CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jamaica - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e804a882-8d13-4e49-a641-4a025256028e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jamaica","wgTitle":"Jamaica","wgCurRevisionId":1258618788,"wgRevisionId":1258618788,"wgArticleId":15660,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Language articles citing Ethnologue 25","Articles with dead external links from January 2023","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use Jamaican English from March 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English","Use dmy dates from August 2020","Articles containing Jamaican Patois-language text","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Jamaican Patois IPA","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from August 2024","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from August 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019", "Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","CS1: long volume value","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","Jamaica","Greater Antilles","Countries in the Caribbean","Island countries","Countries and territories where English is an official language","Former Spanish colonies","Former British colonies","G15 nations","Member states of the Caribbean Community","Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations","Member states of the United Nations","1510 establishments in the Spanish West Indies","1655 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies","1655 establishments in the British Empire","1962 disestablishments in the British Empire","States and territories established in 1962","Small Island Developing States","1962 establishments in Jamaica","Countries in North America"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jamaica","wgRelevantArticleId":15660,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":18.18,"lon":-77.4},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q766","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"}; RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.imagemap","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/800px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/640px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jamaica - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jamaica rootpage-Jamaica skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jamaica" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jamaica" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jamaica" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jamaica" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_rule_(1509–1655)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_rule_(1509–1655)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Spanish rule (1509–1655) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_rule_(1509–1655)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_British_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_British_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early British period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_British_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 18th–19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-independence era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political parties and elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Aquatic life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Environmental policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnic origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Roadways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports,_shipping_and_lighthouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports,_shipping_and_lighthouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.4 Ports, shipping and lighthouses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports,_shipping_and_lighthouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 National symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jamaica</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Ямайкэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ямайкэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%AB" title="ጃማይካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃማይካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamaica" title="Iamaica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iamaica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Иамаика – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иамаика" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جامايكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامايكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaica" title="Chamaica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chamaica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Ճամայքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճամայքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7amayica" title="J·amayica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="J·amayica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaica" title="Xamaica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xamaica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1ika" title="Hamáika – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hamáika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamayka" title="Xamayka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Xamayka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamayka" title="Yamayka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yamayka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جاماییکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاماییکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="জ্যামাইকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যামাইকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaika" title="Yamaika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yamaika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80" title="ཇ་མའི་ཀ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཇ་མའི་ཀ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayka" title="Jamayka – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jamayka" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica" title="Giamaica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Giamaica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جامايكا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جامايكا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschameeki" title="Tschameeki – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tschameeki" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7" title="ޖެމެއިކާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖެމެއިކާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Τζαμάικα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαμάικα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajko" title="Jamajko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jamajko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جامائیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامائیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%C3%AFque" title="Jamaïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jamaïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayka" title="Jamayka – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Jamayka" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iam%C3%A1ice" title="Iamáice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iamáice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Jamaicey" title="Yn Jamaicey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Jamaicey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamayka" title="Yamayka – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Yamayka" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaimeuca" title="Iaimeuca – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iaimeuca" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaica" title="Xamaica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xamaica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="જમૈકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જમૈકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4" title="자메이카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자메이카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ճամայկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճամայկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaik%E1%BA%A1" title="Jamaikạ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jamaikạ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaika" title="Hamaika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hamaika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="জামাইকা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জামাইকা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Ямайкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ямайкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Jamaica" title="I-Jamaica – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Jamaica" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%C3%ADka" title="Jamaíka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jamaíka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica" title="Giamaica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giamaica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ג'מייקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'מייקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camayiki" title="Camayiki – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Camayiki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95" title="ಜಮೈಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಮೈಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="იამაიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იამაიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayka" title="Jamayka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jamayka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayika" title="Jamayika – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Jamayika" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayik" title="Jamayik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jamayik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmayk" title="Janmayk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Janmayk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%C3%AEka" title="Jamaîka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jamaîka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica" title="Giamaica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Giamaica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamaica" title="Iamaica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iamaica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica" title="Giamaica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Giamaica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaike" title="Jamaike – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Jamaike" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djamaikas" title="djamaikas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djamaikas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica" title="Giamaica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giamaica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%CC%A3%C3%A2m%C3%A9ika" title="J̣âméika – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="J̣âméika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јамајка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јамајка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%C3%AEka" title="Jamaîka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jamaîka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ജമൈക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജമൈക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0amajka" title="Ġamajka – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġamajka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaika" title="Hamaika – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hamaika" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="იამაიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იამაიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="چامايكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چامايكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جامائیکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جامائیکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯖꯃꯥꯢꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯃꯥꯢꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျမေကာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျမေကာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB" title="ジャマイカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャマイカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaeka" title="Jamaeka – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jamaeka" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaayikaa" title="Jamaayikaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jamaayikaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamayka" title="Yamayka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yamayka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਮੈਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਮੈਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جمیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جمايکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جمايکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumieka" title="Jumieka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jumieka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%C3%AFque" title="Jamaïque – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jamaïque" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giam%C3%A0ica" title="Giamàica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giamàica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Τζαμαίκαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τζαμαίκαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamayka" title="Yamayka – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yamayka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camayka" title="Camayka – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Camayka" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamayka" title="Shamayka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Shamayka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дьамайка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьамайка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="जमैका – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जमैका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giam%C3%A0ica" title="Giamàica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giamàica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhamajka" title="Xhamajka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhamajka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica" title="Giamaica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giamaica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජැමෙයිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජැමෙයිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="جميڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جميڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamayikha" title="IJamayikha – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJamayikha" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayka" title="Jamayka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jamayka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جامایکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جامایکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јамајка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јамајка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ஜமேக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜமேக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A6amayka" title="Ǧamayka – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ǧamayka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမေႇၵႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမေႇၵႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="జమైకా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జమైకా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศจาเมกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจาเมกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaika" title="Samaika – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Samaika" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dama%C3%BDka" title="Ýamaýka – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýamaýka" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%CC%B1ma%CC%B1ika" title="Ja̱ma̱ika – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ja̱ma̱ika" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ямайка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جمیکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="يامايكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يامايكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zam%C3%A0ega" title="Zamàega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zamàega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaik" title="Jamaik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jamaik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameke%C3%A4n" title="Camekeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Camekeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%A0" title="牙買加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="牙買加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayka" title="Jamayka – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jamayka" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0" title="牙买加 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="牙买加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="דזשאמייקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשאמייקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C3%A1%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Jamáíkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jamáíkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%A0" title="牙買加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牙買加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camayka" title="Camayka – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Camayka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0" title="牙买加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牙买加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamayka" title="Yamayka – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Yamayka" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jamaica" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jamaica" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jamaica" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&oldid=1258618788" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jamaica&id=1258618788&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJamaica">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJamaica">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jamaica&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jamaica" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jamaica" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jamaica" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q766" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica&params=18_10_48_N_77_24_00_W_scale:1000000">18°10′48″N 77°24′00″W / 18.18000°N 77.40000°W / 18.18000; -77.40000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Caribbean Sea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jamaica (disambiguation)">Jamaica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Jamaica</div><div class="ib-country-names">Jumieka (<a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Patois language">Jamaican Patois</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Jamaica"><img alt="Flag of Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/125px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/188px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/250px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Jamaica"><img alt="Coat of arms of Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica" title="Coat of arms of Jamaica"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Out of Many, One People"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love" title="Jamaica, Land We Love">Jamaica, Land We Love</a>"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle=""Jamaica,_Land_We_Love",_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Jamaica%2C_Land_We_Love%22%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Jamaica"><img alt="Location of Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jamaica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Jamaica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jamaica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Jamaica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jamaica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Jamaica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica&params=17_58_17_N_76_47_35_W_type:city">17°58′17″N 76°47′35″W / 17.97139°N 76.79306°W / 17.97139; -76.79306</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">Vernacular language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>76.3% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">Afro-Jamaican</a></li> <li>15.1% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans#Afro-European_or_Browning_Class" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Afro-European</a></li> <li>3.4% <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>3.2% <a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">White</a></li> <li>1.2% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Chinese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Chinese</a></li> <li>0.8% others<a href="#cite_note-uwi.edu-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>68.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>64.8% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>4.1% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>21.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li> <li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li>6.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">others</a></li> <li>2.3% not stated<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">Governor-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allen_(governor-general)" title="Patrick Allen (governor-general)">Patrick Allen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Senate</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">House of Representatives</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Jamaica" title="Independence of Jamaica">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Granted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1962</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,991 km2 (4,244 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">160th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jamaica" title="Demographics of Jamaica">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2019 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,734,092<a href="#cite_note-esa.un.org-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">137th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,697,983<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">266<a href="#cite_note-esa2.un.org-5">[5]</a>/km2 (688.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $33.775 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JM-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">143rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12,283<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JM-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">134th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20.586 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JM-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">119th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,487<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JM-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">101st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 40.2<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.706<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Jamaican dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">JMD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>-5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Jamaica">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_876_and_658" title="Area codes 876 and 658">+1-876</a> <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_876_and_658" title="Area codes 876 and 658">+1-658</a> (<a href="/wiki/Overlay_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Overlay plan">Overlay</a> of 876)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:JM" title="ISO 3166-2:JM">JM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.jm" title=".jm">.jm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jamaica (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʒəˈmeɪkə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/En-us-Jamaica.ogg\/En-us-Jamaica.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Jamaica.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/En-us-Jamaica.ogg/En-us-Jamaica.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Jamaica.ogg" title="File:En-us-Jamaica.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">jə-MAY-kə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Patois language">Jamaican Patois</a>: Jumieka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dʒʌˈmie̯ka]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. At 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi), it is the third-largest island—after <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>—of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> Jamaica lies about 145 km (78 nmi) south of Cuba, 191 km (103 nmi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>), and 215 km (116 nmi) southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> (a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> peoples of the island gradually came under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish rule</a> after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1494. Many of the indigenous people either were killed or died of diseases, after which the Spanish brought large numbers of Africans to Jamaica as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> The island remained a possession of Spain, under the name <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Santiago</a>, until 1655, when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (part of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>) conquered it and named it Jamaica. It became an important part of the colonial <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>. Under Britain's colonial rule, Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with a plantation economy dependent on continued importation of African slaves and their descendants. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many freedmen chose to have <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farms</a> rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British began using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indentured</a> labourers for plantation work. Jamaicans achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> With 2.8 million people,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-11">[11]</a> Jamaica is the third most populous <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone</a> country in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (after the United States and Canada), and the fourth most populous country in the Caribbean. <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> is the country's capital and largest city. Most <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaicans</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> ancestry, with significant <a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Chinese</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jamaicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jamaicans">Lebanese</a>, and mixed-race minorities.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> Because of a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, there is a large <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">Jamaican diaspora</a>, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The country has a global influence that belies its small size; it was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> religion, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> music (and such associated genres as <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>), and it is internationally prominent in sports, including <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-track-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-state2007-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_country-15">[15]</a> Jamaica has sometimes been considered the world's least populous <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)#Other_categories" title="Power (international relations)">cultural superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Jamaica is an upper-middle-income country<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_country-15">[15]</a> with an economy heavily dependent on tourism; it has an average of 4.3 million tourists a year.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> The country performs favourably in measures of <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">press freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">democratic governance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index" title="Happy Planet Index">sustainable well-being</a>. Jamaica is a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with power vested in the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Parliament of Jamaica</a>, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a> has served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister of Jamaica</a> since March 2016. As a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">its king</a>, the appointed representative of the Crown is the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">Governor-General of Jamaica</a>, an office held by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allen_(governor-general)" title="Patrick Allen (governor-general)">Patrick Allen</a> since 2009. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>, the Taíno, called the island Xaymaca in their <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[a]</a> meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".<a href="#cite_note-taino-22">[21]</a> Yamaye has been suggested as an early Taino name for the island as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atkinson-23">[22]</a> Jamaicans often refer to their home island as "yaad" - the Jamaican Patois word for yard, meaning home. Other colloquial names such as "Jamrock", "Jamdown" ("Jamdung" in <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>), or briefly "Ja" are also widely used.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UGC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UGC">user-generated source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica2-25">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">History of Jamaica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Jamaica" title="Pre-Columbian Jamaica">Pre-Columbian Jamaica</a></div> There is no archaeological evidence of any human presence on Jamaica until about 500.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> A group known as the "Redware people" after their pottery arrived circa 600,<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> followed by the Taíno circa 800, who most likely came from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> They practised an agrarian and fishing economy, and at their height are thought to have numbered some 60,000 people, grouped into around 200 villages headed by <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciques</a> (chiefs).<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-primearticles1-29">[28]</a> Though often thought to have become extinct following contact with Europeans, the Taíno in fact still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655.<a href="#cite_note-primearticles1-29">[28]</a> Some fled into interior regions, merging with African <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Maroon</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any remaining evidence of the Taíno.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_rule_(1509–1655)">Spanish rule (1509–1655)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Colony of Santiago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg/220px-Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg/330px-Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg/440px-Cristobal_Columbus20231003_115330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Cristopher_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristopher Columbus">Cristopher Columbus</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Ann_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ann Parish">St. Ann Parish</a></figcaption></figure> Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Jamaica, claiming the island for Spain after landing there in 1494 on his second voyage to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> His probable landing point was Dry Harbour, called <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Discovery Bay, Jamaica">Discovery Bay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-columbus-34">[33]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish" title="Saint Ann Parish">St. Ann's Bay</a> was named "Saint Gloria" by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land. He later returned in 1503; however, he was shipwrecked and he and his crew were forced to live on Jamaica for a year while waiting to be rescued.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> One and a half kilometres west of St. Ann's Bay is the site of the first Spanish settlement on the island, <a href="/wiki/Sevilla_la_Nueva_(Jamaica)" title="Sevilla la Nueva (Jamaica)">Sevilla</a>, which was established in 1509 by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Esquivel" title="Juan de Esquivel">Juan de Esquivel</a> but abandoned around 1524 because it was deemed unhealthy.<a href="#cite_note-JNHT-36">[35]</a> The capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town" title="Spanish Town">Spanish Town</a>, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_town-37">[36]</a> Meanwhile, the Taínos began dying in large numbers, both from introduced diseases and from enslavement by the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> As a result, the Spanish began importing slaves from Africa to the island.<a href="#cite_note-discja-38">[37]</a> Many slaves managed to escape, forming autonomous communities in remote and easily defended areas in the interior of Jamaica, mixing with the remaining Taino; these communities became known as <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Maroons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Many Jews fled the Spanish Inquisition</a> to live on the island.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> They lived as <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a> and were often persecuted by the Spanish rulers, and some turned to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">piracy against the Spanish Empire's shipping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> By the early 17th century it is estimated that no more than 2,500–3,000 people lived on Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_British_period">Early British period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Colony of Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan,Henry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Morgan%2CHenry.jpg/170px-Morgan%2CHenry.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Morgan%2CHenry.jpg/255px-Morgan%2CHenry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Morgan%2CHenry.jpg/340px-Morgan%2CHenry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean pirate</a>, privateer, plantation owner and slaveholder; he had first come to the West Indies as an indentured servant, like most of the early English colonists.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> The English began taking an interest in the island and, following a failed attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Penn (Royal Navy officer)">Admiral William Penn</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venables" title="Robert Venables">Robert Venables</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">invasion of Jamaica</a> in 1655.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocho_Rios" title="Battle of Ocho Rios">Ocho Rios in 1657</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo" title="Battle of Rio Nuevo">Rio Nuevo in 1658</a> resulted in Spanish defeats; in 1660 the Maroon community under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Bolas" title="Juan de Bolas">Juan de Bolas</a> switched sides from the Spanish, and began supporting the English. With their help, the Spanish defeat was secured.<a href="#cite_note-jamsenghist-44">[43]</a> In 1661 English civil government was formed and Roundhead soldiers turned their attention to governance and agricultural responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> When the English captured Jamaica, most Spanish colonists fled, with the exception of Spanish Jews, who chose to remain. Spanish slave holders freed their slaves before leaving.<a href="#cite_note-jamsenghist-44">[43]</a> Many slaves dispersed into the mountains, joining the already established <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">maroon</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-maroons-46">[45]</a> During the centuries of slavery, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a> established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, where they maintained their freedom and independence for generations, under the leadership of Maroon leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Serras" title="Juan de Serras">Juan de Serras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Meanwhile, the Spanish made several attempts to re-capture the island, prompting the British to support pirates attacking Spanish ships in the Caribbean; as a result piracy became rampant on Jamaica, with the city of <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> becoming notorious for its lawlessness. Spain later recognised English possession of the island with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1670)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1670)">Treaty of Madrid (1670)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> After that, the English authorities sought to rein in the worst excesses of the pirates.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 white and 1,500 black.<a href="#cite_note-population-49">[48]</a> By the early 1670s, as the English developed sugar cane plantations worked by large numbers of slaves, black Africans formed a majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Jamaica" title="Irish people in Jamaica">Irish in Jamaica</a> also formed a large part of the island's early population, making up two-thirds of the white population on the island in the late 17th century, twice that of the English population. They were brought in as indentured labourers and soldiers after the conquest of 1655. The majority of Irish were transported by force as political prisoners of war from Ireland as a result of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Migration of large numbers of Irish to the island continued into the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> A limited form of local government was introduced with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Jamaica" title="House of Assembly of Jamaica">House of Assembly of Jamaica</a> in 1664; however, it represented only a tiny number of rich plantation owners.<a href="#cite_note-HJ-53">[52]</a> In 1692, the colony was rocked by an <a href="/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake" title="1692 Jamaica earthquake">earthquake</a> that resulted in several thousand deaths and the almost complete destruction of Port Royal.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th–19th_centuries">18th–19th centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_British_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in colonial British America">Slavery in colonial British America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duperly_(1833)_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Duperly_%281833%29_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png/220px-Duperly_%281833%29_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Duperly_%281833%29_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png/330px-Duperly_%281833%29_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Duperly_%281833%29_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png/440px-Duperly_%281833%29_Destruction_of_the_Roehampton_Estate_January_1832.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>A plantation set alight during the Baptist War of 1831–32</figcaption></figure> During the 1700s the economy boomed, based largely on sugar and other crops for export such as <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>. All these crops were worked by black slaves, who lived short and often brutal lives with no rights, being the property of a small planter-class.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> In the 18th century, slaves ran away and joined the Maroons in increasing numbers, and resulted in The <a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">First Maroon War</a> (1728 – 1739/40), which ended in stalemate. The British government sued for peace, and signed treaties with the Leeward Maroons led by <a href="/wiki/Cudjoe" title="Cudjoe">Cudjoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accompong" title="Accompong">Accompong</a> in 1739, and the Windward Maroons led by <a href="/wiki/Quao" title="Quao">Quao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Nanny" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Nanny">Queen Nanny</a> in 1740.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> A large slave rebellion, known as <a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacky's War">Tacky's War</a>, broke out in 1760 but was defeated by the British and their Maroon allies.<a href="#cite_note-jamaicans1-56">[55]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">second conflict</a> in 1795–96, many Maroons from the Maroon town of <a href="/wiki/Cudjoe%27s_Town_(Trelawny_Town)" title="Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)">Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)</a> were expelled to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> By the beginning of the 19th century, Jamaica's dependence on slave labour and a plantation economy had resulted in black people outnumbering <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> by a ratio of almost 20 to 1. Although the British had outlawed the importation of slaves, some were still smuggled in from Spanish colonies and directly from Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While planning the abolition of slavery, the British Parliament passed laws to improve conditions for slaves. They banned the use of whips in the field and flogging of women; informed planters that slaves were to be allowed religious instruction, and required a free day during each week when slaves could sell their produce,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> prohibiting Sunday markets to enable slaves to attend church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The House of Assembly in Jamaica resented and resisted the new laws. Members, with membership then restricted to European-descended Jamaicans, claimed that the slaves were content and objected to Parliament's interference in island affairs. Slave owners feared possible revolts if conditions were lightened. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakewill,_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica,_Plate_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hakewill%2C_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica%2C_Plate_04.jpg/220px-Hakewill%2C_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica%2C_Plate_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hakewill%2C_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica%2C_Plate_04.jpg/330px-Hakewill%2C_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica%2C_Plate_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hakewill%2C_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica%2C_Plate_04.jpg/440px-Hakewill%2C_A_Picturesque_Tour_of_the_Island_of_Jamaica%2C_Plate_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>Harbour Street, Kingston, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820</figcaption></figure> The British <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">abolished the slave trade</a> in 1807, but not the institution itself.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 1831 a huge slave rebellion, known as the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Baptist War</a>, broke out, led by the Baptist preacher <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sharpe" title="Samuel Sharpe">Samuel Sharpe</a>. The rebellion resulted in hundreds of deaths and the destruction of many plantations, and led to ferocious reprisals by the plantocracy class.<a href="#cite_note-Revauger-59">[58]</a> As a result of rebellions such as these, as well as the efforts of abolitionists, Britain outlawed slavery in its empire in 1834, with full <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">emancipation</a> from chattel slavery declared in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The population in 1834 was 371,070, of whom 15,000 were white, 5,000 free black; 40,000 "coloured" or <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of colour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed race</a>); and 311,070 were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-population-49">[48]</a> The resulting labour shortage prompted the British to begin to "import" <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a> to supplement the labour pool, as many freedmen resisted working on the plantations.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Workers recruited from India began arriving in 1845, Chinese workers in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Many Jamaicans are descendants of South Asian and Chinese people.<a href="#cite_note-tortello-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Over the next 20 years, several epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> hit the island, killing almost 60,000 people (about 10 per day).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nevertheless, in 1871 the census recorded a population of 506,154 people, 246,573 of whom were males, and 259,581 females. Their races were recorded as 13,101 white, 100,346 coloured (known as the Browning Class), and 392,707 black.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> There was an economic slump in this period, with many Jamaicans living in poverty. Dissatisfaction with this, and continued racial discrimination and marginalisation of the black majority, led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion" title="Morant Bay rebellion">Morant Bay rebellion</a> in 1865, led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bogle" title="Paul Bogle">Paul Bogle</a>, which was put down by Governor <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">John Eyre</a> with such brutality that he was recalled from his position.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Grant" title="John Peter Grant">John Peter Grant</a>, enacted a series of social, financial and political reforms while aiming to uphold firm British rule over the island, which became a Crown Colony in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> In 1872 the capital was transferred from Spanish Town to Kingston.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg/170px-Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg/255px-Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg/340px-Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="4857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>, father of the Back to Africa Movement and Jamaica's first National Hero</figcaption></figure> In 1907, Jamaica was struck by <a href="/wiki/1907_Kingston_earthquake" title="1907 Kingston earthquake">an earthquake</a> which, together with the subsequent fire, resulted in considerable destruction in Kingston and caused the deaths of between 800 and 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Unemployment and poverty remained a problem for many Jamaicans. Various movements seeking political change arose as a result, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> in 1917. As well as seeking greater political rights and an improvement for the condition of workers, Garvey was also a prominent <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Africanist">Pan-Africanist</a> and proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-back-65">[64]</a> He was also one of the chief inspirations behind Rastafari, a religion founded in Jamaica in the 1930s that combined Christianity with an <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentric</a> theology focused on the figure of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Despite occasional persecution, Rastafari grew to become an established faith on the island, later spreading abroad. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s hit Jamaica hard. As part of the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indian_labour_unrest_of_1934%E2%80%9339" class="mw-redirect" title="British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39">British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39</a>, Jamaica saw numerous strikes, culminating in a strike in 1938 that turned into a riot.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> As a result, the British government instituted <a href="/wiki/Report_of_West_India_Royal_Commission_(Moyne_Report)" title="Report of West India Royal Commission (Moyne Report)">a commission</a> to look into the causes of the disturbances; their report recommended political and economic reforms in Britain's Caribbean colonies.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> A new House of Representatives was established in 1944, elected by universal adult suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> During this period Jamaica's two-party system emerged, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Labour Party">Jamaican Labour Party</a> (JLP) under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante" title="Alexander Bustamante">Alexander Bustamante</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a> (PNP) under <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley" title="Norman Manley">Norman Manley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Jamaica slowly gained increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. In 1958 it became a province in the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the West Indies">Federation of the West Indies</a>, a federation of several of <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">Britain's Caribbean colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Membership of the Federation proved to be divisive, however, and a <a href="/wiki/1961_Jamaican_Federation_of_the_West_Indies_membership_referendum" title="1961 Jamaican Federation of the West Indies membership referendum">referendum</a> on the issue saw a slight majority voting to leave.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> After leaving the Federation, Jamaica attained full <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Jamaica" title="Independence of Jamaica">independence</a> on 6 August 1962.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The new state retained, however, its membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> (with the British monarch as head of state) and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_parliamentary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster parliamentary system">Westminster-style parliamentary system</a>. Bustamante, at the age of 78, became the country's first prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_era">Post-independence era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Jamaica" title="Independence of Jamaica">Independence of Jamaica</a></div> Strong economic growth, averaging approximately 6% per year, marked the first ten years of independence under conservative JLP governments; these were led by successive Prime Ministers Alexander Bustamante, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sangster" title="Donald Sangster">Donald Sangster</a> (who died of natural causes within two months of taking office) and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The growth was fuelled by high levels of private investment in <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, the manufacturing industry and, to a lesser extent, the agricultural sector. In the <a href="/wiki/1967_Jamaican_general_election" title="1967 Jamaican general election">1967 Jamaican general election</a>, the JLP were victorious again, winning 33 out of 53 seats, with the PNP taking 20 seats.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-71">[70]</a> In terms of foreign policy Jamaica became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, seeking to retain strong ties with Britain and the United States whilst also developing links with Communist states such as Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Manley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Michael_Manley.jpg/220px-Michael_Manley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Michael_Manley.jpg/330px-Michael_Manley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Michael_Manley.jpg/440px-Michael_Manley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Michael Manley, Prime Minister 1972–1980 and 1989–1992</figcaption></figure> The optimism of the first decade was accompanied by a growing sense of inequality among many Afro-Jamaicans, and a concern that the benefits of growth were not being shared by the urban poor, many of whom ended up living in crime-ridden shanty towns in Kingston.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> This led to the voters <a href="/wiki/1972_Jamaican_general_election" title="1972 Jamaican general election">electing the PNP</a> under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a> in 1972. The PNP won 37 seats to the JLP's 16.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-71">[70]</a> Manley's government enacted various social reforms, such as a higher <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, land reform, legislation for women's equality, greater housing construction and an increase in educational provision.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Internationally he improved ties with the Communist bloc and vigorously opposed the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> In 1976, the PNP won another landslide, winning 47 seats to the JLP's 13. The turnout was a very high 85 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_p._430-73">[72]</a> However, the economy faltered in this period due to a combination of internal and external factors (such as the oil shocks).<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The rivalry between the JLP and PNP became intense, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">political and gang-related violence</a> grew significantly in this period.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> By 1980, Jamaica's gross national product had declined to some 25% below its 1972 level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Seeking change, Jamaicans voted the JLP <a href="/wiki/1980_Jamaican_general_election" title="1980 Jamaican general election">back in</a> in 1980 under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga">Edward Seaga</a>, the JLP winning 51 seats to the PNP's nine seats.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Firmly anti-Communist, Seaga cut ties with Cuba and sent troops to support the <a href="/wiki/US_invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="US invasion of Grenada">US invasion of Grenada</a> in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The economic deterioration, however, continued into the mid-1980s, exacerbated by a number of factors. The largest and third-largest alumina producers, <a href="/wiki/Alpart" title="Alpart">Alpart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a>, closed; and there was a significant reduction in production by the second-largest producer, <a href="/wiki/Alcan" title="Alcan">Alcan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. left the Jamaican industry. There was also a decline in tourism, which was important to the economy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Owing to rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fiscal deficits, the government sought <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) financing, which was dependent on implementing various austerity measures.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> These resulted in strikes in 1985 and a decline in support for the Seaga government, exacerbated by criticism of the government's response to the devastation caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert" title="Hurricane Gilbert">Hurricane Gilbert</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Having now de-emphasised socialism and adopting a more centrist position, Michael Manley and the PNP were <a href="/wiki/1989_Jamaican_general_election" title="1989 Jamaican general election">re-elected in 1989</a>, winning 45 seats to the JLP's 15.<a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_2005_p._430-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> The PNP went on to win a string of elections, under Prime Ministers Michael Manley (1989–1992), <a href="/wiki/P._J._Patterson" title="P. J. Patterson">P. J. Patterson</a> (1992–2005) and <a href="/wiki/Portia_Simpson-Miller" title="Portia Simpson-Miller">Portia Simpson-Miller</a> (2005–2007). In the <a href="/wiki/1993_Jamaican_general_election" title="1993 Jamaican general election">1993 Jamaican general election</a>, Patterson led the PNP to victory, winning 52 seats to the JLP's eight seats. Patterson also won the <a href="/wiki/1997_Jamaican_general_election" title="1997 Jamaican general election">1997 Jamaican general election</a>, by another landslide margin of 50 seats to the JLP's 10 seats.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_p._430-73">[72]</a> Patterson's third consecutive victory came in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Jamaican_general_election" title="2002 Jamaican general election">2002 Jamaican general election</a>, when the PNP retained power, but with a reduced seat majority of 34 seats to 26. Patterson stepped down on 26 February 2006, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Portia_Simpson-Miller" title="Portia Simpson-Miller">Portia Simpson-Miller</a>, Jamaica's first female Prime Minister. The turnout slowly declined during this period of time, from 67.4% in 1993 to 59.1% in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_2005_p._430-75">[74]</a> During this period various economic reforms were introduced, such as deregulating the finance sector and floating the Jamaican dollar, as well as greater investment in infrastructure, whilst also retaining a strong social safety net.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Political violence, so prevalent in the previous two decades, declined significantly.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2007_Jamaican_general_election" title="2007 Jamaican general election">2007</a> the PNP was defeated by the JLP by a narrow margin of 32 seats to 28, with a turnout of 61.46%.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> This election ended 18 years of PNP rule, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> became the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Golding's tenure (2007–2010) was dominated by the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">global recession</a>, as well as the fallout from <a href="/wiki/2010_Kingston_unrest" title="2010 Kingston unrest">an attempt</a> by Jamaican police and military to arrest drug lord <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Coke" title="Christopher Coke">Christopher Coke</a> in 2010 which erupted in violence, resulting in over 70 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-OAS_body_raises_concerns_over_Jamaica_as_death_toll_rises-79">[78]</a> As a result of this incident Golding resigned and was replaced by Andrew Holness in 2011. Independence, however widely celebrated in Jamaica, has been questioned in the early 21st century. In 2011, a survey showed that approximately 60% of Jamaicans believe that the country would have been better off had it remained a British colony, with only 17% believing it would have been worse off, citing as problems years of social and fiscal mismanagement in the country.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Holness and the JLP were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Jamaican_general_election" title="2011 Jamaican general election">2011 Jamaican general election</a>, which saw Portia Simpson-Miller and the PNP return to power. The number of seats had been increased to 63, and the PNP swept to power with a landslide 42 seats to the JLP's 21. The voter turnout was 53.17%.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Holness's JLP won the <a href="/wiki/2016_Jamaican_general_election" title="2016 Jamaican general election">2016</a> general election narrowly, defeating Simpson-Miller's PNP, on 25 February. The PNP won 31 seats to the JLP's 32. As a result, Simpson-Miller became Opposition Leader for a second time. The voter turnout dipped below 50% for the first time, registering just 48.37%.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Jamaican_general_election" title="2020 Jamaican general election">2020 general election</a>, Andrew Holness made history for the JLP by accomplishing a second consecutive win for the Jamaica Labour Party, winning 49 seats to 14 won by the PNP, led this time by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips_(politician)" title="Peter Phillips (politician)">Peter Phillips</a>. The last time a consecutive win occurred for the JLP was in 1980. However, the turnout at this election was just 37%, probably affected by the coronavirus pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Politics of Jamaica</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jamaica" title="Foreign relations of Jamaica">Foreign relations of Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Republicanism in Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/220px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/330px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/440px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament.jm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Parliament.jm.jpg/220px-Parliament.jm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Parliament.jm.jpg/330px-Parliament.jm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Parliament.jm.jpg/440px-Parliament.jm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Inside the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaican Parliament</a> </figcaption></figure> Jamaica is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The head of state is the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Jamaica">King of Jamaica</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>),<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> represented locally by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">Governor-General of Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The governor-general is nominated by the Prime Minister of Jamaica and the entire Cabinet and then formally appointed by the monarch. All the members of the Cabinet are appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. The monarch and the governor-general serve largely ceremonial roles, apart from their <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> for use in certain constitutional crisis situations. The position of the monarch has been a matter of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">continuing debate</a> in Jamaica for many years; currently both major political parties are committed to transitioning to a republic with a president.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Jamaica's current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jamaica" title="Constitution of Jamaica">constitution</a> was drafted in 1962 by a bipartisan joint committee of the Jamaican legislature. It came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962, which was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, which gave Jamaica independence.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Parliament of Jamaica</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a>, consisting of the House of Representatives (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House). Members of the House (known as Members of Parliament or MPs) are directly elected, and the member of the House of Representatives who, in the governor-general's best judgement, is best able to command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House, is appointed by the governor-general to be the prime minister. Senators are nominated jointly by the prime minister and the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">Leader of the Opposition</a> and are then appointed by the governor-general.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jamaica" title="Judiciary of Jamaica">Judiciary of Jamaica</a> operates on a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system derived from <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> precedents.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The court of final appeal is the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, though during the 2000s Parliament attempted to replace it with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</h3></div> Jamaica has traditionally had a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>, with power often alternating between the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a> (PNP) and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a> (JLP).<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The party with current administrative and legislative power is the Jamaica Labour Party, after its 2020 victory. There are also several minor parties who have yet to gain a seat in parliament; the largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Movement_(Jamaica)" title="National Democratic Movement (Jamaica)">National Democratic Movement</a> (NDM). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Jamaica Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg/220px-FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg/330px-FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg/440px-FN_FAL_DA-SD-04-01067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Jamaican soldiers training to fire the <a href="/wiki/L1A1_Self-Loading_Rifle" title="L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle">L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle</a> in 2002</figcaption></figure> The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the small but professional military force of Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> The JDF is based on the British military model with similar organisation, training, weapons and traditions. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending on the arm of service. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at Up Park Camp or JDF Training Depot, Newcastle, both in St. Andrew. As with the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. Additional military schools are available for speciality training in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The JDF is directly descended from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_India_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="West India Regiment">West India Regiment</a>, which was formed during the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-jdfhistory-90">[89]</a> The West India Regiment was used extensively throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in policing the empire from 1795 to 1926. Other units in the JDF heritage include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in World War II. The West Indies Regiment was reformed in 1958 as part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>, after dissolution of the Federation the JDF was established.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an <a href="/wiki/The_Jamaica_Regiment" title="The Jamaica Regiment">infantry Regiment</a> and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit.<a href="#cite_note-JDFstructure-92">[91]</a> The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). The Coast Guard is divided between seagoing crews and support crews who conduct maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations.<a href="#cite_note-cgroles-93">[92]</a> The role of the support battalion is to provide support to boost numbers in combat and issue competency training in order to allow for the readiness of the force.<a href="#cite_note-csbattalion-94">[93]</a> The 1st Engineer Regiment was formed due to an increased demand for military engineers and their role is to provide engineering services whenever and wherever they are needed.<a href="#cite_note-engineerhistory-95">[94]</a> The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF Commander, Command Staff as well as Intelligence, Judge Advocate office, Administrative and Procurement sections.<a href="#cite_note-jdfhq-96">[95]</a> In recent years the JDF has been called on to assist the nation's police, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Jamaica Constabulary Force</a> (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In early 2005, an Opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. This has not garnered support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2017, Jamaica signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Jamaica is the 91st most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jamaica" title="Parishes of Jamaica">Parishes of Jamaica</a></div> Jamaica is divided into 14 <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jamaica" title="Parishes of Jamaica">parishes</a>, which are grouped into three historic <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Jamaica">counties</a> that have no administrative relevance.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> In the context of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a> the parishes are designated "Local Authorities". These local authorities are further styled as "Municipal Corporations", which are either city municipalities or town municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-localgovernemtn-99">[98]</a> Any new city municipality must have a population of at least 50,000, and a town municipality a number set by the Minister of Local Government.<a href="#cite_note-localgovernemtn-99">[98]</a> There are currently no town municipalities. The local governments of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrews are consolidated as the city municipality of Kingston & St. Andrew Municipal Corporation. The newest city municipality is the Municipality of Portmore, created 2003. While it is geographically located within the parish of St. Catherine, it is governed independently. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#bfb; text-align:;"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwall, Jamaica">Cornwall County</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfb; text-align:center;">Capital </td> <td style="background:#bfb; text-align:center;">km2 </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#fbb; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesex, Jamaica">Middlesex County</a> </td> <td style="background:#fbb; text-align:center;">Capital </td> <td style="background:#fbb; text-align:center;">km2 </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffa; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Surrey,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey, Jamaica">Surrey County</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffa; text-align:center;">Capital </td> <td style="background:#ffa; text-align:center;">km2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Parish, Jamaica">Hanover</a></td> <td>Lucea</td> <td>  450 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Clarendon Parish, Jamaica">Clarendon</a></td> <td>May Pen</td> <td>1,196 </td> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Parish, Jamaica">Kingston</a></td> <td>Kingston</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica">Saint Elizabeth</a></td> <td>Black River</td> <td>1,212 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Parish, Jamaica">Manchester</a></td> <td>Mandeville</td> <td>   830 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Parish, Jamaica">Portland</a></td> <td>Port Antonio</td> <td>814 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint James Parish, Jamaica">Saint James</a></td> <td>Montego Bay</td> <td>  595 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica">Saint Ann</a></td> <td>St. Ann's Bay</td> <td>1,213 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica">Saint Andrew</a></td> <td>Half Way Tree</td> <td>453 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trelawny_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Trelawny Parish, Jamaica">Trelawny</a></td> <td>Falmouth</td> <td>  875 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica">Saint Catherine</a></td> <td>Spanish Town</td> <td>1,192 </td> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica">Saint Thomas</a></td> <td>Morant Bay</td> <td>743 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica">Westmoreland</a></td> <td>Savanna-la-Mar</td> <td>  807 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica">Saint Mary</a></td> <td>Port Maria</td> <td>   611 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Jamaica_parishes_numbered2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="159" usemap="#ImageMap_85aaa292849a7df7" resource="/wiki/File:Jamaica_parishes_numbered2.png" /><map name="ImageMap_85aaa292849a7df7"><area href="/wiki/Hanover_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="70,15,84,44,64,38,53,34,29,34,19,43,7,43,7,33,32,14" alt="Hanover" title="Hanover" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="88,61,75,90,95,97,98,111,115,128,146,128,135,73,135,58,106,52" alt="Saint Elizabeth" title="Saint Elizabeth" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_James_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="72,19,81,8,97,3,117,5,108,51,91,55" alt="Saint James" title="Saint James" /><area href="/wiki/Trelawny_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="120,4,167,9,170,19,160,61,147,54,137,55,112,53" alt="Trelawny Parish" title="Trelawny Parish" /><area href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="7,45,1,51,27,65,61,64,61,72,77,84,88,57,80,42,63,42,50,35,33,35" alt="Westmoreland" title="Westmoreland" /><area href="/wiki/Clarendon_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="158,60,178,97,185,128,215,155,228,152,227,123,209,65,182,60" alt="Clarendon" title="Clarendon" /><area href="/wiki/Manchester_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="147,126,182,129,174,88,152,57,135,57" alt="Manchester" title="Manchester" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="172,11,237,24,248,53,214,63,164,58" alt="Saint Ann" title="Saint Ann" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="211,64,228,118,244,131,259,132,277,101,267,93,273,75,254,52" alt="Saint Catherine" title="Saint Catherine" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="238,22,268,24,300,49,290,70,270,70,259,51,248,51" alt="Saint Mary" title="Saint Mary" /><area href="/wiki/Kingston_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="280,104,297,104,311,110,319,122,304,148,261,134" alt="Kingston Parish" title="Kingston Parish" /><area href="/wiki/Portland_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="300,49,368,68,383,98,351,94,330,93,314,82,306,81,302,86,291,73" alt="Portland" title="Portland" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="274,72,288,72,296,86,304,83,312,85,314,107,294,102,278,101,270,93" alt="Saint Andrew" title="Saint Andrew" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Parish,_Jamaica" shape="poly" coords="314,88,317,101,313,110,322,121,335,130,397,117,387,101,351,96" alt="Saint Thomas" title="Saint Thomas" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Geography of Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jamaica" title="Geology of Jamaica">Geology of Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg/220px-Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg/330px-Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg/440px-Doctors-Cave-Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doctor%27s_Cave_Beach_Club" title="Doctor's Cave Beach Club">Doctor's Cave Beach Club</a> is a popular destination in <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston,_Jamaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/220px-Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/330px-Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/440px-Start_of_the_Blue_Mountains_just_north_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)" title="Blue Mountains (Jamaica)">Blue Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> Jamaica is the third-largest island in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-jamaica_background-100">[99]</a> It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_parallel_north" title="19th parallel north">19°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/76th_meridian_west" title="76th meridian west">76°</a> and <a href="/wiki/79th_meridian_west" title="79th meridian west">79°W</a>. Mountains dominate the interior: the Don Figuerero, Santa Cruz, and May Day mountains in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Harbour_Mountains" title="Dry Harbour Mountains">Dry Harbour Mountains</a> in the centre, and the <a href="/wiki/John_Crow_Mountains" title="John Crow Mountains">John Crow Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)" title="Blue Mountains (Jamaica)">Blue Mountains</a> in the east, the latter containing <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Peak" title="Blue Mountain Peak">Blue Mountain Peak</a>, Jamaica's tallest mountain at 2,256 m.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> They are surrounded by a narrow coastal plain.<a href="#cite_note-Geogofjam-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> Jamaica has two cities, the first being <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, the capital city and centre of business, located on the south coast and the second being <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>, one of the best known cities in the Caribbean for tourism, located on the north coast. <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Harbour" title="Kingston Harbour">Kingston Harbour</a> is the seventh-largest natural harbour in the world,<a href="#cite_note-portauthority-102">[101]</a> which contributed to the city being designated as the capital in 1872. Other towns of note include <a href="/wiki/Portmore,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmore, Jamaica">Portmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town" title="Spanish Town">Spanish Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savanna_la_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna la Mar">Savanna la Mar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Jamaica" title="Mandeville, Jamaica">Mandeville</a> and the resort towns of <a href="/wiki/Ocho_R%C3%ADos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocho Ríos">Ocho Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Antonio" title="Port Antonio">Port Antonio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negril" title="Negril">Negril</a>.<a href="#cite_note-majortownsandcities-103">[102]</a> Tourist attractions include <a href="/wiki/Dunn%27s_River_Falls" title="Dunn's River Falls">Dunn's River Falls</a> in St. Ann, YS Falls in St. Elizabeth, the Blue Lagoon in <a href="/wiki/Portland_Parish" title="Portland Parish">Portland</a>, a dormant volcano's crater,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a>, site of a major earthquake in 1692 that helped form the island's <a href="/wiki/Palisadoes" title="Palisadoes">Palisadoes</a> tombolo.<a href="#cite_note-kingston-105">[104]</a> Among the variety of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems are dry and wet limestone forests, rainforest, riparian woodland, wetlands, caves, rivers, seagrass beds and coral reefs. The authorities have recognised the tremendous significance and potential of the environment and have designated some of the more "fertile" areas as "protected". Among the island's protected areas are the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_Country" title="Cockpit Country">Cockpit Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dry_forests" title="Jamaican dry forests">Hellshire Hills</a>, and Litchfield forest reserves. In 1992, Jamaica's first marine park, covering nearly 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi), was established in <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portland_Bight_Protected_Area" title="Portland Bight Protected Area">Portland Bight Protected Area</a> was designated in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The following year <a href="/wiki/Blue_and_John_Crow_Mountains_National_Park" title="Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park">Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park</a> was created, covering roughly 300 square miles (780 km2) of a wilderness area which supports thousands of tree and fern species and rare animals. There are several small islands off Jamaica's coast, most notably those in <a href="/wiki/Portland_Bight" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Bight">Portland Bight</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigeon_Island_(Jamaica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pigeon Island (Jamaica) (page does not exist)">Pigeon Island</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_Island_(Jamaica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt Island (Jamaica) (page does not exist)">Salt Island</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolphin_Island_(Jamaica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolphin Island (Jamaica) (page does not exist)">Dolphin Island</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_(Jamaica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Island (Jamaica) (page does not exist)">Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Goat_Island" title="Great Goat Island">Great Goat Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Goat_Island" title="Little Goat Island">Little Goat Island</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Lime_Cay" title="Lime Cay">Lime Cay</a> located further east. Much further out – some 50–80 km off the south coast – lie the very small <a href="/wiki/Morant_Cays" title="Morant Cays">Morant Cays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cays" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Cays">Pedro Cays</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_JAM_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification of Jamaica</figcaption></figure> The climate in Jamaica is tropical, with hot and humid weather, although higher inland regions are more temperate.<a href="#cite_note-climate-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Some regions on the south coast, such as the Liguanea Plain and the Pedro Plains, are relatively dry <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain-shadow</a> areas.<a href="#cite_note-Gleaner_Climate-108">[107]</a> Jamaica lies within the <a href="/wiki/Main_Development_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Development Region">Main Development Region</a> for Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> activity, and because of this, the island sometimes suffers significant storm damage.<a href="#cite_note-jamhurricanes-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charlie_(1951)" title="Hurricane Charlie (1951)">Charlie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert" title="Hurricane Gilbert">Gilbert</a> hit Jamaica directly in 1951 and 1988, respectively, causing major damage and many deaths. In the 2000s (decade), hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dean_(2007)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Dean (2007)">Dean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav" title="Hurricane Gustav">Gustav</a> also brought severe weather to the island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_moist_forests" title="Jamaican moist forests">Jamaican moist forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dry_forests" title="Jamaican dry forests">Jamaican dry forests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-billed_streamertail(_Trochilus_polytmus)_adult_male_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Red-billed_streamertail%28_Trochilus_polytmus%29_adult_male_2.jpg/220px-Red-billed_streamertail%28_Trochilus_polytmus%29_adult_male_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Red-billed_streamertail%28_Trochilus_polytmus%29_adult_male_2.jpg/330px-Red-billed_streamertail%28_Trochilus_polytmus%29_adult_male_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Red-billed_streamertail%28_Trochilus_polytmus%29_adult_male_2.jpg/440px-Red-billed_streamertail%28_Trochilus_polytmus%29_adult_male_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Jamaica's national bird, a <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_streamertail" title="Red-billed streamertail">red-billed streamertail</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epicrates_subflavus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Epicrates_subflavus.jpg/220px-Epicrates_subflavus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Epicrates_subflavus.jpg/330px-Epicrates_subflavus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Epicrates_subflavus.jpg/440px-Epicrates_subflavus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_boa" title="Jamaican boa">Jamaican boa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg/220px-Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg/330px-Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg/440px-Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">Jamaican parrotfish</a></figcaption></figure> Jamaica's climate is tropical, supporting diverse ecosystems with a wealth of plants and animals. Its plant life has changed considerably over the centuries; when the Spanish arrived in 1494, except for small agricultural clearings, the country was deeply forested. The European settlers cut down the great timber trees for building and ships' supplies, and cleared the plains, savannas, and mountain slopes for intense agricultural cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Many new plants were introduced including sugarcane, bananas, and citrus trees.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Jamaica is home to about 3,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">native flowering plants</a> (of which over 1,000 are <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> and 200 are species of <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchid</a>), thousands of species of non-flowering flora, and about 20 <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical gardens</a>, some of which are several hundred years old.