Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian | Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

<!DOCTYPE html>   <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">  <meta name="theme-color" content="#111111">  <meta name="msapplication-navbutton-color" content="#111111">  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="#111111"> <style>@layer legacy, tailwind-base, tailwind-components, tailwind-utilities;</style> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push( 'consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied' } ); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TKRSHB');</script>   <title>Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian | Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation</title> <meta name="description" content="All about Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian. Background and education, art collections, philanthropy, business and last years in Lisbon." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian" /> <meta property="og:description" content="All about Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian. Background and education, art collections, philanthropy, business and last years in Lisbon." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/fundacaocaloustegulbenkian/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-04-12T14:01:57+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Calouste-Gulbenkian.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1988" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2576" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@fcgulbenkian" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/","url":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/","name":"Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian | Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Calouste-Gulbenkian.jpg","datePublished":"2015-07-10T14:24:43+00:00","dateModified":"2024-04-12T14:01:57+00:00","description":"All about Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian. Background and education, art collections, philanthropy, business and last years in Lisbon.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/#primaryimage","url":"https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Calouste-Gulbenkian.jpg","contentUrl":"https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Calouste-Gulbenkian.jpg","width":1988,"height":2576},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Gulbenkian","item":"https://gulbenkian.pt/en/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Foundation","item":"https://gulbenkian.pt/the-foundation/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://gulbenkian.pt/#website","url":"https://gulbenkian.pt/","name":"Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian","description":"Gulbenkian","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://gulbenkian.pt/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian » Feed" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian » Comments Feed" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/comments/feed/" /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='an_panel_css-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/plugins/an-panel/an-panel.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fonts-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/styles/font.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='form-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/styles/components/forms.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='overlay-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/styles/components/overlay.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='menus-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/styles/components/menus.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='paginations-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/styles/components/paginations.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-common-css' href='https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/styles/style.css?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/plugins/an-panel/lib/d3.min.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="d3-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/plugins/an-panel/lib/jquery.mobile.events.min.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="jqueryMobile-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML&ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="MathJax.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="an_panel_js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var an_panel = {"assets_url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/plugins\/an-panel\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/plugins/an-panel/an-panel.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="an_panel_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/scripts/manifest.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="manifest-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="vendor-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var FCG = {"version":"aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481\n","siteid":"1","home_url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en","network_url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en","sentry":{"dsn":"https:\/\/fedc486483014ae39113537239deb7b4@o282632.ingest.sentry.io\/1548967","hosts":["gulbenkian.pt"]},"api":{"root":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/wp-json\/","language":{"code":"en","default_locale":"en_US","native_name":"English","url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/the-foundation\/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian\/"},"box_office":{"url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/bilheteira","slug":"\/en\/bilheteira","space":"ea6b828a-cbc1-421e-afd1-9a111b824c29","museum":"940daeea-02e8-4a81-9822-243a43054376"},"store":{"url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/loja","slug":"\/en\/loja"},"gateway":"https:\/\/apim.gulbenkian.pt","apig_url":"https:\/\/apig.gulbenkian.pt","checkout_url":"https:\/\/checkout.gulbenkian.pt"},"sso":{"client_id":"552nqtum4jsup8dd27r4pumase","pool_id":"eu-west-3_7Hii9fGxs","region":"eu-west-3","can_change_email":["fffa2a74-fc44-49d7-a108-4d2d800b849d"]},"box_office":{"maintenance":false},"agenda_url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/agenda","environment":"production","language":{"code":"en","default_locale":"en_US","native_name":"English","url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/the-foundation\/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian\/"},"itemsPerPage":"24","timezone":"Europe\/Lisbon","membership_page":{"url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/cartao-gulbenkian\/","title":"Cart\u00e3o Gulbenkian"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/scripts/vendor.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="vendor-js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/60684" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgulbenkian.pt%2Fen%2Fthe-foundation%2Fcalouste-sarkis-gulbenkian%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgulbenkian.pt%2Fen%2Fthe-foundation%2Fcalouste-sarkis-gulbenkian%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/images/favicon/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/images/favicon/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/images/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/images/favicon/manifest.webmanifest"> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-template-landing-page page-template-template-landing-page-php page page-id-60684 page-parent page-child parent-pageid-62916"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TKRSHB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skip-link" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content</a> <div class="fcg-banner" x-data="LanguageSwitcher({"pt":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt","en":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/the-foundation\/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian"})" x-cloak > <template x-if="isVisible"> <div class="fcg-container"> <form class="fcg-banner__form" method="get" x-bind="form"> <span class="tw-font-sans tw-text-16 md:tw-mr-5" x-bind="label"></span> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <button class="button" x-bind="submit" type="submit"></button> <button class="button button--muted" x-bind="cancel" type="button"></button> </div> </form> </div> </template> </div> <header class="fcg-header" style="background-color: #111111" > <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-header__logo"> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en"> <h1 class="assist"> Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian </h1> <img src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/01_logotipo_web_fundacao_EN_50px.svg" alt="Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian" /> </a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="fcg-main-nav"> <div class="fcg-main-nav__menu " style="background-color: #111111" > <div class="fcg-main-nav__menu-item" x-data="{ ...Toggle({ scrollBlock: true }), ...Login() }" x-on:click.outside="close"> <template x-if="!isLoggedIn"> <a class="fcg-main-nav__menu-action" x-bind="Redirect('my/login', true)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m560 256c0-132.5-107.5-240-240-240S80 123.5 80 256s107.5 240 240 240 240-107.5 240-240zm-450 0c0-116 94-210 210-210s210 94 210 210c0 60.9-26.1 115.6-67.5 153.9c-10.6-6.3-21.7-11.9-33.4-16.1c-24.2-10.5-54.5-23-54.5-38.5v-20.9c34-26.5 53.2-66.6 51.9-108.4c-.1-27.7-6.2-55.2-18.2-80.5c-3.8-7.7-8.9-14.8-15.1-21c-18.5-19.5-44.9-30.4-72.5-30h-1.3c-27.6-.5-54 10.5-72.4 30.1c-6.2 6.1-11.3 13.2-15.1 21c-11.9 25.3-18.1 52.7-18.1 80.5c-1.4 41.9 17.8 82 51.9 108.4v20.9c0 15.6-30.3 27.8-54.5 38.5c-11.8 4.2-22.9 9.9-33.5 16.2c-41.5-38.4-67.7-93.1-67.7-154.1zm262.2 53c-13.9 13-32 21.1-51.3 23h-1.6c-19.4-1.9-37.5-10-51.3-23c-21.2-24-31.7-54.9-29.4-86.2c.1-20.4 4.1-40.6 11.8-59.6c4.6-10.5 11.5-20 20.3-27.8c13.4-11.7 31-18 49.2-17.8h.1s.3 0 .3 0c18.2-.3 35.7 6.1 49.2 17.8c6.3 5.5 11.6 11.9 15.7 19c1.7 2.9 3.2 5.9 4.5 8.9c7.7 19 11.7 39.2 11.9 59.6c2.4 31.3-8.2 62.2-29.4 86.2zM198.8 427.3c6.8-4.2 13.8-8 21.2-11.2c33.2-13.3 70.6-29.8 70.6-61.5v-7.1c9.2 3.1 18.9 4.7 28.7 4.6h1.3c9.8 0 19.5-1.6 28.7-4.6v7.1c0 31.6 37.3 48 70.6 61.5c7.4 3.1 14.5 7 21.3 11.2c-34.2 24.3-76 38.7-121.2 38.7s-86.9-14.4-121.2-38.7z"/></svg> <span class="assist">Login</span> </a> </template> <template x-if="isLoggedIn"> <button class="fcg-main-nav__menu-action" x-on:click="open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m320,16c-132.55,0-240,107.45-240,240s107.45,240,240,240,240-107.45,240-240h0c-.39-132.39-107.61-239.61-240-240Zm132.01,389.97c-36.59,31.94-83.44,49.68-132.01,49.99-48.4-.34-95.08-18-131.58-49.78.83-1.11,1.77-2.13,2.82-3.03,11.28-8.6,23.65-15.65,36.79-20.99,20.56-10.17,46.09-21.64,46.09-36.58v-19.69h0c-29.16-26.05-45.26-63.71-43.93-102.79.05-26.23,5.28-52.19,15.36-76.39,3.19-7.26,7.5-13.97,12.77-19.91,7.86-9.31,17.7-16.78,28.78-21.86,9.93-5.74,21.2-8.81,32.68-8.87,11.23,0,22.26,2.9,32.03,8.44,11.71,4.83,22.1,12.41,30.3,22.07,5.26,5.94,9.57,12.65,12.77,19.91,10.19,24.18,15.42,50.15,15.36,76.39,1.34,38.87-14.58,76.35-43.5,102.36l-.43.43v19.69c0,14.71,25.76,26.61,46.09,36.58,13.17,5.28,25.54,12.35,36.79,20.99.87.87,1.74,1.95,2.59,2.82h0l.21.21h0Z"/></svg> <span class="assist">Login</span> </button> </template> <template x-if="isLoggedIn"> <div class="fcg-drawer" x-bind:class="{ 'is-open': isOpen }" > <div class="fcg-drawer__header"> <button class="fcg-drawer__close-btn" x-on:click="close"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <a href='/' class='tw-leading-tight tw-font-medium tw-text-step-6 tw-no-underline tw-mb-9 lg:tw-mb-12'>MyGulbenkian</a> <span class="tw-block tw-mb-5 md:tw-mb-6 tw-text-step-1 tw-color-black"> Hi <span x-text="getUserName()"></span> </span> <nav class="fcg-main-menu" aria-labelledby="profilemenu"> <ul class="fcg-main-menu__list" role="menu"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind="Redirect('my/profile')" title="Access your account" target="_blank" > My account </a> </li> <template x-if="!hasMembership"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/cartao-gulbenkian/" title="Access your membership details" > Cartão Gulbenkian </a> </li> </template> <template x-if="hasMembership"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> Cartão Gulbenkian <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind="Redirect('my/membership')" > My card </a> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind="Redirect('my/membership/offers')" > Points and offers </a> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind="Redirect('my/membership/interactions')" > Points history </a> </li> <template x-if="Boolean(exclusiveEventsUrl)"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind:href="exclusiveEventsUrl" > Exclusive programming </a> </li> </template> </ul> </li> </template> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind="Redirect('egrants')" title="Grants and scholarships" > Grants </a> </li> <template x-if="Boolean(isInAvaliadores)"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" x-bind="Redirect('avaliadores')" > Review applications </a> </li> </template> </ul> </nav> <div class="tw-mt-9 md:tw-mt-12"> <a class="button-link" x-bind="Redirect('my/logout', true)" title="Log out" > Log out </a> </div> </div> </template> <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-main-nav__overlay"></div> </template> </div> <div class="fcg-main-nav__menu-item" x-data="{ ...Toggle({ scrollBlock: true }), ...Cart() }" x-on:click.outside="close"> <button class="fcg-main-nav__menu-action tw-relative" x-on:click="open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m414.5 147.5v-23.7h-.2c-1.1-51.8-43.9-92.9-95.6-91.8c-50.1 1.1-90.6 41.5-91.6 91.8h-.2v23.7H96L155.7 480h343.5L544 147.5H414.5zm-158.4-23.7c4-37.1 34.5-63.7 66.2-63c36.6 .8 62.5 37.2 62.9 63c.1 7.9 .2 15.8 .4 23.7H255.8c.1-7.9 .2-15.8 .4-23.7zm218.7 326.6H181l-45.3-272.9h91.2v94.2h28.9v-94.2h129.9v94.2h28.9v-94.2h91.2l-30.8 272.9z"/></svg> <span class="assist">Cart</span> <template x-if="itemCount() > 0"> <span class="js-cart-count tw-relative tw-rounded-full tw-text-10 tw-font-normal tw-bg-white tw-text-black tw-inline-block" style="line-height: 15px; height: 16px; width: 16px; top: 2px; left: -4px" x-text="itemCount()" ></span> </template> </button> <div class="fcg-drawer" x-bind:class="{ 'is-open': isOpen }"> <div class="fcg-drawer__header"> <button class="fcg-drawer__close-btn" x-on:click="close"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <template x-if="loading"> <div class="fcg-spinner"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon fcg-spinner__icon tw-m-0" viewBox="0 0 512 512" role="img" > <title>Loading</title> <path id="track" fill="#C6CCD2" d="M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm216 248c0 118.7-96.1 216-216 216-118.7 0-216-96.1-216-216 0-118.7 96.1-216 216-216 118.7 0 216 96.1 216 216z"/> <path id="loading" d="M460.115 373.846l-6.941-4.008c-5.546-3.202-7.564-10.177-4.661-15.886 32.971-64.838 31.167-142.731-5.415-205.954-36.504-63.356-103.118-103.876-175.8-107.701C260.952 39.963 256 34.676 256 28.321v-8.012c0-6.904 5.808-12.337 12.703-11.982 83.552 4.306 160.157 50.861 202.106 123.67 42.069 72.703 44.083 162.322 6.034 236.838-3.14 6.149-10.75 8.462-16.728 5.011z"/></svg> </div> </template> <div> <template x-if="boxOfficeItems.length > 0 && !loading"> <div> <h3 class="tw-mt-0 tw-font-light tw-uppercase"> Ticket Office </h3> <ul class="fcg-list-unstyled tw-space-y-5"> <template x-for="item in boxOfficeItems"> <li> <div class="tw-flex tw-justify-between align-items-start tw-font-sans"> <div class="tw-pr-6"> <span class="tw-text-18 tw-leading-normal tw-font-bold" x-text="item.name"></span> <span class="tw-block tw-text-16 tw-font-light tw-mt-1"> Quantity: <span x-text="item.quantity"></span> </span> </div> <div class="tw-shrink-0" style="flex-shrink: 0"> <span class="tw-text-14 tw-font-light" x-text="getPrice(item)"></span> </div> </div> </li> </template> </ul> <a class="button-outlined button-outlined--block button-outlined--large tw-mt-6" title="Go to ticket office cart" x-bind="Redirect('bilheteira/cart')" > Checkout </a> </div> </template> <template x-if="boxOfficeItems.length > 0 && storeItems.length > 0 && !loading"> <hr class="tw-border-grey-400 tw-my-6 md:tw-my-9" /> </template> <template x-if="storeItems.length > 0 && !loading"> <div> <h3 class="tw-mt-0 tw-font-light tw-uppercase"> Articles </h3> <ul class="fcg-list-unstyled tw-space-y-5"> <template x-for="item in storeItems"> <li> <div class="tw-flex tw-justify-between align-items-start tw-font-sans"> <div class="tw-pr-6"> <span class="tw-text-18 tw-leading-normal tw-font-bold" x-text="item.name"></span> <span class="tw-block tw-text-16 tw-font-light tw-mt-1"> Quantity: <span x-text="item.quantity"></span> </span> </div> <div class="tw-shrink-0" style="flex-shrink: 0"> <span class="tw-text-14 tw-font-light" x-text="getPrice(item)"></span> </div> </div> </li> </template> </ul> <a class="button-outlined button-outlined--block button-outlined--large tw-mt-6" title="Go to store cart" x-bind="Redirect('loja/cart')" > Checkout </a> </div> </template> </div> <template x-if="boxOfficeItems.length < 1 && storeItems.length < 1"> <div> <span class="tw-block tw-mb-9 tw-text-18 tw-color-black"> No tickets or articles selected. </span> <a class="button-outlined button-outlined--block button-outlined--large" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/agenda" > See Agenda </a> <a class="button-outlined button-outlined--block button-outlined--large tw-ml-0 tw-mt-6" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/publications/" > See Publications </a> </div> </template> </div> <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-main-nav__overlay"></div> </template> </div> <div class="fcg-main-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/agenda"class="fcg-main-nav__menu-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m530.3 74.1h-91.5V32h-27.4v42.1h-183V32h-27.4v42.1h-91.5c-7.6 0-13.7 6.1-13.7 13.7v378.6c0 7.6 6.1 13.7 13.7 13.7h420.6c7.6 0 13.7-6.1 13.7-13.7V87.7c0-7.6-6.1-13.7-13.7-13.7zm-13.7 378.6H123.4v-246h393.3v246zm0-273.4H123.4v-77.8h77.8v42.1h27.4v-42.1h183v42.1h27.4v-42.1h77.8v77.8zm-132 137.4h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm78.1 0h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm-78.1 88.1h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm-156.3 0h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm78.1 0h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm0-88.1h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm-78.1 0h-51.8v-51.8h51.8v51.8zm183.3 36.2h51.8v51.8h-51.8v-51.8z"/></svg> <span class="assist">Agenda</span> </a> </div> <div class="fcg-main-nav__menu-item" x-data="Toggle({ scrollBlock: true })" x-on:click.outside="close" > <button class="fcg-main-nav__menu-action" x-on:click="open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m540.9 453.2L427.4 339.4c-2-2-4.7-3.1-7.5-3.1h-9.1c67.6-74 62.5-188.9-11.3-256.6s-188.4-62.7-256 11.4c-67.6 74-62.5 188.9 11.3 256.6c69.7 63.9 176.6 63.5 245.8-1v9c0 2.8 1.1 5.5 3.1 7.5l113.5 113.8c4.1 4.2 10.8 4.2 14.9 .1l.1-.1 8.7-8.7c4.1-4.2 4.1-10.9-.1-15zM276 366.3h-1v.1c-83.4-.5-151-68.5-151-152s68.2-152 152-152 152 68.2 152 152c0 83.7-68.1 151.9-152 152z"/></svg> <span class="assist">Toggle search box</span> </button> <div class="fcg-drawer fcg-drawer--search" x-bind:class="{ 'is-open': isOpen }"> <div class="fcg-drawer__header"> <button class="fcg-drawer__close-btn" x-on:click="close"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow tw-mt-20 md:tw-mt-0 md:tw-flex md:tw-flex-col tw-justify-center tw-h-full"> <form role="search" method="get" class="fcg-form tw-flex" action="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/" > <label class="assist" for="search-box-input">Search:</label> <input type="search" class="fcg-form__control" x-ref="searchBoxInput" id="search-box-input" placeholder="Search" value="" name="s" > <button type="submit" class="button"> <span class="assist">Search</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon tw-m-0" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M507.3 484.7l-141.5-141.5C397 306.8 415.1 259.7 415.1 208c0-114.9-93.13-208-208-208S-.0002 93.13-.0002 208S93.12 416 207.1 416c51.68 0 98.85-18.96 135.2-50.15l141.5 141.5C487.8 510.4 491.9 512 496 512s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688C513.6 501.1 513.6 490.9 507.3 484.7zM208 384C110.1 384 32 305 32 208S110.1 32 208 32S384 110.1 384 208S305 384 208 384z"/></svg> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-main-nav__menu-item" x-data="Toggle({ scrollBlock: true })" x-on:click.outside="close"> <button class="fcg-main-nav__menu-action" x-on:click="open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m574.5 111.8H64V70.4h510.5v41.5zM576 242H65.5v41.5H576V242zm-1.5 169.8H64v41.5h510.5v-41.5z"/></svg> <span class="assist">Menu</span> </button> <div class="fcg-drawer" x-bind:class="{ 'is-open': isOpen }"> <div class="fcg-drawer__header"> <button class="fcg-drawer__close-btn" x-on:click="close"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <nav class="fcg-main-menu" aria-labelledby="primary-menu"> <h2 class="assist" id="primary-menu">Primary navigation</h2> <ul class="fcg-main-menu__list" role="menu"> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > About us </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/the-foundation/" > The Foundation </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian/" > Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <details> <summary class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" > Organisation </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list tw-ml-4"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/organisation/board-of-trustees/" > Board of Trustees </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/organisation/directors/" > Directors </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/organisation/" > Organisation chart </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/legal-documents/" > Legal documents </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/sdgs-and-the-foundation/" > SDGs and the Foundation </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/organisation/sustainability/" > Sustainability </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/the-buildings-and-the-garden/" > The Buildings and the Garden </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > What we do </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <details> <summary class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" > Grant-making </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list tw-ml-4"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/grant-making-activities/" > Our approach </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/access-to-care/" > Access to care </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/access-to-culture/" > Access to culture </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/access-to-education/" > Access to education </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/climate-and-ocean/" > Climate and ocean </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/democracy-and-civil-society/" > Democracy and civil society </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/armenians/" > Armenian Communities </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/partnerships-with-africa/" > Partnerships with Africa </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/initiatives/previous-programmes/" > Previous programmes </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <details> <summary class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" > Culture </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list tw-ml-4"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/" > Calouste Gulbenkian Museum </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/en/" > Centro de Arte Moderna </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/en/" > Gulbenkian Music </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/biblioteca-arte/en/" > Gulbenkian Art Library </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/a-new-scientific-era/" > Science </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/chronologies/2023-summary/" > 2023 Summary </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > Grants and scholarships </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/bolsas-lista/" > Scholarships </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/apoios-lista/" > Grants </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > Prizes </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prize-for-humanity/" > Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/uk-branch/our-work/the-civic-role-of-arts-organisations/the-award-for-civic-arts-organisations/" > Award for Civic Arts Organisation </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/salavisa-european-dance-award/" > Salavisa European Dance Award </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > Read, watch, listen </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/read-watch-listen/?filter%5Btax%5D%5Barticle_type%5D%5B%5D=30674" > Articles </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/read-watch-listen/?filter%5Btax%5D%5Barticle_type%5D%5B%5D=30675" > Conferences </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/read-watch-listen/?filter%5Btax%5D%5Barticle_type%5D%5B%5D=30684" > Videos </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/news/" > News </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <details> <summary class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" > Collections </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list tw-ml-4"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/collection/discover-the-collection/" > Museum Calouste Gulbenkian collection </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/en/works_cam/" > Centro de Arte Moderna collection </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/publications/" > Publications</a> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > Agenda </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/agenda/?filter%5Btax%5D%5Bfcg-agenda_template%5D%5B0%5D=9466" > Exhibitions </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/agenda/?filter%5Btax%5D%5Bfcg-agenda_template%5D%5B0%5D=31607" > Concerts </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/agenda/?filter%5Btax%5D%5Bfcg-agenda_template%5D%5B0%5D=9468" > Conferences </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <details> <summary class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" > Visits and Activities </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list tw-ml-4"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/tours-for-private-groups/" > Private groups </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-main-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/cartao-gulbenkian/" > Cartão Gulbenkian</a> </li> <li class="fcg-main-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <details> <summary