CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913507eff8f9fe0b',cH: 'jgdJDhKbvD9walHBAS3mPxdGk0uDcD4BkPFqoyLkNX4-1739787481-1.2.1.1-rCdqa2kUAzFA4E4y8s7D474FW.uHetpQGqqED41sSJ_CveK9wX_kAH8yUqKC24yB',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/167211\/the-autonomy-use-of-preparatory-school-students-to-learn-english-language?__cf_chl_tk=BEVuCscVg3Zh1qr5MYNxpdsNsjvzwYq6BG0plleo6Rk-1739787481-1.0.1.1-5RjvrOyKgAXyUGDTdMxNogvcVSndElnrgZGcyaBJ2Lg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787481',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/167211\/the-autonomy-use-of-preparatory-school-students-to-learn-english-language?__cf_chl_f_tk=BEVuCscVg3Zh1qr5MYNxpdsNsjvzwYq6BG0plleo6Rk-1739787481-1.0.1.1-5RjvrOyKgAXyUGDTdMxNogvcVSndElnrgZGcyaBJ2Lg",md: "rklj7af8HU4CD55W_58yBxVDw.b0ZZ31zbt8vdAQ4QY-1739787481-1.2.1.1-r9H7X659enPb63oJxsPwCZjPiFcGNFJx2V8HFffsxlN2YezrSf9AU6s0pDYTpHwd_IU2IDWpEXxiI25S2qAcG_ujtC35e0tU2CneFUI.VESEAwAX8ULbOawh_QcSK13N_NYfkdJVlbZz48_GfPEEZ8c9qNUI1IQ2rXtrxrcL3I7Syxgu1xJBg8NeJJG3_ZBWSOpHUPCdRCYvB_2fkSMGdBAexEhbXHslH7xmjwlKsfuW6PHvrtA2IyMvRhrA_GeKr6ELZI0NAmMNN2ZqvPpydxWq2oIZmdJWK79Vp1aBjTMK1v.X17S_8cHHpcK.DIci06pEeHGzjFyULTfaVTtW3JGgS9emKIA1EVkIkZHjnQ0T1MfQhUOxPQrrynGs3ctYq6GTpOEE.ecF16Ne_MoG6XBXuXdkBoovKJUud5AIO9bcBSe.fDOuncuvfYheXivOsssE1h6YYjf.TIGILYQX_GIuf2_pBYABjExH68JE.EIVtytn3H3oEJZKps.VW8lnmCFBfL37i2CW3yewGXwk5zIGMRqvnHHxQQIZkVg1TQWE7xZCC3cq62LLIn2ZkwOSxy4OKMXdZwERmVbP0MccCIXtapARV9r2c.99c_PFz276ZfWAonE2k3UZsz9q4_vEH2YCGZzkIzloZn4djZI5Pb17pEQctHlifo30Gfddl1Va.qjj9bNYOzaYEP_nd08wOpHJT6afjsntJqs0OIWN.4V_WHPhzGj5pfpssgEKTqIfAMOTakfIzUea0ovLaGJDJMmsv5S_aqDtlRvK1J4uRejk7ZRZaAll6lFDHtjIQfkbhwYCmfQUbiOsRzO.Ay00A43Fsk.qv875CBV0VtWB_.ztd900lRXljIKOV97BM7zi.41uOAoR0og.lEDr3yPz7AQcb7h1viys3MFSJTskS1zWJRANPgSWJJOJrUWwFtunav2XqQOtcSFGi_DFwzKAYQ43qZfC4KbHVA9zTEO9H38lTppLhm_HiCgDFdSjoeRcp501MnxQzEFpDhu.khfsgjBHT9BdLRxwGcfXHWSWS9KWJuBgKH2nzc_C7vNsGA7NJHP2H2UGkDr.nk6aZe43kDHTjQlONof2T.kje5vNs3T59Zqk53x0C36AStEiXlLXAXY8DVPGOJQaLGPtaNDkec9r3m10ekMHYt5N1CjvFSD0B57n1h9O1RFLL7GVteT330NibXNIgDSzV227516GqkvP4Z5mJpQ1wMRjp42ADNP9ZfwrmXOlJchpxTW21RIEi636rGv9XP2kYLdNIIIsqG6HT2cj55rwNC_dMYv9vFGHKI28WFBA5GJ1JfvaZl6EoDlJssCYHvSZQfJbanKtBTiBR78x3FV3cZgn0XRPndQxI0AQLhjKaTJFWqsNCp7cXWuAk43chAqcI7XsblIccY.T7cPWRPP7HafHBPuqoQiVXVdnjR2zuGoRfmLIfvAD6GwhQ5j9pWk6fdupcqgnDZtzH0KCFPsVNx35sykzi2SWCVGEfRVrvMC5l1Dl5xtSbwqrkqw4JuIDJER.mBm6UFegN5zfNIwz2WWPImwyA4WtnNAvmUHVE9YrJTsx9NgX2OWEbegegdiaMZvs6ZgqH.2iXU7oPTjDVSx4HSTHvhEBlBj78EGVZYnIQUABlDUhnKh0ymYYEi2b_dtsCDgxiE1kREjILLv9Y5.2nspLZ7kB6s.VfqrTOnpvDxzRbXISfazdl_ypqOSjcuK1qAeWi38_XoJ0rF1.slmVkTP.m8JtsnhRdzLFwFj3HX9hUHEtBemtJay7EslZ._SeKeGVcam12DRVwdxWIXTO7X1SdzZMjnkWJEZ1T9lOzHd0YY0feZuyQ4CrYpLSj2CLUt6LPmBIx4S9_QxhyulhGqDsaYRYO1eS5el2LpJ.CHVeAQ0XD_e2IEMqN2z5F4pmjqzksQ7DG_APcwwH.yH1LvfnugbEsLTW5CmYDJRKrPNaGq6bTXF893HKwDNqUt3ABDP6wZfZ_tWLVnHuYDsL9O.zzmYWyWzuxEstEyb5AE6j8Qyz4v1QOttZlikMZ8lw.FuHCHrGwiVoMkDG3USQf19AdVPhv5.fkUkEcfXM24SdG_omBZuCDFYGXJYH8wslcOLy",mdrd: "Gnh903oh1BX3w7g.N89xEsJeI5aELGQRnXonajGkzn8-1739787481-1.2.1.1-X3C10esN754n4vU1yEAgPUCIbVYmHWRJv37Yun_Gy02cVD8eC89xD5qEI5p2pGGiGhkP2P3BgSwtbNYwz6JeYIyJCUECvWkdDtV6iWEGWv1jtUxgxupU6WAktwHWoR6ydMVPx7LauZl2RJd8qrtex2TSEVwmI6smcaRZ8fiY8f7ExwjnxtHQ70f9xt9OPe5kV7wKBsdHLs7DwM.uT6t07uIBc040U9hTlOEoosNEv3izoPk3Ahwiup29mEanGNSr_3ySJDhal1yJjuz3Bd4IMak0E7Ljh8QXcuVrdoHqx1xi0tmwbn6_XsWLdtEVo9.LtBAaM3SaUuIJ6yiVeoUj2MeZ4eihcn_kApdvlciUflpOu5LET7Ut5nw2u0zC7Z2hOLYvKmgBz0l0fEnxkUgfyWTC2NT6vs3MDsRsyCDN8KD3YYFc4qYupgp7K_M8mzxgGnIaXAW.mELpUXQzt8je1oCDRfHjX6fj1bJFIBvHam3R46JIxCU28H5kupNdOtRZ4CnBQ2L_Eh4iL2yEMOaZkcy7CzV46QXlWRyuLXgG2qetW7yflCxOUq2hg6xMntvkyBEi_kVI92ZXlzhHZxl95bzatf3RrHn51SjrOCJy_AZ3Ig95wj40eqBCUyt0M_RSA9Fp2N4R8Zp0GWL0_TxSooGIvkQxO23uohJfhqL_orSoXz6jbAGqSOtwAP9KAvipUXo49YrwBS_Qy_3RiEzidh9RRYNMR6O5azrDKjt64uINj0nH69qO1xmaRx.fykqTtbdolRzfUzo__RsZG9d2X7qHD1VLf35FyIEgOL9Vd7cVqz25wu_75vyieRfAIyB6pFaN_K50KWhK1Y8bG2JdCU4UKCUkfWou09Da06woziIbNkz_tosSPSGUQBpU2trepZ_YaC6jHTv.1uhDZQrwquCodnyUJ2nKJFLhIMw2YG5Qta4dNmHx7fN0kwU4VYPsF2lI9L3gsT2AD3rtqQZlc05e2ZdVhpPSgsRQqMVKey6ySJ3iOV7yZ2wzoISUSpECVuMoLjmELVdW9NJulV5oXcVubiucsLu6u.RZda5UcnbSzsAmbcTUW10DX64hi_w0vK9mosg3geMH4ya74akaMpLD7q9arz0Ozj5Vu5eQjkruimJegdoJ3xH3lcC3JrJa2yxMYLxT.1zOnHOSP6S3sK1Q0ZSt3AWA51j5iXYgN3t1s3huT0Jo12_pzhQJyc25Dg024Dzj555xDhlCZzWe3EkYcrbhPvHg5U_tsEDb5VB7yWNMToICE4Bad1HjRuAiB0jUU1SLU340ZPSQQwM6PICUcKp5RSxvx.t17TrilcLdnQKAzQ0pqsKqRWbX835zdUprVWihRu.DRZJTDwZe9b3WIWilWivybMfvFEToMalx5xDxECJixEgqAxr39GYfM7g0QhmCv01DHFovoqjyb7S1Dw_7yA_JiFZgn6j4v74pQKCCzVATIbZJFldppxLEmm91vUG_vb5eel0MXWSevfUS2hblolpDvag85sUJQ3PresaOn28MrZ97kU3TnUSpdoqFq2UplmfEenpRDNh5KyxBeH3pxfuUwxN2LYM2fvF3dAGJ1eeqkINsck07F9QeUyk4namt2FG5z8n7FQCXwss8PUctapMbLR9bekWPxNMontmGU5NQgExqoA.c_tN9ybHcALLnezX4Mkz7QDsjJ5Oe.lvHHdSSE.fk0_zTj3CuVbdU7Wel9bO7MSQtmzbf1E0hW1Ctzfw2CzVv74XJQMl4RLNwpWGQY8WixgmpZFKGZEt.QMFaCwSJaUr3dn3SmyH06ndOz_PJkEVkHIQns_49W1LYqjOzpePwSZl3mYeJVP1z3rg4KgkbwDePy2IkX4GPZ1jRJhEstbPtIgWIp9hsbecHco4jzMKi01fJiE773N_AN5jrnLJ_XcuZpVSXYV2lLHEx8xaRtWPAjV_Htq2D_LCLlLdceuQipywholt4rjvnoBcy7dNvPn8rD9kC"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913507eff8f9fe0b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/167211\/the-autonomy-use-of-preparatory-school-students-to-learn-english-language?__cf_chl_rt_tk=BEVuCscVg3Zh1qr5MYNxpdsNsjvzwYq6BG0plleo6Rk-1739787481-1.0.1.1-5RjvrOyKgAXyUGDTdMxNogvcVSndElnrgZGcyaBJ2Lg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>