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Areas of heavy rainfall also contain stands of bamboo, ferns, ebony, mahogany, and rosewood. Cactus and similar dry-area plants are found along the south and southwest coastal area. Parts of the west and southwest consist of large grasslands, with scattered stands of trees. Jamaica is home to three terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_moist_forests" title="Jamaican moist forests">Jamaican moist forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dry_forests" title="Jamaican dry forests">Jamaican dry forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles_mangroves" title="Greater Antilles mangroves">Greater Antilles mangroves</a>. It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.01/10, ranking it 110th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-112">[111]</a> Jamaica's fauna, typical of the Caribbean, includes highly diversified wildlife with many endemic species. As with other oceanic islands, land mammals are mostly several species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> of which at least three endemic species are found only in Cockpit Country, one of which is at-risk. Other species of bat include the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_fig-eating_bat" title="Jamaican fig-eating bat">fig-eating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lasiurus" title="Lasiurus">hairy-tailed bats</a>. The only non-bat native mammal extant in Jamaica is the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_hutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican hutia">Jamaican hutia</a>, locally known as the coney.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Introduced mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Small_Asian_mongoose" title="Small Asian mongoose">small Asian mongoose</a> are also common. Jamaica is also home to about 50 species of reptiles,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a>; however, it is only present within the Black River and a few other areas. Lizards such as <a href="/wiki/Anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anole">anoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguanas</a> and snakes such as racers and the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_boa" title="Jamaican boa">Jamaican boa</a> (the largest snake on the island), are common in areas such as the Cockpit Country. None of Jamaica's eight species of native snakes is venomous.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Jamaica is home to about 289 species of birds of which 27 are endemic including the endangered <a href="/wiki/Black-billed_amazon" title="Black-billed amazon">black-Billed parrots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_blackbird" title="Jamaican blackbird">Jamaican blackbird</a>, both of which are only found in Cockpit Country. It is also the indigenous home to four species of <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> (three of which are found nowhere else in the world): the <a href="/wiki/Black-billed_streamertail" title="Black-billed streamertail">black-billed streamertail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_mango" title="Jamaican mango">Jamaican mango</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vervain_hummingbird" title="Vervain hummingbird">Vervain hummingbird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_streamertail" title="Red-billed streamertail">red-billed streamertails</a>. The red-billed streamertail, known locally as the "doctor bird", is Jamaica's National Symbol.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Other notable species include the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_tody" title="Jamaican tody">Jamaican tody</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">Greater flamingo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> One species of freshwater turtle is native to Jamaica, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_slider" title="Jamaican slider">Jamaican slider</a>. It is found only on Jamaica and on a few islands in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>. In addition, many types of frogs are common on the island, especially <a href="/wiki/Treefrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Treefrog">treefrogs</a>. Jamaican waters contain considerable resources of fresh and saltwater fish.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The chief varieties of saltwater fish are <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">kingfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">jack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>. Fish that occasionally enter freshwater and estuarine environments include <a href="/wiki/Centropomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Centropomidae">snook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epinephelus_itajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephelus itajara">jewfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_snapper" title="Mangrove snapper">mangrove snapper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullets</a>. Fish that spend the majority of their lives in Jamaica's fresh waters include many species of <a href="/wiki/Livebearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Livebearer">livebearers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killifish" title="Killifish">killifish</a>, freshwater <a href="/wiki/Goby" title="Goby">gobies</a>, the mountain mullet, and the <a href="/wiki/American_eel" title="American eel">American eel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> have been introduced from Africa for aquaculture, and are very common. Also visible in the waters surrounding Jamaica are dolphins, <a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">parrotfish</a>, and the endangered <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">manatee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Insects and other invertebrates are abundant, including the world's largest centipede, the <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_giant_centipede" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonian giant centipede">Amazonian giant centipede</a>. Jamaica is the home to about 150 species of butterflies and moths, including 35 indigenous species and 22 subspecies. It is also the native home to the <a href="/wiki/Homerus_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerus swallowtail">Jamaican swallowtail</a>, the western hemisphere's largest butterfly.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_life">Aquatic life</h3></div> Coral reef ecosystems are important because they provide people with a source of livelihood, food, recreation, and medicinal compounds and protect the land on which they live.<a href="#cite_note-:03-120">[119]</a> Jamaica relies on the ocean and its ecosystem for its development. However, the marine life in Jamaica is also being affected. There could be many factors that contribute to marine life not having the best health. Jamaica's geological origin, topographical features and seasonal high rainfall make it susceptible to a range of natural hazards that can affect the coastal and oceanic environments. These include storm surge, slope failures (landslides), earthquakes, floods and hurricanes.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> Coral reefs in the Negril Marine Park (NMP), Jamaica, have been increasingly impacted by <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a> and macroalgal blooms following decades of intensive development as a major tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg/220px-RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg/330px-RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg/440px-RaftShilouette20221019_134124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3803" data-file-height="2852" /></a><figcaption>White River Rafting</figcaption></figure> Another one of those factors could include tourism: being that Jamaica is a very touristy place, the island draws numerous people travelling here from all over the world. The Jamaican tourism industry accounts for 32% of total employment and 36% of the country's GDP and is largely based on the sun, sea and sand, the last two of these attributes being dependent on healthy coral reef ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:03-120">[119]</a> Because of Jamaica's tourism, they have developed a study to see if the tourist would be willing to help financially to manage their marine ecosystem because Jamaica alone is unable to. The ocean connects all the countries all over the world, however, everyone and everything is affecting the flow and life in the ocean. Jamaica is a very touristy place specifically because of their beaches. If their oceans are not functioning at their best then the well-being of Jamaica and the people who live there will start to deteriorate. According to the OECD, oceans contribute $1.5 trillion annually in value-added to the overall economy.<a href="#cite_note-:12-123">[122]</a> A developing country on an island will get the majority of their revenue from their ocean. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3></div> Pollution comes from run-off, sewage systems, and garbage. However, this typically all ends up in the ocean after there is rain or floods. Everything that ends up in the water changes the quality and balance of the ocean. Poor coastal water quality has adversely affected fisheries, tourism and mariculture, as well as undermining biological sustainability of the living resources of ocean and coastal habitats.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> Jamaica imports and exports many goods through their waters. Some of the imports that go into Jamaica include petroleum and petroleum products. Issues include accidents at sea; risk of spills through local and international transport of petroleum and petroleum products.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> Oil spills can disrupt the marine life with chemicals that are not normally found in the ocean. Other forms of pollution also occur in Jamaica. Solid waste disposal mechanisms in Jamaica are currently inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> The solid waste gets into the water through rainfall forces. Solid waste is also harmful to wildlife, particularly birds, fish and turtles that feed at the surface of the water and mistake floating debris for food.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> For example, plastic can be caught around birds' and turtles' necks, making it difficult to eat and breath as they begin to grow, causing the plastic to get tighter around their necks. Pieces of plastic, metal, and glass can be mistaken for the food fish eat. Each Jamaican generates 1 kg (2 lbs) of waste per day; only 70% of this is collected by National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA)—the remaining 30% is either burnt or disposed of in gullies/waterways.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h3></div> There are policies that are being put into place to help preserve the ocean and the life below water. The goal of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is to improve the quality of life of human communities who depend on coastal resources while maintaining the biological diversity and productivity of coastal ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> Developing an underdeveloped country can impact the oceans ecosystem because of all the construction that would be done to develop the country. Over-building, driven by powerful market forces as well as poverty among some sectors of the population, and destructive exploitation contribute to the decline of ocean and coastal resources.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> Developing practices that will contribute to the lives of the people but also to the life of the ocean and its ecosystem. Some of these practices include: Develop sustainable fisheries practices, ensure sustainable mariculture techniques and practices, sustainable management of shipping, and promote <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a> practices.<a href="#cite_note-:22-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jamaica" title="Demographics of Jamaica">Demographics of Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican people">Jamaican people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_origins">Ethnic origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Street_in_Montigo_Bay_Jamaica_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>, Jamaica's second-largest city</figcaption></figure> Breakdown of the Responses of the <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Jamaica" title="Census in Jamaica">2011 official census</a> by the University of the West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-uwi.edu-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic origin </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Approx. Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">African descent</a></td> <td>76.3</td> <td>2,047,668 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans#Afro-European_or_Browning_Class" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Afro-European</a></td> <td>15.1</td> <td>405,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">East Indian and Afro-East Indian</a></td> <td>3.4</td> <td>91,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="White Jamaican">White</a></td> <td>3.2</td> <td>85,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Jamaican">Chinese</a></td> <td>1.2</td> <td>32,224 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>21,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>100.0%</td> <td>2,683,707 </td></tr></tbody></table> Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica" title="Coat of arms of Jamaica">"Out of Many One People"</a>. That Motto of Out of Many One People is disputed by many on the island - because Jamaica is overwhelmingly a single race and they think it was made so because the founding fathers[writers of the country's constitution] of Jamaica were made up of men who were mostly White or Members of the 'Browning or Brown Man Class' - which misrepresented the views of the country's majority Black population.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Other major ancestral areas are <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tortello-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is uncommon for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is prominent in other countries such as the United States, with most Jamaicans seeing Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, identifying as simply being "Jamaican" regardless of ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamaicans.com-130">[129]</a> A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% <a href="/wiki/White_Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="White Jamaican">European</a>, and 5.7% <a href="/wiki/East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asians">East Asian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-131">[130]</a> A more precise study was conducted by the local University of the West Indies - Jamaica's population is more accurately 76.3% African descent or Black, 15.1% Afro-European (or locally called the Brown Man or Browning Class), 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% White, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% Other.<a href="#cite_note-uwi.edu-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a> of Accompong and other settlements are the descendants of African slaves who fled the plantations for the interior where they set up their own autonomous communities.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craton,_Michael_1982,_p._70-134">[133]</a> Many Maroons continue to have their own traditions and speak their own language, known locally as <a href="/wiki/Kromanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromanti">Kromanti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Asians form the third-largest group (after the Browning Class – i.e. descendants of the mulattos during slavery and other interracial mixtures subsequent to emancipation) and include Indo-Jamaicans and Chinese Jamaicans.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-136">[135]</a> Most are descended from indentured workers brought by the British colonial government to fill labour shortages following the abolition of slavery in 1838. Along with their Indian counterparts, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Chinese Jamaicans</a> have also played an integral part in Jamaica's community and history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are about 20,000 Jamaicans who have <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jamaicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jamaicans">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Most were Christian immigrants who fled the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> occupation of Lebanon in the early 19th century. Eventually their descendants became very successful politicians and businessmen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first wave of English immigrants arrived to the island 1655 after conquering the Spanish, and they have historically been the dominant group. The first Irish immigrants came to Jamaica in the 1600s as war prisoners and later, indentured labour. The Scots have also made a significant impact on the island. According to the <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">Scotland Herald newspaper</a>, Jamaica has more people using the Campbell surnames than the population of Scotland itself, and the highest percentage of Scottish surnames outside of Scotland. Scottish surnames account to about 60% of the surnames in the Jamaican telephone directories.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first Jamaican inhabitants from Scotland were exiled "rebels". They were later followed by ambitious businessmen who spent time between their great country estates in Scotland and the island. As a result, many of the slave-owning plantations on the island were owned by Scottish men, leading to a large number of mixed-race Jamaicans with Scottish ancestry. High immigration from Scotland continued until well after independence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston,_Jamaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/220px-Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/330px-Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/440px-Northern_suburbs_of_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Northern suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, Jamaica's capital and largest city</figcaption></figure> There is also a significant Jamaican population of Portuguese descent that is predominantly of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Sephardic Jewish heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The first Jews arrived as explorers from Spain in the 15th century after being forced to choose between expulsion or <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversion to Christianity</a>. A small number of them became slave-owners or pirates.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Judaism eventually became very influential in Jamaica and can be seen today with many Jewish cemeteries around the country. During <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> Jamaica became a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> By 2015 immigration had increased, coming mainly from China, Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, and Latin America; 20,000 Latin Americans lived in Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In 2016, Prime Minister Andrew Holness suggested making Spanish Jamaica's second official language.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> About 7,000 Americans live in Jamaica.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></div> Jamaica is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> country, with two major languages in use by the population.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-136">[135]</a> The official language is <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">(Jamaican) English</a>, which is "used in all domains of public life", including the government, the legal system, the media, and education. However, the primary spoken language is an <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole</a> called <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a> (or Patwa). The two exist in a dialect continuum, with speakers using a different register of speech depending on context and whom they are speaking to. "Pure" Patois, though sometimes seen as merely a particularly aberrant dialect of English, is essentially mutually unintelligible with standard English and is best thought of as a separate language.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> A 2007 survey by the Jamaican Language Unit found that 17.1 percent of the population were <a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">monolingual</a> in Jamaican Standard English (JSE), 36.5 percent were monolingual in Patois, and 46.4 percent were bilingual, although earlier surveys had pointed to a greater degree of bilinguality (up to 90 percent).<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The Jamaican education system had only in about 2015 begun to offer formal instruction in Patois, while retaining JSE as the "official language of instruction".<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Additionally, some Jamaicans use one or more of <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Sign Language">Jamaican Sign Language</a> (JSL), <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) or the declining indigenous <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country Sign Language</a> (Konchri Sain).<a href="#cite_note-e25jcs-149">[148]</a> Both JSL and ASL are rapidly replacing Konchri Sain for a variety of reasons.<a href="#cite_note-e25jcs-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">Jamaican diaspora</a></div> Many Jamaicans have <a href="/wiki/Emigrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrated">emigrated</a> to other countries, especially to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to other Caribbeans countries such as Cuba,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. It was estimated in 2004 that up to 2.5 million Jamaicans and Jamaican descendants lived abroad.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> About 800,000 <a href="/wiki/British_Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jamaican">Jamaicans live in the United Kingdom</a>, making them by far the country's largest <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">African-Caribbean group</a>. Large-scale migration from Jamaica to the UK occurred primarily in the 1950s and 1960s when the country was still under British rule. There are Jamaican communities in most large UK cities.<a href="#cite_note-IOMMapping-153">[152]</a> Concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> Jamaicans are quite considerable in numerous cities in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">Miami</a> metro area, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In Canada, the Jamaican population is centred in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Toronto-155">[154]</a> with smaller communities in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Jamaican Canadians comprise about 30% of the entire <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadian population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jamaicans-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> A notable though much smaller group of emigrants are <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia" title="Jamaicans in Ethiopia">Jamaicans in Ethiopia</a>. These are mostly Rastafarians, in whose theological worldview Africa is the promised land, or "Zion", or more specifically Ethiopia, due to reverence in which former Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> is held.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Most live in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashamane</a> about 150 miles (240 km) south of the capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Jamaica" title="Crime in Jamaica">Crime in Jamaica</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisons in Jamaica">Prisons in Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">LGBT rights in Jamaica</a></div> When Jamaica gained independence in 1962, the murder rate was 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-focal.ca-161">[160]</a> By 2009, the rate was 62 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Gang violence became a serious problem, with organised crime being centred around <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_posses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican posses">Jamaican posses</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Yardies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardies">Yardies</a>". Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years, according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> estimates.<a href="#cite_note-Nationmaster_Crime_Stats-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-un37820-164">[163]</a> Some areas of Jamaica, particularly poor areas in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a> and elsewhere experience high levels of crime and violence.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> However, there were 1,683 reported murders in 2009 and 1,447 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> After 2011 the murder rate continued to fall, following the downward trend in 2010, after a strategic programme was launched.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In 2012, the Ministry of National Security reported a 30 percent decrease in murders.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Nevertheless, in 2017 murders rose by 22% over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Many Jamaicans are hostile towards <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> people,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-State-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> and mob attacks against gay people have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-HumanRightsWatch-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyInternational-175">[174]</a> Numerous high-profile dancehall and <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a> artists have produced songs featuring explicitly homophobic lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> This has prompted the formations of LGBT rights organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Male homosexuality is <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">illegal</a> and punishable by imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Jamaica" title="List of cities and towns in Jamaica">List of cities and towns in Jamaica</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Jamaica <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wups.statinja.gov.jm/WUP/2016Annual%20Publications_2016%20Demographic%20Statistics.pdf_STATINJa.pdf">Demographic Statistics 2016</a>, pp. 15–16 (2011 Census)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Jamaica">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jamaica" title="Parishes of Jamaica">Parish</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:PortofKingston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston"><img alt="Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PortofKingston.jpg/120px-PortofKingston.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PortofKingston.jpg/180px-PortofKingston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PortofKingston.jpg/240px-PortofKingston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="305" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Parish" title="Kingston Parish">Kingston</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">661,862 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Montego_bay-1001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montego Bay"><img alt="Montego Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Montego_bay-1001.jpg/120px-Montego_bay-1001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Montego_bay-1001.jpg/180px-Montego_bay-1001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Montego_bay-1001.jpg/240px-Montego_bay-1001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1708" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portmore,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmore, Jamaica">Portmore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish" title="Saint Catherine Parish">Saint Catherine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">182,153 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town" title="Spanish Town">Spanish Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish" title="Saint Catherine Parish">Saint Catherine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">147,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint James Parish, Jamaica">Saint James</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,115 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/May_Pen" title="May Pen">May Pen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Clarendon Parish, Jamaica">Clarendon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,548 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Jamaica" title="Mandeville, Jamaica">Mandeville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Parish" title="Manchester Parish">Manchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,695 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Harbour,_Jamaica" title="Old Harbour, Jamaica">Old Harbour</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish" title="Saint Catherine Parish">Saint Catherine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Savanna-la-Mar" title="Savanna-la-Mar">Savanna-la-Mar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Parish" title="Westmoreland Parish">Westmoreland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,633 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ocho_Rios" title="Ocho Rios">Ocho Rios</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish" title="Saint Ann Parish">Saint Ann</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,671 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linstead" title="Linstead">Linstead</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish" title="Saint Catherine Parish">Saint Catherine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,231 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Religion in Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg/220px-Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg/330px-Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg/440px-Mandeville_Church_by_AAlexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Mandeville Church (est. 1816), an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Parish" title="Manchester Parish">Manchester Parish</a>. Christianity is the largest religion in Jamaica.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion practised in Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> About 70% are <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> are just 2% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">[9]</a> According to the 2001 census, the country's largest Protestant denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God</a> (24%), <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> (11%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> (7%), <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/United_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Church">United Church</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> (1%) and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> (1%).<a href="#cite_note-state2007-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedwardism" title="Bedwardism">Bedwardism</a> is a form of Christianity native to the island, sometimes viewed as a separate faith.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The Christian faith gained acceptance as British Christian abolitionists and Baptist missionaries joined educated former slaves in the struggle against slavery.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The Rastafari movement has 29,026 adherents, according to the 2011 census, with 25,325 Rastafarian males and 3,701 Rastafarian females.<a href="#cite_note-state2007-14">[14]</a> The faith originated in Jamaica in the 1930s and though rooted in Christianity it is heavily Afrocentric in its focus, revering figures such as the Jamaican black nationalist <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, the former Emperor of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Rastafari has since spread across the globe, especially to areas with large black or African diasporas.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Various faiths and traditional religious practices derived from Africa are practised on the island, notably <a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-carib-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Other religions in Jamaica include <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (2% population), the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Jamaica">Bahá'í faith</a>, which counts perhaps 8,000 adherents<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> and 21 <a href="/wiki/Local_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assemblies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4th-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Jamaica" title="Hinduism in Jamaica">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> festival is celebrated yearly among the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Jamaican">Indo-Jamaican</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-tortello-61">[60]</a> There is also a small population of about 200 <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, who describe themselves as Liberal-Conservative.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The first Jews in Jamaica trace their roots back to early 15th-century Spain and Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaare_Shalom_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaare Shalom Synagogue">Kahal Kadosh Shaare Shalom</a>, also known as the United Congregation of Israelites, is a historic synagogue located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>. Originally built in 1912, it is the official and only Jewish place of worship left on the island. The once abundant Jewish population has voluntarily converted to Christianity over time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Shaare Shalom is one of the few synagogues in the world that contains sand covered floors and is a popular tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg/220px-Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg/330px-Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg/440px-Hussay_Celebration_in_Jamaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>A historic Ashura celebration in Jamaica, which is known locally as Hussay or Hosay</figcaption></figure> Other small groups include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Muslims</a>, who claim 5,000 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-state2007-14">[14]</a> The Muslim holidays of <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> (known locally as Hussay or <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a> have been celebrated throughout the island for hundreds of years. In the past, every plantation in each parish celebrated Hosay. Today it has been called an Indian carnival and is perhaps most well known in Clarendon where it is celebrated each August. People of all religions attend the event, showing mutual respect.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-tortello-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Education in Jamaica</a></div> The emancipation of the slaves heralded the establishment of an education system for the masses. Prior to emancipation there were few schools for educating locals and many sent their children off to England to access quality education.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools. Most of these schools were established by the churches.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> This was the genesis of the modern Jamaican school system. Presently the following categories of schools exist: <ul><li>Early childhood – Basic, infant and privately operated pre-school. Age cohort: 2 – 5 years.</li> <li>Primary – Publicly and privately owned (privately owned being called preparatory schools). Ages 3 – 12 years.</li> <li>Secondary – Publicly and privately owned. Ages 10 – 19 years. The high schools in Jamaica may be either single-sex or co-educational institutions, and many schools follow the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">English grammar school model</a> used throughout the British West Indies.</li> <li>Tertiary – Community colleges; teachers' colleges, with the Mico Teachers' College (now The MICO University College) being the oldest, founded in 1836; the Shortwood Teachers' College (which was once an all-female teacher training institution); vocational training centres, colleges and universities, publicly and privately owned. There are five local universities: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> (Mona Campus); the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Jamaica" title="University of Technology, Jamaica">University of Technology, Jamaica</a>, formerly The College of Art Science and Technology (CAST); the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caribbean_University" title="Northern Caribbean University">Northern Caribbean University</a>, formerly West Indies College; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="University of the Commonwealth Caribbean">University of the Commonwealth Caribbean</a>, formerly the University College of The Caribbean; and the <a href="/wiki/International_University_of_the_Caribbean" title="International University of the Caribbean">International University of the Caribbean</a>.</li></ul> Additionally, there are many community and teacher training colleges. Education is free from the early childhood to secondary levels. There are also opportunities for those who cannot afford further education in the vocational arena, through the Human Employment and Resource Training-National Training Agency (HEART Trust-NTA) programme,<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> which is opened to all working age national population<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> and through an extensive scholarship network for the various universities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Economy of Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negril-Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Negril-Beach.jpg/220px-Negril-Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Negril-Beach.jpg/330px-Negril-Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Negril-Beach.jpg/440px-Negril-Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A beach in <a href="/wiki/Negril" title="Negril">Negril</a> with a hotel and restaurant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesBondBeach2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JamesBondBeach2.jpg/220px-JamesBondBeach2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JamesBondBeach2.jpg/330px-JamesBondBeach2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JamesBondBeach2.jpg/440px-JamesBondBeach2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>James Bond Beach in <a href="/wiki/Oracabessa" title="Oracabessa">Oracabessa</a></figcaption></figure> Jamaica is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, tourism, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes" title="Petroleum refining processes">petroleum refining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> Tourism and mining are the leading earners of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a>. Half the Jamaican economy relies on services, with half of its income coming from services such as tourism. An estimated 4.3 million foreign tourists visit Jamaica every year.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Jamaica is an upper-middle income country that, like its Caribbean neighbours, is vulnerable to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">effects of climate change</a>, flooding, and hurricanes.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_country-15">[15]</a> In 2018, Jamaica represented the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">CARICOM Caribbean Community</a> at the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> annual meetings.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In 2019 Jamaica reported its lowest unemployment rate in 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980s, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation<a href="#cite_note-mof.gov.jm-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Observer_newspaper-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Gleaner_newspaper-207">[206]</a> Since 1991, the government has followed a programme of economic liberalisation and stabilisation by removing exchange controls,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> floating the exchange rate,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-state1-211">[210]</a> cutting <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> stabilising the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Jamaican dollar</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-213">[212]</a> and removing restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state1-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalisation and reduction in the size of government. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through <a href="/wiki/Divestment" title="Divestment">divestment</a> and privatisation programmes.<a href="#cite_note-mof.gov.jm-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Observer_newspaper-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Gleaner_newspaper-207">[206]</a> The free-trade zones at Kingston, Montego Bay and Spanish Town allow duty-free importation, tax-free profits, and free repatriation of export earnings.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">[214]</a> Jamaica's economy grew strongly after the years of independence,<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">[214]</a> but then stagnated in the 1980s, due to the heavy falls in price of bauxite and fluctuations in the price of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> The financial sector was troubled in 1994, with many banks and insurance companies suffering heavy losses and liquidity problems.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">[214]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> Secretariat, "The government set up the Financial Sector Adjustment Company (Finsac) in January 1997 to assist these banks and companies, providing funds in return for equity, and acquired substantial holdings in banks and insurance companies and related companies..." but it only exasperated the problem, and brought the country into large external debt.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">[214]</a> From 2001, once it had restored these banks and companies to financial health, Finsac divested them."<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jamaica">Government of Jamaica</a> remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-213">[212]</a> In 1996 and 1997 there was a decrease in GDP largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) and hurricane that drastically reduced agricultural production.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> In 1997 and 1998, nominal GDP was approximately a high of about 8 percent of GDP and then lowered to 4½ percent of GDP in 1999 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> The economy in 1997 was marked by low levels of <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> growth, high levels of private capital inflows and relative stability in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Recent economic performance shows the Jamaican economy is recovering. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">Agricultural</a> production, an important engine of growth increased to 5.5% in 2001 compared to the corresponding period in 2000, signalling the first positive growth rate in the sector since January 1997.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> In 2018, Jamaica reported a 7.9% increase in <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, 6.1% increase in <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plantains</a>, 10.4% increase in <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, 2.2% increase in <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>, 13.3% increase in <a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">dasheen</a>, 24.9% increase in <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, and a 10.6% increase in whole <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December 1998, compared to the corresponding period in 1997. January's bauxite production recorded a 7.1% increase relative to January 1998 and continued expansion of alumina production through 2009 is planned by Alcoa.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Jamaica is the fifth-largest exporter of bauxite in the world, after Australia, China, Brazil and Guinea. The country also exports <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, of which it holds large deposits. The government is currently implementing plans to increase its extraction.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> A Canadian company, Carube Copper Corp, has found and confirmed, "...the existence of at least seven significant Cu/Au porphyry systems (in St. Catherine)." They have estimated that, "The porphyry distribution found at Bellas Gate is similar to that found in the Northparkes mining district of New South Wales, Australia (which was) sold to China in 2013 for US$820 million." Carube noted that Jamaica's geology, "... is similar to that of Chile, Argentina and the Dominican Republic – all productive mining jurisdictions." Mining on the sites began in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Tourism, which is the largest foreign exchange earner, showed improvement as well. In 1999 the total visitor arrivals was 2 million, an increase of 100,000 from the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Since 2017, Jamaica's tourism has risen exponentially, rising to 4.3 million average tourists per year. Jamaica's largest tourist markets are from North America, South America, and Europe. In 2017, Jamaica recorded a 91.3% increase in stopover visitors from Southern and Western Europe (and a 41% increase in stopover arrivals from January to September 2017 over the same period from the previous year) with Germany, Portugal and Spain registering the highest percentage gains.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> In 2018, Jamaica won several World Travel Awards in Portugal winning the "Chairman's Award for Global Tourism Innovation", "Best Tourist Board in the Caribbean" "Best Honeymoon Destination", "Best Culinary Destination", "World's Leading Beach Destination" and "World's Leading Cruise Destination".<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Ministry_of_Tourism-227">[226]</a> Two months later, the Travvy Tourism Awards held in New York City, awarded Jamaica's Tourism Minister Edmund Bartlett, with the inaugural Chairman's Award for, "Global Tourism Innovation for the Development of the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre (GTRCM)". Bartlett has also won the Pacific Travel Writer's Association's award in Germany for the, "2018 Best Tourism Minister of the Year".<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Ministry_of_Tourism-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Petrojam, Jamaica's national and only petroleum refinery, is co-owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Venezuela" title="Government of Venezuela">Government of Venezuela</a>. Petrojam, "..operates a 35,000 barrel per day hydro-skimming refinery, to produce Automotive Diesel Oil; Heavy Fuel Oil; Kerosene/Jet Fuel, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Asphalt and Gasoline." Customers include the Power industry, Aircraft refuellers, and Local Marketing companies.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> On 20 February 2019, the Jamaican Government voted to retake ownership of Venezuela's 49% share.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Jamaica's agricultural exports are <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconuts">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a><a href="#cite_note-EBJE-232">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a> (of which it is the world's largest and "most exceptional quality" exporter),<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain Coffee</a> which is considered a world renowned gourmet brand.<a href="#cite_note-EBJH-27">[26]</a> Jamaica has a wide variety of industrial and commercial activities. The <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> industry is able to perform most routine aircraft maintenance, except for heavy structural repairs. There is a considerable amount of technical support for transport and agricultural aviation. Jamaica has a considerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">industrial engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Light manufacturing">light manufacturing</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">metal fabrication</a>, metal roofing, and furniture <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>. Food and <a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">beverage</a> processing, <a href="/wiki/Glassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassware">glassware</a> manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> underwriting, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and recording, and advanced <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> activities can be found in the larger urban areas. The Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Construction_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction industry">construction industry</a> is entirely self-sufficient, with professional technical standards and guidance.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Since the first quarter of 2006, the economy of Jamaica has undergone a period of staunch growth. With inflation for the 2006 calendar year down to 6.0% and unemployment down to 8.9%, the nominal GDP grew by an unprecedented 2.9%.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> An investment programme in island transportation and utility infrastructure and gains in the tourism, mining, and service sectors all contributed this figure. All projections for 2007 show an even higher potential for economic growth with all estimates over 3.0% and hampered only by urban crime and public policies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Jamaica was ranked 79th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> In 2006, Jamaica became part of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">(CSME)</a> as one of the pioneering members.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> The global economic downturn had a significant impact on the Jamaican economy for the years 2007 to 2009, resulting in negative economic growth. The government implemented a new Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on 14 January 2010. The initiative would see holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) bonds returning the high interest earning instruments for bonds with lower yields and longer maturities. The offer was taken up by over 95% of local financial institutions and was deemed a success by the government.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Owing to the success of the JDX program, the Bruce Golding-led government was successful in entering into a borrowing arrangement with the IMF on 4 February 2010 for the amount of US$1.27b. The loan agreement is for a period of three years.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> In April 2014, the Governments of Jamaica and China signed the preliminary agreements for the first phase of the Jamaican Logistics Hub (JLH) – the initiative that aims to position Kingston as the fourth node in the global logistics chain, joining Rotterdam, Dubai and Singapore, and serving the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The Project, when completed, is expected to provide many jobs for Jamaicans, Economic Zones for multinational companies<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> and much needed economic growth to alleviate the country's heavy <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a>. Strict adherence to the IMF's refinancing programme and preparations for the JLH has favourably affected Jamaica's credit rating and outlook from the three biggest rating agencies. In 2018, both Moody's and Standard and Poor Credit ratings upgraded Jamaica's ratings to both "stable and positive" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2></div> Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Jamaica" title="Science and technology in Jamaica">Science and technology in Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Jamaican inventions and discoveries">List of Jamaican inventions and discoveries</a> The Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) sector is guided by the National Commission on Science and Technology (NCST) and the Scientific Research Council (SRC). Both are under the direction of the Ministry of Science, Energy, and Technology. Since the 1990s, the government has set an agenda to push the development of science and technology in Jamaica. Despite some successes, such as the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">nutraceutical</a> industry, it has been difficult to translate the results into domestic technologies, products and services - largely because of national budgetary constraints. However, with Jamaica's improved fiscal space, coming out of its recent <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> programme, the government has pledged to increase expenditure on research and development.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Jamaicans have made some noteworthy scientific and medical contributions. Amongst these include the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">kwashiorkor</a>, the pioneer of treatments for <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatric</a> <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell anemia</a> and the invention of various <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> support systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jamaica" title="Transport in Jamaica">Transport in Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center,_Kingston,_Jamaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center%2C_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/220px-Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center%2C_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center%2C_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/330px-Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center%2C_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center%2C_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg/440px-Halfway_Tree_Transport_Center%2C_Kingston%2C_Jamaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Halfway Tree Transport Centre, Kingston</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transport</a> infrastructure in Jamaica consists of <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadway">roadways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> and air transport, with roadways forming the backbone of the island's internal transport system.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roadways">Roadways</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Jamaica" title="Roads in Jamaica">Roads in Jamaica</a></div> The Jamaican road network consists of almost 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roads, of which over 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) is paved.<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-247">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jamaica">Jamaican Government</a> has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeways</a>, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of 33 kilometres (21 mi) of freeway.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railways">Railways</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways of Jamaica">Railways of Jamaica</a></div> Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the 272 kilometres (169 mi) of railway found in Jamaica, only 57 kilometres (35 mi) remain in operation, currently used to transport bauxite.<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-247">[246]</a> On 13 April 2011, a limited passenger service was resumed between May Pen, Spanish Town and Linstead.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Montego_Bay_plane_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/US_Airways" title="US Airways">US Airways</a> aircraft landing at Montego Bay (2013)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg/440px-Norman_Manley_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Norman Manley International Airport</figcaption></figure> There are three international airports in Jamaica with modern <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">terminals</a>, long <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a>, and the navigational equipment required to accommodate the large <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> used in modern and <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport" title="Norman Manley International Airport">Norman Manley International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming_International_Airport" title="Ian Fleming International Airport">Ian Fleming International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boscobel,_Jamaica" title="Boscobel, Jamaica">Boscobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica">Saint Mary Parish</a>; and the island's largest and busiest airport, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Sangster_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Donald Sangster International Airport">Sir Donald Sangster International Airport</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>. Manley and Sangster International airports are home to the country's national airline, <a href="/wiki/Air_Jamaica" title="Air Jamaica">Air Jamaica</a>. In addition there are local commuter airports at <a href="/wiki/Tinson_Pen_Aerodrome" title="Tinson Pen Aerodrome">Tinson Pen (Kingston)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Antonio" title="Port Antonio">Port Antonio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Negril" title="Negril">Negril</a>, which cater to internal flights only. Many other small, rural centres are served by private airstrips on sugar estates or bauxite mines.<a href="#cite_note-EBJ-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ports,_shipping_and_lighthouses">Ports, shipping and lighthouses</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lighthouses_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses in Jamaica">Lighthouses in Jamaica</a></div> Owing to its location in the Caribbean Sea in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">shipping lane</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> and relative proximity to large markets in North America and <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging markets</a> in Latin America, Jamaica receives much traffic of <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">shipping containers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Container_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Container terminal">container terminal</a> at the Port of Kingston has undergone large expansion in capacity in recent years to handle growth both already realised as well as that which is projected in coming years.<a href="#cite_note-nameJamaicaObserver-249">[248]</a> Montego Freeport in <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a> also handles a variety of cargo like (though more limited than) the Port of Kingston, mainly agricultural products. There are several other ports positioned around the island, including Port Esquivel in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica">St. Catherine</a> (<a href="/wiki/WINDALCO" class="mw-redirect" title="WINDALCO">WINDALCO</a>), Rocky Point in <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Clarendon Parish, Jamaica">Clarendon</a>, Port Kaiser in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica">St. Elizabeth</a>, Port Rhoades in Discovery Bay, Reynolds Pier in <a href="/wiki/Ocho_Rios" title="Ocho Rios">Ocho Rios</a>, and Boundbrook Port in <a href="/wiki/Port_Antonio" title="Port Antonio">Port Antonio</a>. To aid the navigation of shipping, Jamaica operates nine lighthouses.<a href="#cite_note-ATSR-250">[249]</a> They are maintained by the <Port Authority of Jamaica,<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> an agency of the Ministry of Transport and Works.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATSR-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Jamaica" title="Solar power in Jamaica">Solar power in Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jamaica_electricity_production.svg/220px-Jamaica_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jamaica_electricity_production.svg/330px-Jamaica_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jamaica_electricity_production.svg/440px-Jamaica_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Jamaica electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg/220px-Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg/330px-Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg/440px-Jamaica_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Jamaica renewable electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs.<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-247">[246]</a> Many test sites have been explored for oil, but no commercially viable quantities have been found.<a href="#cite_note-pcj.com-253">[252]</a> The most convenient sources of imported oil and motor fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) are from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Jamaica's electrical power is produced by diesel (<a href="/wiki/Bunker_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker fuel">bunker oil</a>) generators located in <a href="/wiki/Old_Harbour,_Jamaica" title="Old Harbour, Jamaica">Old Harbour</a>. This facility has been further equipped with liquid natural gas capability and storage. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company,<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station <a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint James Parish, Jamaica">Saint James</a>, the Rockfort Power Station <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica">Saint Andrew</a> and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> A wind farm, owned by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, was established at Wigton, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Parish" title="Manchester Parish">Manchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Jamaica has successfully operated a <a href="/wiki/SLOWPOKE_reactor" title="SLOWPOKE reactor">SLOWPOKE-2 nuclear reactor</a> of 20 kW capacity since the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> In 2024, the Government committed to adding <a href="/wiki/Small_modular_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Small modular reactors">small modular reactors</a> (SMR) to the country's energy mix, signing a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> (MOU) with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_of_Canada_Limited" title="Atomic Energy of Canada Limited">Atomic Energy of Canada Limited</a> (AECL) and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nuclear_Laboratories_Research_Facilities" title="Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Research Facilities">Canadian Nuclear Laboratories</a> to promote the adoption of nuclear power in Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Jamaica imports approximately 80,000 barrels (13,000 m3) of oil energy products per day,<a href="#cite_note-pcj.com-253">[252]</a> including asphalt and lubrication products. Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation. 30,000 barrels/day of crude imports are processed into various motor fuels and asphalt by the Petrojam Refinery in Kingston.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> Jamaica produces enormous quantities of <a href="/wiki/Hydrous_ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrous ethanol">drinking alcohol</a> (at least 5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into <a href="/wiki/Absolute_ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute ethanol">anhydrous ethanol</a> (0% water content), but as of 2007, the process appeared to be uneconomic and the production plant was idle.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The facility has since been purchased by West Indies Petroleum Ltd. and repurposed for petroleum distillates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Telecommunications in Jamaica</a></div> Jamaica has a fully <a href="/wiki/Digital_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital telephony">digital telephone communication system</a> with a mobile penetration of over 95%.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-261">[260]</a> The country's two mobile operators – <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW Jamaica</a> (formerly LIME, bMobile and Cable and Wireless Jamaica) and <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel Jamaica</a> have spent millions in network upgrades and expansion. The newest operator, Digicel was granted a licence in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent FLOW (then Cable and Wireless Jamaica) monopoly. Digicel opted for the more widely used <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> wireless system, while a past operator, Oceanic (which became Claro Jamaica and later merged with Digicel Jamaica in 2011) opted for the <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> standard. FLOW (formerly "LIME" – pre-<a href="/wiki/Columbus_Communications" title="Columbus Communications">Columbus Communications</a> merger) which had begun with <a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">TDMA</a> standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM in 2002, decommissioned TDMA in 2006 and only utilised that standard until 2009 when LIME launched its 3G network.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Both operators currently provide islandwide coverage with HSPA+ (3G) technology. Currently, only <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a> offers LTE to its customers<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> whereas FLOW Jamaica has committed to launching LTE in the cities of Kingston and Montego Bay, places where Digicel's LTE network is currently only found in, in short order. A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Communications" title="Columbus Communications">Flow Jamaica</a>, laid a new <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> connecting Jamaica to the United States. This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four. Cable and Wireless Communications (parent company of LIME) acquired the company in late 2014 and replaced their brand LIME with FLOW.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW Jamaica</a> currently has the most broadband and cable subscribers on the island and also has 1 million mobile subscribers,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> second to Digicel (which had, at its peak, over 2 million mobile subscriptions on its network). Digicel entered the broadband market in 2010 by offering WiMAX broadband,<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> capable of up to 6 Mbit/s per subscriber. To further their broadband share post-LIME/FLOW merger in 2014, the company introduced a new broadband service called Digicel Play,<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> which is Jamaica's second <a href="/wiki/FTTx" class="mw-redirect" title="FTTx">FTTH</a> offering (after LIME's deployment in selected communities in 2011<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a>). It is currently only available in the parishes of Kingston, Portmore and St. Andrew. It offers speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s down, 100 Mbit/s up via a pure fibre optic network. Digicel's competitor, <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW Jamaica</a>, has a network consisting of <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a>, Coaxial and Fibre to the Home (inherited from LIME) and only offers speeds up to 100 Mbit/s. FLOW has committed to expanding its Fibre offering to more areas in order to combat Digicel's entrance into the market. It was announced that the Office and Utilities Regulations (OUR), Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining (MSTEM) and the Spectrum Management Authority (SMA) have given approval for another mobile operator licence in January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> The identity of this entrant was ascertained on 20 May 2016, when the Jamaican Government named the new carrier as Symbiote Investments Limited operating under the name <a href="/wiki/Caricel" title="Caricel">Caricel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The company will focus on 4G LTE data offerings and will first go live in the Kingston Metropolitan Area and will expand to the rest of Jamaica thereafter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Culture of Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg/220px-Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg/330px-Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg/440px-Bob-Marley-in-Concert_Zurich_05-30-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>, one of the most famous reggae artists from Jamaica</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></div> Jamaican culture has a strong global presence. The musical genres <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a>, and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a> all originated in the island's vibrant, popular urban recording industry.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> These have themselves gone on to influence numerous other genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> (through reggae and ska), <a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">dub poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New Wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">two-tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">lovers rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldschool_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldschool jungle">jungle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">grime</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a> music. Some rappers, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">The Notorious B.I.G.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_D" title="Heavy D">Heavy D</a>, are of Jamaican descent. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> is probably the best known Jamaican musician; with his band <a href="/wiki/The_Wailers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wailers">the Wailers</a> he had a string of hits in 1960s–70s, popularising reggae internationally and going on to sell millions of records.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toynbee2013-273">[272]</a> Many other internationally known artists were born in Jamaica, including <a href="/wiki/Toots_Hibbert" title="Toots Hibbert">Toots Hibbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millie_Small" title="Millie Small">Millie Small</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs" title="Gregory Isaacs">Gregory Isaacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_Pint" title="Half Pint">Half Pint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protoje" title="Protoje">Protoje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Wailer" title="Bunny Wailer">Bunny Wailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Youth" title="Big Youth">Big Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brown" title="Dennis Brown">Dennis Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Dekker" title="Desmond Dekker">Desmond Dekker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beres_Hammond" title="Beres Hammond">Beres Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beenie_Man" title="Beenie Man">Beenie Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaggy_(musician)" title="Shaggy (musician)">Shaggy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Jones" title="Grace Jones">Grace Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabba_Ranks" title="Shabba Ranks">Shabba Ranks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Cat" title="Super Cat">Super Cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buju_Banton" title="Buju Banton">Buju Banton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Paul" title="Sean Paul">Sean Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/I_Wayne" title="I Wayne">I Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounty_Killer" title="Bounty Killer">Bounty Killer</a> and many others. Bands that came from Jamaica include <a href="/wiki/Black_Uhuru" title="Black Uhuru">Black Uhuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World Band">Third World Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Circle_(reggae_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Circle (reggae band)">Inner Circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalice_Reggae_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice Reggae Band">Chalice Reggae Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_(band)" title="Culture (band)">Culture</a>, Fab Five and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Heritage" title="Morgan Heritage">Morgan Heritage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaican literature</a></div> The journalist and author <a href="/wiki/H._G._de_Lisser" title="H. G. de Lisser">H. G. de Lisser</a> used his native country as the setting for his many novels.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-274">[273]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Jamaica" title="Falmouth, Jamaica">Falmouth, Jamaica</a>, de Lisser worked as a reporter for the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Times" title="Jamaica Times">Jamaica Times</a> at a young age and in 1920 began publishing the magazine <a href="/wiki/Planters%27_Punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Planters' Punch">Planters' Punch</a>. The White Witch of Rosehall is one of his better-known novels. He was named Honorary President of the Jamaican Press Association; he worked throughout his professional career to promote the Jamaican sugar industry. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mais" title="Roger Mais">Roger Mais</a>, a journalist, poet, and playwright wrote many short stories, plays, and novels, including The Hills Were Joyful Together (1953), Brother Man (1954), and Black Lightning (1955).<a href="#cite_note-Hawthorne_7-275">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, who had a home in Jamaica where he spent considerable time, repeatedly used the island as a setting in his <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> novels, including <a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(novel)" title="Live and Let Die (novel)">Live and Let Die</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(novel)" title="Dr. No (novel)">Doctor No</a>, "<a href="/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="For Your Eyes Only (short story)">For Your Eyes Only</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(novel)" title="The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)">The Man with the Golden Gun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Octopussy_and_The_Living_Daylights" title="Octopussy and The Living Daylights">Octopussy and The Living Daylights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlon_James_(novelist)" title="Marlon James (novelist)">Marlon James</a> (1970), novelist has published three novels: John Crow's Devil (2005), <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Night_Women" title="The Book of Night Women">The Book of Night Women</a> (2009) and <a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Seven_Killings" title="A Brief History of Seven Killings">A Brief History of Seven Killings</a> (2014), winner of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Booker Prize">Man Booker Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_films" title="List of Jamaican films">List of Jamaican films</a></div> Jamaica has a history in the film industry dating from the early 1960s. A look at delinquent youth in Jamaica is presented in the 1970s musical crime film <a href="/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come" title="The Harder They Come">The Harder They Come</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a> as a frustrated (and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathic">psychopathic</a>) reggae musician who descends into a murderous crime spree.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> Other notable Jamaican films include <a href="/wiki/Countryman_(film)" title="Countryman (film)">Countryman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockers_(1978_film)" title="Rockers (1978 film)">Rockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancehall_Queen" title="Dancehall Queen">Dancehall Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Love_(2003_film)" title="One Love (2003 film)">One Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shottas" title="Shottas">Shottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Out_the_Gate_(film)" title="Out the Gate (film)">Out the Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Cop" title="Third World Cop">Third World Cop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Paradise" title="Kingston Paradise">Kingston Paradise</a>. Jamaica is also often used as a filming location, such as the James Bond film <a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a> (1962), <a href="/wiki/Papillon_(1973_film)" title="Papillon (1973 film)">Papillon</a> (1973) starring <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocktail_(1988_film)" title="Cocktail (1988 film)">Cocktail</a> (1988) starring <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, and the 1993 Disney comedy <a href="/wiki/Cool_Runnings" title="Cool Runnings">Cool Runnings</a>, which is loosely based on the true story of Jamaica's first bobsled team trying to make it in the Winter Olympics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_(in_this_case_kidney_beans).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_%28in_this_case_kidney_beans%29.jpg/220px-Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_%28in_this_case_kidney_beans%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_%28in_this_case_kidney_beans%29.jpg/330px-Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_%28in_this_case_kidney_beans%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_%28in_this_case_kidney_beans%29.jpg/440px-Curry_Goat_with_rice_and_peas_%28in_this_case_kidney_beans%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Curry_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry goat">curry goat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_peas" title="Rice and peas">rice and peas</a></figcaption></figure> The island is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_jerk_spice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican jerk spice">Jamaican jerk spice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_peas" title="Rice and peas">rice and peas</a> which is integral to Jamaican cuisine. Jamaica is also home to <a href="/wiki/Red_Stripe" title="Red Stripe">Red Stripe</a> beer and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h3></div> (From the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">Jamaica Information Service</a>)<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> <ul><li>National bird: <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_streamertail" title="Red-billed streamertail">red-billed streamertail</a> (also called doctor bird) (a <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a>, Trochilus polytmus)</li> <li>National flower – <a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">lignum vitae</a> (Guiacum officinale)</li> <li>National tree: <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_elatus" title="Hibiscus elatus">blue mahoe</a> (Hibiscus elatus)</li> <li>National fruit: <a href="/wiki/Ackee" title="Ackee">ackee</a> (Blighia sapida)</li> <li>National motto: "Out of Many, One People."</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_motto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jamaica_motto.jpg/220px-Jamaica_motto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jamaica_motto.jpg/330px-Jamaica_motto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jamaica_motto.jpg/440px-Jamaica_motto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Jamaica motto on a building at Papine High School in Kingston, Jamaica</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jamaica" title="Sport in Jamaica">Sport in Jamaica</a></div> Sport is an integral part of national life in Jamaica and the island's athletes tend to perform to a standard well above what might ordinarily be expected of such a small country.<a href="#cite_note-track-12">[12]</a> While the most popular local sport is <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and field athletics">track and field athletics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-track-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamsports-280">[279]</a> The country was one of the venues of <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies cricket team</a> is one of 12 <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a> full member teams that participate in international <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cricket-281">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_cricket_team" title="Jamaica national cricket team">Jamaica national cricket team</a> competes regionally, and also provides players for the West Indies team. <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Park" title="Sabina Park">Sabina Park</a> is the only Test venue in the island, but the <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Stadium_(Trelawny)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)">Greenfield Stadium</a> is also used for cricket.<a href="#cite_note-cricketgrounds-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenfield-283">[282]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg/180px-Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg/270px-Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg/360px-Usain_Bolt_after_200_m_final_Beijing_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Usain_Bolt" title="Usain Bolt">Usain Bolt</a> is widely considered the greatest sprinter of all time.</figcaption></figure> Since independence, Jamaica has consistently produced world class athletes in track and field.<a href="#cite_note-track-12">[12]</a> Over the past six decades Jamaica has produced dozens of world class sprinters including Olympic and World Champion <a href="/wiki/Usain_Bolt" title="Usain Bolt">Usain Bolt</a>, world record holder in the 100m for men at 9.58s, and 200m for men at 19.19s. Other noteworthy Jamaican sprinters include <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wint" title="Arthur Wint">Arthur Wint</a>, the first Jamaican Olympic gold medalist; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Quarrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Quarrie">Donald Quarrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Thompson">Elaine Thompson</a> double Olympic champion from Rio 2016 in the 100m and 200m, Olympic Champion and former 200m world record holder; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Anthony_Bridge" title="Roy Anthony Bridge">Roy Anthony Bridge</a>, part of the International Olympic Committee; <a href="/wiki/Merlene_Ottey" title="Merlene Ottey">Merlene Ottey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Delloreen_Ennis-London" title="Delloreen Ennis-London">Delloreen Ennis-London</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shelly-Ann_Fraser" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelly-Ann Fraser">Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce</a>, the former World and two time Olympic 100m Champion; <a href="/wiki/Kerron_Stewart" title="Kerron Stewart">Kerron Stewart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aleen_Bailey" title="Aleen Bailey">Aleen Bailey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Cuthbert" title="Juliet Cuthbert">Juliet Cuthbert</a>; three-time Olympic gold medalist; <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Campbell-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronica Campbell-Brown">Veronica Campbell-Brown</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sherone_Simpson" title="Sherone Simpson">Sherone Simpson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Foster-Hylton" title="Brigitte Foster-Hylton">Brigitte Foster-Hylton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yohan_Blake" title="Yohan Blake">Yohan Blake</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herb_McKenley" title="Herb McKenley">Herb McKenley</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Rhoden" title="George Rhoden">George Rhoden</a>, Olympic gold medalist; <a href="/wiki/Deon_Hemmings" title="Deon Hemmings">Deon Hemmings</a>, Olympic gold medalist; as well as <a href="/wiki/Asafa_Powell" title="Asafa Powell">Asafa Powell</a>, former 100m world record holder and two-time 100m Olympic finalist and gold medal winner in the men's 2008 Olympic 4 × 100 m. American Olympic winner <a href="/wiki/Sanya_Richards-Ross" title="Sanya Richards-Ross">Sanya Richards-Ross</a> was also born in Jamaica. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse-racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-racing">horse-racing</a> are other popular sports in Jamaica. The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_National_Football_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica National Football Team">national football team</a> qualified for the 1998 <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>. Horse racing was Jamaica's first sport. Today, horse racing provides jobs for about 20,000 people including horse breeders, groomers, and trainers. Also, several Jamaicans are known internationally for their success in horse racing including Richard DePass, who once held the Guinness Book of World Records for the most wins in a day, Canadian awards winner George HoSang, and American award winners Charlie Hussey, Andrew Ramgeet, and Barrington Harvey.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Race car driving is also a popular sport in Jamaica with several car racing tracks and racing associations across the country.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_bobsled_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica national bobsled team">Jamaica national bobsled team</a> was once a serious contender in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>, beating many well-established teams. Chess and basketball are widely played in Jamaica and are supported by the Jamaica Chess Federation (JCF) and the Jamaica Basketball Federation (JBF), respectively. <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> is also very popular on the island, with the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_netball_team" title="Jamaica national netball team">Jamaica national netball team</a> called The Sunshine Girls consistently ranking in the top five in the world.