class="fcg-main-menu__link" > Useful Information </summary> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/useful-information/opening-hours/" > Opening hours </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/useful-information/tickets/" > Tickets </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/useful-information/how-to-get-here/" > How to get here </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/useful-information/accessibility/" > Accessibility </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/useful-information/where-to-eat/cams-table/" > CAM’s Table </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/useful-information/free-digital-guide/" > Free Digital Guide </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/jardim/en/" > Garden </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/auditoriums/" > Auditoriums </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </nav> <hr class="tw-border-grey-400 tw-my-6 md:tw-my-9" /> <nav class="fcg-secondary-menu" aria-labelledby="secondary-navigation"> <h2 class="assist" id="secondary-navigation">Secondary navigation</h2> <ul class="fcg-secondary-menu__list" role="menu"> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/"> Calouste Gulbenkian Museum </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/en/"> Centro de Arte Moderna </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/en/"> Gulbenkian Music </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/biblioteca-arte/en/"> Gulbenkian Art Library </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/uk-branch/"> UK Branch </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/paris/"> Délégation en France </a> </li> <li class="fcg-secondary-menu__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="fcg-secondary-menu__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/armenian-communities/"> Armenian Communities </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="fcg-drawer__footer tw--mr-4"> <a class="hover:tw-text-black tw-no-underline tw-py-4 lg:py-0" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 576 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M288 2.7L298.6 12l272 240-21.2 24L512 243V496v16H496 80 64V496 243L26.6 276 5.4 252l272-240L288 2.7zM96 214.7V480H480V214.7L288 45.3 96 214.7z"/></svg> <span class ="tw-ml-3 button-text tw-font-light tw-text-16 md:tw-text-18">GULBENKIAN.PT</span> </a> <div class="tw-ml-auto tw-py-4"> <ul class="fcg-language-switcher"> <li class="fcg-language-switcher__item"> <a class="fcg-language-switcher__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt" title="Português"> pt </a> </li> <li class="fcg-language-switcher__item is-active">en</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-main-nav__overlay"></div> </template> </div> </div> </div> <div x-data="Breadcrumbs({"crumbs":[{"title":"\u003Csvg\n\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\tclass=\"icon\"\n\tviewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"\n\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cpath d=\"M288 2.7L298.6 12l272 240-21.2 24L512 243V496v16H496 80 64V496 243L26.6 276 5.4 252l272-240L288 2.7zM96 214.7V480H480V214.7L288 45.3 96 214.7z\"\/\u003E\u003C\/svg\u003E\n","url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en"},{"title":"Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian","url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/the-foundation\/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian\/"}]})" class="fcg-container"> <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb" class="fcg-breadcrumb"> <ul class="fcg-breadcrumb__list"> <template x-for="(crumb, index) in crumbs"> <li class="fcg-breadcrumb__item"> <template x-if="index !== 0"> <span class="tw-mr-3"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 256 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M219.9 266.7L75.89 426.7c-5.906 6.562-16.03 7.094-22.59 1.188c-6.918-6.271-6.783-16.39-1.188-22.62L186.5 256L52.11 106.7C46.23 100.1 46.75 90.04 53.29 84.1C59.86 78.2 69.98 78.73 75.89 85.29l144 159.1C225.4 251.4 225.4 260.6 219.9 266.7z"/></svg> </span> </template> <template x-if="index === (crumbs.length - 1)"> <span x-html="crumb['title']"></span> </template> <template x-if="index < (crumbs.length - 1)"> <a class="fcg-breadcrumb__link" x-bind:href="crumb['url']" x-html="crumb['title']"></a> </template> </li> </template> </ul> </nav> </div> <main id="main-content" class="fcg-landing-page typo-v2"> <div class="fcg-container-wide fcg-container-wide--no-padding">  <div class="fcg-hero active" x-data="SliderVideo()" > <div class="fcg-hero__image" x-show="showPoster || !isEnabled"> <picture> <source srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_1600x1000-288x180.jpg" media="(max-width: 287px)" /> <source srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_1600x1000-576x360.jpg" media="(max-width: 575px)" /> <source srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_1600x1000-768x480.jpg" media="(max-width: 767px)" /> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="3200" height="1148" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148.jpg 3200w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-300x108.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-1024x367.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-768x276.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-1536x551.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-2048x735.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-288x103.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-576x207.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-992x356.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-1200x431.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COM_B05-00003_3200x1148-1920x689.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" /> </picture> </div> <div class="fcg-hero__content-wrapper box-center v-bottom align-center text-white big-size"> <div class="fcg-hero__content"> <h3 class="fcg-hero__title">Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian</h3> <p class="fcg-hero__description"> 1869 – 1955 </p> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <p> </p> <div class="fcg-container"> <h1 class="assist">Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian</h1> <div class="fcg-tabs" x-data="{ current: 0 }"> <nav class="fcg-tabs__nav"> <ul class="fcg-tabs__controls" role="tablist"> <li class="fcg-tabs__tab-item"> <button class="fcg-tabs__tab-link button--unstyled " x-bind:class="{ 'is-active': current === 0 }" role="tab" aria-controls="tab-0" x-bind:aria-selected="current === 0 ? 'true' : 'false'" x-bind:tabindex="current === 0 ? '0' : '-1'" x-on:click="current = 0" > Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian </button> </li> <li class="fcg-tabs__tab-item"> <button class="fcg-tabs__tab-link button--unstyled " x-bind:class="{ 'is-active': current === 1 }" role="tab" aria-controls="tab-1" x-bind:aria-selected="current === 1 ? 'true' : 'false'" x-bind:tabindex="current === 1 ? '0' : '-1'" x-on:click="current = 1" > Background and education </button> </li> <li class="fcg-tabs__tab-item"> <button class="fcg-tabs__tab-link button--unstyled " x-bind:class="{ 'is-active': current === 2 }" role="tab" aria-controls="tab-2" x-bind:aria-selected="current === 2 ? 'true' : 'false'" x-bind:tabindex="current === 2 ? '0' : '-1'" x-on:click="current = 2" > Business Architect </button> </li> <li class="fcg-tabs__tab-item"> <button class="fcg-tabs__tab-link button--unstyled " x-bind:class="{ 'is-active': current === 3 }" role="tab" aria-controls="tab-3" x-bind:aria-selected="current === 3 ? 'true' : 'false'" x-bind:tabindex="current === 3 ? '0' : '-1'" x-on:click="current = 3" > Mr. 5% </button> </li> <li class="fcg-tabs__tab-item"> <button class="fcg-tabs__tab-link button--unstyled " x-bind:class="{ 'is-active': current === 4 }" role="tab" aria-controls="tab-4" x-bind:aria-selected="current === 4 ? 'true' : 'false'" x-bind:tabindex="current === 4 ? '0' : '-1'" x-on:click="current = 4" > Collector and Philanthropist </button> </li> <li class="fcg-tabs__tab-item"> <button class="fcg-tabs__tab-link button--unstyled " x-bind:class="{ 'is-active': current === 5 }" role="tab" aria-controls="tab-5" x-bind:aria-selected="current === 5 ? 'true' : 'false'" x-bind:tabindex="current === 5 ? '0' : '-1'" x-on:click="current = 5" > Last years </button> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="fcg-tabs__container"> <div id="tab-0" class="fcg-tabs__content" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-0" tabindex="0" x-bind:hidden="current !== 0" x-bind:class="{ 'active': current === 0 }" > <div class="v2 tw-mt-20"> <section class="fcg-section fcg-section"> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <h2 class="tw-mt-18">Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian</h2> <p class="fcg-lead">Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian (1869-1955) was a business man, art collector and philanthropist of Armenian origin, born in the Ottoman Empire.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mt-8">Bringing Eastern and Western cultures together, Gulbenkian was above all a “business architect”. Due to his vision, his contacts and persuasive skills, Gulbenkian played a decisive role in the first half of the twentieth century mediating international negotiations that led to the exploitation of the exceptionally rich oil fields in Al-Jazeera (Iraq). Throughout his life, he assembled an eclectic and unique collection that was influenced by his travels and his personal taste.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mb-12">Gulbenkian took British citizenship in 1902 and died in 1955, in Lisbon, where he spent his last years and established in his will an international foundation that would bear his name and act so as to benefit the whole of humanity.</p> <section class="fcg-slideshow__wrapper"> <div id="gallery-674c39e0c13dd" class="fcg-slideshow fcg-slideshow--1 " x-data="Slider({"contextId":"674c39e0c13dd"})" > <template x-if="isLoading" > <div class="fcg-spinner fcg-spinner--overlay"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon fcg-spinner__icon tw-m-0" viewBox="0 0 512 512" role="img" > <title>Loading</title> <path id="track" fill="#C6CCD2" d="M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm216 248c0 118.7-96.1 216-216 216-118.7 0-216-96.1-216-216 0-118.7 96.1-216 216-216 118.7 0 216 96.1 216 216z"/> <path id="loading" d="M460.115 373.846l-6.941-4.008c-5.546-3.202-7.564-10.177-4.661-15.886 32.971-64.838 31.167-142.731-5.415-205.954-36.504-63.356-103.118-103.876-175.8-107.701C260.952 39.963 256 34.676 256 28.321v-8.012c0-6.904 5.808-12.337 12.703-11.982 83.552 4.306 160.157 50.861 202.106 123.67 42.069 72.703 44.083 162.322 6.034 236.838-3.14 6.149-10.75 8.462-16.728 5.011z"/></svg> </div> </template> <div class="fcg-slideshow__track-v2" x-ref="track" x-bind:class="{ 'invisible': isLoading }"> <div class="tw-w-full"> <figure class="fcg-media fcg-media__ratio--16by9" x-data="Video({"code":"961097888\/6e038e5e9b","type":"vimeo"})" > <div class="fcg-media__poster" x-show="!isInitialised"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <div class="fcg-figure__ratio fcg-figure__ratio--16by9"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="576" height="324" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-576x324.jpg" class="attachment-original_sm size-original_sm" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-576x324.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-288x162.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-992x558.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px" /> </div> </figure> <div class="fcg-media__poster-play"> <svg width="33px" height="38px" viewBox="0 0 33 38"> <path fill="#fff" d="M 0, 0 L 0, 38 L 33, 19 Z"/> </svg> </div> </div> <figcaption class="fcg-media__caption"> <span class="fcg-media__caption-title">Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian – Recollections of his grandson</span> </figcaption> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="674c39e0c13dd" data-index="0" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> <template x-if="totalPages === 0 && !isLoading"> <p class="fcg-form tw-text-center "> No results were found for your criteria. </p> </template> </div> </section> <div id="modal-674c39e0c13dd" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian \u2013 Recollections of his grandson","description":"","caption":"","html":"\t<figure\n\tclass=\"fcg-media fcg-media__ratio--16by9\"\n\t\tx-data=\"Video({&quot;code&quot;:&quot;961097888\\\/6e038e5e9b&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;})\"\n>\n\n\t<div class=\"fcg-media__poster\" x-show=\"!isInitialised\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fcg-figure\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"fcg-figure__ratio fcg-figure__ratio--16by9\">\n\t\n\t<img width=\"576\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-576x324.jpg\" class=\"attachment-original_sm size-original_sm\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-576x324.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-288x162.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-992x558.