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[o]" accesskey="o"> ننوتل</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">ونډې</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">خبرې اترې</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div 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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">اردو ژبه</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۹۰ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > ۱۹۰ ژبې </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Urdu" title="Bahsa Urdu – اچيني" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="اچيني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerdoe" title="Oerdoe – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oerdoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B1" title="ኡርዱ – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡርዱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urd%C3%BA" title="Idioma urdú – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma urdú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdusc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Urdusc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Urdusc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – انگيکي" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="انگيکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأردية – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأردية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%98" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܕܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܕܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ؤردو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤردو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اوردو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوردو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উৰ্দু ভাষা – اسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উৰ্দু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="اسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urd%C3%BA" title="Idioma urdú – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma urdú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – اوادي" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="اوادي" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_aru" title="Urdu aru – ایماري" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Urdu aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ایماري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اوردو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوردو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Урду теле – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урду теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C5%AB" title="Urdū – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Urdū" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উর্দু ভাষা – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উর্দু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="উর্দু ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উর্দু ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourdoueg" title="Ourdoueg – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ourdoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Urdu" title="Saro Urdu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Urdu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urdu" title="Lingua urdu – بگنيايي" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Lingua urdu" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="بگنيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Урду хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урду хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C3%BA" title="Urdú – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urdú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Urdu-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Urdu-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Urdu" title="Pinulongang Urdu – سیبوانوي" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Urdu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="سیبوانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – چمورو" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="چمورو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88" title="زمانی ئوردوو – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئوردوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_tili" title="Urdu tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Urdu tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C5%A1tina" title="Urdština – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urdština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrdw" title="Wrdw – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wrdw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduki" title="Urduki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Urduki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Urdušćina – کښته سربيايي" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Urdušćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="کښته سربيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AB" title="އުރުދޫ – ديویهی" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުރުދޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ديویهی" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – ايو" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ايو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γλώσσα Ούρντου – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Ούρντου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduo" title="Urduo – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urduo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_keel" title="Urdu keel – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Urdu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urdu" title="Idioma urdu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Idioma urdu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="زبان اردو – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourdou" title="Ourdou – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ourdou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerd%C3%BB" title="Oerdû – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oerdû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Urd%C3%BAis" title="An Urdúis – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Urdúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua urdú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Urdu ñe'ẽ – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urdu ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाशा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उर्दू भाशा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉર્દૂ ભાષા – ګجراتي" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉર્દૂ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ګجراتي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oordooish" title="Oordooish – مینکس" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oordooish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="مینکس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – هوسا" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="هوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-ng%C3%AE" title="Urdu-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Urdu-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Urdu" title="ʻŌlelo Urdu – هوایی" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Urdu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="هوایی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="אורדו – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdski_jezik" title="Urdski jezik – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Urdušćina – پورته سربيايي" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Urdušćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="پورته سربيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_nyelv" title="Urdu nyelv – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urdu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ուրդու – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրդու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – آسا نا جبة" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="آسا نا جبة" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – انگش" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="انگش" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-linguo" title="Urdu-linguo – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urdu-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ard%C3%BA" title="Úrdú – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úrdú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urdu" title="Lingua urdu – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua urdu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ウルドゥー語 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルドゥー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduos" title="Urduos – لوجبان" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="Urduos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="لوجبان" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Urdu" title="Basa Urdu – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურდუ ენა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურდუ ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_tili" title="Urdu tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Urdu tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduu_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Urduu kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Urduu kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC" title="ភាសាអ៊ូរឌូ – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអ៊ូរឌូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82" title="ಉರ್ದೂ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉರ್ದೂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%91%90%EC%96%B4" title="우르두어 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우르두어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%97_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اُردوٗ زَبان – کشمیري" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اُردوٗ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="کشمیري" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_urd%C3%BB" title="Zimanê urdû – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê urdû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – کومی" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="کومی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Урдуча – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Урдуча" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Urdu" title="Lingua Urdu – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_urdu" title="Lengua urdu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua urdu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_urdu" title="Lengua urdu – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua urdu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दु भाषा – مایتھلي" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उर्दु भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="مایتھلي" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ord%C3%B2" title="Fiteny ordò – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ordò" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C5%AAru" title="Reo Ūru – ماوري" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ūru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="ماوري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Urdu" title="Bahaso Urdu – مينيگاباو" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Urdu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="مينيگاباو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="ഉർദു – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉർദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Урдү хэл – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Урдү хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯎꯔꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯟ – مانی پوری" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯔꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="مانی پوری" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Urdu" title="Lingwa Urdu – مالټايي" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="مالټايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दु भाषा – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उर्दु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-Urdu" title="Se-Urdu – شمالي سوتو" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Se-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="شمالي سوتو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo" title="Ordo – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ordo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ ଭାଷା – اوڊيا" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="اوڊيا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – اوسيټک" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسيټک" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82" title="ਉਰਦੂ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਰਦੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – پاپيامينتو" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="پاپيامينتو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_urdu" title="Język urdu – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język urdu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_urdu" title="Lenga urdu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga urdu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_urdu" title="Língua urdu – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua urdu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthu_simi" title="Urthu simi – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urthu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_urdu" title="Limba urdu – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba urdu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyeyurudu" title="Inyeyurudu – کینیارونډا" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyeyurudu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="کینیارونډا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – سنسکریټ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سنسکریټ" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – سنتالي" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="سنتالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdugiella" title="Urdugiella – شمالي سامي" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Urdugiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="شمالي سامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdski_jezik" title="Urdski jezik – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_turdut" title="Tutlayt turdut – تاکلهیټ" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt turdut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="تاکلهیټ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94" title="උර්දු – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උර්දු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C4%8Dina" title="Urdčina – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urdčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Urdujščina – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urdujščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Urdu" title="Gagana Urdu – ساموآن" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Urdu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="ساموآن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_urdu" title="Gjuha urdu – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha urdu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Урду (језик) – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урду (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – سوران ټونګو" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="سوران ټونګو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_ulimi" title="Urdu ulimi – سواتی" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Urdu ulimi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="سواتی" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiurdu" title="Kiurdu – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiurdu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Fdka_Urdu" title="Gŏdka Urdu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gŏdka Urdu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="உருது – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಉರ್ದು ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉರ್ದು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="ఉర్దూ భాష – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉర్దూ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Забони урду – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони урду" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษาอูรดู – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอูรดู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – ترکمني" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ترکمني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Urdu" title="Wikang Urdu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Urdu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_zyvon" title="Urdu zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urdu zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduca" title="Urduca – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urduca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – ادمورت" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="ادمورت" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئوردو تىلى – اويغوري" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوردو تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="اويغوري" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Urdu" title="Tiếng Urdu – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Urdu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurduv" title="Lurduv – والاپوک" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lurduv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="والاپوک" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურდუ ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურდუ ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="אורדו – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אורדו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Urdu" title="Èdè Urdu – یوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Urdu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="یوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Urdu" title="Vah Urdu – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Urdu" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ – معياري مراکشي تمازيټ" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="معياري مراکشي تمازيټ" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-g%C3%AD" title="Urdu-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Urdu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%96%87" title="烏都文 – کانټوني" 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.entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style><div class="infobox_v3 infobox"><div style="justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"><div>اوردو ژبه</div></div><div class="" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;width:100%;text-align:center;margin-top:-8px;color:#000000;margin-bottom:10px;flex:auto;font-size:90%"><div>اردو (اوردو)<a href="#cite_note-3b4c9014644b592801b9c97e4c283d5ffb71cfce-1">[۱]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P1705" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div style="border:unset;padding:unset"><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Urdu_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/260px-Urdu_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/390px-Urdu_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/520px-Urdu_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="857" /></a></div></div><table><caption style="display:table-caption;background-color:#E1E1E1;text-align:center;color:#000000">ټوليز مالومات</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">عمومي مالومات</th><td class=""><div> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286576" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q286576">راجستر</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33742" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q33742">طبيعي ژبه</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1288568" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1288568">ژوندۍ ژبه</a><a href="#cite_note-b99a31f414a379fd1f9b83febd02e15339431ab6-2">[۲]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="معیاري ژبه">معیاري ژبه</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P31" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">ځانګړې وېشنيزه</th><td class=""><div> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3361977" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3361977">لرغونې هندي</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P279" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">سیمييزتوب د</th><td class=""><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"><div><div class="nomobile" style="text-align:right;border: none; padding: 0; background:none; font-size: 75%;"> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Incomplete_list.svg/20px-Incomplete_list.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Incomplete_list.svg/30px-Incomplete_list.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Incomplete_list.svg/40px-Incomplete_list.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /> لړۍ...</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12644212" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q12644212">مهاجر</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311977" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q311977">هندوستانيان</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند">هند</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جمو او کشمير">جمو او کشمير</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مهاراشټرا">مهاراشترا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان">پاکستان</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ډيلي">ډېلي</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%89" title="جارکنډ">جارکنډ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بهار">بهار</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="حيدراباد، هند">حيدراباد، هند</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P2341" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">ليکدود</th><td class=""><div> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q112887037" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q112887037">اردو اورتوګرافي</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1253814" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1253814">کايتي</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="دېوناگري">دېوناگري</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P282" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">ويونکو شمېر</th><td class=""><div> ۶۸٬۶۰۰٬۰۰۰ (۲۰۱۹) ۶۸٬۶۱۹٬۸۳۰<a href="#cite_note-b096ce736246deae93782819465859680c66015c-3">[۳]</a> (۱۹۹۹) ۹۴٬۰۲۲٬۹۰۰<a href="#cite_note-b096ce736246deae93782819465859680c66015c-3">[۳]</a> (۱۹۹۹) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P1098" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">د توکمپوهنې ژبې حالت</th><td class=""><div> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29051546" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q29051546">۱ ملي</a><a href="#cite_note-60ab30e2bf51279fb5a9dd6eed03051483a9f074-4">[۴]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P3823" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">آيسو ۶۳۹-۱ کوډ</th><td class=""><div> ur <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P218" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">د ژبې کوډ</th><td class=""><div> ur <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P424" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">هېواد</th><td class=""><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"><div><div class="nomobile" style="text-align:right;border: none; padding: 0; background:none; font-size: 75%;"> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Incomplete_list.svg/20px-Incomplete_list.