420</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6776">0307-6776</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3032420">3032420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAIN&rft.atitle=The+Chrysanthemum+and+the+Sword%3A+Patterns+of+Japanese+Culture&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0307-6776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3032420%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3032420&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Rutland%2C+VT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F3032420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psych.stanford.edu/~tsailab/PDF/yw07sce.pdf">"Cultural Models of Shame and Guilt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418071015/http://psych.stanford.edu/~tsailab/PDF/yw07sce.pdf">Archived</a> April 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastinHarrisonDaveyMoll2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bastin, Coralie; Harrison, Ben J.; Davey, Christopher G.; Moll, Jorge; Whittle, Sarah (2016-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763415302876">"Feelings of shame, embarrassment and guilt and their neural correlates: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</i>. <b>71</b>: 455–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2016.09.019">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7634">0149-7634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27687818">27687818</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5954229">5954229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+%26+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=Feelings+of+shame%2C+embarrassment+and+guilt+and+their+neural+correlates%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=455-471&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.issn=0149-7634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5954229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27687818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2016.09.019&rft.aulast=Bastin&rft.aufirst=Coralie&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Ben+J.&rft.au=Davey%2C+Christopher+G.&rft.au=Moll%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Whittle%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0149763415302876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1971" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Helen B. (1971), "Shame and guilt in neurosis", <i>Psychoanalytic Review</i>, <b>58</b> (3), International University Press, New York: 419–38, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8236-8307-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8236-8307-9"><bdi>978-0-8236-8307-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5150685">5150685</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Review&rft.atitle=Shame+and+guilt+in+neurosis&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-38&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5150685&rft.isbn=978-0-8236-8307-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Helen+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossumMason1986" class="citation cs2">Fossum, Merle A.; Mason, Marilyn J. (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/facingshamefamil00merl/page/5"><i>Facing Shame: Families in Recovery</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/facingshamefamil00merl/page/5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30581-4"><bdi>978-0-393-30581-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Shame%3A+Families+in+Recovery&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30581-4&rft.aulast=Fossum&rft.aufirst=Merle+A.&rft.au=Mason%2C+Marilyn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffacingshamefamil00merl%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Lewis_Herman" title="Judith Lewis Herman">Herman, Judith Lewis</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705095700/http://www.cha.harvard.edu/vov/publications/Shattered%20Shame-JHerman.pdf">"Shattered Shame States and their Repair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The John Bowlby Memorial Lecture</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cha.harvard.edu/vov/publications/Shattered%20Shame-JHerman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 5, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+Bowlby+Memorial+Lecture&rft.atitle=Shattered+Shame+States+and+their+Repair&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Judith+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cha.harvard.edu%2Fvov%2Fpublications%2FShattered%2520Shame-JHerman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kauf92-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kauf92_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kauf92_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1992" class="citation cs2">Kaufman, Gershen (1992), <i>Shame: The Power of Caring</i> (3rd ed.), Schenkman Books, Rochester, VT, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87047-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87047-052-3"><bdi>978-0-87047-052-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%3A+The+Power+of+Caring&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Schenkman+Books%2C+Rochester%2C+VT&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87047-052-3&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Gershen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanson1992" class="citation cs2">Nathanson, Donald (1992), <i>Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self</i>, W.W. Norton, NY, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03097-6"><bdi>978-0-393-03097-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame+and+Pride%3A+Affect%2C+Sex%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Self&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton%2C+NY&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03097-6&rft.aulast=Nathanson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VA5rfWW3HIC&pg=PR2"><i>Shame and the Origins of Self-esteem: A Jungian Approach</i></a>. Psychology Press. 1996. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10580-4"><bdi>978-0-415-10580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame+and+the+Origins+of+Self-esteem%3A+A+Jungian+Approach&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10580-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VA5rfWW3HIC%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Michael C. (2014). <i>Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment</i>. Outskirts Press. pp. 75–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5"><bdi>978-1-4787-2259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+of+Life%3A+ten+issues+of+contentment&rft.pages=75-78&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Michael C. (2014). <i>Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment</i>. Outskirts Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5"><bdi>978-1-4787-2259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+of+Life%3A+ten+issues+of+contentment&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Bernard: Shame and Necessity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchinson, Phil: chapter four of Shame and Philosophy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrené_Brown2012" class="citation web cs1">Brené Brown (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psN1DORYYV0&ab_channel=TED">"Listening to shame"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listening+to+shame&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.au=Bren%C3%A9+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpsN1DORYYV0%26ab_channel%3DTED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, D. J. (2012). "Shame: In Defense of an Essential Moral Emotion". PhD thesis, Birkbeck, University of London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen. R. (February 1992). "Shame", <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancer, D. (2014). <i>Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the True You.