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"fcg-media__poster-play\">\n\t\t\t<svg width=\"33px\" height=\"38px\" viewBox=\"0 0 33 38\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M 0, 0 L 0, 38 L 33, 19 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"button-invisible\"\n\t\t\t\tx-on:click=\"play()\"\n\t\t\t\tx-show=\"!isDisabled\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"assist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<template x-if=\"isInitialised\">\n\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<vimeo-video class=\"fcg-media__video\" x-ref=\"player\" controls x-bind:src=\"url\"><\/vimeo-video>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/template>\n\t\n\t<\/figure>\n"}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal fcg-media-modal--videos"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item"> <figure class="fcg-media fcg-media__ratio--16by9" x-data="Video({"code":"961097888\/6e038e5e9b","type":"vimeo"})" > <div class="fcg-media__poster" x-show="!isInitialised"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <div class="fcg-figure__ratio fcg-figure__ratio--16by9"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="576" height="324" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-576x324.jpg" class="attachment-original_sm size-original_sm" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-576x324.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-288x162.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-992x558.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Entrevista_Martin-e-Michael-Essayan_16x9.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px" /> </div> </figure> <div class="fcg-media__poster-play"> <svg width="33px" height="38px" viewBox="0 0 33 38"> <path fill="#fff" d="M 0, 0 L 0, 38 L 33, 19 Z"/> </svg> </div> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" x-on:click="play()" x-show="!isDisabled" > <span class="assist"> </span> </button> </div> <template x-if="isInitialised"> <div> <vimeo-video class="fcg-media__video" x-ref="player" controls x-bind:src="url"></vimeo-video> </div> </template> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div id="tab-1" class="fcg-tabs__content" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-1" tabindex="0" x-bind:hidden="current !== 1" x-bind:class="{ 'active': current === 1 }" > <div class="v2 tw-mt-20"> <section class="fcg-section fcg-section"> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <h2>Background and education</h2> <p class="fcg-lead">Calouste Gulbenkian was born in Scutari (now Üsküdar), Istanbul on 23 March 1869, the son of Sarkis and Dirouhi Gulbenkian. The Gulbenkians were proud of their illustrious family’s centuries-old connection to the region south of Lake Van, traditionally viewed as the cradle of Armenian civilisation.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mt-8">By 1800 the Gulbenkians had settled in Talas near Caesarea (today’s Kayseri), where they generously funded the construction of Armenian schools and a new Armenian church. These are the earliest recorded examples of a long tradition of Armenian philanthropy which continued into the twentieth century.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Calouste’s father and uncle moved to what was then Constantinople around 1850, and soon added the city’s S. Pirgiç hospital to the family’s philanthropies. An 1881 trade directory lists “S. and S. Gulbenkian” as both an import/export house and a bank. Along with carpets, wool and other commodities the company traded in kerosene from the Caucasus. By 1892 S. and S. Gulbenkian formed one of a network of family-based trading partnerships based in London, Marseilles, Varna (Bulgaria) and in other cities across the Ottoman Empire..</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-justify-center"> <div class="fcg-col-lg-10 tw-mt-8 tw-mb-10"> <div class="fcg-row tw-mt-9 lg:tw-mt-12 tw-mb-4 lg:tw-mb-7"> <div class="tw-relative fcg-col-6 tw-mb-5"> <article class="fcg-card" > <figure class="fcg-figure"> <div class=""> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000.jpg" alt="Estudos superiores" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </div> <figcaption class="fcg-figure__caption"> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-title"> Jovem Calouste Gulbenkian na Altura em que Frequentava os Estudos Superiores no King’s College London. </span> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-description"> [Londres, 1889]. Arquivos Gulbenkian, PT FCG FCG:BA-S002-P0001/03-FOTO00433 </span> </figcaption> </figure> </article> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="674c39e0c25ec" data-index="0" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="tw-relative fcg-col-6 tw-mb-5"> <article class="fcg-card" > <figure class="fcg-figure"> <div class=""> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000.jpg" alt="Revista Deux Mondes" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </div> <figcaption class="fcg-figure__caption"> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-title"> Folha de rosto da revista "Deux mondes". </span> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-description"> Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:BA-S002-P0001/11-FOTO00484 </span> </figcaption> </figure> </article> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="674c39e0c25ec" data-index="1" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> <div id="modal-674c39e0c25ec" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Jovem Calouste Gulbenkian na Altura em que Frequentava os Estudos Superiores no King\u2019s College London.","description":"","caption":"[Londres, 1889]. Arquivos Gulbenkian, PT FCG FCG:BA-S002-P0001\/03-FOTO00433","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1000\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Estudos superiores\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-640x1024.jpg 640w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-768x1229.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-960x1536.jpg 960w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-288x461.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-576x922.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-992x1587.jpg 992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>"}},{"title":"Folha de rosto da revista \"Deux mondes\".","description":"","caption":"Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:BA-S002-P0001\/11-FOTO00484","image":{"html":"<img width=\"611\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Revista Deux Mondes\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000.jpg 611w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000-288x471.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000-576x943.jpg 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/>"}}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__counter"> <span class="fcg-media-modal__counter-index" x-text="(new String(current + 1)).padStart(2, '0')"></span> <span class="fcg-media-modal__counter-total" x-text="(new String(slides.length)).padStart(2, '0')"></span> </div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="0"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1600" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Estudos superiores" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-188x300.jpg 188w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-640x1024.jpg 640w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-768x1229.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-960x1536.jpg 960w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-288x461.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-576x922.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Z-004649_C-GULBENKIAN-1889-20-anos-diplomado-King-s-College-Londres_1000-992x1587.jpg 992w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="1"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="611" height="1000" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Revista Deux Mondes" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000.jpg 611w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000-183x300.jpg 183w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000-288x471.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/frontespicio-revista-deux-mondes_611x1000-576x943.jpg 576w" sizes="(max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px" /> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <p class="tw-font-serif">Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian started his studies in Kadikoy (Calcedonia), at the Aramyan-Uncuyan school. At the age of 14 he was sent to study in Marseille, where he perfected his French, and then to London, where he attended King’s College School. He soon moved on to King’s College London’s Department of Applied Sciences, where he studied a range of subjects, excelling in Physics. He became an Associate of King’s College in 1887. Although he considered doing further research in Paris, he was dissuaded by his father.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">In 1888 Calouste Gulbenkian travelled to Baku to learn more about the oil business and to complete his education. This journey led him to write a travelogue entitled “La Transcaucasie et la Péninsule d’Apchéron – Souvenirs de Voyage” as well as articles for La Revue des Deux Mondes and other French periodicals.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">These publications established his reputation as an oil expert, capturing the attention of the Ottoman Ministry of the Civil List, who asked Gulbenkian to draw up a report on the oil-rich lands which the Sultan had acquired in Al Jazeera (modern-day Iraq).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-justify-center"> <div class="fcg-col-lg-10 tw-mt-8 tw-mb-10"> <div id="gallery-2" class="fcg-gallery" x-data="Gallery({"options":{"counter":true,"controls":true},"slides":[{"image":{"alt":"","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Casamento com Nevart Essayan","description":"1890, Londres","copyright":"","classes":[]}}],"slides_options":[]})" > <div class="fcg-gallery__track"> <div class="fcg-gallery__list"> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591.jpg" alt="" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="2" data-index="0" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__content"> <div class="fcg-gallery__controls"> <button class="fcg-gallery__control fcg-gallery__control--expand" type="button" data-modal="2" x-bind:data-index="current" > <span class="assist">Expand</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M144 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H32V176c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V48c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16H144zM0 336c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16V448H144c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H16c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V336zM432 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16V176c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V64H304c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16H432zM416 336c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16V464c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H304c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16H416V336z"</svg> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__legend"> <span class="tw-mr-1" x-show="slides[current].image.title" x-html="slides[current].image.title || ''"></span> <span class="tw-mr-1" x-show="slides[current].image.description" x-html="slides[current].image.description || ''"></span> <span x-show="slides[current].image.copyright" x-html="slides[current].image.copyright || ''"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-2" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Casamento com Nevart Essayan","description":"","caption":"1890, Londres","image":{"html":"<img width=\"867\" height=\"1182\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591.jpg 867w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591-768x1047.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591-751x1024.jpg 751w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 867px) 100vw, 867px\" \/>"}}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="0"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="867" height="1182" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591.jpg 867w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591-220x300.jpg 220w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591-768x1047.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/C-GULBENKIAN-casamento-com-Nevart-Essayan-1890-Londres-3-e1458605008591-751x1024.jpg 751w" sizes="(max-width: 867px) 100vw, 867px" /> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <p class="tw-font-serif">In 1892 Gulbenkian married Nevarte Essayan in London. The couple had two children: a son, Nubar (born 1896), and a daughter, Rita (born 1900). The Essayans originally hailed from Caesarea and had privileged access to the Ottoman court. But the good connections with the Ottoman court were not enough to protect Gulbenkian and his family from anti-Armenian pogroms. In 1896 the storming of the Imperial Ottoman Bank office in Constantinople by Armenian activists triggered a wave of coordinated attacks aimed at the city’s Armenian community. Fortunately for Gulbenkian, his wife’s family included a ferry line among their business interests and the family was able to escape by steamship to Alexandria.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Gulbenkian’s interests in finance soon brought him back to London and its stock exchange, then the world’s largest, where he was caught up in the boom in South African and Australian mining shares. Gulbenkian quickly gained an in-depth knowledge of corporate finance. As much a financier as an “oil man” (a label he rejected), Gulbenkian invested widely and well. Meanwhile in 1901 he pulled out of several family trading partnerships, including S. & S. Gulbenkian, leaving his two brothers and uncle to continue without him.