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> has been played in Jamaica since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_rugby_league_team" title="Jamaica national rugby league team">Jamaica national rugby league team</a> is made up of players who play in Jamaica and from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> based professional and semi professional clubs (notably in the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Championship_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="Championship (rugby league)">Championship</a>). In November 2018 for the first time ever, the Jamaican rugby league team qualified for the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a> after defeating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_league_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national rugby league team">USA</a> & <a href="/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_league_team" title="Canada national rugby league team">Canada</a>. Jamaica will play in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2021 Rugby League World Cup">2021 Rugby League World Cup</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>, the highest paid Jamaican professional athlete in 2011 was <a href="/wiki/Justin_Masterson" title="Justin Masterson">Justin Masterson</a>, starting pitcher for the baseball team <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Indians">Cleveland Indians</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jamaica-related_articles" title="Index of Jamaica-related articles">Index of Jamaica-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaicans" title="List of Jamaicans">List of Jamaicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jamaica" title="Outline of Jamaica">Outline of Jamaica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> As represented in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography#Orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Old Spanish orthography</a>, meaning it began with a "<a href="/wiki/%C6%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʃ">sh</a>" sound </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-uwi.edu-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uwi.edu_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uwi.edu_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uwi.edu_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwi.edu/jamaica.php#:~:text=Population%3A2%2C824%2C913%20(2024%20est.,%25%20Chinese%20and%200.8%25%20Other.&text=History%3A%20When%20Christopher%20Columbus%20first,by%20Arawak%20(Taino)%20Indians">"Jamaica | the University of the West Indies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+%26%23124%3B+the+University+of+the+West+Indies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwi.edu%2Fjamaica.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPopulation%253A2%252C824%252C913%2520%282024%2520est.%2C%2525%2520Chinese%2520and%25200.8%2525%2520Other.%26text%3DHistory%253A%2520When%2520Christopher%2520Columbus%2520first%2Cby%2520Arawak%2520%28Taino%29%2520Indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. Cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190707/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fjamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa.un.org-3"><a href="#cite_ref-esa.un.org_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306205719/https://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/PopulationStats.aspx">"Population Statistics"</a>. statinja.gov.jm. Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/PopulationStats.aspx">the original</a> on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statinja.gov.jm&rft.atitle=Population+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatinja.gov.jm%2FDemo_SocialStats%2FPopulationStats.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/PopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx">"Population Usually Resident in Jamaica, by Parish: 2011"</a>. Statistical Institute of Jamaica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005702/https://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/PopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+in+Jamaica%2C+by+Parish%3A+2011&rft.pub=Statistical+Institute+of+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatinja.gov.jm%2FCensus%2FPopCensus%2FPopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa2.un.org-5"><a href="#cite_ref-esa2.un.org_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/">"Data Query – Population density (persons per square km), as of 1 July"</a>. United Nations/DESA/Population Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/">the original</a> on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Query+%E2%80%93+Population+density+%28persons+per+square+km%29%2C+as+of+1+July&rft.pub=United+Nations%2FDESA%2FPopulation+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2FDataQuery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.JM-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JM_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JM_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JM_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JM_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=343,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=1980&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Jamaica)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Jamaica%29&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D343%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D1980%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">"World Bank Open Data"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica_9-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">"CIA World Factbook – Jamaica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fjamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-10"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-11"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-track-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-track_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818201042/http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/athletics_in_jamaica.html">"Athletics in Jamaica"</a>. My island Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/athletics_in_jamaica.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athletics+in+Jamaica&rft.pub=My+island+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.my-island-jamaica.com%2Fathletics_in_jamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> "Reggae." Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 4th ed. Ed. Colin Larkin. Oxford Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Web. 16 February 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-state2007-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state2007_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state2007_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state2007_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state2007_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90259.htm">"Jamaica"</a>. State.gov. 14 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172333/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90259.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90259.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_country-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_country_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_country_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_country_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jamaica/overview">"Jamaica (country)"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041845/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jamaica/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+%28country%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fjamaica%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoran2012" class="citation news cs1">Horan, Tom (5 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/05/how-jamaica-conquered-the-world">"How Jamaica conquered the world"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Jamaica+conquered+the+world&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft.aulast=Horan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Faug%2F05%2Fhow-jamaica-conquered-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Noah (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/what-makes-a-cultural-superpower">"What makes a cultural superpower?"</a>. noahpinion.substack.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219033332/https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/what-makes-a-cultural-superpower">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noahpinion.substack.com&rft.atitle=What+makes+a+cultural+superpower%3F&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoahpinion.substack.com%2Fp%2Fwhat-makes-a-cultural-superpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Garwin (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/jamaica-a-global-cultural-power-hanna/">"Jamaica A Global Cultural Power – Hanna – Jamaica Information Service"</a>. jis.gov.jm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135918/https://jis.gov.jm/jamaica-a-global-cultural-power-hanna/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jis.gov.jm&rft.atitle=Jamaica+A+Global+Cultural+Power+%E2%80%93+Hanna+%E2%80%93+Jamaica+Information+Service&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Garwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fjamaica-a-global-cultural-power-hanna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strongsenseofplace.com/destinations/jamaica/">"Jamaica"</a>. Strong Sense of Place. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327104831/https://strongsenseofplace.com/destinations/jamaica/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strong+Sense+of+Place&rft.atitle=Jamaica&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrongsenseofplace.com%2Fdestinations%2Fjamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/record-4-3-million-tourist-arrivals-2017/">"Record 4.3 Million Tourist Arrivals in 2017"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">Jamaica Information Service</a> (Government of Jamaica). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112339/https://jis.gov.jm/record-4-3-million-tourist-arrivals-2017/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+4.3+Million+Tourist+Arrivals+in+2017&rft.pub=Jamaica+Information+Service+%28Government+of+Jamaica%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Frecord-4-3-million-tourist-arrivals-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taino-22"><a href="#cite_ref-taino_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016055722/http://www.uctp.org/VocesIndigena.html">"Taíno Dictionary"</a> (in Spanish). The United Confederation of Taíno People. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uctp.org/VocesIndigena.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ta%C3%ADno+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+United+Confederation+of+Ta%C3%ADno+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uctp.org%2FVocesIndigena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkinson-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Lesley-Gail (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M33aOoslSTMC&q=yamaye%20%20">The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno</a>. University of the West Indies Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-149-8"><bdi>978-976-640-149-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042517/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Earliest_Inhabitants/M33aOoslSTMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=yamaye++">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Inhabitants%3A+The+Dynamics+of+the+Jamaican+Ta%C3%ADno&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-976-640-149-8&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Lesley-Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM33aOoslSTMC%26q%3Dyamaye%2520%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiwords.com/words/yaad">"Yaad"</a>. Wiwords. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiwords&rft.atitle=Yaad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiwords.com%2Fwords%2Fyaad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Jamaica2_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">"CIA World Factbook – Jamaica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fjamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeganHofman2017" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, William F.; <a href="/wiki/Corinne_Hofman" title="Corinne Hofman">Hofman, Corinne L.</a> (2017). The Caribbean before Columbus (ebook ed.). New York. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190647353" title="Special:BookSources/9780190647353"><bdi>9780190647353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+before+Columbus&rft.place=New+York.+New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190647353&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Hofman%2C+Corinne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBJH-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJH_27-39">an</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica/History">"Jamaica"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420082314/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica/History">Archived</a> 20 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno." </li> <li id="cite_note-primearticles1-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-primearticles1_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-primearticles1_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416013904/http://www.jamaicans.com/articles/primearticles/taino.shtml">"The Taino of Jamaica (Jamaica)"</a>. Jamaicans.com. 1 April 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicans.com/articles/primearticles/taino.shtml">the original</a> on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Taino+of+Jamaica+%28Jamaica%29&rft.pub=Jamaicans.com&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicans.com%2Farticles%2Fprimearticles%2Ftaino.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerTorres2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Harcourt; Torres, Jada Benn (2 January 2018). "Investigating the "Taíno" ancestry of the Jamaican Maroons: a new genetic (DNA), historical, and multidisciplinary analysis and case study of the Accompong Town Maroons". Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 43 (1): 47–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08263663.2018.1426227">10.1080/08263663.2018.1426227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0826-3663">0826-3663</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166204004">166204004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Latin+American+and+Caribbean+Studies&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+%22Ta%C3%ADno%22+ancestry+of+the+Jamaican+Maroons%3A+a+new+genetic+%28DNA%29%2C+historical%2C+and+multidisciplinary+analysis+and+case+study+of+the+Accompong+Town+Maroons&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-78&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166204004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0826-3663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08263663.2018.1426227&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Harcourt&rft.au=Torres%2C+Jada+Benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadrilejoLombardTorres2014" class="citation journal cs1">Madrilejo, Nicole; Lombard, Holden; Torres, Jada Benn (13 November 2014). "Origins of marronage: Mitochondrial lineages of Jamaica's Accompong Town Maroons". American Journal of Human Biology. 27 (3): 432–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajhb.22656">10.1002/ajhb.22656</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-0533">1042-0533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25392952">25392952</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30255510">30255510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Origins+of+marronage%3A+Mitochondrial+lineages+of+Jamaica%27s+Accompong+Town+Maroons&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=432-437&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.issn=1042-0533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30255510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25392952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajhb.22656&rft.aulast=Madrilejo&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Lombard%2C+Holden&rft.au=Torres%2C+Jada+Benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140705/lead/lead5.html">"'I am not extinct'—Jamaican Taino proudly declares ancestry"</a>. jamaica-gleaner.com. 5 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206044422/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140705/lead/lead5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=%27I+am+not+extinct%27%E2%80%94Jamaican+Taino+proudly+declares+ancestry&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20140705%2Flead%2Flead5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013715/http://www.jnht.com/archaeology/barbican_rescue.php">"Jamaican National Heritage Trust"</a>. 28 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/archaeology/barbican_rescue.php">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+National+Heritage+Trust&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Farchaeology%2Fbarbican_rescue.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbus-34"><a href="#cite_ref-columbus_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering" class="citation web cs1">Pickering, Keith A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421053355/http://www.columbusnavigation.com/cctl.shtml">"A Christopher Columbus Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbusnavigation.com/cctl.shtml">the original</a> on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Christopher+Columbus+Timeline&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbusnavigation.com%2Fcctl.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, 1942, pp. 653–54. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, Christopher Columbus, Mariner, 1955, pp. 184–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-JNHT-36"><a href="#cite_ref-JNHT_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926083214/http://jnht.com/jamaica/hist_spanish.php">"History of Jamaica"</a>. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/jamaica/hist_spanish.php">the original</a> on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jamaica+National+Heritage+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Fjamaica%2Fhist_spanish.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_town-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_town_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925160737/http://jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=217">"Spanish Town"</a>. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=217">the original</a> on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Town&rft.pub=Jamaica+National+Heritage+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Fheritage_site.php%3Fid%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-discja-38"><a href="#cite_ref-discja_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805083846/http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history1.htm">"Jamaican History I"</a>. Discover Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history1.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+History+I&rft.pub=Discover+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverjamaica.com%2Fgleaner%2Fdiscover%2Fgeography%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbell,_M.2000" class="citation book cs1">Arbell, M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-35vXOgop6QC">The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica</a>. Canoe Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789768125699" title="Special:BookSources/9789768125699"><bdi>9789768125699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Jews+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Canoe+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789768125699&rft.au=Arbell%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-35vXOgop6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Kritzler, Edward, The Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean, Anchor, 2009, p. 15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0767919521" title="Special:BookSources/0767919521">0767919521</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Matthew (2011). The Sugar Barons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sugar+Barons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/henry-morgan-the-pirate-who-invaded-panama-in-1671.htm">"Henry Morgan: The Pirate Who Invaded Panama in 1671"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612044508/http://www.historynet.com/henry-morgan-the-pirate-who-invaded-panama-in-1671.htm">Archived</a> 12 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historynet.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Matthew (2011). The Sugar Barons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sugar+Barons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamsenghist-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jamsenghist_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamsenghist_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/history_english.php">"Jamaica's English History"</a>. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317015826/http://www.jnht.com/history_english.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica%27s+English+History&rft.pub=Jamaica+National+Heritage+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Fhistory_english.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, J. Harry (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1923356">"Cary Helyar, Merchant and Planter of Seventeenth-Century Jamaica"</a>. The William and Mary Quarterly. 21 (1): 53–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923356">10.2307/1923356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923356">1923356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cary+Helyar%2C+Merchant+and+Planter+of+Seventeenth-Century+Jamaica&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-76&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1923356&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=J.+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F1923356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maroons-46"><a href="#cite_ref-maroons_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenitez" class="citation web cs1">Benitez, Suzette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823070511/http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/Maroons/individual_essays/suzette1.html">"The Maroons"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/Maroons/individual_essays/suzette1.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maroons&rft.aulast=Benitez&rft.aufirst=Suzette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.library.miami.edu%2Fslaves%2FMaroons%2Findividual_essays%2Fsuzette1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Mavis Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica 1655–1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal (Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 14–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> C. V. Black, History of Jamaica (London: Collins, 1975), p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-population-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_49-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08270a.htm">Donovan, J. (1910). Jamaica.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029204716/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08270a.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628132038/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n1_v28/ai_16106981/pg_2">Trevor Burnard, "A failed settler society: marriage and demographic failure in early Jamaica"</a>, Journal of Social History, Fall, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014000146/https://tudorstuartireland.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/tsi-2015-abstracts.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tudorstuartireland.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/tsi-2015-abstracts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftudorstuartireland.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2Ftsi-2015-abstracts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irlandeses.org/0711rodgers2.htm">"Rodgers, Nini, 'The Irish in the Caribbean 1641–1837: An Overview'"</a>. Irlandeses.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119044057/http://www.irlandeses.org/0711rodgers2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rodgers%2C+Nini%2C+%27The+Irish+in+the+Caribbean+1641%E2%80%931837%3A+An+Overview%27&rft.pub=Irlandeses.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irlandeses.org%2F0711rodgers2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HJ-53"><a href="#cite_ref-HJ_53-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cundall" title="Frank Cundall">Cundall, Frank</a>. (1915) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924020417527/page/n45">Historic Jamaica.</a> London: Institute of Jamaica. p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-54"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSGS2009" class="citation web cs1">USGS (21 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120408181146/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1692_06_07.php">"Historic Earthquakes: Jamaica 1692 June 07 UTC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1692_06_07.php">the original</a> on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Earthquakes%3A+Jamaica+1692+June+07+UTC&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft.au=USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Fworld%2Fevents%2F1692_06_07.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Bev Carey, The Maroon Story: The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490–1880 (Kingston, Jamaica: Agouti Press, 1997), pp. 315–355. </li> <li id="cite_note-jamaicans1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-jamaicans1_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/articles_culture/tackys_rebellion.shtml">"Jamaican Culture"</a>. Jamaicans.com. 20 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000555/http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/articles_culture/tackys_rebellion.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Culture&rft.pub=Jamaicans.com&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicans.com%2Fculture%2Farticles_culture%2Ftackys_rebellion.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> History of the Catholic Church in Jamaica, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-829-40544-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-829-40544-6">978-0-829-40544-6</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/8.htm">The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622222104/http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/8.htm">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Library of Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-Revauger-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Revauger_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRévauger2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_R%C3%A9vauger" title="Cécile Révauger">Révauger, Cécile</a> (October 2008). The Abolition of Slavery – The British Debate 1787–1840. Presse Universitaire de France. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057110-0"><bdi>978-2-13-057110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolition+of+Slavery+%E2%80%93+The+British+Debate+1787%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Presse+Universitaire+de+France&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057110-0&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9vauger&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620044655/http://www.embassyofjamaica.org/ABOUThistory.htm">"Embassy of Jamaica, Washington, DC"</a>. www.embassyofjamaica.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.embassyofjamaica.org/ABOUThistory.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.embassyofjamaica.org&rft.atitle=Embassy+of+Jamaica%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.embassyofjamaica.org%2FABOUThistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tortello-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tortello_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tortello_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tortello_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tortello_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortello2003" class="citation news cs1">Tortello, Rebecca (3 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0057.htm">"Out of Many Cultures The People Who Came The Arrival of the Indians"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701070917/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0057.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Out+of+Many+Cultures+The+People+Who+Came+The+Arrival+of+the+Indians&rft.date=2003-11-03&rft.aulast=Tortello&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory%2Fstory0057.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemlock,_Doreen2005" class="citation news cs1">Hemlock, Doreen (17 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134431/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-04-17/features/0504140989_1_jamaican-chinese-new-year-chinese-heritage">"Out of Many, One People: Chinese-Jamaicans Treasure Their Roots and Their Communities"</a>. The Sun-Sentinel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-04-17/features/0504140989_1_jamaican-chinese-new-year-chinese-heritage">the original</a> on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Out+of+Many%2C+One+People%3A+Chinese-Jamaicans+Treasure+Their+Roots+and+Their+Communities&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft.au=Hemlock%2C+Doreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F2005-04-17%2Ffeatures%2F0504140989_1_jamaican-chinese-new-year-chinese-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookjamaica04cundgoog">Handbook of Jamaica</a>. Google Books: Jamaica Government. 1908. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookjamaica04cundgoog/page/n50">37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Jamaica&rft.place=Google+Books&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Jamaica+Government&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookjamaica04cundgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_64-0">^</a> J. F. Wilson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsKRgxpfL_gC&pg=PA69">Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Hot Springs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215072629/https://books.google.com/books?id=AsKRgxpfL_gC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> 15 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pg. 70, BiblioLife (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-554-56496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-554-56496-3">0-554-56496-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-back-65"><a href="#cite_ref-back_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/march1/colonize-030106.html">"Historian situates 'back-to-Africa' movements in broad context"</a>. 1 March 2006. Stanford.edu. March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729121919/http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/march1/colonize-030106.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1+March+2006&rft.atitle=Historian+situates+%27back-to-Africa%27+movements+in+broad+context&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fmarch1%2Fcolonize-030106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hamilton, Janice. Jamaica in Pictures, p. 30. Twenty-First Century Books (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-2394-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-2394-9">0-8225-2394-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost1978" class="citation book cs1">Post, Ken (1978). Arise Ye Starvelings: The Jamaican Rebellion of 1938 and its Aftermath. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024721407" title="Special:BookSources/9024721407"><bdi>9024721407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arise+Ye+Starvelings%3A+The+Jamaican+Rebellion+of+1938+and+its+Aftermath&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9024721407&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, Cary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/45526514">"The Twilight of Colonial Rule in the British West Indies: Nationalist Assertion vs. Imperial Hubris in the 1930s"</a>. Journal of Caribbean History. 30 (1/2): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+History&rft.atitle=The+Twilight+of+Colonial+Rule+in+the+British+West+Indies%3A+Nationalist+Assertion+vs.+Imperial+Hubris+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Cary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F45526514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299716/Jamaica/214972/Self-government#ref515864">"Jamaica: Self-government"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121229101146/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299716/Jamaica/214972/Self-government#ref515864">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jamaica%3A+Self-government&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F299716%2FJamaica%2F214972%2FSelf-government%23ref515864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929234257/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/west_indies_federation.jsp?menu=community">"The West Indies Federation"</a>. 2011. CARICOM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/west_indies_federation.jsp?menu=community">the original</a> on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011&rft.atitle=The+West+Indies+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caricom.org%2Fjsp%2Fcommunity%2Fwest_indies_federation.jsp%3Fmenu%3Dcommunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_71-2">c</a> Dieter Nohlen (2005), Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, Peter Scott Chrysalis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelmanley.org/about/trade-unionist/">"Trade Unionist"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093659/http://michaelmanley.org/about/trade-unionist/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Unionist&rft.aulast=Communications&rft.aufirst=Peter+Scott+Chrysalis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichaelmanley.org%2Fabout%2Ftrade-unionist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_p._430-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_p._430_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_p._430_73-1">b</a> Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/27/magazine/showdown-in-jamaica.html">"Showdown in Jamaica"</a>. The New York Times. 27 November 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919230610/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/27/magazine/showdown-in-jamaica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Showdown+in+Jamaica&rft.date=1988-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F11%2F27%2Fmagazine%2Fshowdown-in-jamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nohlen_2005_p._430-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_2005_p._430_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_2005_p._430_75-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 430, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Franklyn, Delano (ed.): 2002. The Challenges of Change: P. J. Patterson Budget Presentations 1992–2002. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164530/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2007.asp">"Jamaican general election results 3 September 2007"</a>. Caribbean Elections: Jamaican Election Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2007.asp">the original</a> on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+general+election+results+3+September+2007&rft.pub=Caribbean+Elections%3A+Jamaican+Election+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fjm%2Felections%2Fjm_results_2007.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070909/news/news2.html">Pollster's diary: virtual motion picture of campaign 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622031614/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070909/news/news2.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jamaica Gleaner, 9 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-OAS_body_raises_concerns_over_Jamaica_as_death_toll_rises-79"><a href="#cite_ref-OAS_body_raises_concerns_over_Jamaica_as_death_toll_rises_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/05/27/jamaica.violence/">"OAS body raises concerns over Jamaica as death toll rises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 27 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530095457/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/05/27/jamaica.violence/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=OAS+body+raises+concerns+over+Jamaica+as+death+toll+rises&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F05%2F27%2Fjamaica.violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209064054/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110628/lead/lead1.html">"Give Us The Queen!"</a>. The Gleaner. 28 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110628/lead/lead1.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Give+Us+The+Queen%21&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20110628%2Flead%2Flead1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2011" class="citation web cs1">Ghosh, Palash (29 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/most-jamaicans-would-prefer-remain-british-294753">"Most Jamaicans Would Prefer To Remain British"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102304/http://www.ibtimes.com/most-jamaicans-would-prefer-remain-british-294753">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Most+Jamaicans+Would+Prefer+To+Remain+British&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Palash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fmost-jamaicans-would-prefer-remain-british-294753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208122455/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2011.asp">"Jamaican general election results 29 December 2011"</a>. Caribbean Elections: Jamaican Election Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2011.asp">the original</a> on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+general+election+results+29+December+2011&rft.pub=Caribbean+Elections%3A+Jamaican+Election+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fjm%2Felections%2Fjm_results_2011.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731030013/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2016.asp">"Jamaican general election results 25 February 2016"</a>. Caribbean Elections: Jamaican Election Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2016.asp">the original</a> on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+general+election+results+25+February+2016&rft.pub=Caribbean+Elections%3A+Jamaican+Election+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fjm%2Felections%2Fjm_results_2016.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200903/javotes2020-jlp-trounces-pnp-49-14-seats">JLP Trounces PNP 49 To 14 Seats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200905085739/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200903/javotes2020-jlp-trounces-pnp-49-14-seats">Archived</a> 5 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Gleaner, 3 September 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-EBJ-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBJ_85-22">w</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica">"Encyclopedia Britannica – Jamaica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930100130/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+%E2%80%93+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FJamaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920160534/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Jamaica/Jamaica.aspx">"Queen and Jamaica"</a>. The British Monarchy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Jamaica/Jamaica.aspx">the original</a> on 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Jamaica&rft.pub=The+British+Monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchAndCommonwealth%2FJamaica%2FJamaica.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607011458/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4923.asp">"The Monarchy Today: Queen and Commonwealth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4923.asp">the original</a> on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+Today%3A+Queen+and+Commonwealth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage4923.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Rob Crilly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/16/jamaica-unveils-plan-to-ditch-queen-as-head-of-state/">"Jamaica unveils plan to ditch Queen as head of state"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729204338/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/16/jamaica-unveils-plan-to-ditch-queen-as-head-of-state/">Archived</a> 29 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>, 16 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20150912/editorial-monarchy-and-beyond">"Editorial: The Monarchy And Beyond"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729203341/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20150912/editorial-monarchy-and-beyond">Archived</a> 29 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jamaica_Gleaner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamaica Gleaner">The Jamaica Gleaner</a>, 12 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-jdfhistory-90"><a href="#cite_ref-jdfhistory_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101025200223/http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/background/background2.php">"Jamaica Defense Force History"</a>. Jamaica Defense Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/background/background2.php">the original</a> on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Defense+Force+History&rft.pub=Jamaica+Defense+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfmil.org%2Foverview%2Fbackground%2Fbackground2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jdfweb.com/history/">"Origins | JDF.org The Official Website of The Jamaica Defence Force"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921031952/https://www.jdfweb.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+%7C+JDF.org+The+Official+Website+of+The+Jamaica+Defence+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfweb.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JDFstructure-92"><a href="#cite_ref-JDFstructure_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101025200228/http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/background/background3.php">"Jamaica Defense Force General Information"</a>. Jamaica Defense Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/background/background3.php">the original</a> on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Defense+Force+General+Information&rft.pub=Jamaica+Defense+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfmil.org%2Foverview%2Fbackground%2Fbackground3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgroles-93"><a href="#cite_ref-cgroles_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104441/http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/coast_guard/cg_roles.php">"JDF Coast Guard Roles"</a>. Jamaica Defense Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/coast_guard/cg_roles.php">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JDF+Coast+Guard+Roles&rft.pub=Jamaica+Defense+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfmil.org%2FUnits%2Fcoast_guard%2Fcg_roles.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csbattalion-94"><a href="#cite_ref-csbattalion_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008022534/http://jdfmil.org/Units/combat_Support/CSB_home.php">"The Combat Support Battalion (Cbt Sp Bn)"</a>. Jamaica Defense Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/combat_Support/CSB_home.php">the original</a> on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Combat+Support+Battalion+%28Cbt+Sp+Bn%29&rft.pub=Jamaica+Defense+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfmil.org%2FUnits%2Fcombat_Support%2FCSB_home.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-engineerhistory-95"><a href="#cite_ref-engineerhistory_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104425/http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/engineers/er_history.php">"1st Engineering Regiment History"</a>. Jamaica Defense Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/engineers/er_history.php">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1st+Engineering+Regiment+History&rft.pub=Jamaica+Defense+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfmil.org%2FUnits%2Fengineers%2Fer_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jdfhq-96"><a href="#cite_ref-jdfhq_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090433/http://jdfmil.org/Units/hq_jdf/hqjdf_home.php">"Headquarters Jamaica Defence Force (HQ JDF)"</a>. Jamaica Defense Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/hq_jdf/hqjdf_home.php">the original</a> on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Headquarters+Jamaica+Defence+Force+%28HQ+JDF%29&rft.pub=Jamaica+Defense+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdfmil.org%2FUnits%2Fhq_jdf%2Fhqjdf_home.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-localgovernemtn-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-localgovernemtn_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-localgovernemtn_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913220934/http://localauthorities.gov.jm/sites/default/files/resources/local_governance_bill_2015.pdf">"Local Government Act, 2015"</a> (PDF). localauthorities.gov.jm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localauthorities.gov.jm/sites/default/files/resources/local_governance_bill_2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=localauthorities.gov.jm&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act%2C+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localauthorities.gov.jm%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Flocal_governance_bill_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamaica_background-100"><a href="#cite_ref-jamaica_background_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130153040/http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsana/e/fulltext/perfiles/jamaica.pdf">"County Background – Jamaica"</a> (PDF). Pan American Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsana/e/fulltext/perfiles/jamaica.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=County+Background+%E2%80%93+Jamaica&rft.pub=Pan+American+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bvsde.paho.org%2Fbvsana%2Fe%2Ffulltext%2Fperfiles%2Fjamaica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geogofjam-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Geogofjam_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518020038/http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/geography.htm">"Geography of Jamaica"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/geography.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverjamaica.com%2Fgleaner%2Fdiscover%2Fgeography%2Fgeography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-portauthority-102"><a href="#cite_ref-portauthority_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509235846/http://www.portjam.com/nmCMS.php?p=history">"Port Authority History"</a>. Port Authority of Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portjam.com/nmCMS.php?p=history">the original</a> on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Authority+History&rft.pub=Port+Authority+of+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portjam.com%2FnmCMS.php%3Fp%3Dhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-majortownsandcities-103"><a href="#cite_ref-majortownsandcities_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917103147/http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/jamaican_cities.html">"Jamaican Cities"</a>. My Island Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/jamaican_cities.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Cities&rft.pub=My+Island+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.my-island-jamaica.com%2Fjamaican_cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portlandmc.gov.jm/attractions/blue-lagoon">"Blue Lagoon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portland_Parish" title="Portland Parish">Portland</a> Municipal Corporation. 13 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617151241/https://portlandmc.gov.jm/attractions/blue-lagoon">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portland+Municipal+Corporation&rft.atitle=Blue+Lagoon&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportlandmc.gov.jm%2Fattractions%2Fblue-lagoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingston-105"><a href="#cite_ref-kingston_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cheapholidayhacks.com/holidaydestinations/a-journey-through-the-caribbean-a-guide-to-its-culture-and-history/">"Kingston tourist destinations"</a>. 23 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206213505/https://cheapholidayhacks.com/holidaydestinations/a-journey-through-the-caribbean-a-guide-to-its-culture-and-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+tourist+destinations&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcheapholidayhacks.com%2Fholidaydestinations%2Fa-journey-through-the-caribbean-a-guide-to-its-culture-and-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/jamaica/jamai2.htm">"CSI Activities (Portland Bight, Jamaica)"</a>. Unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309111105/http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/jamaica/jamai2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSI+Activities+%28Portland+Bight%2C+Jamaica%29&rft.pub=Unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fcsi%2Fact%2Fjamaica%2Fjamai2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate-107"><a href="#cite_ref-climate_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627015148/http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Jamaica/Climate/">"Jamaica Climate and Weather"</a>. Word Travels. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Jamaica/Climate">the original</a> on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Climate+and+Weather&rft.pub=Word+Travels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordtravels.com%2FTravelguide%2FCountries%2FJamaica%2FClimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleaner_Climate-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Gleaner_Climate_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091454/http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/climate.htm">"Climate of Jamaica"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/climate.htm">the original</a> on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverjamaica.com%2Fgleaner%2Fdiscover%2Fgeography%2Fclimate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamhurricanes-109"><a href="#cite_ref-jamhurricanes_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205171026/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-in-latin-america/building/jamaica/">"Construction and Building in Jamaica"</a>. Projects Abroad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-in-latin-america/building/jamaica/">the original</a> on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction+and+Building+in+Jamaica&rft.pub=Projects+Abroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projects-abroad.org%2Fvolunteer-in-latin-america%2Fbuilding%2Fjamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0021.html">"Jamaica's Botantical Gardens Worth More Than Gold"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130103325/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0021.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Jamaica%27s+Botantical+Gardens+Worth+More+Than+Gold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory%2Fstory0021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiken,_Wilson,_Vogel,_Garraway_PhD2007" class="citation news cs1">Aiken, Wilson, Vogel, Garraway PhD, Karl, Byron, Peter, Eric (21 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mona.uwi.edu/lifesciences/cockpit.htm">"LETTER OF THE DAY: Biologists speak on Cockpit mining"</a>. University of the West Indies. University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712155740/http://www.mona.uwi.edu/lifesciences/cockpit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+the+West+Indies&rft.atitle=LETTER+OF+THE+DAY%3A+Biologists+speak+on+Cockpit+mining&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft.aulast=Aiken%2C+Wilson%2C+Vogel%2C+Garraway+PhD&rft.aufirst=Karl%2C+Byron%2C+Peter%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mona.uwi.edu%2Flifesciences%2Fcockpit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+-+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptile-database.org">"THE REPTILE DATABASE"</a>. reptile-database.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102083427/http://reptile-database.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reptile-database.org&rft.atitle=THE+REPTILE+DATABASE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reptile-database.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110142008/http://www.cockpitcountry.com/Amphibians%20%26%20Reptiles.html">"Amphibians and reptiles found in Cockpit Country jamaica"</a>. Cockpitcountry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cockpitcountry.com/Amphibians%20%26%20Reptiles.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amphibians+and+reptiles+found+in+Cockpit+Country+jamaica&rft.pub=Cockpitcountry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cockpitcountry.com%2FAmphibians%2520%2526%2520Reptiles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jis.gov.jm/symbols/jamaican-national-bird-the-doctor-bird/">"The Doctor Bird – Jamaica Information Service"</a>. jis.gov.jm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065148/http://jis.gov.jm/symbols/jamaican-national-bird-the-doctor-bird/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jis.gov.jm&rft.atitle=The+Doctor+Bird+%E2%80%93+Jamaica+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fsymbols%2Fjamaican-national-bird-the-doctor-bird%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/flamingos/en/country/jamaica">"High Andean Flamingos (Jamaica)"</a>. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Germany). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085427/https://www.cms.int/flamingos/en/country/jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Andean+Flamingos+%28Jamaica%29&rft.pub=Convention+on+the+Conservation+of+Migratory+Species+of+Wild+Animals+%28Germany%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cms.int%2Fflamingos%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fjamaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=388&vhabitat=all2&csub_code=">"All fishes reported from Jamaica"</a>. fishbase.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909194629/http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=388&vhabitat=all2&csub_code=">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fishbase.org&rft.atitle=All+fishes+reported+from+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2FCountry%2FCountryChecklist.php%3Fc_code%3D388%26vhabitat%3Dall2%26csub_code%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuwer" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer" title="Rachel Nuwer">Nuwer, Rachel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sea-cows-used-to-walk-on-land-in-africa-and-jamaica-2742073/">"Sea Cows Used To Walk on Land in Africa And Jamaica"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402204116/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sea-cows-used-to-walk-on-land-in-africa-and-jamaica-2742073/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Sea+Cows+Used+To+Walk+on+Land+in+Africa+And+Jamaica&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fsea-cows-used-to-walk-on-land-in-africa-and-jamaica-2742073%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140629/arts/arts1.html">"Beautiful Butterflies – Jamaican Swallowtails Among Those on Display at IOJ"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper. 29 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041455/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140629/arts/arts1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Beautiful+Butterflies+%E2%80%93+Jamaican+Swallowtails+Among+Those+on+Display+at+IOJ&rft.date=2014-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20140629%2Farts%2Farts1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2009" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Peter E.T. (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922024647/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14769/1/MPRA_paper_14769.pdf">"Sustainable financing for ocean and coastal management in Jamaica: The potential for revenues from tourist user fees"</a> (PDF). Marine Policy. 33 (2): 376–385. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPo..33..376E">2009MarPo..33..376E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2008.08.005">10.1016/j.marpol.2008.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14123041">14123041</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14769/1/MPRA_paper_14769.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=Sustainable+financing+for+ocean+and+coastal+management+in+Jamaica%3A+The+potential+for+revenues+from+tourist+user+fees&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=376-385&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14123041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2008.08.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MarPo..33..376E&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F14769%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_14769.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_121-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepa.gov.jm/symposia_03/Policies/OceanandCoastalZoneManagementPolicy.pdf">"Toward Developing a National Policy on Ocean and Coastal Zone Management"</a> (PDF). nepa.gov.jm. June 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031022/http://nepa.gov.jm/symposia_03/Policies/OceanandCoastalZoneManagementPolicy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nepa.gov.jm&rft.atitle=Toward+Developing+a+National+Policy+on+Ocean+and+Coastal+Zone+Management&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepa.gov.jm%2Fsymposia_03%2FPolicies%2FOceanandCoastalZoneManagementPolicy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapointeThackerHansonGetten2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lapointe, B. E.; Thacker, K.; Hanson, C.; Getten, L. (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225357464">"Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: Effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae"</a>. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 29 (4): 775. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ChJOL..29..775L">2011ChJOL..29..775L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00343-011-0506-8">10.1007/s00343-011-0506-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84875443">84875443</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042531/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225357464_Sewage_pollution_in_Negril_Jamaica_Effects_on_nutrition_and_ecology_of_coral_reef_macroalgae">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Oceanology+and+Limnology&rft.atitle=Sewage+pollution+in+Negril%2C+Jamaica%3A+Effects+on+nutrition+and+ecology+of+coral+reef+macroalgae&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=775&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84875443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00343-011-0506-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ChJOL..29..775L&rft.aulast=Lapointe&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rft.au=Thacker%2C+K.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+C.&rft.au=Getten%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225357464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-123"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/brief/oceans">"Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Economies"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225030929/http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/brief/oceans">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Oceans%2C+Fisheries+and+Coastal+Economies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fenvironment%2Fbrief%2Foceans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/documents/6_davis.pdf">"MARINE DEBRIS: JAMAICA'S RESPONSE"</a> (PDF). www.un.org. 6–10 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107223159/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/documents/6_davis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=MARINE+DEBRIS%3A+JAMAICA%27S+RESPONSE&rft.date=2005-06-06%2F2005-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconsultative_process%2Fdocuments%2F6_davis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThame2021" class="citation journal cs1">Thame, Maziki (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09213740211014331?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.3">"Jamaica, Covid-19 and Black freedom"</a>. Cultural Dynamics. 33 (3): 220–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09213740211014331">10.1177/09213740211014331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Jamaica%2C+Covid-19+and+Black+freedom&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=220-232&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09213740211014331&rft.aulast=Thame&rft.aufirst=Maziki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F09213740211014331%3Ficid%3Dint.sj-full-text.similar-articles.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2015/08/01/out-of-many-one-people-motto-or-myth/">"Out of many, one people: Motto or myth? - Jamaica Observer"</a>. 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+many%2C+one+people%3A+Motto+or+myth%3F+-+Jamaica+Observer&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2F2015%2F08%2F01%2Fout-of-many-one-people-motto-or-myth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/focus/20240526/maziki-thame-race-and-legitimacy-jamaican-politics">"Maziki Thame | Race and legitimacy in Jamaican politics"</a>. 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maziki+Thame+%26%23124%3B+Race+and+legitimacy+in+Jamaican+politics&rft.date=2024-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Ffocus%2F20240526%2Fmaziki-thame-race-and-legitimacy-jamaican-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonTibblesSchwarz2007" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, David; Tibbles, Anthony; Schwarz, Suzanne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeM1rrKiQosC&pg=PAPA141">Liverpool and Transatlantic Slavery</a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-066-9"><bdi>978-1-84631-066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liverpool+and+Transatlantic+Slavery&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-066-9&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Tibbles%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeM1rrKiQosC%26pg%3DPAPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2007" class="citation web cs1">Graham, George (30 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaicans.com/jamaicanrace/">"Out of Many One People, We Are A Race Apart"</a>. Jamaicans.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204108/http://jamaicans.com/jamaicanrace/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaicans.com&rft.atitle=Out+of+Many+One+People%2C+We+Are+A+Race+Apart&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaicans.com%2Fjamaicanrace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamaicans.com-130"><a href="#cite_ref-jamaicans.com_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2016" class="citation web cs1">Benjamin, Glen (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304113229/http://jamaicans.com/reasons-many-jamaicans-dont-understand-racism/">"5 Reasons Many Jamaicans Don't Understand Racism"</a>. jamaicans.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaicans.com/reasons-many-jamaicans-dont-understand-racism/">the original</a> on 4 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaicans.com&rft.atitle=5+Reasons+Many+Jamaicans+Don%27t+Understand+Racism&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaicans.com%2Freasons-many-jamaicans-dont-understand-racism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-131"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms,_Tanya_M.Rodríguez,_Carol_E.Rodríguez,_RosaHerrera,_René_J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Simms, Tanya M.; Rodríguez, Carol E.; Rodríguez, Rosa; Herrera, René J. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38094802">"The genetic structure of populations from Haiti and Jamaica reflect divergent demographic histories"</a>. Am J Phys Anthropol. 142 (1): 49–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21194">10.1002/ajpa.21194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19918989">19918989</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042520/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38094802_The_Genetic_Structure_of_Populations_from_Haiti_and_Jamaica_Reflect_Divergent_Demographic_Histories">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Phys+Anthropol&rft.atitle=The+genetic+structure+of+populations+from+Haiti+and+Jamaica+reflect+divergent+demographic+histories&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-66&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21194&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19918989&rft.au=Simms%2C+Tanya+M.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Carol+E.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Ren%C3%A9+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F38094802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Michael Sivapragasam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01019153409&indx=1&recIds=BLL01019153409&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&vl(2084770704UI0)=any&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=michael%20sivapragasam&dstmp=1546605833202">After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042522/https://l.sharethis.com/sc?event=pview&version=buttons.js&lang=en&sessionID=1621484722616.41079&hostname=explore.bl.uk&location=%2Fprimo_library%2Flibweb%2Faction%2Fdisplay.do&product=widget&fcmp=false&fcmpv2=false&publisher=ad1af46f-5d2b-4f49-aa8c-10f1ffaecf51&bsamesite=true&consent_cookie_duration=188&consent_duration=189&gdpr_domain=.consensu.org&gdpr_method=cookie&url=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.bl.uk%2Fprimo_library%2Flibweb%2Faction%2Fdisplay.do%3Ftabs%3DmoreTab%26ct%3Ddisplay%26fn%3Dsearch%26doc%3DBLL01019153409%26indx%3D1%26recIds%3DBLL01019153409%26recIdxs%3D0%26elementId%3D0%26renderMode%3DpoppedOut%26displayMode%3Dfull%26frbrVersion%3D%26frbg%3D%26dscnt%3D0%26scp.scps%3Dscope%253A(BLCONTENT)%26vl(2084770704UI0)%3Dany%26 tb%3Dt%26vid%3DBLVU1%26mode%3DBasic%26srt%3Drank%26tab%3Dlocal_tab%26dum%3Dtrue%26vl(freeText0)%3Dmichael%2Bsivapragasam%26dstmp%3D1546605833202&title=After%20the%20treaties%20%3A%20a%20social%2C%20economic%20and%20demographic%20history%20of%20Maroon%20society%20in%20Jamaica%2C%201739-1842.%20-%20British%20Library&sop=false&samesite=None">Archived</a> 20 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PhD Dissertation, African-Caribbean Institute of Jamaica library (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> E. Kofi Agorsah, "Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica", Maroon Heritage: Archaeological, Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives, ed. E. Kofi Agorsah (Kingston: University of the West Indies Canoe Press, 1994), pp. 180–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-Craton,_Michael_1982,_p._70-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Craton,_Michael_1982,_p._70_134-0">^</a> Craton, Michael. Testing the Chains. Cornell University Press, 1982, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilby,_Kenneth1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bilby, Kenneth (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002097">"How the "older heads" talk: A Jamaican Maroon spirit possession language and its relationship to the creoles of Suriname and Sierra Leone"</a>. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 57 (1/2): 37–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002097">10.1163/13822373-90002097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+West+Indian+Guide+%2F+Nieuwe+West-Indische+Gids&rft.atitle=How+the+%22older+heads%22+talk%3A+A+Jamaican+Maroon+spirit+possession+language+and+its+relationship+to+the+creoles+of+Suriname+and+Sierra+Leone&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=37-88&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F13822373-90002097&rft.au=Bilby%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F13822373-90002097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_136-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">The World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190707/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">Archived</a> 24 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CIA (The World Factbook): Jamaica </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0056.htm">"Jamaica Gleaner: Pieces of the Past:The Arrival of the Lebanese"</a>. old.jamaica-gleaner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918051912/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0056.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Gleaner%3A+Pieces+of+the+Past%3AThe+Arrival+of+the+Lebanese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory%2Fstory0056.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.my-island-jamaica.com/portuguese_in_jamaica.html">"Portuguese In Jamaica | Why and When Did They Arrive?"</a>. My-Island-Jamaica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514130718/https://www.my-island-jamaica.com/portuguese_in_jamaica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My-Island-Jamaica.com&rft.atitle=Portuguese+In+Jamaica+%7C+Why+and+When+Did+They+Arrive%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.my-island-jamaica.com%2Fportuguese_in_jamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirvis2020" class="citation book cs1">Mirvis, Stanley (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10sm932">The Jews of Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: A Testamentary History of a Diaspora in Transition</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv10sm932">10.2307/j.ctv10sm932</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23881-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23881-5"><bdi>978-0-300-23881-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10sm932">j.ctv10sm932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219044870">219044870</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514130717/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10sm932">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Eighteenth-Century+Jamaica%3A+A+Testamentary+History+of+a+Diaspora+in+Transition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv10sm932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219044870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv10sm932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23881-5&rft.aulast=Mirvis&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv10sm932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunity2020" class="citation web cs1">Community (13 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/2020/10/13/jews-in-jamaica/">"Jews in Jamaica"</a>. The Jewish Museum London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514130718/https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/2020/10/13/jews-in-jamaica/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Museum+London&rft.atitle=Jews+in+Jamaica&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.au=Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishmuseum.org.uk%2F2020%2F10%2F13%2Fjews-in-jamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portugality.yolasite.com/jamaica-en.php">"PORTUGALITY in Jamaica"</a>. portugality.yolasite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201085840/https://portugality.yolasite.com/jamaica-en.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portugality.yolasite.com&rft.atitle=PORTUGALITY+in+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportugality.yolasite.com%2Fjamaica-en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrken2016" class="citation news cs1">Urken, Ross Kenneth (7 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/forgotten-jewish-pirates-jamaica-180959252/">"The Forgotten Jewish Pirates of Jamaica"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181306/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/forgotten-jewish-pirates-jamaica-180959252/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Jewish+Pirates+of+Jamaica&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.aulast=Urken&rft.aufirst=Ross+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fforgotten-jewish-pirates-jamaica-180959252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2019" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Joanna (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117311744">Nearly the new world : the British West Indies and the flight from Nazism, 1933-1945</a>. New York: Berghahn. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-334-9"><bdi>978-1-78920-334-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117311744">1117311744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nearly+the+new+world+%3A+the+British+West+Indies+and+the+flight+from+Nazism%2C+1933-1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1117311744&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-334-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1117311744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115110423/http://www.tozion.org/Rastafari%20Jamaica.html">"Jamaica *Rastafari * ToZion.org *"</a>. www.tozion.org. 28 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tozion.org/Rastafari%20Jamaica.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tozion.org&rft.atitle=Jamaica+%2ARastafari+%2A+ToZion.org+%2A&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tozion.org%2FRastafari%2520Jamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/PM-wants-Spanish-to-be-Jamaica-s-second-language">"Jamaica Observer Limited"</a>. Jamaica Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172406/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/PM-wants-Spanish-to-be-Jamaica-s-second-language">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Observer+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2FPM-wants-Spanish-to-be-Jamaica-s-second-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Ronald C. Morren and Diane M. Morren (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/silewp/2007/silewp2007-009.pdf">Are the goals and objectives of Jamaica's Bilingual Education Project being met?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516230512/http://www-01.sil.org/silewp/2007/silewp2007-009.pdf">Archived</a> 16 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a> (working paper). Retrieved 31 August 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJettka2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jettka, Daniel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115010332/http://www.daniel-jettka.de/pdf/JETTKA-The_language_situation_of_Jamaica.pdf">"English in Jamaica: The Coexistence of Standard Jamaican English and the English-based Jamaican Creole"</a> (PDF). Hamburg Centre for Language Corpora. <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg University">Hamburg University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daniel-jettka.de/pdf/JETTKA-The_language_situation_of_Jamaica.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamburg+Centre+for+Language+Corpora&rft.atitle=English+in+Jamaica%3A+The+Coexistence+of+Standard+Jamaican+English+and+the+English-based+Jamaican+Creole&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jettka&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daniel-jettka.de%2Fpdf%2FJETTKA-The_language_situation_of_Jamaica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Claude Robinson (30 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/English-lessons-for-Jamaica_16372740">"English lessons for Jamaica"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010104228/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/English-lessons-for-Jamaica_16372740">Archived</a> 10 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-e25jcs-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25jcs_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25jcs_149-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/jcs">Konchri Sain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/immigrationstatistics">"United States immigration statistics"</a>. Dhs.gov. 23 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204130555/http://www.dhs.gov/immigrationstatistics">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+immigration+statistics&rft.pub=Dhs.gov&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fimmigrationstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029160356/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569844_2/Cuba.html">Jamaicans to Cuba</a>. Encarta.msn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569844_2/Cuba.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaicans+to+Cuba&rft.pub=Encarta.msn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761569844_2%2FCuba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050427212932/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/html/20040620T150000-0500_61511_OBS_LINKING_THE_JAMAICAN_DIASPORA.asp">Linking the Jamaican Diaspora</a>. Jamaica Observer. 20 June 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-IOMMapping-153"><a href="#cite_ref-IOMMapping_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511105031/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_JAMAICA.pdf">"Jamaica: Mapping exercise"</a> (PDF). London: <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>. July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_JAMAICA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica%3A+Mapping+exercise&rft.place=London&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iomlondon.org%2Fdoc%2Fmapping%2FIOM_JAMAICA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Jones, Terry-Ann. Jamaican Immigrants in the United States and Canada: Race, Transnationalism, and Social Capital. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 2008. 2–3; 160–3. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toronto-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Toronto_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=535&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census – Toronto (CMA)"</a>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813114501/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=535&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Toronto+%28CMA%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCMACA%26Code1%3D535%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dtoronto%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DEthnic%2520origin%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All&type=0&Code1=3506008&SearchText=ottawa">"Census Profile, 2016 Census"</a>. 8 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806063218/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All&type=0&Code1=3506008&SearchText=ottawa">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26TABID%3D1%26B1%3DAll%26type%3D0%26Code1%3D3506008%26SearchText%3Dottawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamaicans-157"><a href="#cite_ref-jamaicans_157-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories—20% sample data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818195955/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">Archived</a> 18 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Statistics Canada (2006). Retrieved on 11 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page">Visible minority groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories—20% sample data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114042710/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page">Archived</a> 14 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Statistics Canada (2006). Retrieved on 19 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPink2010" class="citation news cs1">Pink, Patrina (18 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100618/news/news4.html">"Jamaican Rastas Bring Cultural Diversity To 'Promised Land'"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730210828/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100618/news/news4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Jamaican+Rastas+Bring+Cultural+Diversity+To+%27Promised+Land%27&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft.aulast=Pink&rft.aufirst=Patrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20100618%2Fnews%2Fnews4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhalla2001" class="citation news cs1">Bhalla, Nita (5 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1639646.stm">"The town that Rastafarians built"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730210816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1639646.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+town+that+Rastafarians+built&rft.date=2001-11-05&rft.aulast=Bhalla&rft.aufirst=Nita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1639646.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-focal.ca-161"><a href="#cite_ref-focal.ca_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/307-september-2010-don-robotham">"Crime and crisis in Jamaica"</a>. www.focal.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730212158/https://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/307-september-2010-don-robotham">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.focal.ca&rft.atitle=Crime+and+crisis+in+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focal.ca%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ffocalpoint%2F307-september-2010-don-robotham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/307-september-2010-don-robotham">"Crime and crisis in Jamaica"</a>. Focal.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421211313/http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/307-september-2010-don-robotham">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+and+crisis+in+Jamaica&rft.pub=Focal.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focal.ca%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ffocalpoint%2F307-september-2010-don-robotham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationmaster_Crime_Stats-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Nationmaster_Crime_Stats_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929181837/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita">"Nationmaster Crime Stats"</a>. Nationmaster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita">the original</a> on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationmaster+Crime+Stats&rft.pub=Nationmaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fcri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-un37820-164"><a href="#cite_ref-un37820_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Caribbean-study-en.pdf">"Crime, violence and development: trends, costs, and policy options in the Caribbean"</a> (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228023900/http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Caribbean-study-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime%2C+violence+and+development%3A+trends%2C+costs%2C+and+policy+options+in+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdata-and-analysis%2FCaribbean-study-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/jamaica/safety-and-security">"Jamaica Travel Advice: Safety and Security"</a>. Foreign Travel Advice. Government of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614052657/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/jamaica/safety-and-security">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Travel+Advice&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Travel+Advice%3A+Safety+and+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fforeign-travel-advice%2Fjamaica%2Fsafety-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcf.gov.jm/stats/">"Crime Statistics"</a>. Jamaica Constabulary Force. 12 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425170025/https://jcf.gov.jm/stats/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Constabulary+Force&rft.atitle=Crime+Statistics&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcf.gov.jm%2Fstats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104074825/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/power/29278">"Prime Minister Golding Speaks on Crime Reduction"</a>. The Gleaner. 9 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go-jamaica.com/news/read_article.php?id=29278">the original</a> on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Golding+Speaks+on+Crime+Reduction&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo-jamaica.com%2Fnews%2Fread_article.php%3Fid%3D29278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Pachico, Elyssa (2012-3-30). "Jamaica Murder Rate Dropped 30% in 2012". InSightCrime: Organized Crime in the Americas. Retrieved 2012-12-1. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rjrnewsonline.com/local/jamaicas-murder-tally-over-1500-this-year">"Jamaica's Murder Tally Over 1,500 This Year"</a>. rjrnewsonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215111501/http://rjrnewsonline.com/local/jamaicas-murder-tally-over-1500-this-year">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rjrnewsonline.com&rft.atitle=Jamaica%27s+Murder+Tally+Over+1%2C500+This+Year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frjrnewsonline.com%2Flocal%2Fjamaicas-murder-tally-over-1500-this-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgett2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Padgett, Tim (12 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619081126/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html">"The Most Homophobic Place on Earth?"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Most+Homophobic+Place+on+Earth%3F&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1182991%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-State-171"><a href="#cite_ref-State_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204673.pdf">"2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Jamaica"</a> (PDF). Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State. pp. 20–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326151431/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204673.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Jamaica&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights+and+Labor%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F204673.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/jamaica/local-laws-and-customs">"Jamaica Travel Advice: Local Laws and Customs"</a>. Foreign Travel Advice. Government of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614052706/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/jamaica/local-laws-and-customs">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Travel+Advice&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Travel+Advice%3A+Local+Laws+and+Customs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fforeign-travel-advice%2Fjamaica%2Flocal-laws-and-customs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkTimes-173"><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimes_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2008" class="citation news cs1">Lacey, Marc (24 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/americas/24jamaica.html">"Attacks Show Easygoing Jamaica Is Dire Place for Gays"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022316/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/americas/24jamaica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Attacks+Show+Easygoing+Jamaica+Is+Dire+Place+for+Gays&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F24%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F24jamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HumanRightsWatch-174"><a href="#cite_ref-HumanRightsWatch_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/01/31/jamaica-shield-gays-mob-attacks">"Jamaica: Shield Gays from Mob Attacks"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 31 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312143653/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/01/31/jamaica-shield-gays-mob-attacks">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica%3A+Shield+Gays+from+Mob+Attacks&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2F31%2Fjamaica-shield-gays-mob-attacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmnestyInternational-175"><a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyInternational_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr38/004/2007/en/">"Document – Jamaica: Amnesty International condemns homophobic violence"</a> (Press release). Amnesty International. 