</i> Hazelden Foundation, pp. 10–11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6">978-1-61649-533-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgo2018" class="citation book cs1">Burgo, Joseph (November 2018). <i>Shame: Free Yourself, Find Joy, and Build True Self-Esteem</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250151315" title="Special:BookSources/9781250151315"><bdi>9781250151315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%3A+Free+Yourself%2C+Find+Joy%2C+and+Build+True+Self-Esteem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2018-11&rft.isbn=9781250151315&rft.aulast=Burgo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringleWinnickRydell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bringle, Robert G.; Winnick, Terri; Rydell, Robert J. (2013-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244013492160">"The Prevalence and Nature of Unrequited Love"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 215824401349216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244013492160">10.1177/2158244013492160</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1805%2F15150">1805/15150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146146550">146146550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=The+Prevalence+and+Nature+of+Unrequited+Love&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215824401349216&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1805%2F15150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146146550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244013492160&rft.aulast=Bringle&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Winnick%2C+Terri&rft.au=Rydell%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244013492160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balance.media/shame-in-the-workplace/">"How To Deal With Shame In The Workplace - BALANCE"</a>. <i>balance.media</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=balance.media&rft.atitle=How+To+Deal+With+Shame+In+The+Workplace+-+BALANCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalance.media%2Fshame-in-the-workplace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.1932" class="citation journal cs1">W., F. E. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1280547">"Taxation: Federal Instrumentalities: Exemption from State Tax"</a>. <i>Michigan Law Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 137–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1280547">10.2307/1280547</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-2234">0026-2234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1280547">1280547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Taxation%3A+Federal+Instrumentalities%3A+Exemption+from+State+Tax&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-138&rft.date=1932&rft.issn=0026-2234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1280547%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1280547&rft.aulast=W.&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1280547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgo2018" class="citation book cs1">Burgo, Joseph (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6xvDwAAQBAJ&dq=joseph+burgo+unrequited+love&pg=PR9"><i>Shame : Free Yourself, Find Joy, and Build True Self-Esteem</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-15130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-15130-8"><bdi>978-1-250-15130-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016939846">1016939846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame+%3A+Free+Yourself%2C+Find+Joy%2C+and+Build+True+Self-Esteem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016939846&rft.isbn=978-1-250-15130-8&rft.aulast=Burgo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6xvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djoseph%2Bburgo%2Bunrequited%2Blove%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterWotmanStillwell1993" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, Roy F.; Wotman, Sara R.; Stillwell, Arlene M. (March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.377">"Unrequited love: On heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation"</a>. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 377–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.64.3.377">10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315">1939-1315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Unrequited+love%3A+On+heartbreak%2C+anger%2C+guilt%2C+scriptlessness%2C+and+humiliation.&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-394&rft.date=1993-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.64.3.377&rft.issn=1939-1315&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Wotman%2C+Sara+R.&rft.au=Stillwell%2C+Arlene+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2F0022-3514.64.3.377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, Lin S. (2007-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00926230701372124">"A Review of: "Shame and Guilt"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 380–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00926230701372124">10.1080/00926230701372124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-623X">0092-623X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+%26amp%3B+Marital+Therapy&rft.atitle=A+Review+of%3A+%E2%80%9CShame+and+Guilt%E2%80%9D&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=380-382&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00926230701372124&rft.issn=0092-623X&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Lin+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00926230701372124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw1996" class="citation cs2">Bradshaw, John (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bradshawonfamily00brad"><i>Bradshaw on the Family: A New Way of Creating Solid Self-Esteem</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HCI_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCI Books (page does not exist)">HCI</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55874-427-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55874-427-1"><bdi>978-1-55874-427-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bradshaw+on+the+Family%3A+A+New+Way+of+Creating+Solid+Self-Esteem&rft.pub=HCI&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55874-427-1&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbradshawonfamily00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilligan, James (1997) <i>Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic</i> Vintage Books, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilligan1997" class="citation book cs1">Gilligan, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/35714306"><i>Violence : reflections on a national epidemic</i></a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77912-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-77912-4"><bdi>0-679-77912-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35714306">35714306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+%3A+reflections+on+a+national+epidemic&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35714306&rft.isbn=0-679-77912-4&rft.aulast=Gilligan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35714306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, G. (1980). <i>Shame: The Power of Caring.