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Gulbenkian may not have been the first to foresee the importance of the Al Jazeera’s (i.e. Iraq’s) oil reserves, but he had the vision, the contacts and the persuasive skills to mediate between international investors and the Ottoman government. In particular he sought to convince both of the benefits of exploiting such reserves in a rational manner, through international collaboration rather than price wars.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div id="tab-2" class="fcg-tabs__content" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-2" tabindex="0" x-bind:hidden="current !== 2" x-bind:class="{ 'active': current === 2 }" > <div class="v2 tw-mt-20"> <section class="fcg-section fcg-section"> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <h2>Business Architect</h2> <p class="fcg-lead">In the early 1900s Gulbenkian had struggled to persuade several Caucasus-based oil magnates of the benefits of entering into joint ventures with Rothschild Frères, Deutsche Bank and Royal Dutch.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mt-8">After Royal Dutch’s alliance with Shell this combine expanded aggressively, buying up oil companies in the United States, Mexico, Venezuela and Rumania as well as the Caucasus. Gulbenkian negotiated many of these deals. The 1 or 2% commissions he secured as payment proved very lucrative as oil shifted from simply being a source of kerosene (used for lighting) to a source of gasoline, fuel oil, waxes, lubricants and chemicals like toluol (used for making TNT).</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Although Gulbenkian’s relationship with the Anglo-Dutch combine Royal Dutch-Shell was remarkably close in the 1910s and 1920s’s, otherwise he was careful to guard his independence and privacy. A true internationalist, he was able to view diplomatic and economic questions from a number of perspectives simultaneously.</p> <hr /> <h4>GULBENKIAN PRESENT HIMSELF AS AN HONEST BROKER WITHOUT PREJUDICES AND WITHOUT TIES TO ANY ONE EMPIRE, NATION-STATE OR COMPANY.</h4> <hr /> <p class="tw-font-serif">He turned what might have been a disadvantage – being an immigrant from a very different culture – into an advantage, bringing East and West together. He always saw himself as a “business architect” who had the vision, balanced competing interests, and designed structures, rather than as an oilman.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Born an Armenian subject of the Ottoman Sultan, Gulbenkian took British citizenship in 1902, and retained it for the rest of his life. This did not, however, prevent him from serving both the Ottoman and Persian Empires in a diplomatic character. Gulbenkian was appointed financial advisor to the Ottoman legations in both Paris and London in 1909 and 1910. In 1919 he was appointed to a similar position advising the Persian (later Iranian) embassy in London. Having spent thirty years based in London, after 1918 Gulbenkian spent most of his time in Paris.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div id="tab-3" class="fcg-tabs__content" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-3" tabindex="0" x-bind:hidden="current !== 3" x-bind:class="{ 'active': current === 3 }" > <div class="v2 tw-mt-20"> <section class="fcg-section fcg-section"> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <h2>Mr. Five Percent</h2> <p class="fcg-lead">For decades the western European powers and in particular France had exploited their position as holders of Ottoman debt to impose their will on the so-called “Sick Man of Europe”.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mt-8">All of these European powers had their eyes on parts of the Ottoman Empire, and many had already appropriated large chunks of territory for themselves. Gulbenkian’s role in founding the National Bank of Turkey, following the Young Turk Revolution (1908), was to establish a truly international source of financing for the Ottoman Empire’s modernisation, including the development of its oil reserves and other natural resources.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">In 1912 the National Bank of Turkey set up the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) to exploit the exceptionally rich oil fields in Al-Jazeera (Iraq). Royal Dutch-Shell held a 25% stake in the company, the National Bank of Turkey 35% and Deutsche Bank a further 25%. The remaining 15% belonged to Calouste Gulbenkian.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">In early 1914 the Turkish Petroleum Company was reorganised. Royal Dutch-Shell’s great rival, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (now BP) had a rival claim to the Al-Jazeera oil concession, and, more importantly, strong support from the British Foreign Office. In order to accommodate Anglo-Persian Gulbenkian agreed to reduce his share from 15% to 5%. A few months later World War I broke out, however, and TPC was left in a state of suspended animation.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">World War I brought the final dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and led to Deutsche Bank’s 25% of TPC being transferred to a French company specially created for the purpose, the Compagnie Française des Pétroles (CFP, now Total). The French had been slow to realize the strategic importance of oil, and Gulbenkian continued to coach the French authorities as well as CFP on how to handle their rivals. Meanwhile the oil-rich lands of Al-Jazeera ended up within the new British mandate of Iraq, from whom the TPC secured a concession in 1925.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-justify-center"> <div class="fcg-col-lg-10 tw-mt-8 tw-mb-10"> <div id="gallery-3" class="fcg-gallery" x-data="Gallery({"options":{"counter":true,"controls":true},"slides":[{"image":{"alt":"Acordo da Linha Vermelha","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Acordo da Linha Vermelha, 1928.","description":"Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG CSG\/01-S012-P0004-D00178-DES00003","copyright":"","classes":[]}}],"slides_options":[]})" > <div class="fcg-gallery__track"> <div class="fcg-gallery__list"> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600.jpg" alt="Acordo da Linha Vermelha" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="3" data-index="0" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__content"> <div class="fcg-gallery__controls"> <button class="fcg-gallery__control fcg-gallery__control--expand" type="button" data-modal="3" x-bind:data-index="current" > <span class="assist">Expand</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M144 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H32V176c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V48c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16H144zM0 336c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16V448H144c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H16c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V336zM432 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16V176c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V64H304c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16H432zM416 336c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16V464c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H304c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16H416V336z"</svg> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__legend"> <span class="tw-mr-1" x-show="slides[current].image.title" x-html="slides[current].image.title || ''"></span> <span class="tw-mr-1" x-show="slides[current].image.description" x-html="slides[current].image.description || ''"></span> <span x-show="slides[current].image.copyright" x-html="slides[current].image.copyright || ''"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-3" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Acordo da Linha Vermelha, 1928.","description":"","caption":"Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG CSG\/01-S012-P0004-D00178-DES00003","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1600\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Acordo da Linha Vermelha\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>"}}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="0"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1000" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Acordo da Linha Vermelha" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1928_Linha-Vermelha_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <p class="tw-font-serif">Motivated partly by respect for national self-determination and partly by self-interest, the United States was determined to draw a line under the quasi-imperial pre-1914 system by which the Middle East had been divided up by Britain, France, Russia and other powers into “spheres of interest.” Each power sought to keep foreign companies out of “their” sphere. Gulbenkian again played a decisive role in the negotiations which led to an American consortium joining TPC under the so-called “Red Line Agreement” of 1928. The famous line marked the borders of the former Ottoman Empire; the signatories to the agreement agreed not to operate within the red line area other than through their joint venture, TPC. Calouste Gulbenkian had ensured that the great powers would act together in an ordered manner, and had managed to preserve his 5% shareholding. Although he continued to seek new international partnerships, notably between France, Persia and the Soviet Union, the “Red Line” was his greatest achievement.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">His persistence, business talent, and flexibility to accommodate new interests and adapt to new situations earned him considerable respect among industry insiders. Titans of the oil industry all recognized Gulbenkian’s probity and straight-dealing.</p> <hr /> <h4>THE REST OF THE WORLD KNEW HIM SIMPLY AS MR. FIVE PERCENT, ONE OF THE WORLD’S RICHEST MEN.</h4> <hr /> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div id="tab-4" class="fcg-tabs__content" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-4" tabindex="0" x-bind:hidden="current !== 4" x-bind:class="{ 'active': current === 4 }" > <div class="v2 tw-mt-20"> <section class="fcg-section fcg-section"> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <h2>Collector and Philanthropist</h2> <p class="fcg-lead">His collection now totals over 6,000 pieces from all over the world, dating from antiquity until the early twentieth century.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mt-8">Calouste Gulbenkian revealed his passion for art at an early age. This reflected his origins in Cappadocia–a major crossroads of religions and art–and Constantinople–another crossroads of civilizations and the capital of the Romans, Greeks, and Ottoman Turks. Throughout his life, he assembled an eclectic and unique collection that was influenced by his travels and his personal taste, and sometimes involved lengthy and complex negotiations with the leading experts and specialist dealers. His collection now totals over 6,000 pieces from all over the world, dating from antiquity until the early twentieth century (including examples from ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, Babylonia, Armenia, Persia, Europe, and Japan).</p> <hr /> <h4>GULBENKIAN DERIVED CONSIDERABLE PLEASURE FROM HIS COLLECTION, WHICH HE REFERRED TO AS HIS “CHILDREN”.</h4> <hr /> <p class="tw-font-serif">Calouste Gulbenkian’s collection of paintings includes works by Bouts, Van de Weyden, Lochner, Cima de Conegliano, Carpaccio, Rubens, Van Dyck, Hals, Rembrandt, Guardi, Gainsborough, Romney, Lawrence, Fragonard, Corot, Renoir, Nattier, Boucher, Manet, Degas and Monet. A favourite sculpture was Houdon’s famous Diana, which had belonged to Catherine of Russia and which Gulbenkian purchased from the Hermitage Museum in 1930.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Fiercely protective of his “children”‘s welfare, Gulbenkian could also be extraordinarily generous in lending and donating works from his collection to public museums around the world. In 1936, his collection of Egyptian antiquities was entrusted to the care of the British Museum, while the finest paintings went on loan to the National Gallery. Later, in 1948 and 1950, the same works would be sent on to the National Gallery of Art in Washington.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-justify-center"> <div class="fcg-col-lg-10 tw-mt-8 tw-mb-10"> <div id="gallery-4" class="fcg-gallery" x-data="Gallery({"options":{"counter":true,"controls":true},"slides":[{"image":{"alt":"Av. D\u2019I\u00e9na","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Grand-salon na Avenue d'I\u00e9na.","description":"Paris, [s.d.]. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:SCA-P0014\/01-FOTO0072","copyright":"","classes":[]}},{"image":{"alt":"","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Grand Salon.","description":"","copyright":"","classes":[]}},{"image":{"alt":"Biblioteca \u00a9 Arquivos Gulbenkian","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Biblioteca na Avenue d'I\u00e9na.","description":"Paris, [s.d.]. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:COM-S001\/017-D01637-FOTO14439","copyright":"","classes":[]}},{"image":{"alt":"Hall e escada da moradia no n.\u00ba 51 da Avenue d\u2019I\u00e9na, Paris [Est\u00e1tua de Diana, Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)]","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Hall, escadaria e \"Diana\" de Jean-Antoine Houdon na Avenue d'I\u00e9na","description":"Paris, [s.d.]. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:SCA-P0014\/01-FOTO0071","copyright":"","classes":[]}},{"image":{"alt":"Jardim-terra\u00e7o da resid\u00eancia de Calouste Gulbenkian no n.