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cancer susceptibility genes have been discovered, but more are likely to exist. To discover new breast cancer susceptibility genes, we used 2 populations (from Poland and Quebec, Canada) and applied whole-exome sequencing in a discovery phase (n = 95), followed by validation. We identified rare recurrent RECQL mutations in each population. In Quebec, 7 of ,03 higher-risk breast cancer cases and of 7,36 newborns carried the c.634C\u003eT (p.Arg25*) variant (P = 0.00004). In Poland, 30 of 3,36 unselected breast cancer cases and 2 of 4,702 controls carried the c.667_667+3delAGTA (p.K555delinsMYKLIHYSFR) variant (P = 0.008). RECQL is implicated in resolving stalled DNA replication forks to prevent double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks. This function is related to that of other known breast cancer susceptibility genes, many of which are involved in repairing dsDNA breaks. We conclude that RECQL is a breast cancer susceptibility gene.","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Nature Genetics","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"46037465"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Germline RECQL mutations are associated with breast cancer susceptibility","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31600762]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":46037465,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Germline RECQL mutations are associated with breast cancer susceptibility”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/46037465/mini_magick20190210-1169-1asm6b1.png?1549843414" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Germline RECQL mutations are associated with breast cancer susceptibility</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31600762" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NancyHamel"><img alt="Profile image of Nancy Hamel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Nancy Hamel</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Nature Genetics</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 12632520; 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Tumors deficient in this type of DNA damage repair are known to be especially sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents (e.g., platinum drugs) and to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Genetic testing was performed for 36 common germline mutations in genes engaged in the repair of DNA by homologous recombination, i.e., BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, NBN, ATM, PALB2, BARD1, and RAD51D, in 202 consecutive patients with triple-negative breast cancers and hereditary non-triple-negative breast cancers. Thirty five (22.2%) of 158 patients in the triple-negative group carried mutations in genes involved in DNA repair by homologous recombination, while 10 (22.7%) of the 44 patients in the hereditary non-triple-negative group carried...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prevalence of Germline Mutations in Genes Engaged in DNA Damage Repair by Homologous Recombination in Patients with Triple-Negative and Hereditary Non-Triple-Negative Breast Cancers","attachmentId":46536441,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26217128/Prevalence_of_Germline_Mutations_in_Genes_Engaged_in_DNA_Damage_Repair_by_Homologous_Recombination_in_Patients_with_Triple_Negative_and_Hereditary_Non_Triple_Negative_Breast_Cancers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26217128/Prevalence_of_Germline_Mutations_in_Genes_Engaged_in_DNA_Damage_Repair_by_Homologous_Recombination_in_Patients_with_Triple_Negative_and_Hereditary_Non_Triple_Negative_Breast_Cancers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="70238043" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70238043/Prevalence_of_RECQL_germline_variants_in_Pakistani_early_onset_and_familial_breast_cancer_patients">Prevalence of RECQL germline variants in Pakistani early-onset and familial breast cancer patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51295730" href="https://independent.academia.edu/nailamalkani">naila malkani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background The RecQ Like Helicase ( RECQL ) gene has previously been shown to predispose to breast cancer mainly in European populations, in particular to estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive tumor. Here, we investigated the contribution of pathogenic RECQL germline variants to hereditary breast cancer in early-onset and familial breast cancer patients from Pakistan. Methods Comprehensive RECQL variant analysis was performed in 302 BRCA1 and BRCA2 negative patients with ER and/or PR positive breast tumors using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography followed by DNA sequencing. Novel variants were classified using Sherloc guidelines. Results One novel pathogenic protein-truncating variant (p.W75*) was identified in a 37-year-old familial breast cancer patient. The pathogenic variant frequencies were 0.3% (1/302) in early-onset and familial breast cancer patients and 0.8% (1/133) in familial patients. Further, three novel variants of unknown sig...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prevalence of RECQL germline variants in Pakistani early-onset and familial breast cancer patients","attachmentId":80068512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70238043/Prevalence_of_RECQL_germline_variants_in_Pakistani_early_onset_and_familial_breast_cancer_patients","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70238043/Prevalence_of_RECQL_germline_variants_in_Pakistani_early_onset_and_familial_breast_cancer_patients"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="73106366" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73106366/DNA_double_strand_break_repair_genotype_and_phenotype_and_breast_cancer_risk_within_sisters_from_the_New_York_site_of_the_Breast_Cancer_Family_Registry_BCFR_">DNA double-strand break repair genotype and phenotype and breast cancer risk within sisters from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39070245" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ReginaSantella">Regina Santella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer Causes & Control, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DNA double-strand break repair genotype and phenotype and breast cancer risk within sisters from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR)","attachmentId":81758145,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73106366/DNA_double_strand_break_repair_genotype_and_phenotype_and_breast_cancer_risk_within_sisters_from_the_New_York_site_of_the_Breast_Cancer_Family_Registry_BCFR_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73106366/DNA_double_strand_break_repair_genotype_and_phenotype_and_breast_cancer_risk_within_sisters_from_the_New_York_site_of_the_Breast_Cancer_Family_Registry_BCFR_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="53789918" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53789918/Clinicopathological_and_functional_significance_of_RECQL1_helicase_in_sporadic_breast_cancers">Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1262780" href="https://uclan.academia.edu/MohammedAAleskandarany">Mohammed A. Aleskandarany</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">RECQL1, a key member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases, is required for DNA replication and DNA repair. Two recent studies have shown that germ-line RECQL1 mutations are associated