</i> Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company, p. 7, 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87047-007-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87047-007-8">0-87047-007-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomkins, Silvan S. (1963). <i>Affect Imagery Consciousness: The Negative Affects</i>. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 302-303. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826105424" title="Special:BookSources/9780826105424">9780826105424</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancer, D. (2014). <i>Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the True You.</i> Hazelden Foundation, pp. 14-15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6">978-1-61649-533-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demopoulos-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demopoulos_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemopoulos2023" class="citation news cs1">Demopoulos, Alaina (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/27/gen-z-tech-shame-office-technology-printers">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Scanners are complicated': why Gen Z faces workplace 'tech shame'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Scanners+are+complicated%27%3A+why+Gen+Z+faces+workplace+%27tech+shame%27&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft.aulast=Demopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alaina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fgen-z-tech-shame-office-technology-printers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomkins, Silvan S. (1963). <i>Affect Imagery Consciousness: The Negative Affects. New York: Springer Publishing</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826105424" title="Special:BookSources/9780826105424">9780826105424</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradshaw, John (2005) <i>Healing the Shame That Binds You</i> (2nd edition) Health Communications, Deerfield Beach, Florida, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTuDfNyWR7kC&pg=PA101">p. 101</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828010451/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTuDfNyWR7kC&pg=PA101">Archived</a> August 28, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7573-0323-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7573-0323-4">0-7573-0323-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulusMüller-PinzlerJansenGazzola2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paulus, Frieder Michel; Müller-Pinzler, Laura; Jansen, Andreas; Gazzola, Valeria; Krach, Sören (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/25/8/2065/311252">"Mentalizing and the Role of the Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus in Sharing Others' Embarrassment"</a>. <i>Cerebral Cortex</i>. <b>25</b> (8): 2065–2075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhu011">10.1093/cercor/bhu011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11755%2F755be558-40fa-42f7-92e1-13e2e53f7252">20.500.11755/755be558-40fa-42f7-92e1-13e2e53f7252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24518753">24518753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cerebral+Cortex&rft.atitle=Mentalizing+and+the+Role+of+the+Posterior+Superior+Temporal+Sulcus+in+Sharing+Others%27+Embarrassment&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2065-2075&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11755%2F755be558-40fa-42f7-92e1-13e2e53f7252&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24518753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhu011&rft.aulast=Paulus&rft.aufirst=Frieder+Michel&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Pinzler%2C+Laura&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Gazzola%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Krach%2C+S%C3%B6ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcercor%2Farticle%2F25%2F8%2F2065%2F311252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shame1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shame1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmser1987" class="citation book cs1">Wurmser, Léon (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyyoS851HYcC&q=%2522Shame%2C%2520the%2520veiled%2520companion%2520of%2520narcissism%2522&pg=PA64">"2. Shame, the Veiled Companion of Narcissism"</a>. In Donald L. Nathanson (ed.). <i>The Many Faces of Shame</i>. New York: Guilford. pp. 64–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-705-3"><bdi>978-0-89862-705-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Shame%2C+the+Veiled+Companion+of+Narcissism&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Shame&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64-92&rft.pub=Guilford&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-705-3&rft.aulast=Wurmser&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyyoS851HYcC%26q%3D%252522Shame%252C%252520the%252520veiled%252520companion%252520of%252520narcissism%252522%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shame2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shame2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shame2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabbard GO, Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bull Menninger Clin 1989; 53:527–532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Klosko, Weishaar: <i>Schema Therapy – A Practitioner's Guide</i>, 2003, p. 375. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-838-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-838-1">978-1-57230-838-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakeley2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yakeley, Jessica (2018-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08039488.2018.1525641">"Shame, culture and mental health"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>72</b> (sup1): S20–S22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08039488.2018.1525641">10.1080/08039488.2018.1525641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0803-9488">0803-9488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30489215">30489215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54155303">54155303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Shame%2C+culture+and+mental+health&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=S20-S22&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.issn=0803-9488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54155303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30489215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08039488.2018.1525641&rft.aulast=Yakeley&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F08039488.2018.1525641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:"> (Retracted, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08039488.2021.1931745">10.1080/08039488.2021.1931745</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34057018">34057018</a><span class="noprint">. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Retracted" title="Template:Retracted">retracted</a>|...}}</code> with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Retracted" title="Template:Retracted">retracted</a>|...|intentional=yes}}</code>.</span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimThibodeauJorgensen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Sangmoon; Thibodeau, Ryan; Jorgensen, Randall S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0021466">"Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review"</a>. <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>137</b> (1): 68–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0021466">10.1037/a0021466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1455">1939-1455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21219057">21219057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6285199">6285199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Shame%2C+guilt%2C+and+depressive+symptoms%3A+A+meta-analytic+review.&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-96&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1939-1455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6285199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21219057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0021466&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sangmoon&rft.au=Thibodeau%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+Randall+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2Fa0021466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Pattison, <i>Shame:Theory, Therapy and Theology</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521560454" title="Special:BookSources/0521560454">0521560454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Scruton, Roger (Autumn 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030202074746/http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_4_bring_back_stigma.html">"Bring Back Stigma"</a>. <i>City Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 68–75. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_4_bring_back_stigma.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=Bring+Back+Stigma&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=68-75&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2F10_4_bring_back_stigma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapple,_A._2004-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple,_A._2004_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple,_A._2004_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapple, A., Ziebland, S. & McPherson, A. (2004). "Stigma, Shame, and blame experienced by patients with lung cancer: qualitative study". <i>British Medical Journal</i>, 328(7454), 1470–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sales, J. M., DiClemente, R. J., Rose, E. S., Wingood, G. M., Klein, J. D. & Woods, E. R. (2007). "Relationship of STD-Related Shame and Stigma to Female Adolescents' Condom-Protected Intercourse". <i>Journal of Adolescent Health</i>, 40, 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, D. S., Hersh, J., Herres, J. & Foster, J. (2016). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/man/2003/06/26/news/spray.campaign.debate.heats.up.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar+Philippines&rft.atitle=Spray+campaign+debate+heats+up&rft.date=2003-06-26&rft.aulast=Pulta&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Fstatic%2Fman%2F2003%2F06%2F26%2Fnews%2Fspray.campaign.debate.heats.up.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayoun2012" class="citation web cs1">Hayoun, Massoud (2012-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/photos-fathers-of-chinese-leaders-at-revolutionary-struggle-sessions/254870/">"Photos: Fathers of Chinese Leaders at Revolutionary 'Struggle Sessions'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+Fathers+of+Chinese+Leaders+at+Revolutionary+%27Struggle+Sessions%27&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft.aulast=Hayoun&rft.aufirst=Massoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F03%2Fphotos-fathers-of-chinese-leaders-at-revolutionary-struggle-sessions%2F254870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-River-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-River_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Ronson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Ronson" title="Jon Ronson">Jon Ronson</a> (2015). <i>So You've Been Publicly Shamed</i>. Riverhead Books. pp. 44–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-713-2"><bdi>978-1-59448-713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+You%27ve+Been+Publicly+Shamed&rft.pages=44-56&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59448-713-2&rft.au=Jon+Ronson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen_TRWolf_STPanter_ATInsko_CA2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen TR; Wolf ST; Panter AT; Insko CA (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203213210/http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2514&context=tepper">"Introducing the GASP scale: a new measure of guilt and shame proneness"</a>. <i>J Pers Soc Psychol</i>. <b>100</b> (5): 947–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0022641">10.1037/a0022641</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21517196">21517196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18835996">18835996</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2514&context=tepper">the original</a> on 2018-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pers+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+GASP+scale%3A+a+new+measure+of+guilt+and+shame+proneness&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=947-66&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18835996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21517196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0022641&rft.au=Cohen+TR&rft.au=Wolf+ST&rft.au=Panter+AT&rft.au=Insko+CA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.cmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2514%26context%3Dtepper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCataldo_JKSlaughter_RJahan_TMPongquan_VL2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cataldo JK; Slaughter R; Jahan TM; Pongquan VL; Hwang WJ (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182474">"Measuring stigma in people with lung cancer: psychometric testing of the cataldo lung cancer stigma scale"</a>. <i>Oncol Nurs Forum</i>. <b>38</b> (1): E46–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1188%2F11.ONF.E46-E54">10.1188/11.ONF.E46-E54</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182474">3182474</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21186151">21186151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncol+Nurs+Forum&rft.atitle=Measuring+stigma+in+people+with+lung+cancer%3A+psychometric+testing+of+the+cataldo+lung+cancer+stigma+scale&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E46-54&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3182474%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21186151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1188%2F11.ONF.E46-E54&rft.au=Cataldo+JK&rft.au=Slaughter+R&rft.au=Jahan+TM&rft.au=Pongquan+VL&rft.au=Hwang+WJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3182474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangney2005" class="citation cs2">Tangney, June Price (2005-01-28), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470013494.ch26">"The Self-Conscious Emotions: Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment and Pride"</a>, <i>Handbook of Cognition and Emotion</i>, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 541–568, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470013494.ch26">10.1002/0470013494.ch26</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470013496" title="Special:BookSources/9780470013496"><bdi>9780470013496</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Cognition+and+Emotion&rft.atitle=The+Self-Conscious+Emotions%3A+Shame%2C+Guilt%2C+Embarrassment+and+Pride&rft.pages=541-568&rft.date=2005-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0470013494.ch26&rft.isbn=9780470013496&rft.aulast=Tangney&rft.aufirst=June+Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F0470013494.ch26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGossAllan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goss, Kenneth; Allan, Steven (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.627">"Shame, pride and eating disorders"</a>. <i>Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 303–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpp.627">10.1002/cpp.627</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19639646">19639646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychology+%26+Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=Shame%2C+pride+and+eating+disorders&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-316&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcpp.627&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19639646&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Allan%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcpp.627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrene2012" class="citation book cs1">Brene, Brown (2012). <i>The Power of Vulnerability</i>. Sounds True.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Vulnerability&rft.pub=Sounds+True&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Brene&rft.aufirst=Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, P. (1998). <i>Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511480-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511480-9"><bdi>0-19-511480-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%3A+Interpersonal+Behavior%2C+Psychopathology+and+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-511480-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2002" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, P. (2002). <i>Body Shame: Conceptualisation, Research and Treatment</i>. Brunner-Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58391-166-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58391-166-9"><bdi>1-58391-166-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+Shame%3A+Conceptualisation%2C+Research+and+Treatment&rft.pub=Brunner-Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58391-166-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Carl (1991). <i>Understanding Shame</i>. Northvale, NJ.: Jason Aaronson, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87668-541-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87668-541-6"><bdi>0-87668-541-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Shame&rft.place=Northvale%2C+NJ.&rft.pub=Jason+Aaronson%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87668-541-6&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Phil (2008). <i>Shame and Philosophy</i>. London: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54271-6"><bdi>978-0-230-54271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame+and+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-54271-6&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015247/http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/0230542719.Pdf">Sample chapter</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, R. E. (March 1983). "Guilt, Shame, and Morality". <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>. <b>XLIII</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Guilt%2C+Shame%2C+and+Morality&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1983-03&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Michael (1992). <i>Shame: The Exposed Self</i>. NY: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-918881-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-918881-4"><bdi>0-02-918881-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%3A+The+Exposed+Self&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-02-918881-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddelton-Moz1990" class="citation book cs1">Middelton-Moz, J. (1990). <i>Shame and Guilt: Masters of Disguise</i>. HCI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55874-072-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55874-072-4"><bdi>1-55874-072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame+and+Guilt%3A+Masters+of+Disguise&rft.pub=HCI&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-55874-072-4&rft.aulast=Middelton-Moz&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Susan B. (1996). <i>Shame in Context</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88163-209-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88163-209-0"><bdi>0-88163-209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame+in+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-88163-209-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1989" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Andrew P. (1989). <i>Shame: The Underside of Narcissism</i>. The Analytic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88163-082-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88163-082-9"><bdi>0-88163-082-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%3A+The+Underside+of+Narcissism&rft.pub=The+Analytic+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88163-082-9&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1996" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Andrew P. (1996). <i>The Culture of Shame</i>. Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-37484-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-37484-3"><bdi>0-345-37484-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Shame&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-345-37484-3&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1977" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Carl D. (1977). <i>Shame, Exposure, and Privacy</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1121-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1121-5"><bdi>0-8070-1121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%2C+Exposure%2C+and+Privacy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8070-1121-5&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Carl+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallelonga1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vallelonga, Damian S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-0125-5_6">"An Empirical-Phenomenological Investigation of Being-Ashamed"</a>. In Valle, R. (ed.). <i>Phenomenological Inquiry in Psychology: Existential and Transpersonal Dimensions</i>. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 123–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0125-5_6">10.1007/978-1-4899-0125-5_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45543-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45543-8"><bdi>978-0-306-45543-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Empirical-Phenomenological+Investigation+of+Being-Ashamed&rft.btitle=Phenomenological+Inquiry+in+Psychology%3A+Existential+and+Transpersonal+Dimensions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123-155&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0125-5_6&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45543-8&rft.aulast=Vallelonga&rft.aufirst=Damian+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0125-5_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShame" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shame&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shame" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Shame">Shame</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/shame" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/shame">shame</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_listening_to_shame.html">Brene Brown <i>Listening to Shame,</i> TED Talk, March 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301072135/http://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_listening_to_shame.html">Archived</a> 2014-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620031102/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7697.html">Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2004-08-31-oppose_x.htm"><i>Humiliation is Simply Wrong</i> (USA Today Editorial/Opinion)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514053953/http://www.minou.com/adultsexuality/sex_guilt.htm">Sexual Guilt and Shame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114054650/http://www.noogenesis.com/malama/shame.html">Shame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901012419/http://www.birchmore.org/index.html">Shame and Group Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040820104726/http://www.columbiapsych.com/shame_miller.html">Shame and Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamestudies.de/">Social usage of shame in historical times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/ThukralFinalHumiliation.pdf">Understanding Shame and Humiliation in Torture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060131091332/http://www.thememoryhole.org/war/stripped-iraqis.htm">US Forces Make Iraqis Strip and Walk Naked in Public</a></li></ul> <div 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emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narcissism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narcissism" title="Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narcissism" title="Template talk:Narcissism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narcissism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar personality concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egomania" title="Egomania">Egomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">Egotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_narcissism" title="Healthy narcissism">Healthy narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">Messiah complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">Superiority complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juanism" title="Don Juanism">Don Juanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">In the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership" title="Narcissistic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Parents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathological narcissism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_narcissism" title="History of narcissism">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_triad" title="Dark triad">Dark triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_narcissism" title="Malignant narcissism">Malignant narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Narcissistic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_injury" title="Narcissistic injury">injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_neurosis" title="Narcissistic neurosis">neurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_elation" title="Narcissistic elation">elation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_mortification" title="Narcissistic mortification">mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_supply" title="Narcissistic supply">supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_withdrawal" title="Narcissistic withdrawal">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_Personality_Inventory" title="Narcissistic Personality Inventory">Narcissistic Personality Inventory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related psychology concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" title="Compensation (psychology)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitlement_(psychology)" title="Entitlement (psychology)">Entitlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">Grandiosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Narcissism" title="Category:Narcissism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152282#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1115183/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122343-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121092">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119571585">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119571585">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="羞恥"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572462">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stud"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126161&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX551658">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536321305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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