\u00ba 51 da Avenue d\u2019I\u00e9na","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"Av. D' I\u00e9na, Jardim-terra\u00e7o.","description":"Paris, s.d., Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:MCG-S006-FOTO00365","copyright":"Arquivos Gulbenkian","classes":[]}},{"image":{"alt":"1928-1930 Hermitage","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"","description":"","copyright":"","classes":[]}},{"image":{"alt":"","src":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600.jpg","fixed":true,"title":"","description":"","copyright":"","classes":[]}}],"slides_options":[]})" > <div class="fcg-gallery__track"> <div class="fcg-gallery__list"> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600.jpg" alt="Av. D’Iéna" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="0" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2.jpg" alt="" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="1" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000.jpg" alt="Biblioteca © Arquivos Gulbenkian" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="2" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600.jpg" alt="Hall e escada da moradia no n.º 51 da Avenue d’Iéna, Paris [Estátua de Diana, Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)]" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="3" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600.jpg" alt="Jardim-terraço da residência de Calouste Gulbenkian no n.º 51 da Avenue d’Iéna" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="4" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600.jpg" alt="1928-1930 Hermitage" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="5" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__list-item"> <figure class="fcg-figure"> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image fcg-figure__image--fit" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600.jpg" alt="" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </figure> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="4" data-index="6" x-show="!dragging" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__content"> <div class="fcg-gallery__controls"> <div class="fcg-gallery__counter"> <span x-text="(new String(current + 1)).padStart(2, '0')"></span> / <span x-text="(new String(7)).padStart(2, '0')"></span> </div> <button class="fcg-gallery__control fcg-gallery__control--prev" x-bind:disabled="!hasPrev" x-on:click="prev()" > <span class="assist">Previous</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 256 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M203.9 405.3c5.877 6.594 5.361 16.69-1.188 22.62c-6.562 5.906-16.69 5.375-22.59-1.188L36.1 266.7c-5.469-6.125-5.469-15.31 0-21.44l144-159.1c5.906-6.562 16.03-7.094 22.59-1.188c6.918 6.271 6.783 16.39 1.188 22.62L69.53 256L203.9 405.3z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-gallery__control fcg-gallery__control--next" x-bind:disabled="!hasNext" x-on:click="next()" > <span class="assist">Next</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 256 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M219.9 266.7L75.89 426.7c-5.906 6.562-16.03 7.094-22.59 1.188c-6.918-6.271-6.783-16.39-1.188-22.62L186.5 256L52.11 106.7C46.23 100.1 46.75 90.04 53.29 84.1C59.86 78.2 69.98 78.73 75.89 85.29l144 159.1C225.4 251.4 225.4 260.6 219.9 266.7z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-gallery__control fcg-gallery__control--expand" type="button" data-modal="4" x-bind:data-index="current" > <span class="assist">Expand</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M144 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H32V176c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V48c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16H144zM0 336c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16V448H144c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H16c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V336zM432 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16V176c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V64H304c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16H432zM416 336c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16V464c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H304c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16H416V336z"</svg> </button> </div> <div class="fcg-gallery__legend"> <span class="tw-mr-1" x-show="slides[current].image.title" x-html="slides[current].image.title || ''"></span> <span class="tw-mr-1" x-show="slides[current].image.description" x-html="slides[current].image.description || ''"></span> <span x-show="slides[current].image.copyright" x-html="slides[current].image.copyright || ''"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-4" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Grand-salon na Avenue d'I\u00e9na.","description":"","caption":"Paris, [s.d.]. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:SCA-P0014\/01-FOTO0072","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1600\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Av. D\u2019I\u00e9na\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>"}},{"title":"Grand Salon.","description":"","caption":"","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2.jpg 1800w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-288x192.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-576x384.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-992x661.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\" \/>"}},{"title":"Biblioteca na Avenue d'I\u00e9na.","description":"","caption":"Paris, [s.d.]. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:COM-S001\/017-D01637-FOTO14439","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1600\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Biblioteca \u00a9 Arquivos Gulbenkian\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-288x180.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-576x360.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-992x620.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-1200x750.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>"}},{"title":"Hall, escadaria e \"Diana\" de Jean-Antoine Houdon na Avenue d'I\u00e9na","description":"","caption":"Paris, [s.d.]. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:SCA-P0014\/01-FOTO0071","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1000\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Hall e escada da moradia no n.\u00ba 51 da Avenue d\u2019I\u00e9na, Paris [Est\u00e1tua de Diana, Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)]\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-640x1024.jpg 640w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-768x1229.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-960x1536.jpg 960w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-288x461.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-576x922.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-992x1587.jpg 992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>"}},{"title":"Av. D' I\u00e9na, Jardim-terra\u00e7o.","description":"","caption":"Paris, s.d., Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:MCG-S006-FOTO00365<br \/>Arquivos Gulbenkian","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1230\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Jardim-terra\u00e7o da resid\u00eancia de Calouste Gulbenkian no n.\u00ba 51 da Avenue d\u2019I\u00e9na\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600.jpg 1230w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-787x1024.jpg 787w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-768x999.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-1181x1536.jpg 1181w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-288x375.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-576x749.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-992x1290.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-1200x1561.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1230px) 100vw, 1230px\" \/>"}},{"title":"","description":"Negoceia intensamente com as autoridades sovi\u00e9ticas a compra de obras de arte pertencentes ao Museu do Hermitage e a cole\u00e7\u00f5es oficiais da Uni\u00e3o Sovi\u00e9tica.","caption":"","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1000\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"1928-1930 Hermitage\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-640x1024.jpg 640w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-768x1229.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-960x1536.jpg 960w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-288x461.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-576x922.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1929_Hermitage_1600-992x1587.jpg 992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>"}},{"title":"","description":"","caption":"","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1600\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>"}}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__counter"> <span class="fcg-media-modal__counter-index" x-text="(new String(current + 1)).padStart(2, '0')"></span> <span class="fcg-media-modal__counter-total" x-text="(new String(slides.length)).padStart(2, '0')"></span> </div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="0"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1000" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Av. D’Iéna" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03025_Av-DIena_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="1"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1800" height="1200" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2.jpg 1800w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-288x192.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-576x384.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-992x661.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Neg-055-Reg-5739_3x2-1200x800.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="2"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1000" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Biblioteca © Arquivos Gulbenkian" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-300x188.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-288x180.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-576x360.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-992x620.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-005-Reg-5689_1600x1000-1200x750.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="3"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1600" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Hall e escada da moradia no n.º 51 da Avenue d’Iéna, Paris [Estátua de Diana, Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)]" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-188x300.jpg 188w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-640x1024.jpg 640w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-768x1229.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-960x1536.jpg 960w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-288x461.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-576x922.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/F04-03024_Av-DIena_1600-992x1587.jpg 992w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="4"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1230" height="1600" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Jardim-terraço da residência de Calouste Gulbenkian no n.º 51 da Avenue d’Iéna" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600.jpg 1230w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-231x300.jpg 231w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-787x1024.jpg 787w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-768x999.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-1181x1536.jpg 1181w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-288x375.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-576x749.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-992x1290.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Neg-001-Reg-5685_1200x1600-1200x1561.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1230px) 100vw, 1230px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="5"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1600" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="1928-1930 Hermitage" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-188x300.jpg 188w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-640x1024.jpg 640w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-768x1229.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-960x1536.jpg 960w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-288x461.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-576x922.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1929_Hermitage_1600-992x1587.jpg 992w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> </figure> </li> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="6"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1000" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/National-Gallery-Washington_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <p class="tw-font-serif">As his collection expanded and as he grew older, Gulbenkian became ever more concerned about how to preserve his achievement, and also how to avoid paying taxes on his legacy. In 1937 he started discussions with one of his art advisors, Kenneth Clark, about a “Gulbenkian Institute” to be built next to the National Gallery in London. He was declared an “enemy” by the British Government during the Second World War because he had followed the French Government to Vichy as a member of the Persian diplomatic delegation. The British temporarily sequestered his share of the Iraq Petroleum Company (as TPC was now known). Although both steps were regulations of a kind imposed by all countries during wartime Gulbenkian chose to take them as personal slights. He began looking elsewhere for a permanent home for his art collection and the international foundation he planned to endow. He considered the National Gallery of Art in Washington as a potential home for his collection, working closely with its director, John Walker.