15 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150026/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr38/004/2007/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+%E2%80%93+Jamaica%3A+Amnesty+International+condemns+homophobic+violence&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Famr38%2F004%2F2007%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccprcentre.org/doc/2012/05/G1147116.pdf">"Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Jamaica, United Nations Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/JAM/CO/3, paragraph 8, pages 2-3, 17 November 2011"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111093406/http://www.ccprcentre.org/doc/2012/05/G1147116.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concluding+Observations+of+the+Human+Rights+Committee%3A+Jamaica%2C+United+Nations+Human+Rights+Committee%2C+CCPR%2FC%2FJAM%2FCO%2F3%2C+paragraph+8%2C+pages+2-3%2C+17+November+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccprcentre.org%2Fdoc%2F2012%2F05%2FG1147116.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/jamaicas-anti-gay-murder-music-carries-violent-message">Jamaica's Anti-Gay 'Murder Music' Carries Violent Message</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707073902/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/winter/harmonies-of-hate">Archived</a> 7 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by Leah Nelson, The Intelligence Report, The Southern Poverty Law Center. 27 February 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf">"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association</a>. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Trans+and+Intersex+Association&rft.atitle=State+Sponsored+Homophobia+2016%3A+A+world+survey+of+sexual+orientation+laws%3A+criminalisation%2C+protection+and+recognition&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filga.org%2Fdownloads%2F02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974">"71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal"</a>. Newsweek. 4 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=71+Countries+Where+Homosexuality+is+Illegal&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStan_Simpson_and_David_Person2003" class="citation book cs1">Stan Simpson and David Person (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704193223/http://www.ncat.edu/iajs/research/Africans_in_Americas_Volume1/Ch19_Land_of_Maroons.pdf">Home away from Home: Africans in Americas, Volume 1, Ch 19: Land of Maroons</a> (PDF). Institute for Advanced Journalism Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncat.edu/iajs/research/Africans_in_Americas_Volume1/Ch19_Land_of_Maroons.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+away+from+Home%3A+Africans+in+Americas%2C+Volume+1%2C+Ch+19%3A+Land+of+Maroons&rft.pub=Institute+for+Advanced+Journalism+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Stan+Simpson+and+David+Person&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncat.edu%2Fiajs%2Fresearch%2FAfricans_in_Americas_Volume1%2FCh19_Land_of_Maroons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/site_bedwards_tomb.php">"Bedward's Tomb"</a>. www.jnht.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130194040/http://www.jnht.com/site_bedwards_tomb.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jnht.com&rft.atitle=Bedward%27s+Tomb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Fsite_bedwards_tomb.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElam" class="citation web cs1">Elam, Rachael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327080958/http://www.eiu.edu/~historia/archives/2005/Elam.pdf">"Jamaican Christian Missions:Their Influence in the Jamaican Slave Rebellion of 1831–32 and the End of Slavery"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiu.edu/~historia/archives/2005/Elam.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Christian+Missions%3ATheir+Influence+in+the+Jamaican+Slave+Rebellion+of+1831%E2%80%9332+and+the+End+of+Slavery&rft.aulast=Elam&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.edu%2F~historia%2Farchives%2F2005%2FElam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Savishinsky, Neil J. "Transnational popular culture and the global spread of the Jamaican Rastafarian movement." NWIG: New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 68.3/4 (1994): 259–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Glazier" title="Stephen D. Glazier">Stephen D. Glazier</a>, Encyclopedia of African and African-American Religions, 2001, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrell2010" class="citation book cs1">Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (25 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9h5KDRfZ-JgC&q=kongo+immigrants+to+jamaica+kumina&pg=PA259">Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439901755" title="Special:BookSources/9781439901755"><bdi>9781439901755</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014108/https://books.google.com/books?id=9h5KDRfZ-JgC&q=kongo+immigrants+to+jamaica+kumina&pg=PA259">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afro-Caribbean+Religions%3A+An+Introduction+to+Their+Historical%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Sacred+Traditions&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.isbn=9781439901755&rft.aulast=Murrell&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9h5KDRfZ-JgC%26q%3Dkongo%2Bimmigrants%2Bto%2Bjamaica%2Bkumina%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2005" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Dianne M. (7 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJPBkj4P38wC">Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious Experience</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198039082" title="Special:BookSources/9780198039082"><bdi>9780198039082</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206202622/https://books.google.com/books?id=pJPBkj4P38wC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Eyes+for+the+Journey%3A+African+Dimensions+of+the+Jamaican+Religious+Experience&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-07-07&rft.isbn=9780198039082&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dianne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJPBkj4P38wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carib-187"><a href="#cite_ref-carib_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorCase2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Patrick; Case, Frederick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&q=Yankipong&pg=PA476">The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A – L; Volume 2: M – Z</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252094330" title="Special:BookSources/9780252094330"><bdi>9780252094330</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034448/https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&q=Yankipong&pg=PA476">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Caribbean+Religions%3A+Volume+1%3A+A+%E2%80%93+L%3B+Volume+2%3A+M+%E2%80%93+Z&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780252094330&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Case%2C+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOyYCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DYankipong%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Paul Easterling, "The Ifa' Diaspora: The Art of Syncretism, Part 5 – Obeah and Myal" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.afrometrics.org/africana-religious-studies-series/the-ifa-diaspora-the-art-of-syncretism-part-5-obeah-and-myal">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730214923/http://www.afrometrics.org/africana-religious-studies-series/the-ifa-diaspora-the-art-of-syncretism-part-5-obeah-and-myal">Archived</a> 30 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Afrometrics.org, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170428/http://www.worldmap.org/maps/other/profiles/jamaica/Jamaica%20Profile.doc">"Map Source: www.worldmap.org"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldmap.org/maps/other/profiles/jamaica/Jamaica%20Profile.doc">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+Source%3A+www.worldmap.org&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldmap.org%2Fmaps%2Fother%2Fprofiles%2Fjamaica%2FJamaica%2520Profile.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4th-190"><a href="#cite_ref-4th_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'í_International_Community2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_International_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í International Community">Bahá'í International Community</a> (11 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bahai.org/story/468">"Jamaicans celebrate 4th National Baha'i Day"</a>. Bahá'í World News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106235210/https://news.bahai.org/story/468/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+World+News+Service&rft.atitle=Jamaicans+celebrate+4th+National+Baha%27i+Day&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+International+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bahai.org%2Fstory%2F468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/jamaica">"Jamaica – LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership"</a>. Mormonnewsroom.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628013405/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+%E2%80%93+LDS+Statistics+and+Church+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Total+Church+Membership&rft.pub=Mormonnewsroom.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fjamaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0074.html">"Jamaica Gleaner: Pieces of the Past: Out of Many Cultures: Roads and Resistance: RELIGIOUS ICONS part 2"</a>. old.jamaica-gleaner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815122842/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0074.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Gleaner%3A+Pieces+of+the+Past%3A+Out+of+Many+Cultures%3A+Roads+and+Resistance%3A+RELIGIOUS+ICONS+part+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory%2Fstory0074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitjamaica.com/feel-the-vibe/people/faith/">"Faith in Jamaica | Learn More About What We Believe"</a>. www.visitjamaica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513082314/https://www.visitjamaica.com/feel-the-vibe/people/faith/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visitjamaica.com&rft.atitle=Faith+in+Jamaica+%7C+Learn+More+About+What+We+Believe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitjamaica.com%2Ffeel-the-vibe%2Fpeople%2Ffaith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=55">religiousintelligence.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221114046/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=55">Archived</a> 21 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Jamaica/rbodies.html">religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221114046/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Jamaica/rbodies.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaruth_CommunicationsHarry_Leichter" class="citation web cs1">Haruth Communications; Harry Leichter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haruth.com/JewsJamaica.html">"Jamaican Jews"</a>. Haruth.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091111044215/http://www.haruth.com/JewsJamaica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Jews&rft.pub=Haruth.com&rft.au=Haruth+Communications&rft.au=Harry+Leichter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haruth.com%2FJewsJamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawes2003" class="citation web cs1">Dawes, Mark (10 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510014048/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20030610/mind/mind2.html">"Jews hold firm Life goes on in Old Synagogue"</a>. The Gleaner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20030610/mind/mind2.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Jews+hold+firm+Life+goes+on+in+Old+Synagogue&rft.date=2003-06-10&rft.aulast=Dawes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20030610%2Fmind%2Fmind2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2012" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan, Dana Evan (10 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-footprints-in-the-caribbean-sand-1.5281292">"A Synagogue Drawn in the Sand"</a>. Haaretz.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190049/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-footprints-in-the-caribbean-sand-1.5281292">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2020 – via Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=A+Synagogue+Drawn+in+the+Sand&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Dana+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-footprints-in-the-caribbean-sand-1.5281292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Caribbean-synagogue-sand-floor-180963581/">"Why Sand Covers the Floor of One of the Western Hemisphere's Oldest Synagogues"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416073857/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Caribbean-synagogue-sand-floor-180963581/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Sand+Covers+the+Floor+of+One+of+the+Western+Hemisphere%27s+Oldest+Synagogues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2FCaribbean-synagogue-sand-floor-180963581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caribbeanmuslims.com/hosay-festival-westmoreland-jamaica">"Hosay Festival, Westmoreland, Jamaica"</a>. caribbeanmuslims.com. 14 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304054809/http://caribbeanmuslims.com/hosay-festival-westmoreland-jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caribbeanmuslims.com&rft.atitle=Hosay+Festival%2C+Westmoreland%2C+Jamaica&rft.date=2009-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaribbeanmuslims.com%2Fhosay-festival-westmoreland-jamaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123064227/http://www.jis.gov.jm/education/html/20041212T090000-0500_4438_JIS_MORAVIAN_CHURCH_CONTRIBUTING_MUCH_TO_EDUCATION.asp">"Moravian Church Contribution to Education in Jamaica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jis.gov.jm/education/html/20041212T090000-0500_4438_JIS_MORAVIAN_CHURCH_CONTRIBUTING_MUCH_TO_EDUCATION.asp">the original</a> on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moravian+Church+Contribution+to+Education+in+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jis.gov.jm%2Feducation%2Fhtml%2F20041212T090000-0500_4438_JIS_MORAVIAN_CHURCH_CONTRIBUTING_MUCH_TO_EDUCATION.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520221921/http://www.moec.gov.jm/news/speeches/ict2003.htm">"Transforming the Jamaican Education System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moec.gov.jm/news/speeches/ict2003.htm">the original</a> on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transforming+the+Jamaican+Education+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moec.gov.jm%2Fnews%2Fspeeches%2Fict2003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010330/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=JAM">"Vocational Education in Jamaica"</a>. UNESCO-UNEVOC. August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=JAM">the original</a> on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocational+Education+in+Jamaica&rft.pub=UNESCO-UNEVOC&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unevoc.unesco.org%2Fworldtvetdatabase1.php%3Fct%3DJAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20181201/elizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit">"Ja/Caricom and the G20 Summit"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042130/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20181201/elizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ja%2FCaricom+and+the+G20+Summit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fcommentary%2F20181201%2Felizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/features/lowest-unemployment-in-50-years/">"Lowest Unemployment in 50 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">Jamaica Information Service</a> (Government of Jamaica). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112222/https://jis.gov.jm/features/lowest-unemployment-in-50-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lowest+Unemployment+in+50+Years&rft.pub=Jamaica+Information+Service+%28Government+of+Jamaica%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Ffeatures%2Flowest-unemployment-in-50-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mof.gov.jm-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mof.gov.jm_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mof.gov.jm_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html">"GOJ Divestment and Projects Programme to Generate Billions in Investment Opportunities for Jamaican Capital"</a>. Government of Jamaica Ministry of Finance and Public Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062403/http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOJ+Divestment+and+Projects+Programme+to+Generate+Billions+in+Investment+Opportunities+for+Jamaican+Capital&rft.pub=Government+of+Jamaica+Ministry+of+Finance+and+Public+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.gov.jm%2Fmof-media%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpress%2F2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_Observer_newspaper-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_newspaper_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_newspaper_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Holness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica">"Holness says divestment of state assets good thing for Jamaica"</a>. Jamaica Observer newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062310/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Holness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holness+says+divestment+of+state+assets+good+thing+for+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jamaica+Observer+newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Flatestnews%2FHolness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_Gleaner_newspaper-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Gleaner_newspaper_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Gleaner_newspaper_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20181114/dbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment">"DBJ Bats For Small Investors in Wigton Divestment"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner newspaper. 14 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224003542/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20181114/dbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DBJ+Bats+For+Small+Investors+in+Wigton+Divestment&rft.pub=Jamaica+Gleaner+newspaper&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20181114%2Fdbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls">"Jamaica – Foreign Exchange Controls"</a>. export.gov. Government of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002029/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=export.gov&rft.atitle=Jamaica+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Exchange+Controls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.export.gov%2Farticle%3Fid%3DJamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664">"No Legal Restrictions of Foreign Currency Quotes"</a>. Jamaica Observer. Jamaica Observer Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002109/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=No+Legal+Restrictions+of+Foreign+Currency+Quotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fbusiness%2F-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/trc/Jamaica/JamaicaTP.asp">"Trade Reference Centre – Jamaica – Caribbean Trade Reference Centre"</a>. Trade Reference Centre – Jamaica – Caribbean Trade Reference Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228010302/http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/trc/Jamaica/JamaicaTP.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Reference+Centre+%E2%80%93+Jamaica+%E2%80%93+Caribbean+Trade+Reference+Centre&rft.pub=Trade+Reference+Centre+%E2%80%93+Jamaica+%E2%80%93+Caribbean+Trade+Reference+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctrc.sice.oas.org%2Ftrc%2FJamaica%2FJamaicaTP.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state1-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state1_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state1_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157299.htm">"2011 Investment Climate Statement — Jamaica"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208230306/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157299.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Investment+Climate+Statement+%E2%80%94+Jamaica&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fe%2Feb%2Frls%2Fothr%2Fics%2F2011%2F157299.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Import-Tariffs">"Jamaica – Import Tariffs"</a>. export.gov. Government of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001921/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Import-Tariffs">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=export.gov&rft.atitle=Jamaica+%E2%80%93+Import+Tariffs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.export.gov%2Farticle%3Fid%3DJamaica-Import-Tariffs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/no-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target">"Jamaica Turns to Reggae Videos to Promote Inflation Target"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151944/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/no-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Turns+to+Reggae+Videos+to+Promote+Inflation+Target&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-01-17%2Fno-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment">"Jamaica – 1-Openness to & Restriction on Foreign Investment"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002016/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+%E2%80%93+1-Openness+to+%26+Restriction+on+Foreign+Investment&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.export.gov%2Farticle%3Fid%3DJamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_Economy-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Economy_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Economy_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Economy_215-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Economy_215-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Economy_215-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Economy_215-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/jamaica/economy">"Jamaica (Economy)"</a>. Official Commonwealth Website (UK). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001931/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/jamaica/economy">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+%28Economy%29&rft.pub=Official+Commonwealth+Website+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecommonwealth.org%2Four-member-countries%2Fjamaica%2Feconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4632e/y4632e0m.htm">"Jamaica"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217064745/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4632E/y4632e0m.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F005%2Fy4632e%2Fy4632e0m.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2000/jam/01/">"Jamaica Letter of Intent July 19, 2000"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062353/https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2000/jam/01/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Letter+of+Intent+July+19%2C+2000&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Floi%2F2000%2Fjam%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp085_e.htm">"Jamaica: October 1998"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151905/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp085_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica%3A+October+1998&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Ftpr_e%2Ftp085_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/y4632e/y4632e0m.htm">"Jamaica"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062347/http://www.fao.org/3/y4632e/y4632e0m.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fy4632e%2Fy4632e0m.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/growth-in-agriculture-subsectors/">"Growth in Agriculture Subsectors"</a>. Government of Jamaica (<a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">Jamaica Information Service</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002115/https://jis.gov.jm/growth-in-agriculture-subsectors/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+in+Agriculture+Subsectors&rft.pub=Government+of+Jamaica+%28Jamaica+Information+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fgrowth-in-agriculture-subsectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/magazines/Business/html/20070428T200000-0500_122373_OBS_NO_GAS_FROM_TRINIDAD__VENEZUELA_BY_____.asp">No gas from Trinidad, Venezuela by 2009 – Jamaica Observer.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022409/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/magazines/Business/html/20070428T200000-0500_122373_OBS_NO_GAS_FROM_TRINIDAD__VENEZUELA_BY_____.asp">Archived</a> 17 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at www.jamaicaobserver.com </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business-observer/limestone-research-finds-richest-deposits-in-st-elizabeth-portland-and-trelawny_95991">"Limestone research finds richest deposits in St Elizabeth, Portland and Trelawny"</a>. Jamaica Observer newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112137/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business-observer/limestone-research-finds-richest-deposits-in-st-elizabeth-portland-and-trelawny_95991">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limestone+research+finds+richest+deposits+in+St+Elizabeth%2C+Portland+and+Trelawny&rft.pub=Jamaica+Observer+newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fbusiness-observer%2Flimestone-research-finds-richest-deposits-in-st-elizabeth-portland-and-trelawny_95991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinder" class="citation web cs1">Collinder, Avia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Carube-Copper-Corp-to-begin-mining-for-gold-and-copper-at-Bellas-Gate-in-April_91755">"Carube Copper Corp to begin exploring for gold and copper at Bellas Gate in April"</a>. Jamaica Observer newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112329/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Carube-Copper-Corp-to-begin-mining-for-gold-and-copper-at-Bellas-Gate-in-April_91755">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carube+Copper+Corp+to+begin+exploring+for+gold+and+copper+at+Bellas+Gate+in+April&rft.pub=Jamaica+Observer+newspaper&rft.aulast=Collinder&rft.aufirst=Avia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fbusiness%2FCarube-Copper-Corp-to-begin-mining-for-gold-and-copper-at-Bellas-Gate-in-April_91755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDavid2003" class="citation journal cs1">McDavid, Hamilton (2003). "An Input-Output Analysis of the Jamaican Hospitality and Tourism Sector". Social and Economic Studies: Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of the West Indies. 52 (1): 161–184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27865318">27865318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+and+Economic+Studies%3A+Sir+Arthur+Lewis+Institute+of+Social+and+Economic+Studies%2C+University+of+the+West+Indies&rft.atitle=An+Input-Output+Analysis+of+the+Jamaican+Hospitality+and+Tourism+Sector&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-184&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27865318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDavid&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Jamaica_sees_European_tourism_boom">"Jamaica sees European tourism boom"</a>. Jamaica Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112039/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Jamaica_sees_European_tourism_boom">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Jamaica+sees+European+tourism+boom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Flatestnews%2FJamaica_sees_European_tourism_boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards_?profile=1228">"Jamaica sweeps World Travel Awards"</a>. Jamaica Observer newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002104/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Jamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards_?profile=1228">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+sweeps+World+Travel+Awards&rft.pub=Jamaica+Observer+newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Flatestnews%2FJamaica_sweeps_World_Travel_Awards_%3Fprofile%3D1228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_Ministry_of_Tourism-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Ministry_of_Tourism_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Ministry_of_Tourism_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mot.gov.jm/news-releases/jamaica-scores-big-travvy-tourism-awards">"Jamaica Scores Big With Travvy Tourism Awards"</a>. Jamaica Ministry of Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062409/https://www.mot.gov.jm/news-releases/jamaica-scores-big-travvy-tourism-awards">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Scores+Big+With+Travvy+Tourism+Awards&rft.pub=Jamaica+Ministry+of+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mot.gov.jm%2Fnews-releases%2Fjamaica-scores-big-travvy-tourism-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Bartlett_is_Worlds_Tourism_Minister_of_the_Year?profile=1470">"Bartlett is World's Tourism Minister of the Year"</a>. Jamaica Observer newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002135/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Bartlett_is_Worlds_Tourism_Minister_of_the_Year?profile=1470">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bartlett+is+World%27s+Tourism+Minister+of+the+Year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Flatestnews%2FBartlett_is_Worlds_Tourism_Minister_of_the_Year%3Fprofile%3D1470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petrojam.com/about-us">"PetroJam (About Us)"</a>. PetroJam (Government of Jamaica). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406100753/http://www.petrojam.com/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PetroJam+%28About+Us%29&rft.pub=PetroJam+%28Government+of+Jamaica%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petrojam.com%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/house-approves-bill-to-retake-ownership-of-petrojam-shares/">"House Approves Bill to Retake Ownership of Petrojam Shares"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">Jamaica Information Service</a> (Government of Jamaica). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095208/https://jis.gov.jm/house-approves-bill-to-retake-ownership-of-petrojam-shares/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+Approves+Bill+to+Retake+Ownership+of+Petrojam+Shares&rft.pub=Jamaica+Information+Service+%28Government+of+Jamaica%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fhouse-approves-bill-to-retake-ownership-of-petrojam-shares%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/editorial/jamaican-cocoa-could-be-sweet-again_48936">"Jamaican cocoa could be sweet again"</a>. Jamaica Observer newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112213/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/editorial/jamaican-cocoa-could-be-sweet-again_48936">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+cocoa+could+be+sweet+again&rft.pub=Jamaica+Observer+newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Feditorial%2Fjamaican-cocoa-could-be-sweet-again_48936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBJE-232"><a href="#cite_ref-EBJE_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica/Economy">"Jamaica Economy"</a>. Britannica Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221113351/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica/Economy">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Economy&rft.pub=Britannica+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FJamaica%2FEconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinder2017" class="citation web cs1">Collinder, Avia (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/business/20170818/shortage-creates-price-surge-fresh-citrus">"Shortage Creates Price Surge for Fresh Citrus"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112416/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/business/20170818/shortage-creates-price-surge-fresh-citrus">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shortage+Creates+Price+Surge+for+Fresh+Citrus&rft.pub=Jamaica+Gleaner+newspaper&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Collinder&rft.aufirst=Avia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness%2F20170818%2Fshortage-creates-price-surge-fresh-citrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLokeshwar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, L.; Lokeshwar, B.L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891794">"Medicinal Properties of the Jamaican Pepper Plant Pimenta dioica and Allspice"</a>. Current Drug Targets. 13 (14): 1900–1906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138945012804545641">10.2174/138945012804545641</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891794">3891794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23140298">23140298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Drug+Targets&rft.atitle=Medicinal+Properties+of+the+Jamaican+Pepper+Plant+Pimenta+dioica+and+Allspice&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1900-1906&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3891794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23140298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138945012804545641&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Lokeshwar%2C+B.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3891794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717101044/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0070.htm">"History of Aviation in Jamaica: Part I"</a>. Jamaica-gleaner.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0070.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Aviation+in+Jamaica%3A+Part+I&rft.pub=Jamaica-gleaner.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory%2Fstory0070.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statinja.com/">Statistical Institute of Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417202235/https://www.statinja.com/">Archived</a> 17 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at www.statinja.com </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caricom.org/media-center/communications/press-releases/statement-prime-minister-dr-keith-rowley-on-csme">"Statement – Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley on CSME"</a>. CARICOM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+%E2%80%93+Prime+Minister+Dr+Keith+Rowley+on+CSME&rft.pub=CARICOM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaricom.org%2Fmedia-center%2Fcommunications%2Fpress-releases%2Fstatement-prime-minister-dr-keith-rowley-on-csme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Jamaica-Debt-Exchange-40043">"Jamaica Debt Exchange"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095221/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Jamaica-Debt-Exchange-40043">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Debt+Exchange&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWP%2FIssues%2F2016%2F12%2F31%2FJamaica-Debt-Exchange-40043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100205/business/business1.html">"Jamaica Gleaner News – IMF says yes – US$1.27b loan for Jamaica approved – US$950m fund for financial sector"</a>. Jamaica-gleaner.com. 5 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002000926/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100205/business/business1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Gleaner+News+%E2%80%93+IMF+says+yes+%E2%80%93+US%241.27b+loan+for+Jamaica+approved+%E2%80%93+US%24950m+fund+for+financial+sector&rft.pub=Jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20100205%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/jamaica-china-ports-idUSL1N0MT0WL20140401">"Jamaica signs deal for China-built cargo shipping hub"</a>. Reuters. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000540/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/01/jamaica-china-ports-idUSL1N0MT0WL20140401">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Jamaica+signs+deal+for+China-built+cargo+shipping+hub&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fjamaica-china-ports-idUSL1N0MT0WL20140401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jis.gov.jm/proposed-caymanas-economic-zone-one-16/">"Proposed Caymanas Economic Zone To Be One of 16"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">Jamaica Information Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123044313/https://jis.gov.jm/proposed-caymanas-economic-zone-one-16/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Proposed+Caymanas+Economic+Zone+To+Be+One+of+16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fproposed-caymanas-economic-zone-one-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2397-moody-s-investor-services-upgrades-jamaica-sovereign-rating-and-revises-outlook-from-positive-to-stable.html">"Moody's Investor Services Upgrades Jamaica Sovereign Rating and Revises Outlook from Positive to Stable"</a>. Government of Jamaica (Ministry of Finance and Public Services). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062315/http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2397-moody-s-investor-services-upgrades-jamaica-sovereign-rating-and-revises-outlook-from-positive-to-stable.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moody%27s+Investor+Services+Upgrades+Jamaica+Sovereign+Rating+and+Revises+Outlook+from+Positive+to+Stable&rft.pub=Government+of+Jamaica+%28Ministry+of+Finance+and+Public+Services%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.gov.jm%2Fmof-media%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpress%2F2397-moody-s-investor-services-upgrades-jamaica-sovereign-rating-and-revises-outlook-from-positive-to-stable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/_Rating_agency_gives_positive_outlook_for_Jamaica?profile=1228">"Rating agency gives positive outlook for Jamaica"</a>. Jamaica Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002040/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/_Rating_agency_gives_positive_outlook_for_Jamaica?profile=1228">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Rating+agency+gives+positive+outlook+for+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Flatestnews%2F_Rating_agency_gives_positive_outlook_for_Jamaica%3Fprofile%3D1228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/JAM/jamaica-lending-case-study">"IMF Lending Case Study: Jamaica"</a>. IMF. May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022042507/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/JAM/jamaica-lending-case-study">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=IMF+Lending+Case+Study%3A+Jamaica&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FCountries%2FJAM%2Fjamaica-lending-case-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20210312/joel-allen-enabling-innovation-critical-jamaicas-socio-economic">"Joel Allen | Enabling innovation critical for Jamaica's socio-economic development"</a>. jamaica-gleaner.com. 12 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009002033/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20210312/joel-allen-enabling-innovation-critical-jamaicas-socio-economic">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Joel+Allen+%7C+Enabling+innovation+critical+for+Jamaica%27s+socio-economic+development&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fcommentary%2F20210312%2Fjoel-allen-enabling-innovation-critical-jamaicas-socio-economic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldFactbook-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook_247-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">The CIA World Factbook – Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190707/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">Archived</a> 24 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . Retrieved 2015-09-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110413/lead/lead3.html">"Train coaches roll into Old Capital for test run"</a>. jamaica-gleaner.com. 13 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202205325/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110413/lead/lead3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Train+coaches+roll+into+Old+Capital+for+test+run&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20110413%2Flead%2Flead3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nameJamaicaObserver-249"><a href="#cite_ref-nameJamaicaObserver_249-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051117T220000-0500_92733_OBS_PORT_AUTHORITY__MAERSK_IN_MAJOR_DEAL.asp">The Jamaica Observer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232147/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051117T220000-0500_92733_OBS_PORT_AUTHORITY__MAERSK_IN_MAJOR_DEAL.asp">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 27 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSR-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSR_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSR_250-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtw.gov.jm/general_information/reports/TransportStatisticsReport2003_2004.pdf">Annual Transport Statistics Report: Jamaica in Figures 2003-2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315174612/http://www.mtw.gov.jm/general_information/reports/TransportStatisticsReport2003_2004.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ministry of Transport and Works, July 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portjam.com/">"Port Authority of Jamaica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019134844/http://www.portjam.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Authority+of+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portjam.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtw.gov.jm/">"Ministry of Transport and Works"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070810/http://www.mtw.gov.jm/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Transport+and+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtw.gov.jm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcj.com-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcj.com_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcj.com_253-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010203232100/http://www.pcj.com/industry_stat.htm">"Petroleum Corp of Jamaica, Petroleum Industry Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcj.com/industry_stat.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2001. Retrieved 21 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Corp+of+Jamaica%2C+Petroleum+Industry+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcj.com%2Findustry_stat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107125651/http://www.myjpsco.com/">"Jamaica Public Service Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjpsco.com/">the original</a> on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Public+Service+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjpsco.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202075147/http://www.myjpsco.com/about_us/power_plants.php">"JPS – JPS' Power Plants"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjpsco.com/about_us/power_plants.php">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPS+%E2%80%93+JPS%27+Power+Plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjpsco.com%2Fabout_us%2Fpower_plants.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201155/http://www.wwfja.com/">"Wigton Wind Farm Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwfja.com">the original</a> on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wigton+Wind+Farm+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwfja.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/research-reactors">"Research Reactors"</a>. world-nuclear.org. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world-nuclear.org&rft.atitle=Research+Reactors&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fnon-power-nuclear-applications%2Fradioisotopes-research%2Fresearch-reactors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/govt-signs-mou-to-advance-nuclear-technologies-adoption-in-jamaica/">"Gov't Signs MOU to Advance Nuclear Technologies Adoption in Jamaica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Information_Service" title="Jamaica Information Service">The Jamaica Information Service</a>. 23 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gov%27t+Signs+MOU+to+Advance+Nuclear+Technologies+Adoption+in+Jamaica&rft.pub=The+Jamaica+Information+Service&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fgovt-signs-mou-to-advance-nuclear-technologies-adoption-in-jamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220606/http://www.petrojam.com/about-us/corporate-fact-sheet">"Corporate Fact Sheet | Petrojam Limited"</a>. Petrojam.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petrojam.com/about-us/corporate-fact-sheet">the original</a> on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+Fact+Sheet+%26%23124%3B+Petrojam+Limited&rft.pub=Petrojam.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petrojam.com%2Fabout-us%2Fcorporate-fact-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070717000252/http://www.pcj.com/petrojam/associate_text.htm">"Petroleum Corp of Jamaica, Petrojam Ethanol"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcj.com/petrojam/associate_text.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Corp+of+Jamaica%2C+Petrojam+Ethanol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcj.com%2Fpetrojam%2Fassociate_text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIU-261"><a href="#cite_ref-EIU_261-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltechforum.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=newdebi&country_id=JM&country=Jamaica&title=Doing+eBusiness+in+Jamaica&channelid=6">Doing eBusiness in Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928173029/http://globaltechforum.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=newdebi&country_id=JM&country=Jamaica&title=Doing+eBusiness+in+Jamaica&channelid=6">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Economist Intelligence Unit. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625182344/http://www.cwc.com/assets/uploads/files/Press%20Releases/3g%20launch%20in%20jamaica.pdf">"LIME 3G launch in 2009"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwc.com/assets/uploads/files/Press%20Releases/3g%20launch%20in%20jamaica.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIME+3G+launch+in+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwc.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FPress%2520Releases%2F3g%2520launch%2520in%2520jamaica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeleGeography" class="citation web cs1">TeleGeography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/06/13/digicel-jamaica-launches-lte/">"Digicel Jamaica launches LTE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806170506/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/06/13/digicel-jamaica-launches-lte/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digicel+Jamaica+launches+LTE&rft.au=TeleGeography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegeography.com%2Fproducts%2Fcommsupdate%2Farticles%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fdigicel-jamaica-launches-lte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625152402/http://www.cwc.com/live/news-and-media/press-releases/new-flow-brand-unveiled-in-jamaica.html">"Cable & Wireless Communications – New Flow Brand Unveiled in Jamaica"</a>. www.cwc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwc.com/live/news-and-media/press-releases/new-flow-brand-unveiled-in-jamaica.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cwc.com&rft.atitle=Cable+%26+Wireless+Communications+%E2%80%93+New+Flow+Brand+Unveiled+in+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwc.com%2Flive%2Fnews-and-media%2Fpress-releases%2Fnew-flow-brand-unveiled-in-jamaica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Flow-celebrates-hitting-one-million-customers_61486">"Flow celebrates hitting one million customers"</a>. Jamaica Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524044859/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Flow-celebrates-hitting-one-million-customers_61486">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Flow+celebrates+hitting+one+million+customers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fbusiness%2FFlow-celebrates-hitting-one-million-customers_61486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeleGeography" class="citation web cs1">TeleGeography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/08/23/digicel-launches-wimax-to-non-business-users/">"Digicel launches WiMAX to non-business users"</a>. www.telegeography.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013556/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/08/23/digicel-launches-wimax-to-non-business-users/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegeography.com&rft.atitle=Digicel+launches+WiMAX+to+non-business+users&rft.au=TeleGeography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegeography.com%2Fproducts%2Fcommsupdate%2Farticles%2F2010%2F08%2F23%2Fdigicel-launches-wimax-to-non-business-users%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digicelgroup.com/jm/en/Play.html">"Home"</a>. www.digicelgroup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521133001/http://www.digicelgroup.com/jm/en/Play.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digicelgroup.com&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digicelgroup.com%2Fjm%2Fen%2FPlay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeleGeography" class="citation web cs1">TeleGeography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2011/12/16/lime-jamaica-launches-100mbps-ftth-service/">"Lime Jamaica launches 100Mbps FTTH service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624125845/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2011/12/16/lime-jamaica-launches-100mbps-ftth-service/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lime+Jamaica+launches+100Mbps+FTTH+service&rft.au=TeleGeography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegeography.com%2Fproducts%2Fcommsupdate%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F16%2Flime-jamaica-launches-100mbps-ftth-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeleGeography" class="citation web cs1">TeleGeography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/05/05/jamaican-government-approves-third-mobile-player/">"Jamaican government approves third mobile player"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624135952/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/05/05/jamaican-government-approves-third-mobile-player/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+government+approves+third+mobile+player&rft.au=TeleGeography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegeography.com%2Fproducts%2Fcommsupdate%2Farticles%2F2016%2F05%2F05%2Fjamaican-government-approves-third-mobile-player%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Caricel---first-Jamaican-company-to-get-mobile-spectrum-licence_61594">"Caricel – first Jamaican company to get mobile spectrum licence"</a>. Jamaica Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523110812/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Caricel---first-Jamaican-company-to-get-mobile-spectrum-licence_61594">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Caricel+%E2%80%93+first+Jamaican+company+to+get+mobile+spectrum+licence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fbusiness%2FCaricel---first-Jamaican-company-to-get-mobile-spectrum-licence_61594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Dave Thompson (2002) Reggae and Caribbean Music. Backbeat Books. p. 261. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879306556" title="Special:BookSources/0879306556">0879306556</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/news/bob-marley-biography-facts">"7 Fascinating Facts About Bob Marley"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155428/https://www.biography.com/news/bob-marley-biography-facts">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+Fascinating+Facts+About+Bob+Marley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fnews%2Fbob-marley-biography-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toynbee2013-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee2013_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee2013" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Jason (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkDohE6Qd3oC&pg=PA1969">Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1969–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5737-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-5737-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012235034/http://books.google.com/books?id=BkDohE6Qd3oC&pg=PA1969">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bob+Marley%3A+Herald+of+a+Postcolonial+World&rft.pages=1969-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5737-0&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkDohE6Qd3oC%26pg%3DPA1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_274-0">^</a> Michael Hughes, "De Lisser, Herbert G.", A Companion to West Indian Literature, Collins, 1979, pp. 40–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawthorne_7-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawthorne_7_275-0">^</a> Hawthorne, Evelyn J. "The Writer and the Nationalist Model", Roger Mais and the Decolonization of Caribbean Culture, NY: Peter Lang, 1989, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722035913/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=128">"Ian Fleming International Airport opened in Jamaica!"</a>. News & Press. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming_Publications" title="Ian Fleming Publications">Ian Fleming Publications</a>. 17 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=128">the original</a> on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Press&rft.atitle=Ian+Fleming+International+Airport+opened+in+Jamaica%21&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianfleming.com%2Fpages%2Fnews%2Findex.asp%3FNewsID%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2015" class="citation news cs1">James, Marlon (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/magazine/from-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html">"From Jamaica to Minnesota to Myself"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731160335/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/magazine/from-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+Jamaica+to+Minnesota+to+Myself&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Marlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F15%2Fmagazine%2Ffrom-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Kenner, Rob (2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/movies/21rhone.html">Trevor Rhone, a Writer of 'The Harder They Come,' Dies at 69</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730222733/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/movies/21rhone.html">Archived</a> 30 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 21 September 2009, retrieved 11 November 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619153047/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html">"National Symbols of Jamaica"</a>. Jis.gov.jm. 6 August 1962. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Symbols+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jis.gov.jm&rft.date=1962-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jis.gov.jm%2Fspecial_sections%2FThis%2520Is%2520Jamaica%2Fsymbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamsports-280"><a href="#cite_ref-jamsports_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129180138/http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/sports/cricketjamaica.shtml">"Jamaican Sports An Overview"</a>. My Island Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/sports/cricketjamaica.shtml">the original</a> on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Sports+An+Overview&rft.pub=My+Island+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicans.com%2Fculture%2Fsports%2Fcricketjamaica.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cricket-281"><a href="#cite_ref-cricket_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html">"Test and ODI cricket playing nations"</a>. Cricinfo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108101831/http://www.cricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Test+and+ODI+cricket+playing+nations&rft.pub=Cricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricinfo.com%2Frankings%2Fcontent%2Fcurrent%2Fpage%2F211271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cricketgrounds-282"><a href="#cite_ref-cricketgrounds_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195543/http://www.windiesonline.com/west_indies_cricket_grounds">"Cricket Ground Information"</a>. Windies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windiesonline.com/west_indies_cricket_grounds">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cricket+Ground+Information&rft.pub=Windies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windiesonline.com%2Fwest_indies_cricket_grounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenfield-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenfield_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surfindia.com/cricket/greenfield-stadium.html">"Greenfield Stadium"</a>. Surf India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803064555/http://www.surfindia.com/cricket/greenfield-stadium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenfield+Stadium&rft.pub=Surf+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surfindia.com%2Fcricket%2Fgreenfield-stadium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortello" class="citation news cs1">Tortello, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0078.html">"Jamaican Horse racing History: The sport of kings"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. Jamaica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207044649/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0078.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Jamaican+Horse+racing+History%3A+The+sport+of+kings&rft.aulast=Tortello&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory%2Fstory0078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Neville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20170415/new-cars-light-dover">"New Cars To Light Up Dover"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. Jamaica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102110/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20170415/new-cars-light-dover">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=New+Cars+To+Light+Up+Dover&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fsports%2F20170415%2Fnew-cars-light-dover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIFNA" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Netball_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Netball Associations">IFNA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203014509/http://www.netball.org/thrilling-world-class-events/current-world-rankings">"Current World Rankings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netball.org/thrilling-world-class-events/current-world-rankings">the original</a> on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+World+Rankings&rft.au=IFNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netball.org%2Fthrilling-world-class-events%2Fcurrent-world-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rugbyleaguejamaica.com/history/">"Jamaica Rugby league History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002122248/http://rugbyleaguejamaica.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Rugby+league+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frugbyleaguejamaica.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/46250413">"Rugby League World Cup: Jamaica reach tournament for first time"</a>. BBC Sport. 17 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119221352/https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/46250413">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Rugby+League+World+Cup%3A+Jamaica+reach+tournament+for+first+time&rft.date=2018-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-league%2F46250413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/7858737/floyd-mayweather-united-states-best-paid-athlete-espn-magazine">"Best-paid athletes from 200 countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>. 4 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504192643/http://espn.go.com/espn/story/_/id/7858737/floyd-mayweather-united-states-best-paid-athlete-espn-magazine">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Best-paid+athletes+from+200+countries&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F7858737%2Ffloyd-mayweather-united-states-best-paid-athlete-espn-magazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2008" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Faiz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003211109/http://www.islandvulnerability.org/m/ahmedm.pdf">The Development Path Taken by Jamaica: A brief account of the islands natural-history, economic policies, and social conditions</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandvulnerability.org/m/ahmedm.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+Path+Taken+by+Jamaica%3A+A+brief+account+of+the+islands+natural-history%2C+economic+policies%2C+and+social+conditions&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Faiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandvulnerability.org%2Fm%2Fahmedm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"> (pp. 45–83)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbell2000" class="citation book cs1">Arbell, Mordehay (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-35vXOgop6QC">The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica</a>. Canoe Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-69-9"><bdi>978-976-8125-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Jews+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Canoe+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-976-8125-69-9&rft.aulast=Arbell&rft.aufirst=Mordehay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-35vXOgop6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ammar, N. "From Whence they came". Jamaica Journal.</li> <li>Bahadur, Gaiutra. Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture. The University of Chicago (2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-21138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-21138-1">978-0-226-21138-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bernstein, Antje (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/71333/english-in-jamaica-the-coexistence-of-standard-jamaican-english-and-the">"English in Jamaica: The Coexistence of Standard Jamaican English and the English-based Jamaican Creole"</a>. English Language and Literature Studies. seminar paper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024032/http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/71333/english-in-jamaica-the-coexistence-of-standard-jamaican-english-and-the">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+and+Literature+Studies&rft.atitle=English+in+Jamaica%3A+The+Coexistence+of+Standard+Jamaican+English+and+the+English-based+Jamaican+Creole&rft.volume=seminar+paper&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Antje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grin.com%2Fen%2Fe-book%2F71333%2Fenglish-in-jamaica-the-coexistence-of-standard-jamaican-english-and-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1961" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Valentine Jackson (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSyxbwAACAAJ">The marine algae of Jamaica: Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+marine+algae+of+Jamaica%3A+Myxophyceae+and+Chlorophyceae&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Valentine+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSyxbwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1963" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Valentine Jackson (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyHEQQAACAAJ">The marine Algae of Jamaica: Part II: Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+marine+Algae+of+Jamaica%3A+Part+II%3A+Phaeophyceae+and+Rhodophyceae&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Valentine+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyHEQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hall, D. "Bounties European Immigration with Special Reference of the German Settlement at Seaford Town, Parts 1 and 2". Jamaica Journal, 8, (4), 48–54 and 9 (1), 2–9.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssa1994" class="citation book cs1">Issa, Suzanne (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1cQAAAACAAJ">Mr Jamaica, Abe Issa: a pictorial biography</a>. S. Issa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8091-69-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8091-69-7"><bdi>978-976-8091-69-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr+Jamaica%2C+Abe+Issa%3A+a+pictorial+biography&rft.pub=S.+Issa&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-976-8091-69-7&rft.aulast=Issa&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1cQAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jacobs, H. P. (2003). Germany in Jamaica. Indian heritage in Jamaica. Jamaica Journal, 10, (2,3,4), 10–19,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullally2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mullally, R. (2003). "'One Love' The Black Irish of Jamaica". Jamaica Journal. 42: 104–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Journal&rft.atitle=%27One+Love%27+The+Black+Irish+of+Jamaica&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=104-116&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mullally&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParboosingh" class="citation journal cs1">Parboosingh, I.S. "An Indo-Jamaica beginning". Jamaica Journal. 18 (3): 2–10, 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Indo-Jamaica+beginning&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-10%2C+12&rft.aulast=Parboosingh&rft.aufirst=I.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2003" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Olive (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URx7AAAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage</a>. Twin Guinep Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8007-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8007-14-8"><bdi>978-976-8007-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jamaican+Heritage&rft.pub=Twin+Guinep+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-976-8007-14-8&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Olive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURx7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlockBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Sherlock, Philip Manderson; Bennett, Hazel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Weh6AAAAMAAJ">The Story of the Jamaican People</a>. Ian Randle Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-145-2"><bdi>978-1-55876-145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Jamaican+People&rft.pub=Ian+Randle+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-145-2&rft.aulast=Sherlock&rft.aufirst=Philip+Manderson&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWeh6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Ian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJliXDXchE8C">The Dead Yard: Tales of Modern Jamaica</a>. Nation Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22761-7"><bdi>978-0-571-22761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Yard%3A+Tales+of+Modern+Jamaica&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22761-7&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJliXDXchE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1932" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joseph John (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyJ7AAAAMAAJ">Whence the "Black Irish" of Jamaica?</a>. L. MacVeagh, Dial Press, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whence+the+%22Black+Irish%22+of+Jamaica%3F&rft.pub=L.+MacVeagh%2C+Dial+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyJ7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Gleaner. Seaford Town Advertising Feature. 14 August 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner-aug-14-2003-p-35/">D7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818013550/https://newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner-aug-14-2003-p-35/">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner-aug-14-2003-p-36/">D8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818013552/https://newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner-aug-14-2003-p-36/">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (2 parts, 23 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"> <ol><li><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="751" data-mwtitle="En-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/En-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/En-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg/En-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li> <li><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="652" data-mwtitle="En-Jamaica-Part-2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/En-Jamaica-Part-2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/En-Jamaica-Part-2.ogg/En-Jamaica-Part-2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li></ol> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer">These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 23 September 2005 (2005-09-23), and do not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jamaica at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Jamaica">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="c:Jamaica">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jamaica" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Jamaica">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="q:Jamaica">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Jamaica">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Jamaica">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Jamaica">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jamaica" class="extiw" title="voy:Jamaica">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766" class="extiw" title="d:Q766">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Governmental details</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220161140/http://jamaica.gov.jm/">Government of Jamaica</a> (archived 20 February 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/jamaica">Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621221442/https://www.royal.uk/jamaica">Archived</a> 21 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Royal Family website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jis.gov.jm/">Official website of the Jamaica Information Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225023826/http://www.jis.gov.jm/">Archived</a> 25 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinet.gov.jm/">The Cabinet Office of the Government of Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429223121/http://www.cabinet.gov.jm/">Archived</a> 29 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080622/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-j/jamaica.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> (archived 10 December 2008)</li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica">Archived</a> 11 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085034/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/jamaica.htm">Jamaica</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 7 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1190968.stm">Jamaica</a> from the BBC News</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Jamaica" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Jamaica">Wikimedia Atlas of Jamaica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/555017">Jamaica</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766#P402" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dloc.com/inlj">National Library of Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213172702/http://www.dloc.com/inlj">Archived</a> 13 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> materials in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dloc.com/">Digital Library of the Caribbean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231135159/http://www.dloc.com/">Archived</a> 31 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122124019/http://virtualtravel.cz/jamaica/portland/winnifred-beach/beach.html">JAMAICA VIRTUAL TOUR IN HD – many locations around the island</a> (archived 22 January 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=JM">Key Development Forecasts for Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702010913/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=JM">Archived</a> 2 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jamaica_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jamaica_topics" title="Template:Jamaica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jamaica_topics" title="Template talk:Jamaica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jamaica_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jamaica-related_articles" title="Index of Jamaica-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taínos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">British conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jamaica" title="List of governors of Jamaica">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake" title="1692 Jamaica earthquake">1692 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">First Maroon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacky's War">Tacky's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Second Maroon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Baptist War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion" title="Morant Bay rebellion">Morant Bay rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Kingston_earthquake" title="1907 Kingston earthquake">1907 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Independence_Act_1962" title="Jamaica Independence Act 1962">Jamaica Independence Act 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Charley_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of Hurricane Charley in Jamaica">Hurricane Charley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Ivan_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of Hurricane Ivan in Jamaica">Hurricane Ivan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/100px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/150px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/200px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Jamaica" title="List of cities and towns in Jamaica">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Fauna of Jamaica">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Flora of Jamaica">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Jamaica" title="List of islands of Jamaica">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jamaica" title="Parishes of Jamaica">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Jamaica" title="List of rivers of Jamaica">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Jamaica" title="Water resources management in Jamaica">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Jamaica" title="Attorney General of Jamaica">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jamaica" title="Cabinet of Jamaica">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Jamaica">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jamaica" title="Constitution of Jamaica">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jamaica" title="Elections in Jamaica">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jamaica" title="Foreign relations of Jamaica">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jamaica" title="Judiciary of Jamaica">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Jamaica" title="Royal tours of Jamaica">Royal tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jamaica" title="List of political parties in Jamaica">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Jamaica">Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Jamaica" title="Bank of Jamaica">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Free_Zones" title="Jamaican Free Zones">Free trade zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Stock_Exchange" title="Jamaica Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jamaica" title="Transport in Jamaica">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Society of Jamaica">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Jamaica" title="Crime in Jamaica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jamaica" title="Demographics of Jamaica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Jamaica" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Jamaica">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jamaica" title="Health in Jamaica">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Jamaica" title="Immigration to Jamaica">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jamaica">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jamaica" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jamaica">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love" title="Jamaica, Land We Love">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_films" title="List of Jamaican films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica" title="Coat of arms of Jamaica">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Heritage_Sites_in_Jamaica" title="List of National Heritage Sites in Jamaica">Heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Jamaica" title="List of newspapers in Jamaica">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jamaica" title="Public holidays in Jamaica">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jamaica" title="Sport in Jamaica">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of television stations in the Caribbean">Television stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jamaica" title="Outline of Jamaica">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jamaica-related_articles" title="Index of Jamaica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jamaica" title="Category:Jamaica">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Jamaica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Jamaica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Jamaica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template talk:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretariat of the Caribbean Community">Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community">Secretary-General</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaguaramas" title="Treaty of Chaguaramas">Treaty of Chaguaramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Flag of the Caribbean Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/68px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/102px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/136px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Meteorological_Organisation" title="Caribbean Meteorological Organisation">Caribbean Meteorological Organisation (CMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities (CFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Court of Justice (CCJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Disaster_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency">Disaster Emergency Management (CDEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examinations_Council" title="Caribbean Examinations Council">Examinations Council (CXC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Public Health Agency (CARPHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Member of the Community but not of the <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a> (CSME)</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British overseas territory</a> awaiting entrustment to join the CSME</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>1 Annexed by Canada in 1949</dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126584662">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211575/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMFVHwFVBfgHmXtgptrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028456-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81008540">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153002676">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115803626">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119454767">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153002676">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115803626">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119454767">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574977">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129416&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451826">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8b9zdg44wwt0m">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548026505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2dd47a64-91d5-3b13-bc94-80043ed063d7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/3c15ac56-d763-4092-9187-daac95f1e213">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Xln11qE4">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/109186141">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003387">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044630">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica&params=18_10_48_N_77_24_00_W_scale:1000000">18°10′48″N 77°24′00″W / 18.18000°N 77.40000°W / 18.18000; -77.40000</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&oldid=1258618788">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&oldid=1258618788</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jamaica" title="Category:Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greater_Antilles" title="Category:Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:Countries in the Caribbean">Countries in the Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Island_countries" title="Category:Island countries">Island countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language">Countries and territories where English is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies" title="Category:Former Spanish colonies">Former Spanish colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies" title="Category:Former British colonies">Former British colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G15_nations" title="Category:G15 nations">G15 nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Category:Member states of the Caribbean Community">Member states of the Caribbean Community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1510_establishments_in_the_Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:1510 establishments in the Spanish West Indies">1510 establishments in the Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1655_disestablishments_in_the_Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:1655 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies">1655 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1655_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1655 establishments in the British Empire">1655 establishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_disestablishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1962 disestablishments in the British Empire">1962 disestablishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1962" title="Category:States and territories established in 1962">States and territories established in 1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Category:Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Jamaica" title="Category:1962 establishments in Jamaica">1962 establishments in Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_North_America" title="Category:Countries in North America">Countries in North America</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019">Articles with dead external links from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_25" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 25">Language articles citing Ethnologue 25</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2023">Articles with dead external links from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Jamaican_English_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use Jamaican English from March 2019">Use Jamaican English from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Jamaican_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English">All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Jamaican_Patois-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Jamaican Patois-language text">Articles containing Jamaican Patois-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Jamaican_Patois_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Jamaican Patois IPA">Pages with Jamaican Patois IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_August_2024" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from August 2024">Accuracy disputes from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2024">Articles with failed verification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 18:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c2jr9","wgBackendResponseTime":229,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.840","walltime":"4.454","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26900,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":785467,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":78831,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":84,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1047880,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3765.673 1 -total"," 42.48% 1599.587 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.21% 949.395 180 Template:Cite_web"," 14.37% 540.948 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 5.10% 191.992 3 Template:ISO_3166_code"," 5.04% 189.623 25 Template:Fix"," 4.87% 183.559 1 Template:Jamaica_topics"," 4.55% 171.391 20 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.34% 163.265 1 Template:Country_topics"," 3.76% 141.686 16 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.326","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20766491,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","20.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","280","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","10.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","7.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","2.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","60","2.4"],["[others]","600","23.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-wnsvm","timestamp":"20241123090446","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jamaica","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaica","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q766","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q766","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-16T18:07:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T18:25:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg","headline":"island state in the Caribbean Sea"}</script> </body> </html>