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<button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_as_a_poet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_as_a_poet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Life as a poet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_as_a_poet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferdowsi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="أبو قاسم الفردوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو قاسم الفردوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdous%C3%AD" title="Ferdousí – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ferdousí" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdovsi" title="Firdovsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Firdovsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فردوسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فردوسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80" title="ফেরদৌসী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফেরদৌসী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирҙәүси – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фирҙәүси" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%96" title="Фірдаўсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фірдаўсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%96" title="Фірдаўсі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фірдаўсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдоуси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фирдоуси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdusi" title="Firdusi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Firdusi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdaws%C3%AD" title="Firdawsí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Firdawsí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдоуси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фирдоуси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdaus%C3%AD" title="Firdausí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Firdausí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdawsi" title="Ferdawsi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ferdawsi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdausi" title="Firdausi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Firdausi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdausi" title="Firdausi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Firdausi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AF%DE%90%DE%A9" title="ފިރުދޯސީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިރުދޯސީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Kasim_Firdausi" title="Abu'l-Kasim Firdausi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abu'l-Kasim Firdausi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Φερντοσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φερντοσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdous%C3%AD" title="Ferdousí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferdousí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abol-Gasem_Ferdousio" title="Abol-Gasem Ferdousio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abol-Gasem Ferdousio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فردوسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردوسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="فردؤسي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فردؤسي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A4%EC%9A%B0%EC%8B%9C" title="피르다우시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피르다우시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Ֆիրդուսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիրդուսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="फिरदौसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फिरदौसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdusi" title="Firdusi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Firdusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdusi" title="Firdusi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Firdusi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99" title="פירדוסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פירדוסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფირდოუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფირდოუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Әбілқасым Фирдауси – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әбілқасым Фирдауси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdusi" title="Firdusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Firdusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdausi" title="Firdausi – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Firdausi" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdews%C3%AE" title="Firdewsî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firdewsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdusius" title="Firdusius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Firdusius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdous%C4%AB" title="Firdousī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Firdousī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdousi" title="Ferdousi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ferdousi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdausz%C3%AD" title="Firdauszí – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Firdauszí" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдуси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фирдуси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdows%C3%AE" title="Ferdowsî – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ferdowsî" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഫിർദോസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിർദോസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="फिरदौसी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिरदौसी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="الفردوسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفردوسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فردوسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فردوسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Abul_Qasim_Firdausi_Tusi" title="Hakim Abul Qasim Firdausi Tusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hakim Abul Qasim Firdausi Tusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдоуси – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фирдоуси" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="フェルドウスィー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルドウスィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdausi" title="Firdausi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Firdausi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdausi" title="Firdausi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Firdausi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdavsiy" title="Firdavsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Firdavsiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਫ਼ਿਰਦੌਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਰਦੌਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فردوسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فردوسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فردوسی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فردوسی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdousi" title="Ferdousi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferdousi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdusi" title="Ferdusi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferdusi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bilqas%C4%B1m_Ferdawsiy" title="Ábilqasım Ferdawsiy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ábilqasım Ferdawsiy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdo%C3%B9si" title="Firdoùsi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Firdoùsi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдоуси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фирдоуси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdusi" title="Ferdusi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ferdusi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdeusiu" title="Firdeusiu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Firdeusiu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firduzi" title="Firduzi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Firduzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فیردەوسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیردەوسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдуси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фирдуси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdusi" title="Firdusi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Firdusi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdousi" title="Ferdousi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferdousi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பிர்தௌசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிர்தௌசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фирдәүси – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фирдәүси" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="ఫిరదౌసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిరదౌసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="เฟร์โดว์ซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟร์โดว์ซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Фирдавсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фирдавсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevs%C3%AE" title="Firdevsî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Firdevsî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferd%C3%B6wsi" title="Ferdöwsi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ferdöwsi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Фірдоусі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фірдоусі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فردوسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فردوسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ferdowsi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For places called and other people named Ferdowsi, see <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ferdowsi (disambiguation)">Ferdowsi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:فردوسی">the corresponding article</a> in Persian</b>.  <i><small>(December 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">940<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_Shahnameh_published_by_Eisenbrauns,_Inc._Vol._6,_Pg_341_Vs_657_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_Shahnameh_published_by_Eisenbrauns,_Inc._Vol._6,_Pg_341_Vs_657-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus, Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1019 or 1025 (79 or 85 years old)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus, Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Early_New_Persian" title="Persian language">Early Modern Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> and Ghaznavids</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_Square_(Tehran).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ferdowsi_Square_%28Tehran%29.jpg/220px-Ferdowsi_Square_%28Tehran%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ferdowsi_Square_%28Tehran%29.jpg/330px-Ferdowsi_Square_%28Tehran%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ferdowsi_Square_%28Tehran%29.jpg/440px-Ferdowsi_Square_%28Tehran%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue in Tehran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg/220px-Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg/330px-Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg/440px-Ferdowsi_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2677" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Ferdowsi in Tus by <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Sadighi" title="Abolhassan Sadighi">Abolhassan Sadighi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Abu'l-Qâsem Ferdowsi Tusi</b> (also <b>Firdawsi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-EI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی</span>; 940 – 1019/1025)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016160_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016160-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poet and the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a> created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of <a href="/wiki/Persian-speaking_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian-speaking people">Persian-speaking countries</a>. Ferdowsi is celebrated as one of the most influential figures of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> and one of the greatest in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">history of literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDabashi201239_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDabashi201239-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for his <i><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a></i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ابوالقاسم</span></span> – <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Abu'l-Qâsem</i></span>, meaning 'father of Qasem') and his <a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">pen name</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فِردَوسی</span></span> – <i>Ferdowsī</i>, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradisic</a>'), nothing is known with any certainty about his full name. According to Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, the information given by the 13th-century author <a href="/wiki/Bundari" title="Bundari">Bundari</a> about Ferdowsi's name should be taken as the most reliable. Bundari calls the poet al-Amir al-Hakim Abu'l-Qasem Mansur ibn al-Hasan al-Ferdowsi al-Tusi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early period on, he has been referred to by different additional names and titles, the most common one being <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حکیم</span></span> / <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥakīm</i></span> ("philosopher").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this, his full name is given in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> sources as <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی</span></span> / <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ḥakīm Abo'l-Qâsem Ferdowsī Țusī</i></span>. Due to the non-standardised transliteration from Persian into English, different spellings of his name are used in English works, including <i>Firdawsi</i>, <i>Firdusi</i>, <i>Firdosi</i>, <i>Firdausi</i>, etc. The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> uses the spelling <i>Firdawsī</i>, based on the standardised transliteration method of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">German Oriental Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, which uses a modified version of the same method (with a stronger emphasis on modern Persian intonations), gives the spelling <i>Ferdowsī</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> transliteration of his name in <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet#Cyrillic" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik Cyrillic</a> is <span title="Tajik-language text"><span lang="tg-Cyrl">Ҳаким Абулқосим Фирдавсӣ Тӯсӣ</span></span> (<i>Hakim Abdulqosim Firdavsí Tŭsí</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferdowsi was born into a family of Iranian landowners (<i><a href="/wiki/Dehqan" title="Dehqan">dehqans</a></i>) in 940 in the village of Paj, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>, which is located in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province" title="Razavi Khorasan province">Razavi Khorasan province</a> of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about Ferdowsi's early life. The poet had a wife, who was probably literate and came from the same <i>dehqan</i> class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Dehqan" title="Dehqan">dehqans</a></i> were landowning Iranian aristocrats who had flourished under the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sasanian dynasty</a> (the last pre-Islamic dynasty to rule Iran) and whose power, though diminished, had survived into the Islamic era which followed the Islamic conquests of the 7th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century. The <i>dehqans</i> were attached to the pre-Islamic literary heritage, as their status was associated with it (so much so that <i>dehqan</i> is sometimes used as a synonym for "Iranian" in the <i>Shahnameh</i>). Thus they saw it as their task to preserve the pre-Islamic cultural traditions, including tales of legendary kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had a son, who died at the age of 37, and was mourned by the poet in an elegy which he inserted into the <i>Shahnameh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic conquests of the 7th century brought gradual linguistic and cultural changes to the Iranian Plateau. By the late 9th century, as the power of the caliphate had weakened, several local dynasties emerged in Greater Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdowsi grew up in Tus, a city under the control of one of these dynasties, the Samanids, who claimed descent from the Sassanid general <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (whose story Ferdowsi recounts in one of the later sections of the <i>Shahnameh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Frye1975-200_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye1975-200-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samanid bureaucracy used the <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> language, which had been used to bring Islam to the Eastern regions of the Iranian world and supplanted local languages, and commissioned translations of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a> texts into New Persian. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muhammad" title="Abu Mansur Muhammad">Abu Mansur Muhammad</a>, a <i>dehqan</i> and governor of Tus, had ordered his minister <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Mamari" title="Abu Mansur Mamari">Abu Mansur Mamari</a> to invite several local scholars to compile a prose <i>Shahnameh</i> ("Book of Kings"), which was completed in 1010.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it no longer survives, Ferdowsi used it as one of the sources of his epic. Samanid rulers were patrons of such important Persian poets as <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a>, and Ferdowsi followed in the footsteps of these writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1975a202_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1975a202-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Details about Ferdowsi's education are lacking. While it is likely that he learned Arabic in school, there is no evidence in the <i>Shahnameh</i> that he knew either Arabic or Pahlavi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdowsi was a Shiite Muslim, although varying views exist on what Shiite sect he belonged to. Khaleghi-Motlagh, following <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a>, notes that Ferdowsi displays a contradictory attitude towards religion in the <i>Shahnameh</i>: on the one hand, he shows a "lenient" attitude towards religion, but on the other hand, he believed that his sect was the "only true Islamic one." Khaleghi-Motlagh concurs with Nöldeke that Ferdowsi was "above all a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a> and monotheist who at the same time kept faith with his forbears." Ferdowsi criticized philosophers and those who tried to prove the existence of God. He saw God's creation as the only evidence of His existence and believed everything in life to be the product of God's will. Khaleghi-Motlagh and others have suggested that a certain <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a> in Ferdowsi's work contradicts his "absolute faith in the unicity and might of God," and that this may have been the legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a> of the Sasanian period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_as_a_poet">Life as a poet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life as a poet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Ferdowsi reading the Shahnameh to Mahmud of Ghazni</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtpoets1532max.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Courtpoets1532max.jpg/170px-Courtpoets1532max.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Courtpoets1532max.jpg/255px-Courtpoets1532max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Courtpoets1532max.jpg/340px-Courtpoets1532max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption>Ferdowsi and the three Ghaznavid court poets</figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible that Ferdowsi wrote some early poems which have not survived. He began work on the <i>Shahnameh</i> around 977, intending it as a continuation of the work of his fellow poet Daqiqi, who had been assassinated by his slave. Like Daqiqi, Ferdowsi employed the prose <i>Shahnameh</i> of Abd-al-Razzaq as a source. He received generous patronage from the Samanid prince Mansur and completed the first version of the <i>Shahnameh</i> in 994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> overthrew the Samanids in the late 990s, Ferdowsi continued to work on the poem, rewriting sections to praise the Ghaznavid <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Sultan Mahmud</a>. Mahmud's attitude to Ferdowsi and how well he rewarded the poet are matters which have long been subject to dispute and have formed the basis of legends about the poet and his patron (see below). The Turkic Mahmud may have been less interested in tales from Iranian history than the Samanids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later sections of the <i>Shahnameh</i> have passages which reveal Ferdowsi's fluctuating moods: in some he complains about old age, poverty, illness and the death of his son; in others, he appears happier. Ferdowsi finally completed his epic on 8 March 1010. Virtually nothing is known with any certainty about the last decade of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb">Tomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg/220px-The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg/330px-The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg/440px-The_tomb_of_Ferdosi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>the Tomb of Ferdowsi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg/220px-Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg/330px-Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg/440px-Ferdowsi_Tomb_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> officially opening the mausoleum of Ferdowsi for public visiting upon conclusion of Ferdowsi millenary conference.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Tomb of Ferdowsi</a></div> <p>Ferdowsi was buried in his own garden, burial in the cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a> having been forbidden by a local cleric who considered him a heretic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Ghaznavid governor of Khorasan constructed a mausoleum over the grave and it became a revered site. The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">tomb</a>, which had fallen into decay, was rebuilt between 1928 and 1934 by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_National_Heritage_of_Iran" title="Society for the National Heritage of Iran">Society for the National Heritage of Iran</a> on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>, and has now become the equivalent of a national shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legend, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> offered Ferdowsi a gold piece for every couplet of the <i>Shahnameh</i> he wrote. The poet agreed to receive the money as a lump sum when he had completed the epic. He planned to use it to rebuild the dykes in his native Tus. After thirty years of work, Ferdowsi finished his masterpiece. The sultan prepared to give him 60,000 gold pieces, one for every couplet, as agreed. However, the courtier whom Mahmud had entrusted with the money despised Ferdowsi, regarding him as a heretic, and he replaced the gold coins with silver. Ferdowsi was in the bath house when he received the reward. Finding it was silver and not gold, he gave the money away to the bath-keeper, a refreshment seller, and the slave who had carried the coins. When the courtier told the sultan about Ferdowsi's behaviour, he was furious and threatened to execute him. Ferdowsi fled to <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>, having first written a satire on Mahmud, and spent most of the remainder of his life in exile. Mahmud eventually learned the truth about the courtier's deception and had him either banished or executed. By this time, the aged Ferdowsi had returned to <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a>. The sultan sent him a new gift of 60,000 gold pieces, but just as the caravan bearing the money entered the gates of Tus, a funeral procession exited the gates on the opposite side: the poet had died from a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenberg199799–101_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg199799–101-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tus_shahnameh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tus_shahnameh.jpg/220px-Tus_shahnameh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tus_shahnameh.jpg/330px-Tus_shahnameh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tus_shahnameh.jpg/440px-Tus_shahnameh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Scenes from the <i>Shahnameh</i> carved into reliefs at Ferdowsi's mausoleum in Tus, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdowsi's <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> is the most popular and influential <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and other Persian-speaking countries. The <i>Shahnameh</i> is the only surviving work by Ferdowsi regarded as indisputably genuine. </p><p>He may have written poems earlier in his life but they no longer exist. A narrative poem, <i>Yūsof o Zolaykā</i> (Joseph and Zuleika), was once attributed to him, but scholarly consensus now rejects the idea it is his.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has also been speculation about the satire Ferdowsi allegedly wrote about Mahmud of Ghazni after the sultan failed to reward him sufficiently. <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Nezami Aruzi</a>, Ferdowsi's early biographer, claimed that all but six lines had been destroyed by a well-wisher who had paid Ferdowsi a thousand <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a> for the poem. Introductions to some manuscripts of the <i>Shahnameh</i> include verses purporting to be the <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. Some scholars have viewed them as fabricated; others are more inclined to believe in their authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 549px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden,_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_(Book_of_Kings)_of_Firdawsi,_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sasanian King Khusraw and Courtiers in a Garden, page from a manuscript of the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), late 15th–early 16th century, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="The Sasanian King Khusraw and Courtiers in a Garden, page from a manuscript of the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), late 15th–early 16th century, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden%2C_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi%2C_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg/122px-The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden%2C_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi%2C_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden%2C_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi%2C_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg/183px-The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden%2C_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi%2C_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden%2C_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi%2C_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg/244px-The_Sasanian_King_Khusraw_and_Courtiers_in_a_Garden%2C_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi%2C_late_15th-early_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Sasanian King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khusraw</a> and Courtiers in a Garden</i>, page from a manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> (Book of Kings), late 15th–early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from the Shahnameh: the Akvan Div throws the sleeping Rostam into the sea"><img alt="Scene from the Shahnameh: the Akvan Div throws the sleeping Rostam into the sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg/140px-Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg/210px-Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg/280px-Shahnameh_-_The_Div_Akvan_throws_Rustam_into_the_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="3142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scene from the <i>Shahnameh</i>: the Akvan Div throws the sleeping Rostam into the sea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathscene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bath scene"><img alt="Bath scene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bathscene.jpg/140px-Bathscene.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bathscene.jpg/210px-Bathscene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bathscene.jpg/280px-Bathscene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bath scene</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 789px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Simurgh, a mythical bird from the Shahnameh, relief from Ferdowsi's mausoleum"><img alt="The Simurgh, a mythical bird from the Shahnameh, relief from Ferdowsi's mausoleum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg/220px-Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg/330px-Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg/440px-Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a>, a mythical bird from the <i>Shahnameh</i>, relief from <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi's mausoleum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A scene from the Shahnameh depicting the Parthian king Artaban facing the Sassanid king Ardashir I"><img alt="A scene from the Shahnameh depicting the Parthian king Artaban facing the Sassanid king Ardashir I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg/206px-Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg/310px-Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg/413px-Artaban_and_Ardashir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A scene from the <i>Shahnameh</i> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> king Artaban facing the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ferdowsi" title="Special:EditPage/Ferdowsi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ferdowsi%22">"Ferdowsi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ferdowsi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ferdowsi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ferdowsi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ferdowsi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ferdowsi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg/220px-Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg/330px-Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg/440px-Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of Ferdowsi in Tus, Iran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG/220px-Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG/330px-Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG/440px-Ferdowsi%27s_verse_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>One of Ferdowsi's poems: "Think for God's gratification – be intellectual and truthful", written on the wall of a school in Iran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ferdowsi_statue.jpg/220px-Ferdowsi_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ferdowsi_statue.jpg/330px-Ferdowsi_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ferdowsi_statue.jpg/440px-Ferdowsi_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Ferdowsi statue in <a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower</a>, Tehran, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdowsi is one of the undisputed giants of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>. After Ferdowsi's <i>Shahnameh</i>, a number of other works similar in nature surfaced over the centuries within the cultural sphere of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>. Without exception, all such works were based in style and method on Ferdowsi's <i>Shahnameh</i>, but none of them could quite achieve the same degree of fame and popularity as Ferdowsi's masterpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249–276_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249–276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdowsi has a unique place in Persian history because of the strides he made in reviving and regenerating the Persian language and cultural traditions. His works are cited as a crucial component in the persistence of the Persian language, as those works allowed much of the tongue to remain codified and intact. In this respect, Ferdowsi surpasses <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Khayyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a> and other seminal Persian literary figures in his impact on Persian culture and language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many modern Iranians see him as the father of the modern Persian language. </p><p>Ferdowsi in fact was a motivation behind many future Persian figures. One such notable figure was <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Reza Shah</a> Pahlavi, who established an <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a>, in order to attempt to remove Arabic and French words from the Persian language, replacing them with suitable Persian alternatives. In 1934, Reza Shah set up a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, celebrating a thousand years of Persian literature since the time of Ferdowsi, titled "<a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Millennial_Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdowsi Millennial Celebration">Ferdowsi Millennial Celebration</a>", inviting notable European as well as Iranian scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhani2000400_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhani2000400-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_University_of_Mashhad" title="Ferdowsi University of Mashhad">Ferdowsi University of Mashhad</a> is a university established in 1949 that also takes its name from Ferdowsi. </p><p>Ferdowsi's influence in the Persian culture is explained by <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle" title="John Andrew Boyle">John Andrew Boyle</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The Persians regard Ferdowsi as the greatest of their poets. For nearly a thousand years they have continued to read and to listen to recitations from his master work, the <i>Shah-nameh</i>, in which the Persian national epic found its final and enduring form. Though written about 1,000 years ago, this work is as intelligible to the average, modern Iranian as the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible is to a modern English-speaker. The language, based as the poem is on a <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> original, is pure Persian with only the slightest admixture of Arabic.</dd></dl> <p>The library at <a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College</a>, Oxford University was named the Ferdowsi Library, and contains a specialised Persian section for scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Shahnameh" title="Alexander the Great in the Shahnameh">Alexander the Great in the Shahnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Studies">Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_millennial_celebration" title="Ferdowsi millennial celebration">Ferdowsi millennial celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_University_of_Mashhad" title="Ferdowsi University of Mashhad">Ferdowsi University of Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_poets_and_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Persian poets and authors">List of Persian poets and authors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a>, Persian poet, who started Ferdowsi's epic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, Persian poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> (1207–1273), arguably the internationally most famous Persian poet</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausoleums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mausoleums">List of mausoleums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Clinton" title="Jerry Clinton">Jerry Clinton</a> (1937–2003), US Ferdowsi scholar</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_(1934_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdowsi (1934 film)">Ferdowsi</a></i> (1934 film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Al-Amir</i> and <i>al-Hakim</i> are honorary titles. <i>Abu'l-Qasem</i> is a <i>kunya</i>. <i>Mansur</i> is a given name. <i>Ibn al-Hasan</i> is a patronymic ('son of Hasan'). <i>Al-Ferdowsi</i> is a pen name (<i><a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">takhallus</a></i>). <i>Al-Tusi</i> is a <i><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a></i> ('from Tus').</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The spelling <i>Ferdowsi</i> is based on the modern Iranian Persian pronunciation, while <i>Firdawsi</i> reflects the historical pronunciation. The diphthong <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">ow</i></span> of modern Iranian Persian was historically pronounced as <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">aw</i></span>. This is also how it is pronounced in modern Dari (Afghan Persian). The 'short' vowel <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">e</i></span> of modern Iranian Persian was historically pronounced <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">i</i></span> (modern Dari pronunciation is closer to the latter).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaggiOrsatti201833–34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggiOrsatti201833–34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_Shahnameh_published_by_Eisenbrauns,_Inc._Vol._6,_Pg_341_Vs_657-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_Shahnameh_published_by_Eisenbrauns,_Inc._Vol._6,_Pg_341_Vs_657_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhaleghi-Motlagh1999">Khaleghi-Motlagh 1999</a>, pp. 514–523 Shahnameh published by Eisenbrauns, Inc. Vol. 6, Pg 341 Vs 657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huart/Massé/Ménage: <i>Firdawsī</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>.</i> New Edition. Brill, Leiden. CD-Version (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaleghi-Motlagh1999514–523_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhaleghi-Motlagh1999">Khaleghi-Motlagh 1999</a>, pp. 514–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=ferdowsi&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.rows=20&search-go=Search">"Search Results – Brill Reference"</a>. <i>referenceworks.brillonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī (320–416/931–1025) was a Persian poet, one of the greatest writers of epic and author of the Shāhnāma ("Book of kings").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=referenceworks.brillonline.com&rft.atitle=Search+Results+%E2%80%93+Brill+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fs.q%3Dferdowsi%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.rows%3D20%26search-go%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016160-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016160_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlén2016">Dahlén 2016</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDabashi201239-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDabashi201239_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDabashi2012">Dabashi 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggiOrsatti201833–34-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaggiOrsatti201833–34_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaggiOrsatti2018">Maggi & Orsatti 2018</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006xviii_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis 2006</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1975" class="citation book cs1">Frye, R. N. (1975). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521200938" title="Special:BookSources/0521200938"><bdi>0521200938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0521200938&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frye1975-200-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frye1975-200_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1975a">Frye 1975a</a>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-mansur-mohammad-b">"Abu Mansur"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Abu+Mansur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabu-mansur-mohammad-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1975a202-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1975a202_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1975a">Frye 1975a</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeuillebois2017">Feuillebois 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2012" class="citation web cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shahpur (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-iii">"Mausoleum"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Mausoleum&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shahpur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fferdowsi-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg199799–101-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenberg199799–101_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenberg1997">Rosenberg 1997</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2012" class="citation web cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shahpur (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-ii">"Hajw-nāma"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Hajw-n%C4%81ma&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shahpur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fferdowsi-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249–276-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2016249–276_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlén2016">Dahlén 2016</a>, pp. 249–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhani2000400-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhani2000400_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhani2000">Ghani 2000</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tarna.ir/News/2878/">"Presence of Persian Historical poets at Tarna Media Station - Tarna"</a>. <i>en.tarna.ir</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.tarna.ir&rft.atitle=Presence+of+Persian+Historical+poets+at+Tarna+Media+Station+-+Tarna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tarna.ir%2FNews%2F2878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2007" class="citation web cs1">Boyle, John Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdowsi">"Ferdowsi"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Ferdowsi&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdowsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1">Abolqasem Ferdowsi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=An3f1IvSbXUC"><i>Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings</i></a>. Translated by Davis, Dick. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03485-7"><bdi>978-0-670-03485-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahnameh%3A+The+Persian+Book+of+Kings&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03485-7&rft.au=Abolqasem+Ferdowsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAn3f1IvSbXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2012" class="citation book cs1">Dabashi, Hamid (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQFNfOPAS04C"><i>The World of Persian Literary Humanism</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06759-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06759-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06759-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Persian+Literary+Humanism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06759-2&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQFNfOPAS04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlén2016" class="citation cs2">Dahlén, Ashk (2016), "Literary Interest in Zoroastrianism in Tenth-Century Iran: The Case of Daqiqi's Account of Goshtāsp and Zarathustra in the Shāhnāmeh", in Williams, Alan; Stewart, Sarah (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rp2LDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition</i></a>, I.B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857728869" title="Special:BookSources/9780857728869"><bdi>9780857728869</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Interest+in+Zoroastrianism+in+Tenth-Century+Iran%3A+The+Case+of+Daqiqi%27s+Account+of+Gosht%C4%81sp+and+Zarathustra+in+the+Sh%C4%81hn%C4%81meh&rft.btitle=The+Zoroastrian+Flame%3A+Exploring+Religion%2C+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780857728869&rft.aulast=Dahl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Ashk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drp2LDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuillebois2017" class="citation web cs1">Feuillebois, È. (2017). Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D. J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27139">"Firdawsī, Abū l-Qāsim, and the Shāhnāma"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27139">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Three+Online&rft.atitle=Firdaws%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB+l-Q%C4%81sim%2C+and+the+Sh%C4%81hn%C4%81ma&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27139&rft.aulast=Feuillebois&rft.aufirst=%C3%88.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1975a" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Richard N. (1975a). <i>The Golden Age of Persia</i>. Weidenfeld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Persia&rft.pub=Weidenfeld&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA160"><i>The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610693912" title="Special:BookSources/9781610693912"><bdi>9781610693912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781610693912&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5BHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuartMassé1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huart, Cl. & Massé, H. (1971). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/firdawsi-SIM_2376">"Firdawsī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Firdaws%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Huart&rft.aufirst=Cl.&rft.au=Mass%C3%A9%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Ffirdawsi-SIM_2376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaleghi-Motlagh1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-i">"Ferdowsī, Abu'l-Qāsem i. Life"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/5: Fauna III–Festivals VIII</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-33-7"><bdi>978-0-933273-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdows%C4%AB%2C+Abu%E2%80%99l-Q%C4%81sem+i.+Life&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+IX%2F5%3A+Fauna+III%E2%80%93Festivals+VIII&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-33-7&rft.aulast=Khaleghi-Motlagh&rft.aufirst=Djalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fferdowsi-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggiOrsatti2018" class="citation book cs1">Maggi, Mauro; Orsatti, Paola (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34676/chapter/295527223">"From Old to New Persian"</a>. In Sedighi, Anousha; Shabani-Jadidi, Pouneh (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198736745.013.2">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Old+to+New+Persian&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Persian+Linguistics&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198736745.013.2&rft.aulast=Maggi&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft.au=Orsatti%2C+Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F34676%2Fchapter%2F295527223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Donna (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TdKE_Qgl28C&q=ferdowsi"><i>Folklore, Myths, and Legends: A World Perspective</i></a>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-5780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-5780-8"><bdi>978-0-8442-5780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore%2C+Myths%2C+and+Legends%3A+A+World+Perspective&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8442-5780-8&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TdKE_Qgl28C%26q%3Dferdowsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhani2000" class="citation book cs1">Ghani, Cyrus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOB1xwEACAAJ"><i>Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-629-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+Rise+of+Reza+Shah%3A+From+Qajar+Collapse+to+Pahlavi+Power&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-629-4&rft.aulast=Ghani&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOB1xwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaee1993" class="citation book cs1">Aghaee, Shirzad (1993). <i>Nam-e kasan va jay-ha dar Shahnameh-ye Ferdousi</i> [<i><span></span></i>Personalities and Places in the <i>Shahnameh</i> of Ferdousi<i><span></span></i>]. Nyköping, Sweden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-1959-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-1959-0"><bdi>91-630-1959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nam-e+kasan+va+jay-ha+dar+Shahnameh-ye+Ferdousi&rft.place=Nyk%C3%B6ping%2C+Sweden&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=91-630-1959-0&rft.aulast=Aghaee&rft.aufirst=Shirzad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaee1997" class="citation book cs1">Aghaee, Shirzad (1997). <i>Imazh-ha-ye mehr va mah dar Shahnameh-ye Ferdousi</i> [<i><span></span></i>Images of the Sun and Moon in the <i>Shahnameh</i> of Ferdousi<i><span></span></i>]. Spånga, Sweden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-5369-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-5369-1"><bdi>91-630-5369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imazh-ha-ye+mehr+va+mah+dar+Shahnameh-ye+Ferdousi&rft.place=Sp%C3%A5nga%2C+Sweden&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=91-630-5369-1&rft.aulast=Aghaee&rft.aufirst=Shirzad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1998" class="citation book cs1">Browne, E. G. (1998) [First published 1906]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fshmK9xYD6cC"><i>A Literary History of Persia</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0406-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-0406-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Persia&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0406-4&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfshmK9xYD6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2014" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, R. M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGjJjgEACAAJ"><i>Great Poets of Classical Persian</i></a>. Kolkata: Sparrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-75-5"><bdi>978-81-89140-75-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Poets+of+Classical+Persian&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Sparrow&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-89140-75-5&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGjJjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackeyHarrop2008" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra; Harrop, W. Scott (2008). <i>The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the soul of a nation</i>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-94005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-94005-0"><bdi>978-0-525-94005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranians%3A+Persia%2C+Islam+and+the+soul+of+a+nation&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-525-94005-0&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Harrop%2C+W.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRypka1968" class="citation book cs1">Rypka, Jan (1968). <i>History of Iranian Literature</i>. Reidel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0143-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-0143-1"><bdi>90-277-0143-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460598">460598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Iranian+Literature&rft.pub=Reidel&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460598&rft.isbn=90-277-0143-1&rft.aulast=Rypka&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Shapour</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiFkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ferdowsī: A Critical Biography</i></a>. Harvard University, Center for Middle Eastern Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939214-83-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939214-83-9"><bdi>978-0-939214-83-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdows%C4%AB%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.pub=Harvard+University%2C+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-939214-83-9&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGiFkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaWaghmar2016" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Sunil; Waghmar, Burzine K., eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb92AQAACAAJ"><i>Firdawsii Millennium Indicum: Proceedings of the Shahnama Millenary Seminar, the KR Cama Oriental Institute, Mumbai, 8–9 January, 2011</i></a>. KR Cama Oriental Institute. pp. 7–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81324-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81324-10-3"><bdi>978-93-81324-10-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firdawsii+Millennium+Indicum%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Shahnama+Millenary+Seminar%2C+the+KR+Cama+Oriental+Institute%2C+Mumbai%2C+8%E2%80%939+January%2C+2011&rft.pages=7-18&rft.pub=KR+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-81324-10-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb92AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer2001" class="citation book cs1">Wiesehöfer, Josef (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm_1jwEACAAJ"><i>Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4175-2077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4175-2077-0"><bdi>978-1-4175-2077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+From+550+BC+to+650+AD&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4175-2077-0&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPm_1jwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdowsi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Hak%C4%ABm_Abol-Q%C4%81sem_Ferdows%C4%AB_T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Hakīm Abol-Qāsem Ferdowsī Tūsī">Ferdowsi</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferdowsi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34995">Works by Firdawsi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28Firdawsi+OR+Ferdowsi%29">Works by or about Ferdowsi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15648">Works by Ferdowsi</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li>Khosrow Nāghed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiozamaaneh.com/literature/2008/08/print_post_495.html"><i>In the Workshop of Thought and Imagination of the Master of Tūs</i> (Dar Kargāh-e Andisheh va Khiāl-e Ostād-e Tūs)</a>, in Persian, Radio Zamāneh, 5 August 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/f/ferdowsi.html">Ferdowsi: Poems</a> Ferdowsi's poems in English</li> <li>Iraj Bashiri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Farr/iranhistdawn.html">The Shahname of Firdowsi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720192754/http://qom-photos.ir/post-106.aspx">Ferdowsi Museum photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051318/http://pachian.ir/post-97.aspx">Ferdowsi Tomb photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/36222/rec/1"><i>A king's book of kings: the Shah-nameh of Shah Tahmasp</i></a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugusavay.com/ferdowsi-quotes/">Ferdowsi Quotes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417040014/http://www.rugusavay.com/ferdowsi-quotes/">Archived</a> 17 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Ferdowsi" title="Template:Ferdowsi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ferdowsi" title="Template talk:Ferdowsi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ferdowsi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ferdowsi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/80px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/120px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/160px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Metro_Station" title="Ferdowsi Metro Station">Ferdowsi Metro Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Street" title="Ferdowsi Street">Ferdowsi Square, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Street" title="Ferdowsi Street">Ferdowsi Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Street,_Tabriz" title="Ferdowsi Street, Tabriz">Ferdowsi Street, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_University_of_Mashhad" title="Ferdowsi University of Mashhad">Ferdowsi University of Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Tomb of Ferdowsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">List of places in Shahnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firdeusi_Institute" title="Firdeusi Institute">Firdeusi Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Sadighi" title="Abolhassan Sadighi">Abolhassan Sadighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Abu-Mansur Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundari" title="Bundari">Bundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooshang_Seyhoun" title="Hooshang Seyhoun">Hooshang Seyhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mohl" title="Julius von Mohl">Julius von Mohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keikhosrow_Shahrokh" title="Keikhosrow Shahrokh">Keikhosrow Shahrokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jalaleddin_Kazzazi" title="Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi">Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Eslami_Nodooshan" title="Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan">Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Amin_Riahi" title="Mohammad-Amin Riahi">Mohammad-Amin Riahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_millennial_celebration" title="Ferdowsi millennial celebration">Ferdowsi millennial celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_millennial_celebration_in_Berlin" title="Ferdowsi millennial celebration in Berlin">Ferdowsi millennial celebration in Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdousi_(crater)" title="Firdousi (crater)">Firdousi (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions in<br />others' works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_(film)" title="Ferdowsi (film)">Ferdowsi</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Prologue_to_the_Shahnameh" title="A New Prologue to the Shahnameh">A New Prologue to the Shahnameh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_Nama" title="Bizhan Nama">Bizhan Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu_Nama" title="Borzu Nama">Borzu Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Shahnameh" title="Kurdish Shahnameh">Kurdish <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persians_and_I" title="Persians and I">Persians and I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab_(opera)" title="Rostam and Sohrab (opera)">Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustam_and_Zohrab" title="Rustam and Zohrab">Rustam and Zohrab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustom_O_Sohrab" title="Rustom O Sohrab">Rustom O Sohrab</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ferdowsi" title="Category:Ferdowsi">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh">Template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh" title="Category:Shahnameh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rostam_and_Sohrab_from_Ferdowsi&#039;s_Shahnameh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Template:Rostam and Sohrab"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Template talk:Rostam and Sohrab"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rostam and Sohrab"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rostam_and_Sohrab_from_Ferdowsi&#039;s_Shahnameh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a> from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustam_and_Zohrab" title="Rustam and Zohrab">Rustam and Zohrab</a></i> (1910 Hajibeyov)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab_(opera)" title="Rostam and Sohrab (opera)">Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> (1963 Tjeknavorian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustom_O_Sohrab" title="Rustom O Sohrab">Rustom O Sohrab</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_and_Rustum" title="Sohrab and Rustum">Sohrab and Rustum</a></i> (epic poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustom_Sohrab_(1963_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustom Sohrab (1963 film)">Rustom Sohrab</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kings:_Rostam_and_Sohrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Kings: Rostam and Sohrab">Battle of the Kings: Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farsala_Trilogy" title="Farsala Trilogy">Farsala Trilogy</a></i> (novels)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li>Anthology of Zadspram</li> <li>Warshtmansr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasif" title="Muhammad ibn Wasif">Muhammad ibn Wasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(poet)" title="Iranshah (poet)">Iranshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> <small>(1142–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.1220</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li> <li>Faramarz-e Khodadad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li> <li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Golestān</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yamin" title="Ibn Yamin">Ibn Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li> <li>Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Savaji" title="Salman Savaji">Salman Savaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Faghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Faghani">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohtasham_Kashani" title="Mohtasham Kashani">Mohtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="'Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir-e_Esfahani" title="Asir-e Esfahani">Asir-e Esfahani</a> <small>(c. 1620–1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li> <li>Saba Kashani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw'i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qoli_Salim_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani">Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani</a></li> <li>Rasa Salim Tehrani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatef_Esfahani" title="Hatef Esfahani">Hatef Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Bigdeli" title="Azar Bigdeli">Azar Bigdeli</a> <small>(1722–1781)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshat_Esfahani" title="Neshat Esfahani">Neshat Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Foroughi_Bastami" title="Abbas Foroughi Bastami">Abbas Foroughi Bastami</a> <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghma_Jandaqi" title="Yaghma Jandaqi">Yaghma Jandaqi</a> <small>(1782–1859)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797–1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_Shirvani" title="Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani">Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani</a> <small>(1779–1837)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a> <small>(1800–1871)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Taqi_Sepehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr">Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr</a> <small>(1801–1880)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a> <small>(1808–1854)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khan_Malek_al-Sho%27ara" title="Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara">Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara</a> <small>(1813–1893)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li>Hormoz