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">At the time of his death in 1955 Gulbenkian does not appear to have decided where he wanted his collection to be housed and simply left it his trusted advisor, Cyril Radcliffe to take such decisions as he saw fit. One thing was clear: Gulbenkian wanted his collection of antiquities, sculpture, painting and furniture displayed together under one roof, rather than scattered across the galleries of a larger museum.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-justify-center"> <div class="fcg-col-lg-10 tw-mt-8 tw-mb-10"> <div class="fcg-row tw-mt-9 lg:tw-mt-12 tw-mb-4 lg:tw-mb-7"> <div class="tw-relative fcg-col-12 tw-mb-5"> <article class="fcg-card" > <figure class="fcg-figure"> <div class=""> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600.jpg" alt="União Geral de Beneficência Arménia (AGBU)" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </div> <figcaption class="fcg-figure__caption"> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-title"> Calouste Gulbenkian na Reunião da União Geral de Beneficência Arménia (AGBU). </span> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-description"> Paris, 1931. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:COM-S001-D02745-FOTO26767 </span> </figcaption> </figure> </article> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="674c39e0c8ea7" data-index="0" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> <div id="modal-674c39e0c8ea7" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Calouste Gulbenkian na Reuni\u00e3o da Uni\u00e3o Geral de Benefic\u00eancia Arm\u00e9nia (AGBU).","description":"","caption":"Paris, 1931. Arquivos Gulbenkian PT FCG FCG:COM-S001-D02745-FOTO26767","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1600\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Uni\u00e3o Geral de Benefic\u00eancia Arm\u00e9nia (AGBU)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>"}}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="0"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1000" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="União Geral de Beneficência Arménia (AGBU)" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-300x188.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-288x180.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-576x360.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-992x620.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1931_Reuniao-em-Paris-dos-lideres-da-AGBU_1600-1200x750.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <p class="tw-font-serif">Besides being a discerning collector, Calouste Gulbenkian was a generous philanthropist. In keeping with family tradition he supported a larger number of Armenian charities, including the S. Pirgiç Hospital in Istanbul, where his parents are buried. He left the majority of his collection of Armenian art to the Armenian museum in Jerusalem. His philanthropy was by no means limited to the Armenian community however. Throughout his long life Gulbenkian made regular donations to a panoply of other good causes, avoiding public recognition wherever possible.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div id="tab-5" class="fcg-tabs__content" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-5" tabindex="0" x-bind:hidden="current !== 5" x-bind:class="{ 'active': current === 5 }" > <div class="v2 tw-mt-20"> <section class="fcg-section fcg-section"> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <h2>Last years in Lisbon</h2> <p class="fcg-lead">During World War II Gulbenkian initially stayed in France but decided in April 1942 to seek refuge in a neutral country. The choice lay between Switzerland and Portugal.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif tw-mt-8">Gulbenkian settled on Portugal because of its geographical situation: if necessary he could escape by sea to the United States. He remained until his death; perhaps because of the stable society, the low taxes, and the absence of a prying media. In Lisbon he felt welcome – he wrote later “that he had never felt anywhere else” such hospitality as in Lisbon, a quiet city in a Europe devastated by war.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-justify-center"> <div class="fcg-col-lg-10 tw-mt-8 tw-mb-10"> <div class="fcg-row tw-mt-9 lg:tw-mt-12 tw-mb-4 lg:tw-mb-7"> <div class="tw-relative fcg-col-12 tw-mb-5"> <article class="fcg-card" > <figure class="fcg-figure"> <div class=""> <img decoding="async" class="fcg-figure__image" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900.jpg" alt="" sizes="" srcset="" width="" height=""> </div> <figcaption class="fcg-figure__caption"> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-title"> Hotel Aviz. Última Residência de Calouste Gulbenkian </span> <span class="fcg-figure__caption-description"> Estúdio Horácio Novais, [s.d.]. Biblioteca de Arte. CFT164.47687 </span> </figcaption> </figure> </article> <button type="button" class="button-invisible" data-modal="674c39e0ca255" data-index="0" > <span class="assist">Open item in modal</span> </button> </div> </div> <div id="modal-674c39e0ca255" x-cloak x-data="MediaModal({ slides: [{"title":"Hotel Aviz. \u00daltima Resid\u00eancia de Calouste Gulbenkian","description":"","caption":"Est\u00fadio Hor\u00e1cio Novais, [s.d.].\u00a0Biblioteca de Arte. CFT164.47687 ","image":{"html":"<img width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-288x162.jpg 288w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-576x324.jpg 576w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-992x558.jpg 992w, https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>"}}] })" > <template x-if="isOpen"> <div class="fcg-media-modal"> <aside class="fcg-media-modal__sidebar" x-show="slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption || slides[current].meta" x-transition:enter="transition ease-out duration-1000" x-transition:enter-start="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" x-transition:enter-end="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave="transition ease-in duration-1000" x-transition:leave-start="opacity-100 transform translate-x-0" x-transition:leave-end="opacity-0 transform -translate-x-100" > <span class="fcg-media-modal__meta tw-block tw-text-grey-500" x-show="slides[current].meta" x-html="slides[current].meta || ''"></span> <h4 class="fcg-media-modal__title" x-html="slides[current].title || ''"></h4> <p class="fcg-media-modal__description" x-show="slides[current].description" x-html="slides[current].description || ''"></p> <p class="fcg-media-modal__caption" x-show="slides[current].caption" x-html="slides[current].caption || ''"></p> <a class="button-text tw-text-grey-500 tw-mt-5" x-bind:href="slides[current].link" x-show="slides[current].link">Find out more</a> </aside> <div class="fcg-media-modal__content" x-bind:class="{ 'has-sidebar': slides[current].title || slides[current].description || slides[current].caption }" > <div class="fcg-media-modal__zoom" x-ref="zoom" x-show="zoom > 1" x-on:mousedown="getPositions($event)" x-on:mouseup="disable()" x-on:mouseleave="disable()" x-on:mousemove="zoomPan($event)" x-on:touchstart="getPositions($event)" x-on:touchend="disable()" x-on:touchcancel="disable()" x-on:touchmove="zoomPan($event)" ></div> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls"> <div class="fcg-media-modal__controls-zoom" x-show="zoomable" > <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomIn" x-bind:disabled="maxZoom" > <span class="assist">Zoom in</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--zoom" x-on:click="zoomOut" x-bind:disabled="zoom < 2" > <span class="assist">Zoom out</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16L32 272c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16l384 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--close" x-on:click="closeModal"> <span class="assist">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="m319.96,282.23l-197.72,197.69-26.24-26.18,197.74-197.71L96,58.29l26.24-26.23,197.74,197.72,197.83-197.72,26.19,26.2-197.76,197.72,197.76,197.72-26.19,26.23-197.85-197.71Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--left" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current < 1" x-on:click="prev()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22.5 42.5"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M21.25,1.25l-20,20,20,20"/> </svg> </button> <button class="fcg-media-modal__control fcg-media-modal__control--right" x-show="slides.length > 1" x-bind:disabled="current + 1 >= slides.length" x-on:click="next()" > <svg width="18" height="36" viewBox="0 0 22 42"> <path fill="transparent" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M1.25,41.25l20-20-20-20"/> </svg> </button> <div class="fcg-media-modal__wrap"> <ul class="fcg-media-modal__list"> <li class="fcg-media-modal__item" x-ref="0"> <figure class="fcg-figure fcg-figure--no-fill"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-300x169.jpg 300w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-288x162.jpg 288w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-576x324.jpg 576w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-992x558.jpg 992w, https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/8900290048_18eae13fe7_3k_1600x900-1200x675.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </figure> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-container-narrow"> <div class="fcg-content"> <div> <p class="tw-font-serif">He lived at the Hotel Aviz, Lisbon, for thirteen years and died in Lisbon on 20 July 1955, aged 86. His will (18 June 1953) left generous legacies to his children and established lifetime pensions for other relatives and retainers. He created an international foundation that would bear his name, inherit the rest of his fortune, and be presided over by his trusted lawyer, Lord Radcliffe. To him he entrusted the mission to act so as to benefit “humanity”. He also wanted his Foundation to reflect what he considered his major achievements: his art collection and his role as a “business architect”, conceiving structures to bring together and unite different nations, groups and interests.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">After his death, arduous negotiations with the French and Portuguese governments ensued, to establish the terms under which Gulbenkian’s art collection would be allowed to leave France, as well as the legal basis for the foundation. In 1960, the entire collection was brought to Portugal, where it was exhibited at the Pombal Palace in Oeiras from 1965 to 1969.</p> <hr /> <h4>14 YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH, HIS WISH WAS FULFILLED, WHEN THE CALOUSTE GULBENKIAN MUSEUM OPENED IN LISBON.</h4> <hr /> <p class="tw-font-serif">However differences of opinion concerning the weight of the international activities to be carried out by the Foundation, the composition of its Board of Trustees (the Government insisted on a majority of Portuguese members), and the fear of government interference led Lord Radcliffe to resign. Thus José Azeredo Perdigão became the first President of the Foundation.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">Presently the Foundation – one of the largest foundations in Europe – is trying to act more internationally, partly to tackle the major issues facing society but also to honour the Founder’s wishes. The Foundation is active in collaborating with other Foundations on international issues.</p> <p class="tw-font-serif">The definitive biography of Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian was prepared by historian Dr Jonathan Conlin (University of Southampton) and published for the 150th anniversary of Calouste Gulbenkian’s birth in 2019.