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Incomplete_list.svg/30px-Incomplete_list.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Incomplete_list.svg/40px-Incomplete_list.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /> لړۍ...</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند">هند</a><a href="#cite_note-5f51364c2fc934b5381fe9761f01340b0b3c0c06-5">[۵]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان">پاکستان</a><a href="#cite_note-d6e8ffa9c91aba82aa56f315e1fee76d3ef6f7a9-6">[۶]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="فيجي">فيجي</a><a href="#cite_note-b45a301744a281a6fcfb1d54e156a5f1ddbe8bc1-7">[۷]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="برېتانيا">برېتانيا</a><a href="#cite_note-07cd4528a59d687e61f479f19569eb03248a5821-8">[۸]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7" title="کاناډا">کاناډا</a><a href="#cite_note-946be82ec0530e12c88cc8ff4da738a0df933857-9">[۹]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="د امریکا متحده ایالات">د امریکا متحده ایالات</a><a href="#cite_note-53c7143f2934cc1e089435f3082e2adaa249c59c-10">[۱۰]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%90" title="ناروې">ناروې</a><a href="#cite_note-e51f8bcf01083b1a947de654545e9ffeaa120b42-11">[۱۱]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617?uselang=ps#P17" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87&veaction=edit&section=0">سمول</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87&action=edit&section=0">سرچینه سمول</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617" class="extiw" title="d:Q1617">ويکي‌ډېټا سمول</a><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لاسوند وګورئ"><img alt="لاسوند وګورئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/30px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/45px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/60px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div> <table style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" align="left" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:lightblue;"> <th colspan="2">اردو زبان اردو ژبه </th></tr> <tr id="infObrazek"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png/220px-Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="184" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right" valign="top">ویل کېږی په </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان">پاکستان</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند">هند</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right" valign="top">ټول وییونکی </th> <td>۶۶ میلیونه </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right" valign="top">د ژبې کورنی </th> <td>د هند-اروپایی ژبې هند-ایرانی ژبې اردو ژبه </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right" valign="top">د لیکلو بڼه </th> <td>د اردو الفبا </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right" valign="top">د ژبې د پرمختگ اداره </th> <td>مقتدرہ قومی زبان </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right" valign="top">رسمي ژبه په </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان">پاکستان</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> اردو ژبه د هند و آریایي ژبو له ډلې نه ده چې په پراخه کچه په جنوبي اسیا کې پرې تکلم  کېږي. دا ژبه د پاکستان ملي ژبه او منځګړې ژبه ده. په هند کې، اردو د قانون تر ملاتړ لاندې اتمه ژبه ده، چې حیثیت، فعالیت او کلتوري میراث یې د هند د اساسي قانون له لوري په رسمیت پېژندل شوی او هم د هند په څو ایالتونو کې رسمي ژبه ده. په نیپال کې، اردو یوه رسمي سیمه يیزه لهجه ګڼل کېږي.  <a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[۱۲]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu-13">[۱۳]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-June2020-Urdu-14">[۱۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-MuzaffarBehera2014-15">[۱۵]</a><a href="#cite_note-GazzolaWickström2016-16">[۱۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-Groff2017-lead-17">[۱۷]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[۱۸]</a> اردو د هندوستاني ژبې پارسي شوې معیاري او راجستر (تنوع لرونکې) ژبې په توګه تعریف شوې ده. اردو او هندي چې د هندوآریایي ژبو له ډلې دي، د سانسکرت او پراکریت څخه اخیستل شوې، د لغتونو ګډه ټولګه، ورته آوازپوهنه (فونولوژي)، نحوه او ګرامر لري، چې دواړه ژبې د عامیانه تکلم پرمهال یو له بل سره د پوهېدو وړ دي. لکه څنګه چې رسمي اردو ادبي، سیاسي او تخنیکي لغتونه له پارسي څخه اخلي، رسمي هندي، دا اړخونه له سنسکرت څخه اخلی، چې په پایله کې، د رسمیت د لاملونو د زیاتېدو له امله د دواړو ژبو پوهاوی له یوې او بلې سره په پراخه کچه کمېږي. <a href="#cite_note-Gibson-19">[۱۹]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basu-20">[۲۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-21">[۲۱]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[۲۲]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-23">[۲۳]</a> په ۱۸۳۸ ز کال کې د ختیځ هند د بریتانوي کمپنۍ د واکمنۍ پرمهال، اردو د دې کمپنۍ له لوري په شمالي هند کې د پارسي ځایناستې وټاکل شوه. پارسي تر دې مهاله د هندي- اسلامي سترواکیو د درباري ژبې په توګه کارول کېده. د اروپا د استعمار په دوره کې دیني، ټولنیز او سیاسي لاملونه را منځته شول چې د اردو او هندي تر منځ د توپیر ملاتړ یې کاوه او د هندي-اردو ژبو تر منځ د بحث د راپورته کېدو لامل شوه.  <a href="#cite_note-Metcalf2014-24">[۲۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-25">[۲۵]</a> په اتلسمه پېړۍ کې اردو یوه ادبي ژبه شوه او دوه ورته معیاري بڼې یې په ډیلي او لکنهو کې رامنځته شوې. په ۱۹۴۷ ز کال کې د هند له تجزیې څخه وروسته، درېیمه بڼه یې د پاکستان په کراچۍ ښار کې را څرګنده شوه. دکني، چې په سویلي هند کې یوه کارېدونکې پخوانۍ بڼه وه، په ۱۶مه پېړۍ کې د دکني سلطنتونو د دربار ژبه شوه.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2005-26">[۲۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahapatra1989-27">[۲۷]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[۲۸]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahapatra19892-29">[۲۹]</a> له ۲۰۲۱ ز کال را په دې خوا، په نړۍ کې اردو یووېشتمه لویه تکلمي ژبه ده چې نږدې ۱۶.۹ میلیونه مورني تکلم کوونکي لري. د ایتنولوګ د ۲۰۱۸ ز کال د اټکلونو پر بنسټ: اردو په نړۍ کې لسمه پراخه تکلمي ژبه ده، چې د دویمي ژبې په توګه د تکلم کوونکو په ګډون یې ټول تکلم کوونکي ۲۳۰ میلیونه وګړي دي.  <a href="#cite_note-30">[۳۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue200-31">[۳۱]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[۳۲]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاریخچه">تاریخچه</h2></div> د هندي په څېر، اردو هم د هندوستاني ژبې یوه بڼه ده. ځیني ژبپوهان وړاندیز کوي چې د اردو لومړنۍ بڼې د منځنیو پېړیو (له شپږمې پېړۍ څخه تر دیارلسمې پېړۍ پورې) د مخکینۍ شاراسیني ژبې د اپبرمشا له بڼې  څخه تکامل وکړ. شاراسیني د هند و آریایي له منځنیو ژبو نه ده چې د نورو عصري هند آریایي ژبو مور هم ده.  <a href="#cite_note-33">[۳۳]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[۳۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qalamdaar20102-35">[۳۵]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[۳۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[۳۷]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="سرچینې">سرچینې</h3></div> کارويبولي د هند د ډیلي په سیمه کې بومي ژبه وه، چې د هغې لومړنۍ بڼه د زړې هندي (یا هنداوی) په نوم یادېږي. دا ژبه د هند و آریایي د مرکزي ژبو د لویدیځ هندي له ډلې ده. د اسلامي فتوحاتو په اوږدو کې او د هند په نیمه وچه کې د هندوانو او مسلمانو د دودونو تر منځ اړیکو (له ۱۲ پېړۍ څخه تر ۱۶ مې پېړۍ پورې) د دې لامل شوه، چې د ګنگا-جمونو تهذیب د ګډ حاصل په بڼه د هندوستاني ژبې د رامنځته کېدو لامل شول.  <a href="#cite_note-Mody2008-38">[۳۸]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farooqi2012-39">[۳۹]</a><a href="#cite_note-King-40">[۴۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-TaylorOlson1995-41">[۴۱]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-42">[۴۲]</a><a href="#cite_note-IJSW1943-43">[۴۳]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2020-44">[۴۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zahuruddin1985-45">[۴۵]</a><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-46">[۴۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[۴۷]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1997-48">[۴۸]</a><a href="#cite_note-Das2005-49">[۴۹]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj2-50">[۵۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[۵۱]</a> د هندي ژبې زړې هندي د ډیلي په څېر ښارونو کې، له پارسي څخه د لغاتو پور پیل کړ او د "هندي" او وروسته بیا "هندوستاني" په نوم یاده شوه. په سویلي هند کې (په ځانګړې توګه په ګولکونډا او بیجاپور کې)، د منځنیو پېړیو په هند کې د دکني ژبې په نوم د ژبې یوې بڼې وده وکړه، چې له تلوګو او مراهټي څخه یې پور کلیمات درلودل. د هنداوی یو لومړنی ادبي دود، د دیارلسمې پېړۍ په وروستیو کې د امیر خسرو له لوري را منځته شو. <a href="#cite_note-Kesavan19972-52">[۵۲]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhat2017-53">[۵۳]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strnad2013-54">[۵۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-55">[۵۵]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj22-56">[۵۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan2001-57">[۵۷]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luniya1978-58">[۵۸]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1985-59">[۵۹]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[۶۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[۶۱]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[۶۲]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[۶۳]</a>  هغه ژبه  چې اوس د اردو په نوم یادېږي، له دیارلسمې پېړۍ څخه د اتلسمې پېړۍ تر پایه پورې د هندي، هنداوی، هندوستاني، دهلوي، لاهوري او لشکري په نامه یادېده. د اتلسمې پېړۍ په لومړیو کې د اورنګزېب د واکمنۍ په پای کې، یوه عامه ژبه د ډیلي په شاوخوا کې په خپرېدو شوه چې د (زبان اردو) په نامه یادېده اونوم یې د ترکي کلیمې اوردو (پوځ) یا اوردا څخه اخیستل شوی و، ویل کېږي چې د "کمپ ژبې"، یا "زباناردو" یا په بومي توګه "لشکري زبان" په توګه رامنځته شوه. په هند کې د ترک-افغان ډیلي سلطنت، پارسي د خپلې رسمي ژبې په توګه وټاکله چې دې سیاست، د مغولي سترواکۍ له لوري دوام و موند، چې له ۱۶ مې پېړۍ څخه تر ۱۸ مې پېړۍ پورې د سویلي آسیا په ډېرو شمالي برخو کې خپره شوه او په هندوستاني ژبه یې د پارسي نفوذ را منځته کړ.<a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History22-64">[۶۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhat20172-65">[۶۵]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History23-66">[۶۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[۶۷]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[۶۸]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[۶۹]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[۷۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[۷۱]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strnad20132-72">[۷۲]</a> په لومړي ځل د اردو ژبې نوم، د ۱۷۸۰ ز کال په شاوخوا کې د شاعر غلام همداني مصحفي له خوا وړاندې شو. د ادبي ژبې په توګه، اردو درباري او اشرافي بڼه خپله کړه. په داسې حال کې چې اردو د هندو-آريايي د ځايي هندي ژبي کارېدلی ګرامر او اساسي لغتونه وساتل، د نستعليق د لیک سيسټم يې خپل کړ، چې د پارسي خطاطۍ په توګه را منځ ته شوی و.  <a href="#cite_note-73">[۷۳]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History24-74">[۷۴]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coatsworth20152-75">[۷۵]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[۷۶]</a><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-77">[۷۷]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[۷۸]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="نور_تاریخي_نومونه">نور تاریخي نومونه</h3></div> د دې ژبې د تاریخ په اوږدو کې، اردو ته څو نورو نومونه، لکه: هندي، هنداوی، ریخته، اردو مولا، دکني، لاهوري، ګوجري، مورس او دهلوي هم کارول شوي دي. د صوفی لیکوالانو لکه اشرف جهانګیر سمناني څو آثارو د اردو ژبې لپاره ورته نومونه کارولي. شاه عبدالقادر رایي پوري، لومړی کس و چې قرآنکریم یې اردو ته وژباړه.<a href="#cite_note-79">[۷۹]</a> د شاه جهان په وخت کې پلازمېنه ډهلي ته ولېږدول شوه او د شاه جهان آباد په نوم ونومول شوه او د ښار بازار د اردو مولا په نوم ونومول شو.<a href="#cite_note-80">[۸۰]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[۸۱]</a> د لومړي ځل لپاره اردو ته د ریخته کلیمه د اکبر پاچا په دوره کې وکارول شوه. دا په اصل کې پارسي کلیمه وه چې د " مخلوط جوړولو" په معنا وه. خسرو لومړنی کس و چې د شعر لپاره یې ورته کلیمه وکاروله.   <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې">سرچينې</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3b4c9014644b592801b9c97e4c283d5ffb71cfce-1"><a href="#cite_ref-3b4c9014644b592801b9c97e4c283d5ffb71cfce_1-0">↑</a> سرچينې تړی: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/main/ur.xml">https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/main/ur.xml</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-b99a31f414a379fd1f9b83febd02e15339431ab6-2"><a href="#cite_ref-b99a31f414a379fd1f9b83febd02e15339431ab6_2-0">↑</a> سرچينې تړی: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/urd">https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/urd</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-b096ce736246deae93782819465859680c66015c-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-b096ce736246deae93782819465859680c66015c_3-0">۳٫۰</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b096ce736246deae93782819465859680c66015c_3-1">۳٫۱</a> ذکر کېدنه: <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB" title="اېتنولوګ">اېتنولوګ</a>. Publisher: SIL International. اثر ژبه: انګرېزي ژبه. ISSN: 1946-9675. </li> <li id="cite_note-60ab30e2bf51279fb5a9dd6eed03051483a9f074-4"><a href="#cite_ref-60ab30e2bf51279fb5a9dd6eed03051483a9f074_4-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd">"اېتنولوګ"</a> (په انګرېزي ژبه). SIL International. نه اخيستل شوی 10 مې 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Furd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="کينډۍ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: سرچينه ساتل:ناپېژانده ژبه (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:سرچينه ساتل:ناپېژانده ژبه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5f51364c2fc934b5381fe9761f01340b0b3c0c06-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5f51364c2fc934b5381fe9761f01340b0b3c0c06_5-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/IN">"ScriptSource - India"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 21 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+India%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d6e8ffa9c91aba82aa56f315e1fee76d3ef6f7a9-6"><a href="#cite_ref-d6e8ffa9c91aba82aa56f315e1fee76d3ef6f7a9_6-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/PK">"ScriptSource - Pakistan"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 21 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+Pakistan%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FPK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b45a301744a281a6fcfb1d54e156a5f1ddbe8bc1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-b45a301744a281a6fcfb1d54e156a5f1ddbe8bc1_7-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/FJ">"ScriptSource - Fiji"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 19 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+Fiji%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FFJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-07cd4528a59d687e61f479f19569eb03248a5821-8"><a href="#cite_ref-07cd4528a59d687e61f479f19569eb03248a5821_8-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/GB">"ScriptSource - United Kingdom"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 21 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+United+Kingdom%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FGB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-946be82ec0530e12c88cc8ff4da738a0df933857-9"><a href="#cite_ref-946be82ec0530e12c88cc8ff4da738a0df933857_9-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/CA">"ScriptSource - Canada"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 21 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+Canada%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FCA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53c7143f2934cc1e089435f3082e2adaa249c59c-10"><a href="#cite_ref-53c7143f2934cc1e089435f3082e2adaa249c59c_10-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/US">"ScriptSource - United States"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 21 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+United+States%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e51f8bcf01083b1a947de654545e9ffeaa120b42-11"><a href="#cite_ref-e51f8bcf01083b1a947de654545e9ffeaa120b42_11-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/country/NO">"ScriptSource - Norway"</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 21 اگسټ 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EScriptSource+-+Norway%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcountry%2FNO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/urdu">"Urdu"</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319020509/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/urdu">Archived</a> 19 March 2016 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu_13-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language">Urdu language</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 December 2019, نه اخيستل شوی 17 October 2020, <q>member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the constitution of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+language&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrdu-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-June2020-Urdu-14"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-June2020-Urdu_14-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/220414?redirectedFrom=urdu#eid">Urdu (n)</a>, Oxford English Dictionary, June 2020, نه اخيستل شوی 11 September 2020, <q>An Indo-Aryan language of northern South Asia (now esp. Pakistan), closely related to Hindi but written in a modified form of the Arabic script and having many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+%28n%29&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F220414%3FredirectedFrom%3Durdu%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuzaffarBehera2014-15"><a href="#cite_ref-MuzaffarBehera2014_15-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffarBehera2014" class="citation journal cs1">Muzaffar, Sharmin; Behera, Pitambar (2014). "Error analysis of the Urdu verb markers: a comparative study on Google and Bing machine translation platforms". Aligarh Journal of Linguistics. 4 (1–2): 1. <q>Modern Standard Urdu, a register of the Hindustani language, is the national language, lingua-franca and is one of the two official languages along with English in Pakistan and is spoken in all over the world. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages and officially recognized languages in the Constitution of India and has been conferred the status of the official language in many Indian states of Bihar, Telangana, Jammu, and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and New Delhi. Urdu is one of the members of the new or modern Indo-Aryan language group within the Indo-European family of languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aligarh+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Error+analysis+of+the+Urdu+verb+markers%3A+a+comparative+study+on+Google+and+Bing+machine+translation+platforms&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Muzaffar&rft.aufirst=Sharmin&rft.au=Behera%2C+Pitambar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GazzolaWickström2016-16"><a href="#cite_ref-GazzolaWickström2016_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGazzolaWickström2016" class="citation book cs1">Gazzola, Michele; Wickström, Bengt-Arne (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469">The Economics of Language Policy</a>. MIT Press. pp. 469–. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-262-03470-8" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-262-03470-8 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-262-03470-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Language+Policy&rft.pages=469-&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03470-8&rft.aulast=Gazzola&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Wickstr%C3%B6m%2C+Bengt-Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4snDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The Eighth Schedule recognizes India’s national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India’s cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two." </li> <li id="cite_note-Groff2017-lead-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Groff2017-lead_17-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGroff2017" class="citation book cs1">Groff, Cynthia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 58–. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-137-51961-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-137-51961-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-137-51961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Language+in+Multilingual+India%3A+Voices+of+Women+and+Educators+in+the+Himalayan+Foothills&rft.pages=58-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51961-0&rft.aulast=Groff&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLc7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> Quote: "As Mahapatra says: “It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment” ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032133/https://www.moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Language_Policy_English1.pdf">"National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission"</a> (PDF). MOE Nepal. 1994. p. Appendix one. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Language_Policy_English1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2023. نه اخيستل شوی 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Languages+Policy+Recommendation+Commission&rft.pages=Appendix+one&rft.pub=MOE+Nepal&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.np%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FLanguage_Policy_English1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="کينډۍ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|خونديځ تړی=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|تاريخ الأرشيف=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|خونديځ لار=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|خونديځ-تړی=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|مسار الأرشيف=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_19-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2011" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Mary (13 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfBHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282">Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore</a>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0821443583" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0821443583 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0821443583</bdi></a>. <q>Bayly's description of Hindustani (roughly Hindi/Urdu) is helpful here; he uses the term Urdu to represent "the more refined and Persianised form of the common north Indian language Hindustani" (Empire and Information, 193); Bayly more or less follows the late eighteenth-century scholar Sirajuddin Ali Arzu, who proposed a typology of language that ran from "pure Sanskrit, through popular and regional variations of Hindustani to Urdu, which incorporated many loan words from Persian and Arabic. His emphasis on the unity of languages reflected the view of the Sanskrit grammarians and also affirmed the linguistic unity of the north Indian ecumene. What emerged was a kind of register of language types that were appropriate to different conditions. ...But the abiding impression is of linguistic plurality running through the whole society and an easier adaptation to circumstances in both spoken and written speech" (193). The more Persianized the language, the more likely it was to be written in Arabic script; the more Sanskritized the language; the more likely it was to be written in Devanagari.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Angles%3A+English+Verse+in+Colonial+India+from+Jones+to+Tagore&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0821443583&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfBHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basu-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Basu_20-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2017" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Manisha (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7gtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">The Rhetoric of Hindutva</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9781107149878" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9781107149878 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9781107149878</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Hindutva&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107149878&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7gtDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GubeGao2019-21"><a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_21-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGubeGao2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Publishing (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-981-13-3125-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-981-13-3125-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-981-13-3125-1</bdi></a>. <q>The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Ethnicity+and+Equity+in+the+Multilingual+Asian+Context&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-13-3125-1&rft.aulast=Gube&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Gao%2C+Fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA385">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a> (په انګليسي). Walter de Gruyter. p. 385. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-3-11-088814-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-3-11-088814-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-3-11-088814-0</bdi></a>. <q>With the consolidation of the different linguistic bases of Khari Boli there were three distinct varieties of Hindi-Urdu: the High Hindi with predominant Sanskrit vocabulary, the High-Urdu with predominant Perso-Arabic vocabulary and casual or colloquial Hindustani which was commonly spoken among both the Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of north India. The last phase of the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as pluricentric national varieties extends from the late 1920s till the partition of India in 1947.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088814-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_23-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKissAlexiadou2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kiss, Tibor; Alexiadou, Artemis (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HABfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1479">Syntax - Theory and Analysis</a> (په انګليسي). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1479. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-3-11-036368-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-3-11-036368-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-3-11-036368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax+-+Theory+and+Analysis&rft.pages=1479&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-3-11-036368-5&rft.aulast=Kiss&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft.au=Alexiadou%2C+Artemis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHABfCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf2014-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf2014_24-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2014" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdH_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 207–. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4008-5610-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4008-5610-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4008-5610-7</bdi></a>. <q>The basis of that shift was the decision made by the government in 1837 to replace Persian as court language by the various vernaculars of the country. Urdu was identified as the regional vernacular in Bihar, Oudh, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab, and hence was made the language of government across upper India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Revival+in+British+India%3A+Deoband%2C+1860-1900&rft.pages=207-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5610-7&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdH_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_25-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Rizwan (1 July 2008). "Scripting a new identity: The battle for Devanagari in nineteenth-century India". Journal of Pragmatics. 40 (7): 1163–1183. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2007.06.005">10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Scripting+a+new+identity%3A+The+battle+for+Devanagari+in+nineteenth-century+India&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1163-1183&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2007.06.005&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt2005-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2005_26-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Ruth Laila (8 December 2005). Urdu: An Essential Grammar (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-134-71319-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-134-71319-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-134-71319-6</bdi></a>. <q>Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has evolved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71319-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Laila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahapatra1989-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahapatra1989_27-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMahapatra1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mahapatra, B. P. (1989). Constitutional languages (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presses_Universit%C3%A9_Laval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presses Université Laval (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Presses Université Laval</a>. p. 553. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-2-7637-7186-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-2-7637-7186-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-2-7637-7186-1</bdi></a>. <q>Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. the Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered 'Standard Urdu' with some minor divergences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+languages&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dwyer, Rachel (27 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&q=urdu+language+of+deccan+courts&pg=PA103">Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema</a> (په انګليسي). Routledge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-134-38070-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-134-38070-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-134-38070-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filming+the+Gods%3A+Religion+and+Indian+Cinema&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-38070-1&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsKR1RKoJKUC%26q%3Durdu%2Blanguage%2Bof%2Bdeccan%2Bcourts%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahapatra19892-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahapatra19892_29-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMahapatra1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mahapatra, B. P. (1989). Constitutional languages (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presses_Universit%C3%A9_Laval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presses Université Laval (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Presses Université Laval</a>. p. 553. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-2-7637-7186-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-2-7637-7186-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-2-7637-7186-1</bdi></a>. <q>Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. the Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered 'Standard Urdu' with some minor divergences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+languages&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalencyklopedin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalencyklopedin (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Nationalencyklopedin</a>. Asterisks mark the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">2010 estimates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051518/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">Archived</a> 11 November 2012 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>. for the top dozen languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue200-31"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue200_31-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200">"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"</a>. Ethnologue (په انګليسي). 3 March 2018. نه اخيستل شوی 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fguides%2Fethnologue200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200119/urdu-11th-most-spoken-language-in-world-study.html">"Urdu 11th most spoken language in world: Study"</a>. Deccan Chronicle (په انګليسي). 20 January 2019. نه اخيستل شوی 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Urdu+11th+most+spoken+language+in+world%3A+Study&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F200119%2Furdu-11th-most-spoken-language-in-world-study.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu is a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed.), Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/3-11-012855-1" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/3-11-012855-1">3-11-012855-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_Kachru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamuna Kachru (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Kachru, Yamuna</a> (2008), Braj Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124071450/http://bookfi.org/dl/1463145/e4994d">Hindi-Urdu-Hindustani</a>, Language in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, p. 82, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-521-78653-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-521-78653-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-521-78653-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookfi.org/dl/1463145/e4994d">the original</a> on 24 January 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi-Urdu-Hindustani&rft.series=Language+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78653-9&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookfi.org%2Fdl%2F1463145%2Fe4994d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qalamdaar20102-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Qalamdaar20102_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFQalamdaar2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Qalamdaar, Azad (27 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227221213/http://www.hamariboli.com/p/hamari-history.html">"Hamari History"</a> (په انګليسي). Hamari Boli Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamariboli.com/p/hamari-history.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2010. <q>Historically, Hindustani developed in the post-12th century period under the impact of the incoming Afghans and Turks as a linguistic modus vivendi from the sub-regional apabhramshas of north-western India. Its first major folk poet was the great Persian master, Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), who is known to have composed dohas (couplets) and riddles in the newly-formed speech, then called 'Hindavi'. Through the medieval time, this mixed speech was variously called by various speech sub-groups as 'Hindavi', 'Zaban-e-Hind', 'Hindi', 'Zaban-e-Dehli', 'Rekhta', 'Gujarii. 'Dakkhani', 'Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla', 'Zaban-e-Urdu', or just 'Urdu'. By the late 11th century, the name 'Hindustani' was in vogue and had become the lingua franca for most of northern India. A sub-dialect called Khari Boli was spoken in and around the Delhi region at the start of the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was established. Khari Boli gradually became the prestige dialect of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) and became the basis of modern Standard Hindi & Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamari+History&rft.pub=Hamari+Boli+Foundation&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft.aulast=Qalamdaar&rft.aufirst=Azad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamariboli.com%2Fp%2Fhamari-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> Schmidt, Ruth Laila. "1 Brief history and geography of Urdu 1.1 History and sociocultural position." The Indo-Aryan Languages 3 (2007): 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Malik, Shahbaz, Shareef Kunjahi, Mir Tanha Yousafi, Sanawar Chadhar, Alam Lohar, Abid Tamimi, Anwar Masood et al. "Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mody2008-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Mody2008_38-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMody2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 (په انګليسي). University of California, Berkeley. p. 7. <q>...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Language%2C+and+Nation+Formation%3A+The+Story+of+a+Modern+Hindi+Journal+1900-1920&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mody&rft.aufirst=Sujata+Sudhakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farooqi2012-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Farooqi2012_39-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Farooqi, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc1fAQAAQBAJ&q=Urdu+cultural+contact+Hindus+Muslims&pg=PT185">Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari</a> (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Publishing (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Springer</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-137-02692-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-137-02692-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-137-02692-7</bdi></a>. <q>Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. He noted that Urdu is not the language of Muslims alone, although Muslims may have played a larger role in making it a literary language. Hindu poets and writers could and did bring specifically Hindu cultural elements into Urdu and these were accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+Literary+Culture%3A+Vernacular+Modernity+in+the+Writing+of+Muhammad+Hasan+Askari&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02692-7&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVc1fAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DUrdu%2Bcultural%2Bcontact%2BHindus%2BMuslims%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-40"><a href="#cite_ref-King_40-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">King, Christopher Rolland (1999). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-565112-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-565112-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-565112-6</bdi></a>. <q>Educated Muslims, for the most part supporters of Urdu, rejected the Hindu linguistic heritage and emphasized the joint Hindu-Muslim origins of Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Language%2C+Two+Scripts%3A+The+Hindi+Movement+in+Nineteenth+Century+North+India&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565112-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Rolland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaylorOlson1995-41"><a href="#cite_ref-TaylorOlson1995_41-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorOlson1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taylor, Insup; Olson, David R. (1995). Scripts and Literacy: Reading and Learning to Read Alphabets, Syllabaries, and Characters (په انګليسي). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 299. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-7923-2912-1" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-7923-2912-1 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-7923-2912-1</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu emerged as the language of contact between Hindu inhabitants and Muslim invaders to India in the 11th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripts+and+Literacy%3A+Reading+and+Learning+to+Read+Alphabets%2C+Syllabaries%2C+and+Characters&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2912-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rft.au=Olson%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala2000-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_42-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDhulipala2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. p. 27. <q>Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Secularism%3A+Medieval+Indian+Historiography+and+the+Sufis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dhulipala&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJSW1943-43"><a href="#cite_ref-IJSW1943_43-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4 (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Tata Institute of Social Sciences</a>. 1943. p. 264. <q>... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language that evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Journal+of+Social+Work%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Tata+Institute+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhta2020-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2020_44-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en">"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation"</a> (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Arts_%26_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Arts & Culture (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Google Arts & Culture</a>. نه اخيستل شوی 25 February 2020. <q>The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Indian+Sub-Continent%3A+Makings+of+a+Culture+-+Rekhta+Foundation&rft.pub=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fexhibit%2Fwomen-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation%2FdwJy7qboNi3fIg%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zahuruddin1985-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Zahuruddin1985_45-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFZahur-ud-Din1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zahur-ud-Din (1985). Development of Urdu Language and Literature in the Jammu Region (په انګليسي). Gulshan Publishers. p. 13. <q>The beginning of the language, now known as Urdu, should therefore, be placed in this period of the earlier Hindu Muslim contact in the Sindh and Punjab areas that took place in early quarter of the 8th century A.D.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+Urdu+Language+and+Literature+in+the+Jammu+Region&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Gulshan+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Zahur-ud-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JainCardona2007-46"><a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_46-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages (په انګليسي). Routledge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-135-79711-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-135-79711-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>. <q>The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritised registers many of these words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">English-Urdu Learner's Dictionary (په انګليسي). Multi Linguis. 6 March 2021. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-005-94089-8" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-005-94089-8 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-005-94089-8</bdi></a>. <q>** History (Simplified) ** Proto-Indo European > Proto-Indo-Iranian > Proto-Indo-Aryan > Vedic Sanskrit > Classical Sanskrit > Sauraseni Prakrit > Sauraseni Apabhramsa > Old Hindi > Hindustani > Urdu</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Urdu+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Multi+Linguis&rft.date=2021-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1-005-94089-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan1997-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1997_48-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing in India (په انګليسي). National Book Trust, India. p. 31. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-81-237-2120-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-81-237-2120-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Printing+And+Publishing+in+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das2005-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Das2005_49-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSisir_Kumar_Das2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisir_Kumar_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisir Kumar Das (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Sisir Kumar Das</a> (2005). History of Indian Literature (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahitya_Akademi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahitya Akademi (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 142. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-81-7201-006-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-81-7201-006-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-81-7201-006-5</bdi></a>. <q>The most important trend in the history of Hindi-Urdu is the process of Persianization on the one hand and that of Sanskritization on the other. Amrit Rai offers evidence to show that although the employment of Perso-Arabic script for the language which was akin to Hindi/Hindavi or old Hindi was the first step towards the establishment of the separate identity of Urdu, it was called Hindi for a long time. "The final and complete change-over to the new name took place after the content of the language had undergone a drastic change." He further observes: "In the light of the literature that has come down to us, for about six hundred years, the development of Hindi/Hindavi seems largely to substantiate the view of the basic unity of the two languages. Then, sometime in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the cleavage seems to have begun." Rai quotes from Sadiq, who points out how it became a "systematic policy of poets and scholars" of the eighteenth century to weed out, what they called and thought, "vulgar words." This weeding out meant "the elimination, along with some rough and unmusical plebian words, of a large number of Hindi words for the reason that to the people brought up in Persian traditions they appeared unfamiliar and vulgar." Sadiq concludes: hence the paradox that this crusade against Persian tyranny, instead of bringing Urdu close to the indigenous element, meant in reality a wider gulf between it and the popular speech. But what differentiated Urdu still more from the local dialects was a process of ceaseless importation from Persian. It may seem strange that Urdu writers in rebellion against Persian should decide to draw heavily on Persian vocabulary, idioms, forms, and sentiments. . . . Around 1875 in his word Urdu Sarf O Nahr, however, he presented a balanced view pointing out that attempts of the Maulavis to Persianize and of the Pandits to Sanskritize the language were not only an error but against the natural laws of linguistic growth. The common man, he pointed out, used both Persian and Sanskrit words without any qualms;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-006-5&rft.au=Sisir+Kumar+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taj2-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Taj2_50-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTaj1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taj, Afroz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a> (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2009. نه اخيستل شوی 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Afroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~taj%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindiurduflagship.org/about/two-languages-or-one/">"Two Languages or One?"</a>. hindiurduflagship.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311230741/http://hindiurduflagship.org/about/two-languages-or-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2015. نه اخيستل شوی 29 March 2015. <q>Hindi and Urdu developed from the "khari boli" dialect spoken in the Delhi region of northern India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hindiurduflagship.org&rft.atitle=Two+Languages+or+One%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindiurduflagship.org%2Fabout%2Ftwo-languages-or-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan19972-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan19972_52-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing in India (په انګليسي). National Book Trust, India. p. 31. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-81-237-2120-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-81-237-2120-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Printing+And+Publishing+in+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhat2017-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhat2017_53-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community (په انګليسي). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4438-6260-8" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4438-6260-8 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4438-6260-8</bdi></a>. <q>Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of Hindvi (also called 'early Urdu'), the parent of both modern Hindi and Urdu. It originated as a new, common language of Delhi, which has been called Hindavi or Dahlavi by Amir Khusrau. After the advent of the Mughals on the stage of Indian history, the Hindavi language enjoyed greater space and acceptance. Persian words and phrases came into vogue. The Hindavi of that period was known as Rekhta, or Hindustani, and only later as Urdu. Perfect amity and tolerance between Hindus and Muslims tended to foster Rekhta or Urdu, which represented the principle of unity in diversity, thus marking a feature of Indian life at its best. The ordinary spoken version ('bazaar Urdu') was almost identical to the popularly spoken version of Hindi. Most prominent scholars in India hold the view that Urdu is neither a Muslim nor a Hindu language; it is an outcome of a multicultural and multi-religious encounter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+Kashmiri+Speech+Community&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6260-8&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=M.+Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strnad2013-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Strnad2013_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStrnad2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-90-04-25489-3" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-90-04-25489-3 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-90-04-25489-3</bdi></a>. <q>Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending -a in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+and+Syntax+of+Old+Hind%C4%AB%3A+Edition+and+Analysis+of+One+Hundred+Kab%C4%ABr+v%C4%81n%C4%AB+Poems+from+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25489-3&rft.aulast=Strnad&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-55"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2_55-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq Rahman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-906313-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-906313-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-906313-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2014. نه اخيستل شوی 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906313-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fhindiurdu1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taj22-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Taj22_56-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTaj1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taj, Afroz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a> (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2009. نه اخيستل شوی 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Afroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~taj%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan2001-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Khan2001_57-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khan, Abdul Rashid (2001). The All India Muslim Educational Conference: Its Contribution to the Cultural Development of Indian Muslims, 1886-1947 (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 152. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-579375-8" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-579375-8 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-579375-8</bdi></a>. <q>After the conquest of the Deccan, Urdu received the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur. Consequently, Urdu borrowed words from the local language of Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+All+India+Muslim+Educational+Conference%3A+Its+Contribution+to+the+Cultural+Development+of+Indian+Muslims%2C+1886-1947&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579375-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luniya1978-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Luniya1978_58-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLuniya1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978). Life and Culture in Medieval India (په انګليسي). Kamal Prakashan. p. 311. <q>Under the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur, Urdu borrowed words from the local languages like Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit, but its themes were moulded on Persian models.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Culture+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Kamal+Prakashan&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Luniya&rft.aufirst=Bhanwarlal+Nathuram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan1985-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1985_59-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kesavan, Bellary Shamanna (1985). History of Printing and Publishing in India: Origins of printing and publishing in the Hindi heartland (په انګليسي). National Book Trust. p. 7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-81-237-2120-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-81-237-2120-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Mohammedans of the Deccan thus called their Hindustani tongue Dakhani (Dakhini), Gujari or Bhaka (Bhakha) which was a symbol of their belonging to Muslim conquering and ruling group in the Deccan and South India where overwhelming number of Hindus spoke Marathi, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Printing+and+Publishing+in+India%3A+Origins+of+printing+and+publishing+in+the+Hindi+heartland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=Bellary+Shamanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow">"Amīr Khosrow - Indian poet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Am%C4%ABr+Khosrow+-+Indian+poet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAmir-Khosrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta1980" class="citation book cs1">Jaswant Lal Mehta (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Vol. 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9788120706170" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9788120706170 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9788120706170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9788120706170&rft.au=Jaswant+Lal+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBakshiMittra2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakshi, Shiri Ram; Mittra, Sangh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow">Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti</a> (په انګليسي). Criterion. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9788179380222" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9788179380222 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9788179380222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hazart+Nizam-Ud-Din+Auliya+and+Hazrat+Khwaja+Muinuddin+Chisti&rft.pub=Criterion&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788179380222&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=Shiri+Ram&rft.au=Mittra%2C+Sangh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZslAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfather%2Bof%2BUrdu%2Bliterature%2Bamir%2Bkhusrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language">"Urdu language"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Urdu+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrdu-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History22-64"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History22_64-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq Rahman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-906313-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-906313-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-906313-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2014. نه اخيستل شوی 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906313-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fhindiurdu1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhat20172-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhat20172_65-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community (په انګليسي). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4438-6260-8" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4438-6260-8 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4438-6260-8</bdi></a>. <q>Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of Hindvi (also called 'early Urdu'), the parent of both modern Hindi and Urdu. It originated as a new, common language of Delhi, which has been called Hindavi or Dahlavi by Amir Khusrau. After the advent of the Mughals on the stage of Indian history, the Hindavi language enjoyed greater space and acceptance. Persian words and phrases came into vogue. The Hindavi of that period was known as Rekhta, or Hindustani, and only later as Urdu. Perfect amity and tolerance between Hindus and Muslims tended to foster Rekhta or Urdu, which represented the principle of unity in diversity, thus marking a feature of Indian life at its best. The ordinary spoken version ('bazaar Urdu') was almost identical to the popularly spoken version of Hindi. Most prominent scholars in India hold the view that Urdu is neither a Muslim nor a Hindu language; it is an outcome of a multicultural and multi-religious encounter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+Kashmiri+Speech+Community&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6260-8&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=M.+Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History23-66"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History23_66-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq Rahman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-906313-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-906313-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-906313-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2014. نه اخيستل شوی 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906313-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fhindiurdu1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRauf_Parekh2014" class="citation web cs1">Rauf Parekh (25 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1127464/">"Literary Notes: Common misconceptions about Urdu"</a>. dawn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001926/http://www.dawn.com/news/1127464">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2015. نه اخيستل شوی 29 March 2015. <q>Urdu did not get its present name till late 18th Century and before that had had a number of different names – including Hindi, Hindvi, Hindustani, Dehlvi, Gujri, Dakkani, Lahori and even Moors – though it was born much earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Literary+Notes%3A+Common+misconceptions+about+Urdu&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.au=Rauf+Parekh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1127464%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> Malik, Muhammad Kamran, and Syed Mansoor Sarwar. "Named entity recognition system for postpositional languages: urdu as a case study." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 7.10 (2016): 141-147. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFClyne1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clyne, Michael G. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&pg=PA383">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a> (په انګليسي). Walter de Gruyter. p. 383. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9783110128550" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9783110128550 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9783110128550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783110128550&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAlyssa_Ayres2009" class="citation book cs1">Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre">Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32">19</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780521519311" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780521519311 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780521519311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=9780521519311&rft.au=Alyssa+Ayres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakinglikestat00ayre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. 1993. p. 1024. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9789004097964" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9789004097964 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9789004097964</bdi></a>. <q>Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=1024&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789004097964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strnad20132-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Strnad20132_72-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStrnad2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān (په انګليسي). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-90-04-25489-3" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-90-04-25489-3 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-90-04-25489-3</bdi></a>. <q>Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending -a in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+and+Syntax+of+Old+Hind%C4%AB%3A+Edition+and+Analysis+of+One+Hundred+Kab%C4%ABr+v%C4%81n%C4%AB+Poems+from+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25489-3&rft.aulast=Strnad&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqi2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsur_Rahman_Faruqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman</a> (2003), Sheldon Pollock (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC">A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture Part 1</a>, Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions From South Asia, University of California Press, p. 806, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-520-22821-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-520-22821-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+History+of+Urdu+Literary+Culture+Part+1&rft.series=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+From+South+Asia&rft.pages=806&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.aulast=Faruqi&rft.aufirst=Shamsur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak9csfpY2WoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History24-74"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History24_74-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq Rahman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-906313-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-906313-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-906313-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2014. نه اخيستل شوی 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906313-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fhindiurdu1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coatsworth20152-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Coatsworth20152_75-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.overstock.com/Books-Movies-Music-Games/Global-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover/9911619/product.html#more">Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</a>. United States: Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 159. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780521761062" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780521761062 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780521761062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Connections%3A+Politics%2C+Exchange%2C+and+Social+Life+in+World+History&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ+Pr&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780521761062&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.overstock.com%2FBooks-Movies-Music-Games%2FGlobal-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover%2F9911619%2Fproduct.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Rahman2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq Rahman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Tariq Rahman</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/1.%20URDU%20AS%20THE%20LANGUAGE,%20Tariq%20Rahman%20FINAL.pdf">"Urdu as the Language of Education in British India"</a> (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. NIHCR. 32 (2): 1–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Urdu+as+the+Language+of+Education+in+British+India&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Tariq+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihcr.edu.pk%2FLatest_English_Journal%2F1.%2520URDU%2520AS%2520THE%2520LANGUAGE%2C%2520Tariq%2520Rahman%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-77"><a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_77-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDelacyAhmed2005" class="citation book cs1">Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12. <q>Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi%2C+Urdu+%26+Bengali&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Delacy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Shahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 723. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-521-29138-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/0-521-29138-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>0-521-29138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-521-29138-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Everaert2010" class="citation book cs1">Christine Everaert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&q=hindi+was+used+for+urdu&pg=PA242">Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-9004177314" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-9004177314 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-9004177314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+the+Boundaries+Between+Hindi+and+Urdu&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004177314&rft.au=Christine+Everaert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqZ-6QRKc7wC%26q%3Dhindi%2Bwas%2Bused%2Bfor%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFVarma1973" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Siddheshwar (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHBjAAAAMAAJ&q=the+Bazaar+of+the+town+was+named+as+Urdu+e+Mualla.">G. A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.+A.+Grierson%27s+Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Siddheshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHBjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BBazaar%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btown%2Bwas%2Bnamed%2Bas%2BUrdu%2Be%2BMualla.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2006" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ&q=the+Bazaar+of+the+town+was+named+as+Urdu+e+Mualla.&pg=PA179">Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Root</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780875864372" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780875864372 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780875864372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%2FHindi%3A+An+Artificial+Divide%3A+African+Heritage%2C+Mesopotamian+Root&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780875864372&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWpNBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BBazaar%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btown%2Bwas%2Bnamed%2Bas%2BUrdu%2Be%2BMualla.%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اردو_ژبه&oldid=334996">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اردو_ژبه&oldid=334996</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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