with increased breast cancer susceptibility. Whether altered RECQL1 expression has clinicopathological significance in sporadic breast cancers is unknown. We evaluated RECQL1 at the transcriptomic level [METABRIC cohort, n=1977] and at the protein level [cohort 1, n=897; cohort 2, n= 252; cohort 3 (BRCA-germline deficient), n=74]. In RECQL1-depleted breast cancer cells we investigated anthracycline sensitivity. High RECQL1 mRNA was associated with intClust.3 (p=0.026) which is characterised by low genomic instability. On the other hand, low RECQL1 mRNA was linked to intClust.8 (luminal A ER+ sub-group) (p=0.0455) and intClust.9 (luminal B ER+ sub-group) (p=0.0346) molecular phenotypes. Low RECQL1 expression was associated with shorter breast cancer specific survival (p=0.001). At the protein level, low ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers","attachmentId":70466623,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53789918/Clinicopathological_and_functional_significance_of_RECQL1_helicase_in_sporadic_breast_cancers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53789918/Clinicopathological_and_functional_significance_of_RECQL1_helicase_in_sporadic_breast_cancers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/15537249/Breast_cancer_risk_and_common_single_nucleotide_polymorphisms_in_homologous_recombination_DNA_repair_pathway_genes_XRCC2_XRCC3_NBS1_and_RAD51"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="20959058" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20959058/High_prevalence_and_breast_cancer_predisposing_role_of_the_BLM_c_1642_C_T_Q548X_mutation_in_Russia">High prevalence and breast cancer predisposing role of the BLM c.1642 C>T (Q548X) mutation in Russia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42215018" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/AlexeyLarionov">Alexey Larionov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Cancer, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"High prevalence and breast cancer predisposing role of the BLM c.1642 C\u003eT (Q548X) mutation in Russia","attachmentId":42590609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20959058/High_prevalence_and_breast_cancer_predisposing_role_of_the_BLM_c_1642_C_T_Q548X_mutation_in_Russia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20959058/High_prevalence_and_breast_cancer_predisposing_role_of_the_BLM_c_1642_C_T_Q548X_mutation_in_Russia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="95943665" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95943665/Genomic_hallmarks_of_homologous_recombination_deficiency_in_invasive_breast_carcinomas">Genomic hallmarks of homologous recombination deficiency in invasive breast carcinomas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32696015" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThierryDubois2">Thierry Dubois</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Cancer, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genomic hallmarks of homologous recombination deficiency in invasive breast carcinomas","attachmentId":97981201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95943665/Genomic_hallmarks_of_homologous_recombination_deficiency_in_invasive_breast_carcinomas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95943665/Genomic_hallmarks_of_homologous_recombination_deficiency_in_invasive_breast_carcinomas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="122606197" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122606197/Clinical_relevance_of_double_heterozygosity_revealed_by_next_generation_sequencing_of_homologous_recombination_repair_pathway_genes_in_South_African_breast_cancer_patients">Clinical relevance of double heterozygosity revealed by next-generation sequencing of homologous recombination repair pathway genes in South African breast cancer patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="191220145" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NerinaChrisnaVanDerMerwe">Nerina Chrisna Van Der Merwe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Breast cancer research and treatment, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical relevance of double heterozygosity revealed by next-generation sequencing of homologous recombination repair pathway genes in South African breast cancer patients","attachmentId":117240268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122606197/Clinical_relevance_of_double_heterozygosity_revealed_by_next_generation_sequencing_of_homologous_recombination_repair_pathway_genes_in_South_African_breast_cancer_patients","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122606197/Clinical_relevance_of_double_heterozygosity_revealed_by_next_generation_sequencing_of_homologous_recombination_repair_pathway_genes_in_South_African_breast_cancer_patients"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="16695516" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16695516/Polymorphism_of_the_homologous_recombination_repair_genes_RAD51_and_XRCC3_in_breast_cancer">Polymorphism of the homologous recombination repair genes RAD51 and XRCC3 in breast cancer</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36076305" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JanuszBlasiak">Janusz Blasiak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The RAD51 protein and its paralog, XRCC3, play an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination. Since DSBs may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer and variability in DNA repair genes may be linked with some cancers, we performed a case-control study (135 cases and 175 controls) to check the association between the genotypes of the Thr241Met polymorphism of the XRCC3 gene and the 135G&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;C polymorphism of the RAD51 gene and breast cancer occurrence and progression. Genotypes were determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes by RFLP-PCR. We did not find any association between either polymorphism singly and breast cancer occurrence. Both polymorphisms were not related to tumor size, estrogen and progesterone receptors status, cancer type and grade. However, the Thr241Met genotype of the XRCC3 polymorphism slightly increased the risk of local metastasis in breast cancer patients (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.27-5.17). The combined Thr241Met/135G&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;C genotype decreased the risk of breast cancer occurrence (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.59). Our results suggest that the variability of the DNA homologous recombination repair genes RAD51 and XRCC3 may play a role in breast cancer occurrence and progression, but this role may be underlined by a mutual interaction between these genes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Polymorphism of the homologous recombination repair genes RAD51 and XRCC3 in breast cancer","attachmentId":42414711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16695516/Polymorphism_of_the_homologous_recombination_repair_genes_RAD51_and_XRCC3_in_breast_cancer","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16695516/Polymorphism_of_the_homologous_recombination_repair_genes_RAD51_and_XRCC3_in_breast_cancer"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46037465,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46037465,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_46037465" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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