Alipour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li> <li>Parviz Eslampour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li>Manouchehr Sheybani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a> (<a href="/wiki/She%27r-e_Nimaa%27i" title="She'r-e Nimaa'i">She'r-e Nimaa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satim_Ulugzade" title="Satim Ulugzade">Satim Ulugzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassem_Hashemi_Nezhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad">Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudabeh_Fazaeli" title="Soudabeh Fazaeli">Soudabeh Fazaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_(Iranian_writer)" title="Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)">Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li>Aboutorab Khosravi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Koushan" title="Mansour Koushan">Mansour Koushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li>Shamim Bahar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Etessami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolhassan Etessami">Abolhassan Etessami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Mojabi" title="Javad Mojabi">Javad Mojabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li> <li>Mohsen Yalfani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Reza_Koohestani" title="Amir Reza Koohestani">Amir Reza Koohestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li> <li>Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saeed Aghighi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E'temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amrollah Abjadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Behrangi" title="Samad Behrangi">Samad Behrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Hasanzadeh" title="Farhad Hasanzadeh">Farhad Hasanzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Ali Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_of_Khorasan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_Khorasan" title="Template:People of Khorasan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_Khorasan" title="Template talk:People of Khorasan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_Khorasan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of Khorasan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_of_Khorasan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfizari" title="Al-Isfizari">Abu Hatam Isfizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_Buzjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani">Abu Wafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu Ubayd Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farghani" title="Al-Farghani">Alfraganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Birjandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habash_al-Hasib_al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi">Hasib Marwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Khazin" title="Abu Ja'far al-Khazin">Abu Ja'far al-Khazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Khazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_Khojandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud Khojandi">Khojandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C4%AB_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasaw%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī">Nasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi">Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">Sijzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Algazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Shahrastani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawud_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Dawud al-Sijistani">Abu Dawud al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Barakat_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi">Abu Barakat Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi">Abu Hafs Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu Layth Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu Mu'in Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Abu Qasim Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Baghavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Dabusi" title="Abu Zayd al-Dabusi">Dabusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Samarqandi" title="Fatima al-Samarqandi">Fatima Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi">Hakim Tirmidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">Hakim Nishapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hibban" title="Ibn Hibban">Ibn Hibban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Tayfour_Sajawandi" title="Muhammad ibn Tayfour Sajawandi">Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasani" title="Al-Kasani">Kasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi" title="Husayn Kashifi">Kashifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thana%27_al-Lamishi" title="Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi">Lamishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_al-Din_al-Marghinani" title="Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani">Marghinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Maturidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Mulla al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Muqatil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasa%27i" title="Al-Nasa'i">Nasa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Sajawandi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Sajawandi">Sajawandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha'labi">Tha'labi Nishapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">Tirmidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Zamakhshari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Abu%27l-Khayr" title="Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr">Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Aruzi Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar Nishapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Behzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrukhi Sistani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdowsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi" title="Husayn Kashifi">Kashifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanā'ī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians and<br />political figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Isfarayini" title="Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini">Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Ma%27ali_Nasrallah" title="Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah">Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi" title="Muhammad Aufi">Aufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Bal%27ami" title="Abu Ali Bal'ami">Abu Ali Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad" title="Gawhar Shad">Gawhar Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Barmak" title="Khalid ibn Barmak">Khalid ibn Barmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj-i-Siraj">Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn" title="Tahir ibn Husayn">Tahir ibn Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Khalid" title="Yahya ibn Khalid">Yahya Barmaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk">Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi" title="Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi">Shihab al-Nasawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43459#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012145689X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/101359236">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41355/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118532499">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79094717">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902551m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902551m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439558">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Firdūsī"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV291755">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720073&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1378882">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/175171">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071414088">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90078852">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000173169&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000269633&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201422979">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prlv6w3366b1k">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04118170?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118532499.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118532499">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073635219">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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