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </main> <footer id="rodape" class="main-footer clearfix"> <div class="pre-footer"> <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="fcg-row tw-mx-0">  <div class="fcg-col-12 fcg-col-md-4 pre-footer__col">  <div class="pre-footer__newsletter"> <h3>Newsletter</h3> <form action="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/newsletter/" method="post"> <div class="footer__newsletter"> <div class="input-and-button"> <label for="newsletter-email" class="assist"> e-mail address for newsletter subscription </label> <input id="newsletter-email" type="email" name="email" required="required" class="input-and-button__input" placeholder="Email"> <button class="button" type="submit"> Subscribe </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div>  <div class="fcg-col-12 fcg-col-md-4 fcg-offset-lg-1 pre-footer__col">  <div class="pre-footer__socialmedia"> <h3>Follow Us</h3> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://gulbenkian.pt/en"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/fcgulbenkian" title="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" itemprop="sameAs" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/calouste-gulbenkian-foundation/" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" itemprop="sameAs" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/fcgulbenkian/" title="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" itemprop="sameAs" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/FCGulbenkian" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" itemprop="sameAs" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/FCGulbenkian" title="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" itemprop="sameAs" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 576 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="fcg-col-12 fcg-col-md-4 fcg-col-lg-3 pre-footer__col pre-footer__contacts"> <h3>Information</h3> <div id="quick-links"> <div class=" align-left"> <p><a title="Google Maps" href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=38.737474,-9.154679&z=16&t=m&hl=en-US&gl=PT&mapclient=embed&cid=566985792386140131" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Av. de Berna, 45A, 1067-001 Lisbon</a><br /> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/contact-us/">Contact us</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-col-md-12 pre-footer__otherlinks"> <ul class="tw-font-sans no-ul-padding no-list-format tw-mb-0"> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/newsletter/" > Gulbenkian Newsletters </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/careers/" > Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/links/" > Links </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/frequently-asked-questions/" > FAQ's </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/quality-policy/" > Quality Policy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/prevention-policies/" > Ethics and Reporting Channel </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/privacy/" > Privacy and Cookies Policy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/conditions-of-use/" > Terms of Use </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="js-cookie-settings"> Cookies Settings </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="fcg-container"> <div class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__certifies"> <p><a id="cc-logo" class="tw-mr-6" style="color: #000000" title="Creative Commons" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.pt" rel="license"><i><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path d="M245.83 214.87l-33.22 17.28c-9.43-19.58-25.24-19.93-27.46-19.93-22.13 0-33.22 14.61-33.22 43.84 0 23.57 9.21 43.84 33.22 43.84 14.47 0 24.65-7.09 30.57-21.26l30.55 15.5c-6.17 11.51-25.69 38.98-65.1 38.98-22.6 0-73.96-10.32-73.96-77.05 0-58.69 43-77.06 72.63-77.06 30.72-.01 52.7 11.95 65.99 35.86zm143.05 0l-32.78 17.28c-9.5-19.77-25.72-19.93-27.9-19.93-22.14 0-33.22 14.61-33.22 43.84 0 23.55 9.23 43.84 33.22 43.84 14.45 0 24.65-7.09 30.54-21.26l31 15.5c-2.1 3.75-21.39 38.98-65.09 38.98-22.69 0-73.96-9.87-73.96-77.05 0-58.67 42.97-77.06 72.63-77.06 30.71-.01 52.58 11.95 65.56 35.86zM247.56 8.05C104.74 8.05 0 123.11 0 256.05c0 138.49 113.6 248 247.56 248 129.93 0 248.44-100.87 248.44-248 0-137.87-106.62-248-248.44-248zm.87 450.81c-112.54 0-203.7-93.04-203.7-202.81 0-105.42 85.43-203.27 203.72-203.27 112.53 0 202.82 89.46 202.82 203.26-.01 121.69-99.68 202.82-202.84 202.82z"/></svg></i><i><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 496 512"> <path d="M314.9 194.4v101.4h-28.3v120.5h-77.1V295.9h-28.3V194.4c0-4.4 1.6-8.2 4.6-11.3 3.1-3.1 6.9-4.7 11.3-4.7H299c4.1 0 7.8 1.6 11.1 4.7 3.1 3.2 4.8 6.9 4.8 11.3zm-101.5-63.7c0-23.3 11.5-35 34.5-35s34.5 11.7 34.5 35c0 23-11.5 34.5-34.5 34.5s-34.5-11.5-34.5-34.5zM247.6 8C389.4 8 496 118.1 496 256c0 147.1-118.5 248-248.4 248C113.6 504 0 394.5 0 256 0 123.1 104.7 8 247.6 8zm.8 44.7C130.2 52.7 44.7 150.6 44.7 256c0 109.8 91.2 202.8 203.7 202.8 103.2 0 202.8-81.1 202.8-202.8.1-113.8-90.2-203.3-202.8-203.3z"/></svg></i><i><svg class="icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path d="M247.6 8C387.4 8 496 115.9 496 256c0 147.2-118.5 248-248.4 248C113.1 504 0 393.2 0 256 0 123.1 104.7 8 247.6 8zM55.8 189.1c-7.4 20.4-11.1 42.7-11.1 66.9 0 110.9 92.1 202.4 203.7 202.4 122.4 0 177.2-101.8 178.5-104.1l-93.4-41.6c-7.7 37.1-41.2 53-68.2 55.4v38.1h-28.8V368c-27.5-.3-52.6-10.2-75.3-29.7l34.1-34.5c31.7 29.4 86.4 31.8 86.4-2.2 0-6.2-2.2-11.2-6.6-15.1-14.2-6-1.8-.1-219.3-97.4zM248.4 52.3c-38.4 0-112.4 8.7-170.5 93l94.8 42.5c10-31.3 40.4-42.9 63.8-44.3v-38.1h28.8v38.1c22.7 1.2 43.4 8.9 62 23L295 199.7c-42.7-29.9-83.5-8-70 11.1 53.4 24.1 43.8 19.8 93 41.6l127.1 56.7c4.1-17.4 6.2-35.1 6.2-53.1 0-57-19.8-105-59.3-143.9-39.3-39.9-87.2-59.8-143.6-59.8z"/></svg></i><i><svg class="icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path d="M247.6 8C389.4 8 496 118.1 496 256c0 147.1-118.5 248-248.4 248C113.6 504 0 394.5 0 256 0 123.1 104.7 8 247.6 8zm.8 44.7C130.2 52.7 44.7 150.6 44.7 256c0 109.8 91.2 202.8 203.7 202.8 103.2 0 202.8-81.1 202.8-202.8.1-113.8-90.2-203.3-202.8-203.3zm94 144.3v42.5H162.1V197h180.3zm0 79.8v42.5H162.1v-42.5h180.3z"/> </svg></i></a><a class="inline-block" title="Certificado NP EN ISO 14001 - PT12/04222" href="https://www.sgsgroup.cz/en/vr/certified-client-directory" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="iso-img" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ISO-14001_preto.svg" alt="ISO-14001" width="36" height="36" /></a><a class="inline-block" title="Livro de Reclamações" href="https://www.livroreclamacoes.pt/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="complaint-book-img" title="Livro de reclamações" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/livro_reclamacoes_preto-01.svg" alt="LR" width="91" height="36" /></a></p> </div> <div class="md:tw-flex md:tw-justify-between md:tw-items-center"> <div class="site-footer__lang tw-order-2"> <ul class="fcg-language-switcher"> <li class="fcg-language-switcher__item"> <a class="fcg-language-switcher__link" href="https://gulbenkian.pt" title="Português"> pt </a> </li> <li class="fcg-language-switcher__item is-active">en</li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__legal tw-self-end"> ©2024 Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian – Rights reserved </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div x-data="CookieConsent({"isPrivacyPage":false})" class="cookies-modal" x-bind:class="{ 'cookies-modal--settings': showSettings, 'tw-block': isOpen}" > <form class="fcg-modal" method="post" x-on:submit="handleSubmit" > <input type="hidden" name="cookie_consent" value="1" /> <div class="fcg-modal__header"> <h2 class="fcg-modal__title" x-show="!showSettings"> Cookies settings </h2> <h2 class="fcg-modal__title" x-show="showSettings"> Cookies Selection </h2> </div> <div class="fcg-modal__body tw-mb-6" x-show="!showSettings"> <p class="tw-text-16"> This website uses cookies to improve your browsing experience, security, and its website performance. We may also use cookies to share information on social media and to display messages and advertisements personalised to your interests, both on our website and in others. </p> </div> <div class="fcg-modal__body" x-show="showSettings"> <div class="fcg-accordion"> <div class="fcg-accordion__item fcg-accordion__item--bordered"> <div class="fcg-accordion__heading tw-space-x-3 tw-flex tw-items-center tw-justify-between" id="heading-cookie-required" > <h3 class="fcg-accordion__title"> <button x-on:click="open !== 0 ? open = 0 : open = null" x-bind:class="{'is-open': open === 0 }" x-bind:aria-selected="open === 0 ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-controls="content-cookie-required" class="fcg-accordion__link" type="button" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> Essential Website Cookies </button> </h3> <div class="fcg-switch"> <input type="checkbox" name="required-cookies" id="cookie-required" value="1" checked='checked' disabled='disabled' /> <label for="cookie-required" class="fcg-switch__label"> </label> </div> </div> <div id="content-cookie-required" x-bind:class="{'is-open': open === 0 }" x-bind:aria-selected="open === 0 ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-labelledby="heading-cookie-required" class="fcg-accordion__container" > <div class="fcg-accordion__body tw-font-sans tw-pb-6 tw-pt-0"> <p class="tw-mb-0"> These cookies are used to enhance your browsing experience, security and our website's performance, allowing you to access the main features of the website. Therefore, they are always enabled. This type of cookies includes cookies that allow you to be remembered as you browse the website during a single session. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-accordion__item fcg-accordion__item--bordered"> <div class="fcg-accordion__heading tw-space-x-3 tw-flex tw-justify-between tw-items-center" id="heading-cookie-performance" > <h3 class="fcg-accordion__title"> <button x-on:click="open !== 1 ? open = 1 : open = null" x-bind:class="{'is-open': open === 1 }" x-bind:aria-selected="open === 1 ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-controls="content-cookie-performance" class="fcg-accordion__link" type="button" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> Performance Cookies </button> </h3> <div class="fcg-switch"> <input type="checkbox" name="performance-cookies" id="cookie-performance" value="2" x-on:input="handleChange"x-model="levels[1]" /> <label for="cookie-performance" class="fcg-switch__label"> </label> </div> </div> <div id="content-cookie-performance" x-bind:class="{'is-open': open === 1 }" x-bind:aria-selected="open === 1 ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-labelledby="heading-cookie-performance" class="fcg-accordion__container" > <div class="fcg-accordion__body tw-font-sans tw-pb-6 tw-pt-0"> <p class="tw-mb-0"> These cookies collect information about the use of the website to improve the services provided and to evaluate the performance of the website. Some of these cookies may be used to test pages or the functionality of the website by measuring the reaction of users. These cookies may be our own and / or owned by third parties. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-accordion__item fcg-accordion__item--bordered"> <div class="fcg-accordion__heading tw-space-x-3 tw-flex tw-justify-between tw-items-center" id="heading-cookie-marketing" > <h3 class="fcg-accordion__title"> <button x-on:click="open !== 2 ? open = 2 : open = null" x-bind:class="{'is-open': open === 2 }" x-bind:aria-selected="open === 2 ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-controls="content-cookie-marketing" class="fcg-accordion__link" type="button" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 448 512" aria-hidden="true" > <path d="M432 256C432 264.8 424.8 272 416 272h-176V448c0 8.844-7.156 16.01-16 16.01S208 456.8 208 448V272H32c-8.844 0-16-7.15-16-15.99C16 247.2 23.16 240 32 240h176V64c0-8.844 7.156-15.99 16-15.99S240 55.16 240 64v176H416C424.8 240 432 247.2 432 256z"/></svg> Marketing, advertising and social media cookies </button> </h3> <div class="fcg-switch"> <input type="checkbox" name="marketing-cookies" id="cookie-marketing" value="3" x-on:input="handleChange"x-model="levels[2]" /> <label for="cookie-marketing" class="fcg-switch__label"> </label> </div> </div> <div id="content-cookie-marketing" x-bind:class="{'is-open': open === 2 }" x-bind:aria-selected="open === 2 ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-labelledby="heading-cookie-marketing" class="fcg-accordion__container" > <div class="fcg-accordion__body tw-font-sans tw-pb-6 tw-pt-0"> <p class="tw-mb-0"> These cookies are third-party cookies that allow to connect to social media and share multimedia content from our website on those networks. Some of these cookies help us to adapt advertising outside of our website to the interests of the users. By disabling these cookies, it will no longer be possible to directly share our content in any social media </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fcg-modal__footer"> <div class="fcg-modal__buttons tw-space-x-3"> <button class="button-outlined tw-flex-1" type="button" x-show="!showSettings" x-on:click="showSettings = true" > Choose </button> <button class="button tw-flex-1" type="button" x-show="!showSettings" x-on:click="acceptAll"> Accept all </button> <button class="button tw-m-0 sm:tw-mt-9 tw-flex-1 sm:tw-flex-none" type="submit" x-show="showSettings"> Save selection </button> </div> <p class="tw-text-12 tw-mt-9 tw-mb-0 tw-pb-20 sm:tw-pb-0"> For more information about cookies and the processing of your personal data, please see the <a target='_blank' href='https://gulbenkian.pt/en/privacy'>Privacy and Cookies Policy</a>. You can change your cookie settings at any time through the link at the bottom of the page. </p> </div> </form> </div>  <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/ImageObject\/58824","name":"Calouste Gulbenkian","url":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/en\/the-foundation\/calouste-sarkis-gulbenkian\/attachment\/calouste-gulbenkian-2\/","contentUrl":"https:\/\/gulbenkian.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Calouste-Gulbenkian-150x150.jpg"}]} </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="app-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var multisite_ajax = {"path":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/scripts/app.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="app-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.gulbenkian.pt/wp-content/themes/fcg-common/public/scripts/analytics.js?ver=aeaede7cd84a6cddeac150f112ee6b8b0a6e8481" id="analytics-js"></script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8eb261582e298829',t:'MTczMzA0ODgwMS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian | Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation