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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Copley Medal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A" title="وسام كوبلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسام كوبلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaya_Copley" title="Medaya Copley – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medaya Copley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Kopli%22_medal%C4%B1" title=""Kopli" medalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title=""Kopli" medalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95" title="কপলি পদক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কপলি পদক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Медаль Коплі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медаль Коплі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleyjeva_medalja" title="Copleyjeva medalja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Copleyjeva medalja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalenn_Copley" title="Medalenn Copley – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Medalenn Copley" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_Copley" title="Medalla Copley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medalla Copley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleyho_medaile" title="Copleyho medaile – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Copleyho medaile" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Copleymedaljen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley-Medaille" title="Copley-Medaille – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Copley-Medaille" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_medal" title="Copley medal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Copley medal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_Copley" title="Medalla Copley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medalla Copley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalo_Copley" title="Medalo Copley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medalo Copley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Domina" title="Copley Domina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Copley Domina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مدال کاپلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدال کاپلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_Copley" title="Médaille Copley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médaille Copley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_Copley" title="Medalla Copley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medalla Copley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="코플리 메달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코플리 메달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleyeva_medalja" title="Copleyeva medalja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Copleyeva medalja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medali_Copley" title="Medali Copley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Medali Copley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaglia_Copley" title="Medaglia Copley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medaglia Copley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מדליית קופלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדליית קופלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medail" title="Copley Medail – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Copley Medail" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koplio_medalis" title="Koplio medalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koplio medalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley-%C3%A9rem" title="Copley-érem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Copley-érem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD" title="കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კოპლიშ მენდალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოპლიშ მენდალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Copley Medal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB" title="コプリ・メダル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コプリ・メダル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Copleymedaljen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Copleymedaljen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalha_Copley" title="Medalha Copley – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Medalha Copley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%92_%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کوپلے ٹکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوپلے ٹکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_Copleya" title="Medal Copleya – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medal Copleya" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalha_Copley" title="Medalha Copley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medalha Copley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalia_Copley" title="Medalia Copley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medalia Copley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Медаль Копли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медаль Копли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copley Medal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleyova_medaila" title="Copleyova medaila – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Copleyova medaila" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleyjeva_medalja" title="Copleyjeva medalja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Copleyjeva medalja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مێدالیای کۆپلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێدالیای کۆپلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Коплијева медаља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коплијева медаља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley-mitali" title="Copley-mitali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Copley-mitali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Copleymedaljen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கோப்ளி பதக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோப்ளி பதக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazal%C9%A3i_Copley" title="Tazalɣi Copley – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazalɣi Copley" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Madalyas%C4%B1" title="Copley Madalyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Copley Madalyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Медаль Коплі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Медаль Коплі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%84" title="کاپلی میڈل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاپلی میڈل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy_ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Copley" title="Huy chương Copley – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Huy chương Copley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Award given by the Royal Society of London</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Award</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Copley Medal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes,_Copley_gold_medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal.jpg/220px-Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal.jpg/330px-Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal.jpg/440px-Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="603" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Copley Medal awarded to <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Stokes</a> in 1893 (obverse)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Outstanding research in any branch of science</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Sponsored by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">1731; 293 years ago (1731)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">Copley Medal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes,_Copley_gold_medal_(reverse_side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal_%28reverse_side%29.jpg/160px-Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal_%28reverse_side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal_%28reverse_side%29.jpg/240px-Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal_%28reverse_side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal_%28reverse_side%29.jpg/320px-Sir_George_Gabriel_Stokes%2C_Copley_gold_medal_%28reverse_side%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="611" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Reverse</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Precedence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Next (lower)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal" title="Royal Society Bakerian Medal">Bakerian Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">physical sciences</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Guidance-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croonian_Medal" title="Croonian Medal">Croonian Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological sciences</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Guidance-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Copley Medal is the most prestigious award of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science".<a href="#cite_note-Copley_descr-2">[2]</a> It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences.<a href="#cite_note-cop1-3">[3]</a> Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Copley_descr-2">[2]</a> having first been given in 1731 to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a>, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The medal is made of <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a> and awarded with a £25,000 prize.<a href="#cite_note-cop1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Copley Medal is arguably the highest British and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> award for scientific achievement,<a href="#cite_note-Guidance-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cahan-6">[6]</a> and has been included among the most distinguished international scientific awards.<a href="#cite_note-PNAS-7">[7]</a> It is awarded to "senior scientists" irrespective of nationality, and nominations are considered over three nomination cycles. Since 2022, scientific teams or research groups are collectively eligible to receive the medal;<a href="#cite_note-Copley_descr-2">[2]</a> that year, the research team which developed the <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine</a> became the first collective recipient. <a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> has won the medal the most often, winning three times, in 1734, 1736 and 1741. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> became the first female recipient; <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a>, in 2021, became the second. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley_Medal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1709, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Godfrey_Copley,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet">Sir Godfrey Copley</a>, the MP for <a href="/wiki/Thirsk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Thirsk (UK Parliament constituency)">Thirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bequest_and_devise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bequest and devise">bequeathed</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hill" title="Abraham Hill">Abraham Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>100 (roughly equivalent to £17,156 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-8">[8]</a>) to be held in trust for the Royal Society "for improving natural knowledge to be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit thereof as they shall direct and appoint".<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a> After the legacy had been received the following year, the interest of £5 was duly used to provide recurring grants for experimental work to researchers associated with the Royal Society, provided they registered their research within a stipulated period and demonstrated their experiments at an annual meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-cop2-10">[10]</a> In 1726, following a proposal by Sloane, the grants were extended to "strangers" unaffiliated with the Society to encourage "new and useful experiments," though it was only five years later that Stephen Gray became the first such recipient.<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a> Prior to Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers was apparently the only recipient of the grant, but had not always conducted the required annual demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-strong_box-11">[11]</a> In November 1736, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a>, then vice-president of the Society, suggested the Copley grant be converted to "a medal or other honorary prize to be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved...a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who in all probability may never be moved for the sake of lucre". On 7 December 1736, the Council of the Royal Society agreed to Folkes' proposal, passing a resolution that the annual Copley grant of five pounds (roughly equivalent to £986 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-8">[8]</a>) be converted to a gold medal "of the same Value, with the Arms of the Society impress’d on it," to be gifted "for the best Experiment produced within the Year, and bestowed in such a manner as to avoid any Envy or Disgust in Rivalship".<a href="#cite_note-strong_box-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Belchier" title="John Belchier">John Belchier</a> was the first to receive the new award in 1737; due to delays in approving a medal design, however, the medal, designed and struck by <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Tanner" title="John Sigismund Tanner">John Sigismund Tanner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>, was only presented to Belchier in 1742. Gray and Desaguliers received their medals retrospectively.<a href="#cite_note-strong_box-11">[11]</a> Into the early 19th century, medal recipients were selected by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a>, though not always on the basis of publications and experimental demonstrations; political and social connections were also key considerations, along with service in the general interests of the Society.<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a> During the long presidency of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, the medal was frequently awarded to recipients whose researches were of a practical or technical nature, involving improvements to scientific equipment or instrument design.<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a> In 1831, new regulations adopted by the Royal Society Council made the medal an annual award, dropped the requirement for conducting the qualifying research within a certain period and officially opened it to scientists from any nation; although the medal had previously been awarded to foreign scientists including <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, the majority of recipients had been British subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a> A second donation of £1666 13<a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">s</a>. 4<a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">d</a>. (roughly equivalent to £212,366 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-8">[8]</a>) was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<a href="#cite_note-cop2-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prestige_of_the_medal">Prestige of the medal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley_Medal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prestige of the medal">edit</a>]</div> By the 1840s, the Copley Medal had achieved international prestige; in 1850, <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Airy</a> noted the distinction of the medal was that it was "offered to the competition of the world."<a href="#cite_note-Copley_establishment-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-cop2-10">[10]</a> The Copley medal has been characterised as a predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-strong_box-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Since its inception, it has been awarded to many distinguished scientists, including 52 winners of the Nobel Prize: 17 in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, 21 in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>, and 14 in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medal_recipients">Medal recipients</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley_Medal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medal recipients">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th width="4%">Year </th> <th width="7.5%">Image </th> <th width="20%">Name </th> <th width="71%" class="unsortable">Rationale </th> <th width="5%" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1731</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a></td> <td>"For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-odnb1-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1732</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a></td> <td>"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-odnb1-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1733</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1734</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/75px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/113px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/150px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1070" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a></td> <td>"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1735</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1736</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/75px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/113px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/150px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1070" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a></td> <td>"For his experiments made during the year"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1737</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Belchier_John_1706-1785.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Belchier_John_1706-1785.png/75px-Belchier_John_1706-1785.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Belchier_John_1706-1785.png/113px-Belchier_John_1706-1785.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Belchier_John_1706-1785.png/150px-Belchier_John_1706-1785.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="482" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Belchier" title="John Belchier">John Belchier</a></td> <td>"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1738</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Valoue" title="James Valoue">James Valoue</a></td> <td>"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1739</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stephen_Hales.jpg/75px-Stephen_Hales.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stephen_Hales.jpg/113px-Stephen_Hales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stephen_Hales.jpg/150px-Stephen_Hales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1704" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a></td> <td>"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1740</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_(scientist)" title="Alexander Stuart (scientist)">Alexander Stuart</a></td> <td>"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1741</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/75px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/113px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg/150px-John_Theophilus_Desaguliers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1070" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a></td> <td>"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1742</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Middleton_(navigator)" title="Christopher Middleton (navigator)">Christopher Middleton</a></td> <td>"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1743</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Trembley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abraham_Trembley.jpg/75px-Abraham_Trembley.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abraham_Trembley.jpg/113px-Abraham_Trembley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abraham_Trembley.jpg/150px-Abraham_Trembley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="803" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Trembley" title="Abraham Trembley">Abraham Trembley</a></td> <td>"For his Experiments on the Polypus"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1744</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Baker_(naturalist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Henry_Baker_%28naturalist%29.jpg/75px-Henry_Baker_%28naturalist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Henry_Baker_%28naturalist%29.jpg/113px-Henry_Baker_%28naturalist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Henry_Baker_%28naturalist%29.jpg/150px-Henry_Baker_%28naturalist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="2617" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_(naturalist)" title="Henry Baker (naturalist)">Henry Baker</a></td> <td>"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1745</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Watson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Watson.jpg/75px-William_Watson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Watson.jpg/113px-William_Watson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Watson.jpg/150px-William_Watson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="522" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(scientist)" title="William Watson (scientist)">William Watson</a></td> <td>"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1746</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robins" title="Benjamin Robins">Benjamin Robins</a></td> <td>"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1747</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg/75px-Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg/113px-Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg/150px-Gowin_Knight_from_Science_%26_Society_10198868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="178" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gowin_Knight" title="Gowin Knight">Gowin Knight</a></td> <td>"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cav1-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1748</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg/75px-James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg/113px-James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg/150px-James_Bradley_by_Thomas_Hudson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3004" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a></td> <td>"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1749</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg/75px-John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg/113px-John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg/150px-John_Harrison_Uhrmacher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="443" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a></td> <td>"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cav2-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1750</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg/75px-Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg/113px-Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg/150px-Edwards_George_1693_1773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="3608" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a></td> <td>"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1751</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg/75px-John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg/113px-John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg/150px-John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a></td> <td>"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cav3-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1752</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Pringle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Pringle.jpg/75px-John_Pringle.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Pringle.jpg/113px-John_Pringle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Pringle.jpg/150px-John_Pringle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2210" data-file-height="2812" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pringle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet">Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet</a></td> <td>"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1753</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png/75px-Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png/113px-Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png/150px-Feke_-_Benjamin_Franklin.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="952" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></td> <td>"On account of his curious <a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity">Experiments and Observations on Electricity</a>"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1754</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a></td> <td>"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1755</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Huxham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Huxham.jpg/75px-John_Huxham.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Huxham.jpg/113px-John_Huxham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Huxham.jpg/150px-John_Huxham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="800" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Huxham" title="John Huxham">John Huxham</a></td> <td>"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1756</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1757</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish" title="Lord Charles Cavendish">Lord Charles Cavendish</a></td> <td>"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cav1-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1758</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dollond,_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Dollond%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg/75px-John_Dollond%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Dollond%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg/113px-John_Dollond%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Dollond%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg/150px-John_Dollond%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1280" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">John Dollond</a></td> <td>"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1759</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smeaton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Smeaton.jpg/75px-John_Smeaton.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Smeaton.jpg/113px-John_Smeaton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Smeaton.jpg/150px-John_Smeaton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a></td> <td>"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1760</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Wilson,_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Benjamin_Wilson%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg/75px-Benjamin_Wilson%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Benjamin_Wilson%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg/113px-Benjamin_Wilson%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Benjamin_Wilson%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg/150px-Benjamin_Wilson%2C_by_Benjamin_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1436" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(painter)" title="Benjamin Wilson (painter)">Benjamin Wilson</a></td> <td>"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1761</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1762</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1763</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1764</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg/75px-John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg/113px-John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg/150px-John_Canton_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a></td> <td>"For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cav3-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1765</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1766</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg/75px-Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg/113px-Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg/150px-Cavendish_Henry_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="800" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> </td> <td>"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg)" "For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval)" "For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1767</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a></td> <td>"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1768</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a></td> <td>"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1769</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hewson_b1739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Hewson_b1739.jpg/75px-William_Hewson_b1739.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Hewson_b1739.jpg/113px-William_Hewson_b1739.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Hewson_b1739.jpg/150px-William_Hewson_b1739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1160" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hewson_(surgeon)" title="William Hewson (surgeon)">William Hewson</a></td> <td>"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, – and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1770</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg/75px-Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg/113px-Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg/150px-Sir_William_Hamilton_by_David_Allan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3116" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a></td> <td>"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1771</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Raper" title="Matthew Raper">Matthew Raper</a></td> <td>"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1772</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Priestley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/75px-Priestley.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/113px-Priestley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/150px-Priestley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1099" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></td> <td>"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations on different kinds of Air"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1773</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a></td> <td>"For his Paper on the Torpedo"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1774</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1775</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg/75px-Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg/113px-Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg/150px-Maskelyne_Nevil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="487" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a></td> <td>"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1776</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/75px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/113px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/150px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a></td> <td>"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-haw-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1777</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J.Mudge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/J.Mudge.jpg/75px-J.Mudge.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/J.Mudge.jpg/113px-J.Mudge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/J.Mudge.jpg/150px-J.Mudge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1908" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Mudge" title="John Mudge">John Mudge</a></td> <td>"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1778</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Hutton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charles_Hutton.jpg/75px-Charles_Hutton.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charles_Hutton.jpg/113px-Charles_Hutton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charles_Hutton.jpg/150px-Charles_Hutton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="809" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a></td> <td>"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1779</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1780</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel-Vince.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Samuel-Vince.jpg/75px-Samuel-Vince.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Samuel-Vince.jpg/113px-Samuel-Vince.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Samuel-Vince.jpg/150px-Samuel-Vince.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="2834" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vince" title="Samuel Vince">Samuel Vince</a></td> <td>"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-nla-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1781</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/75px-William_Herschel01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/113px-William_Herschel01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/150px-William_Herschel01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2368" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a></td> <td>"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1782</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg/75px-Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg/113px-Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg/150px-Kirwan_Richard_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="504" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a></td> <td>"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-nla-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1783</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Goodricke_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Goodricke_John.jpg/75px-Goodricke_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Goodricke_John.jpg/113px-Goodricke_John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Goodricke_John.jpg/150px-Goodricke_John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="502" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Goodricke" title="John Goodricke">John Goodricke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins_(naturalist)" title="Thomas Hutchins (naturalist)">Thomas Hutchins</a></td> <td>"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke)" "For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-nla-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1784</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edwardwaring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edwardwaring.jpg/75px-Edwardwaring.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edwardwaring.jpg/113px-Edwardwaring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edwardwaring.jpg/150px-Edwardwaring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1558" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a></td> <td>"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1785</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a></td> <td>"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1786</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1787</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg/75px-John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg/113px-John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg/150px-John_Hunter_by_John_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3073" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a></td> <td>"For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1788</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg/75px-Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg/113px-Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg/150px-Sir_Charles_Blagden_Wellcome_M0013989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="4027" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a></td> <td>"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1789</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_(1750-1833).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_%281750-1833%29.jpg/75px-Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_%281750-1833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_%281750-1833%29.jpg/113px-Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_%281750-1833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_%281750-1833%29.jpg/150px-Thomas_Lawrence_-_Portrait_of_William_Morgan_%281750-1833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="877" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(actuary)" title="William Morgan (actuary)">William Morgan</a></td> <td>"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1790</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1791</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Rennell_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/James_Rennell_1799.jpg/75px-James_Rennell_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/James_Rennell_1799.jpg/113px-James_Rennell_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/James_Rennell_1799.jpg/150px-James_Rennell_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1332" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg/75px-Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg/113px-Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg/150px-Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="855" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> </td> <td>"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions. (Rennell)" "For his Improvements in Hygrometry. (De Luc)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-RoyalSocCitations-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1792</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Thompson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Benjamin_Thompson.jpg/75px-Benjamin_Thompson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Benjamin_Thompson.jpg/113px-Benjamin_Thompson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Benjamin_Thompson.jpg/150px-Benjamin_Thompson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1086" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a></td> <td>"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1793</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1794</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/75px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/113px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/150px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="480" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a></td> <td>"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-RoyalSocCitations-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1795</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones,_1790,_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones%2C_1790%2C_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg/75px-Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones%2C_1790%2C_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones%2C_1790%2C_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg/113px-Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones%2C_1790%2C_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones%2C_1790%2C_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg/150px-Jesse_Ramsden._Mezzotint_by_J._Jones%2C_1790%2C_after_R._Home._Wellcome_V0004900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3456" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a></td> <td>"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1796</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Atwood" title="George Atwood">George Atwood</a></td> <td>"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1797</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1798</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Catalogue_of_portraits,_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile,_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool,_Lord_Steward,_%26c_(1905)_(14760258041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Catalogue_of_portraits%2C_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile%2C_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool%2C_Lord_Steward%2C_%26c_%281905%29_%2814760258041%29.jpg/75px-Catalogue_of_portraits%2C_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile%2C_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool%2C_Lord_Steward%2C_%26c_%281905%29_%2814760258041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Catalogue_of_portraits%2C_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile%2C_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool%2C_Lord_Steward%2C_%26c_%281905%29_%2814760258041%29.jpg/113px-Catalogue_of_portraits%2C_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile%2C_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool%2C_Lord_Steward%2C_%26c_%281905%29_%2814760258041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Catalogue_of_portraits%2C_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile%2C_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool%2C_Lord_Steward%2C_%26c_%281905%29_%2814760258041%29.jpg/150px-Catalogue_of_portraits%2C_miniatures_%26c._-_in_the_possession_of_Cecil_George_Savile%2C_4th_Earl_of_Liverpool%2C_Lord_Steward%2C_%26c_%281905%29_%2814760258041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1816" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2022" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Shuckburgh-Evelyn" title="George Shuckburgh-Evelyn">George Shuckburgh-Evelyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> </td> <td>"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" "For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1799</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hellins.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_Hellins.jpeg/75px-John_Hellins.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_Hellins.jpeg/113px-John_Hellins.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_Hellins.jpeg/150px-John_Hellins.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hellins" title="John Hellins">John Hellins</a></td> <td>"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a></td> <td>"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1801</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg/75px-Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg/113px-Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg/150px-Astley_Paston_Cooper_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1353" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Astley Cooper</a></td> <td>"For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1802</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/75px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/113px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/150px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="800" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a></td> <td>"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chenevix_Richard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chenevix_Richard.jpg/75px-Chenevix_Richard.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chenevix_Richard.jpg/113px-Chenevix_Richard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chenevix_Richard.jpg/150px-Chenevix_Richard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="502" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_(chemist)" title="Richard Chenevix (chemist)">Richard Chenevix</a></td> <td>"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1804</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a></td> <td>"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1805</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Humphry_Davy,_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/75px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/113px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/150px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3123" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a></td> <td>"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1806</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Andrew_Knight_(1758%E2%80%931838).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Andrew_Knight_%281758%E2%80%931838%29.jpg/75px-Thomas_Andrew_Knight_%281758%E2%80%931838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Andrew_Knight_%281758%E2%80%931838%29.jpg/113px-Thomas_Andrew_Knight_%281758%E2%80%931838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Andrew_Knight_%281758%E2%80%931838%29.jpg/150px-Thomas_Andrew_Knight_%281758%E2%80%931838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1443" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Knight" title="Thomas Andrew Knight">Thomas Andrew Knight</a></td> <td>"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1807</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg/75px-Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg/113px-Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg/150px-Sir_Everard_Home_1756%E2%80%931832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1449" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Everard_Home" title="Everard Home">Everard Home</a></td> <td>"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Henry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/William_Henry.jpg/75px-William_Henry.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/William_Henry.jpg/113px-William_Henry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/William_Henry.jpg/150px-William_Henry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)" title="William Henry (chemist)">William Henry</a></td> <td>"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1809</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Troughton.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Edward_Troughton.jpeg/75px-Edward_Troughton.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Edward_Troughton.jpeg/113px-Edward_Troughton.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Edward_Troughton.jpeg/150px-Edward_Troughton.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Troughton" title="Edward Troughton">Edward Troughton</a></td> <td>"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1810</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1811</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Bt_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2C_1st_Bt_1856.jpg/75px-Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2C_1st_Bt_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2C_1st_Bt_1856.jpg/113px-Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2C_1st_Bt_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2C_1st_Bt_1856.jpg/150px-Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2C_1st_Bt_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="388" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a></td> <td>"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1812</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1813</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg/75px-William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg/113px-William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg/150px-William_Thomas_Brande_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="321" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a></td> <td>"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1814</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(mathematician)" title="James Ivory (mathematician)">James Ivory</a></td> <td>"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1815</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David-Brewster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/David-Brewster.jpg/75px-David-Brewster.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/David-Brewster.jpg/113px-David-Brewster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/David-Brewster.jpg/150px-David-Brewster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="473" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a></td> <td>"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1816</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1817</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Kater00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Henry_Kater00.jpg/75px-Henry_Kater00.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Henry_Kater00.jpg/113px-Henry_Kater00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Henry_Kater00.jpg/150px-Henry_Kater00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="500" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a></td> <td>"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1818</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Seppings_(1767-1840),_by_William_Bradley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robert_Seppings_%281767-1840%29%2C_by_William_Bradley.jpg/75px-Robert_Seppings_%281767-1840%29%2C_by_William_Bradley.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robert_Seppings_%281767-1840%29%2C_by_William_Bradley.jpg/113px-Robert_Seppings_%281767-1840%29%2C_by_William_Bradley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robert_Seppings_%281767-1840%29%2C_by_William_Bradley.jpg/150px-Robert_Seppings_%281767-1840%29%2C_by_William_Bradley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seppings" title="Robert Seppings">Robert Seppings</a></td> <td>"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1819</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1820</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg/75px-Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg/113px-Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg/150px-Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="464" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a></td> <td>"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1821</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg/75px-Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg/113px-Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg/150px-Edward_Sabine_1860s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="426" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy,_restored)_levels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg/75px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg/113px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg/150px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="3317" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> </td> <td>"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-her1-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1822</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Buckland_c1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Buckland_c1845.jpg/75px-William_Buckland_c1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Buckland_c1845.jpg/113px-William_Buckland_c1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Buckland_c1845.jpg/150px-William_Buckland_c1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="308" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></td> <td>"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1823</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a></td> <td>"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1824</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)" title="John Brinkley (astronomer)">John Brinkley</a></td> <td>"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1825</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg/75px-Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg/113px-Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg/150px-Arago_Francois_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="572" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Barlow(math).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Peter_Barlow%28math%29.jpg/75px-Peter_Barlow%28math%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Peter_Barlow%28math%29.jpg/113px-Peter_Barlow%28math%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Peter_Barlow%28math%29.jpg/150px-Peter_Barlow%28math%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="346" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Peter Barlow</a></td> <td>"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)" "For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1826</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a></td> <td>"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1827</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Prout_William_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Prout_William_painting.jpg/75px-Prout_William_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Prout_William_painting.jpg/113px-Prout_William_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Prout_William_painting.jpg/150px-Prout_William_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="450" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Foster_(scientist)" title="Henry Foster (scientist)">Henry Foster</a> </td> <td>"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" "For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1828</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1829</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1831</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Biddell_Airy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/George_Biddell_Airy.jpg/75px-George_Biddell_Airy.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/George_Biddell_Airy.jpg/113px-George_Biddell_Airy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/George_Biddell_Airy.jpg/150px-George_Biddell_Airy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="886" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></td> <td>"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1832</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/75px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/113px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/150px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1880" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Simeon_Poisson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/75px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/113px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/150px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1173" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a></td> <td>"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)" "For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1833</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td>No Award</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1834</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Plana,_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Giovanni_Plana%2C_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg/75px-Giovanni_Plana%2C_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Giovanni_Plana%2C_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg/113px-Giovanni_Plana%2C_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Giovanni_Plana%2C_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg/150px-Giovanni_Plana%2C_ante_1864_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_Ritratti_0105_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1348" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amedeo_Plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana">Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana</a></td> <td>"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1835</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Snow_Harris" title="William Snow Harris">William Snow Harris</a></td> <td>"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1836</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg/75px-J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg/113px-J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg/150px-J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="640" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kiernan" title="Francis Kiernan">Francis Kiernan</a></td> <td>"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Berzelius)" "For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)" </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg/75px-Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg/113px-Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg/150px-Antoine_Becquerel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="466" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Daniell_chemist_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Daniell_chemist_b.jpg/75px-Daniell_chemist_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Daniell_chemist_b.jpg/113px-Daniell_chemist_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Daniell_chemist_b.jpg/150px-Daniell_chemist_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="299" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoine_C%C3%A9sar_Becquerel" title="Antoine César Becquerel">Antoine César Becquerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a> </td> <td>"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)" "For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1838</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/75px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/113px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/150px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1180" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/75px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/113px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/150px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1880" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> </td> <td>"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)" "For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1839</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Brown_(botanist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Brown_%28botanist%29.jpg/75px-Robert_Brown_%28botanist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Brown_%28botanist%29.jpg/113px-Robert_Brown_%28botanist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Brown_%28botanist%29.jpg/150px-Robert_Brown_%28botanist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="571" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Robert Brown</a></td> <td>"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/75px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/113px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/150px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1401" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sturm.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charles_Sturm.jpeg/75px-Charles_Sturm.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charles_Sturm.jpeg/113px-Charles_Sturm.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charles_Sturm.jpeg/150px-Charles_Sturm.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm">Jacques Charles François Sturm</a> </td> <td>"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" "For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg/75px-Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg/113px-Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg/150px-Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="426" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a></td> <td>"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1842</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_MacCullagh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_MacCullagh.png/75px-James_MacCullagh.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_MacCullagh.png/113px-James_MacCullagh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_MacCullagh.png/150px-James_MacCullagh.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_MacCullagh" title="James MacCullagh">James MacCullagh</a></td> <td>"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg/75px-Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg/113px-Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg/150px-Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1340" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a></td> <td>"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1844</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg/75px-Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg/113px-Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg/150px-Carlo_Matteucci.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="250" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Carlo Matteucci</a></td> <td>"For his various researches in animal electricity"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1845</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg/75px-Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg/113px-Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg/150px-Theodor_Schwann_Litho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1695" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a></td> <td>"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Pflanzen"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1846</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg/75px-Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg/113px-Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg/150px-Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="851" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></td> <td>"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1847</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy,_restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29.jpg/75px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29.jpg/113px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29.jpg/150px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="3690" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></td> <td>"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-her1-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Couch_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Couch_Adams.jpg/75px-John_Couch_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Couch_Adams.jpg/113px-John_Couch_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Couch_Adams.jpg/150px-John_Couch_Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></td> <td>"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Murchison_Roderick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Murchison_Roderick.jpg/75px-Murchison_Roderick.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Murchison_Roderick.jpg/113px-Murchison_Roderick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Murchison_Roderick.jpg/150px-Murchison_Roderick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="420" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></td> <td>"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:P.A.Hansen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/P.A.Hansen.jpg/75px-P.A.Hansen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/P.A.Hansen.jpg/113px-P.A.Hansen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/P.A.Hansen.jpg/150px-P.A.Hansen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1896" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></td> <td>"For his researches in physical astronomy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard-owen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Richard-owen2.jpg/75px-Richard-owen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Richard-owen2.jpg/113px-Richard-owen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Richard-owen2.jpg/150px-Richard-owen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="885" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a></td> <td>"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AvHumboldt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/75px-AvHumboldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/113px-AvHumboldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/150px-AvHumboldt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="345" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></td> <td>"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1853</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg/75px-Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg/113px-Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg/150px-Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1092" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a></td> <td>"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1854</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg/75px-Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg/113px-Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg/150px-Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1298" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a></td> <td>"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1855</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Foucault_01.png/75px-Foucault_01.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Foucault_01.png/113px-Foucault_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Foucault_01.png/150px-Foucault_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2720" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a></td> <td>"For his various researches in experimental physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1856</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg/75px-Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg/113px-Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg/150px-Henri_Milne-Edwards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="623" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a></td> <td>"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg/75px-Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg/113px-Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg/150px-Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a></td> <td>"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1858</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Lyell00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Charles_Lyell00.jpg/75px-Charles_Lyell00.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Charles_Lyell00.jpg/113px-Charles_Lyell00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Charles_Lyell00.jpg/150px-Charles_Lyell00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="999" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></td> <td>"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/75px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/113px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/150px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a></td> <td>"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg/75px-Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg/113px-Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg/150px-Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2227" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a></td> <td>"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the volcanic phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/75px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/113px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/150px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="5080" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></td> <td>"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank,_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank%2C_1856.jpg/75px-Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank%2C_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank%2C_1856.jpg/113px-Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank%2C_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank%2C_1856.jpg/150px-Thomas_Graham_by_Maull_%26_Polybank%2C_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-height="2738" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a></td> <td>"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Sedgwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Adam_Sedgwick.jpg/75px-Adam_Sedgwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Adam_Sedgwick.jpg/113px-Adam_Sedgwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Adam_Sedgwick.jpg/150px-Adam_Sedgwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="409" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></td> <td>"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/75px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/113px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/150px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3119" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></td> <td>"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_Chasles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Michel_Chasles.jpg/75px-Michel_Chasles.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Michel_Chasles.jpg/113px-Michel_Chasles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Michel_Chasles.jpg/150px-Michel_Chasles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="890" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a></td> <td>"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/75px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/113px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/150px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="909" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a></td> <td>"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord,_en_Scandinavie,_en_Laponie,_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord%2C_en_Scandinavie%2C_en_Laponie%2C_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg/75px-Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord%2C_en_Scandinavie%2C_en_Laponie%2C_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord%2C_en_Scandinavie%2C_en_Laponie%2C_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg/113px-Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord%2C_en_Scandinavie%2C_en_Laponie%2C_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord%2C_en_Scandinavie%2C_en_Laponie%2C_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg/150px-Voyages_de_la_Commission_scientifique_du_Nord%2C_en_Scandinavie%2C_en_Laponie%2C_au_Spitzberg_et_aux_Fer%C3%B6e_-_no-nb_digibok_2009040211001-118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4218" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a></td> <td>"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg/75px-Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg/113px-Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg/150px-Wheatstone_Charles_drawing_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1200" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></td> <td>"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg/75px-Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg/113px-Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg/150px-Henri_Victor_Regnault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1217" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a></td> <td>"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joule_James_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.jpg/75px-Joule_James_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.jpg/113px-Joule_James_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.jpg/150px-Joule_James_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2524" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a></td> <td>"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg/75px-Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg/113px-Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg/150px-Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1050" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius von Mayer</a></td> <td>"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg/75px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg/113px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg/150px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1158" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a></td> <td>"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg/75px-Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg/113px-Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg/150px-Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="440" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></td> <td>"For his researches in physics and physiology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur,_foto_av_Paul_Nadar,_Crisco_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/75px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/113px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/150px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3292" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></td> <td>"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg/75px-Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg/113px-Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg/150px-Hoffman_August_Wilhelm_von.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="381" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a></td> <td>"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Bernard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Claude_Bernard.jpg/75px-Claude_Bernard.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Claude_Bernard.jpg/113px-Claude_Bernard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Claude_Bernard.jpg/150px-Claude_Bernard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="979" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></td> <td>"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren%2C_1865.jpg/75px-James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren%2C_1865.jpg/113px-James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren%2C_1865.jpg/150px-James_Dwight_Dana_by_Warren%2C_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="485" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a></td> <td>"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1878</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg/75px-Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg/113px-Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg/150px-Jean_Baptiste_JD_Boussingault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1536" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a></td> <td>"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Clausius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Clausius.jpg/75px-Clausius.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Clausius.jpg/113px-Clausius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Clausius.jpg/150px-Clausius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a></td> <td>"For his well-known researches upon heat"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg/75px-James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg/113px-James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg/150px-James_Joseph_Sylvester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="400" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a></td> <td>"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg/75px-Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg/113px-Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg/150px-Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="496" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Adolphe Wurtz">Charles-Adolphe Wurtz</a></td> <td>"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Cayley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arthur_Cayley.jpg/75px-Arthur_Cayley.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arthur_Cayley.jpg/113px-Arthur_Cayley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arthur_Cayley.jpg/150px-Arthur_Cayley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1352" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a></td> <td>"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/75px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/113px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/150px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1992" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a></td> <td>"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg/75px-Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg/113px-Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg/150px-Carl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ludwig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="471" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a></td> <td>"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/75px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/113px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/150px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1234" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></td> <td>"For his researches in organic chemistry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg/75px-Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg/113px-Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg/150px-Franz_Ernst_Neumann_by_Carl_Steffeck_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2035" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a></td> <td>"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1887</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg/75px-Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg/113px-Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg/150px-Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="612" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></td> <td>"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:T.H.Huxley(Woodburytype).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg/75px-T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg/113px-T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg/150px-T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="316" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></td> <td>"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeSalmon(1819-1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GeorgeSalmon%281819-1904%29.jpg/75px-GeorgeSalmon%281819-1904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GeorgeSalmon%281819-1904%29.jpg/113px-GeorgeSalmon%281819-1904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GeorgeSalmon%281819-1904%29.jpg/150px-GeorgeSalmon%281819-1904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a></td> <td>"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg/75px-Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg/113px-Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg/150px-Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3707" data-file-height="4753" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1340" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg/75px-Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg/113px-Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg/150px-Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1419" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a></td> <td>"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ggstokes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ggstokes.jpg/75px-Ggstokes.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ggstokes.jpg/113px-Ggstokes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ggstokes.jpg/150px-Ggstokes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="447" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Stokes</a></td> <td>"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frankland_Edward_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26.jpg/75px-Frankland_Edward_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26.jpg/113px-Frankland_Edward_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26.jpg/150px-Frankland_Edward_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="482" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a></td> <td>"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Weierstrass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/75px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/113px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/150px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1322" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a></td> <td>"For his investigations in pure mathematics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1896</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gegenbaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gegenbaur.jpg/75px-Gegenbaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gegenbaur.jpg/113px-Gegenbaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gegenbaur.jpg/150px-Gegenbaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="599" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a></td> <td>"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kolliker2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kolliker2.jpg/75px-Kolliker2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kolliker2.jpg/113px-Kolliker2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kolliker2.jpg/150px-Kolliker2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="328" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg/75px-Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg/113px-Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg/150px-Sir_William_Huggins_by_John_Collier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3112" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></td> <td>"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Strutt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/John_William_Strutt.jpg/75px-John_William_Strutt.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/John_William_Strutt.jpg/113px-John_William_Strutt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/John_William_Strutt.jpg/150px-John_William_Strutt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1077" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg/75px-Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg/113px-Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg/150px-Marcellin_Berthelot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2701" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a></td> <td>"For his brilliant services to chemical science"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/75px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/113px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/150px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1184" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to mathematical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg/75px-Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg/113px-Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg/150px-Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a></td> <td>"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg/75px-Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg/113px-Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg/150px-Eduard_Sue%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a></td> <td>"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg/75px-PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg/113px-PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg/150px-PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1723" data-file-height="2200" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></td> <td>"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/75px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/113px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/150px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1593" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg/75px-Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg/113px-Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg/150px-Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a></td> <td>"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg/75px-Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg/113px-Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg/150px-Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1286" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his investigations in optics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/75px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/113px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/150px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="3355" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></td> <td>"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hill1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hill1905.jpg/75px-Hill1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hill1905.jpg/113px-Hill1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hill1905.jpg/150px-Hill1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="658" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/75px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/113px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/150px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="543" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his researches in heredity"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg/75px-George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg/113px-George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg/150px-George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1340" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Klein.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Felix_Klein.jpeg/75px-Felix_Klein.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Felix_Klein.jpeg/113px-Felix_Klein.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Felix_Klein.jpeg/150px-Felix_Klein.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Lankester.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ray_Lankester.png/75px-Ray_Lankester.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ray_Lankester.png/113px-Ray_Lankester.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ray_Lankester.png/150px-Ray_Lankester.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="527" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a></td> <td>"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J.J_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/75px-J.J_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/113px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/150px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1563" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1915</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg/75px-Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg/113px-Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg/150px-Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1599" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Dewar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/James_Dewar.jpg/75px-James_Dewar.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/James_Dewar.jpg/113px-James_Dewar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/James_Dewar.jpg/150px-James_Dewar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="476" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></td> <td>"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg/75px-Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg/113px-Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg/150px-Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1554" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg/75px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg/113px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg/150px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamBayliss1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/WilliamBayliss1.jpg/75px-WilliamBayliss1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/WilliamBayliss1.jpg/113px-WilliamBayliss1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/WilliamBayliss1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="178" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg/75px-Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg/113px-Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg/150px-Horace_Tabberer_Brown_c1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="323" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a></td> <td>"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Larmor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Larmor.jpeg/75px-Joseph_Larmor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Larmor.jpeg/113px-Joseph_Larmor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Larmor.jpeg/150px-Joseph_Larmor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a></td> <td>"For his researches in mathematical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg/75px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg/113px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg/150px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="3066" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></td> <td>"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg/75px-Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg/113px-Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg/150px-Lamb_Horace_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="479" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a></td> <td>"For his researches in mathematical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png/75px-PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png/113px-PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png/150px-PSM_V79_D521_Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer.png 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2289" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a></td> <td>"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/75px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/113px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/150px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="3313" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></td> <td>"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg/75px-Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg/113px-Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg/150px-Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg/75px-Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg/113px-Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg/150px-Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="930" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished work on neurology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg/75px-Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg/113px-Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg/150px-Charles_Algernon_Parsons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1054" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to engineering science"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/75px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/113px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/150px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2752" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wh-bragg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wh-bragg.jpg/75px-Wh-bragg.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wh-bragg.jpg/113px-Wh-bragg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wh-bragg.jpg/150px-Wh-bragg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg/75px-Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg/113px-Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg/150px-Schuster_Arthur_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg/75px-Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg/113px-Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_George_Ellery_Hale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="954" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theobald_Smith_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Theobald_Smith_2.jpg/75px-Theobald_Smith_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Theobald_Smith_2.jpg/113px-Theobald_Smith_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Theobald_Smith_2.jpg/150px-Theobald_Smith_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="467" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a></td> <td>"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg/75px-John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg/113px-John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg/150px-John_Scott_Haldane_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="405" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CTR_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/75px-CTR_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/113px-CTR_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/150px-CTR_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></td> <td>"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SirArthurEvans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SirArthurEvans.JPG/75px-SirArthurEvans.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SirArthurEvans.JPG/113px-SirArthurEvans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SirArthurEvans.JPG/150px-SirArthurEvans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="741" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg/75px-Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg/113px-Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg/150px-Henry_Dale_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/75px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/113px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/150px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg/75px-Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg/113px-Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg/150px-Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="2923" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a></td> <td>"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Langevin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Langevin.jpg/75px-Langevin.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Langevin.jpg/113px-Langevin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Langevin.jpg/150px-Langevin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="480" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></td> <td>"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Lewis_%28cardiologist%29.jpg/75px-Thomas_Lewis_%28cardiologist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Lewis_%28cardiologist%29.jpg/113px-Thomas_Lewis_%28cardiologist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Lewis_%28cardiologist%29.jpg/150px-Thomas_Lewis_%28cardiologist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="3754" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a></td> <td>"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg/75px-Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg/113px-Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg/150px-Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></td> <td>"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg/75px-Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg/113px-Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg/150px-Joseph_Barcroft_c1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2815" data-file-height="3564" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">G. I. Taylor</a></td> <td>"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg/75px-Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg/113px-Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg/150px-Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2527" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a></td> <td>"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg/75px-Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg/113px-Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg/150px-Edgar_Douglas_Adrian_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ghhardy@72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ghhardy%4072.jpg/75px-Ghhardy%4072.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ghhardy%4072.jpg/113px-Ghhardy%4072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ghhardy%4072.jpg/150px-Ghhardy%4072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="368" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg/75px-Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg/113px-Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg/150px-Archibald_Vivian_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_de_Hevesy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg/75px-George_de_Hevesy.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg/113px-George_de_Hevesy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg/150px-George_de_Hevesy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1113" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Chadwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg/75px-James_Chadwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg/113px-James_Chadwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg/150px-James_Chadwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></td> <td>"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_Keilin_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/David_Keilin_1931.jpg/75px-David_Keilin_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/David_Keilin_1931.jpg/113px-David_Keilin_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/David_Keilin_1931.jpg/150px-David_Keilin_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2496" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a></td> <td>"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Dirac,_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg/75px-Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg/113px-Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg/150px-Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1107" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._A.J._Kluyver,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dr._A.J._Kluyver%2C_1921.jpg/75px-Dr._A.J._Kluyver%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dr._A.J._Kluyver%2C_1921.jpg/113px-Dr._A.J._Kluyver%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dr._A.J._Kluyver%2C_1921.jpg/150px-Dr._A.J._Kluyver%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="588" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg/75px-Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg/113px-Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg/150px-Edmund_Taylor_Whitakker_by_Arthur_Trevor_Haddon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="800" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a></td> <td>"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Youngronaldfisher2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Youngronaldfisher2.JPG/75px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Youngronaldfisher2.JPG/113px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Youngronaldfisher2.JPG/150px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="408" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Blackett-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg/75px-Blackett-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg/113px-Blackett-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="194" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg/75px-Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg/113px-Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg/150px-Howard_Walter_Florey_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg/75px-John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg/113px-John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg/150px-John_Edensor_Littlewood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="326" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Burnet_2jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Burnet_2jpg.jpg/75px-Burnet_2jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Burnet_2jpg.jpg/113px-Burnet_2jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Burnet_2jpg.jpg/150px-Burnet_2jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="313" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg/75px-Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg/113px-Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg/150px-Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Adolf Krebs</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg/75px-Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg/113px-Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg/150px-Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_(Samuel)_Luke_Fildes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg/75px-Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg/113px-Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg/150px-Sir_Paul_Fildes_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3176" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Chapman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sydney_Chapman.jpg/75px-Sydney_Chapman.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sydney_Chapman.jpg/113px-Sydney_Chapman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sydney_Chapman.jpg/150px-Sydney_Chapman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg/75px-Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg/113px-Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg/150px-Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wl-bragg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/75px-Wl-bragg.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/113px-Wl-bragg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/150px-Wl-bragg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg/75px-Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg/113px-Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg/150px-Sir_Bernard_Katz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1007" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg/75px-Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg/113px-Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg/150px-Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg/75px-Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg/113px-Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg/150px-Peter_Brian_Medawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg/75px-Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg/113px-Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg/150px-Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd,_Baron_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg/75px-Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg/113px-Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg/150px-Andrew_Fielding_Huxley_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Crick_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Francis_Crick_crop.jpg/75px-Francis_Crick_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Francis_Crick_crop.jpg/113px-Francis_Crick_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Francis_Crick_crop.jpg/150px-Francis_Crick_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="2236" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/75px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/113px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/150px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></td> <td>"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/75px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/113px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/150px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/75px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/113px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/150px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Perutz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Max_Perutz.jpg/75px-Max_Perutz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Max_Perutz.jpg/113px-Max_Perutz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Max_Perutz.jpg/150px-Max_Perutz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="206" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-od2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Cornforth_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Cornforth_1975.jpg/75px-John_Cornforth_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Cornforth_1975.jpg/113px-John_Cornforth_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Cornforth_1975.jpg/150px-John_Cornforth_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1282" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg/75px-Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg/113px-Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg/150px-Rodney_Robert_Porter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1432" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif/75px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif/113px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="198" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg/75px-Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg/113px-Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg/150px-Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2888" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Peierls,Rudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peierls%2CRudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/75px-Peierls%2CRudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peierls%2CRudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/113px-Peierls%2CRudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peierls%2CRudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/150px-Peierls%2CRudolf_1966_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg/75px-Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg/113px-Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg/150px-Michael_Francis_Atiyah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Milstein_lnp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Milstein_lnp.jpg/75px-Milstein_lnp.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Milstein_lnp.jpg/113px-Milstein_lnp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Milstein_lnp.jpg/150px-Milstein_lnp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="146" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/75px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/113px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/150px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1872" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg/75px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg/113px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg/150px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="355" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Porter_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Porter_Nobel.jpg/75px-George_Porter_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Porter_Nobel.jpg/113px-George_Porter_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Porter_Nobel.jpg/150px-George_Porter_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="744" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_D_Watson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_D_Watson.jpg/75px-James_D_Watson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_D_Watson.jpg/113px-James_D_Watson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_D_Watson.jpg/150px-James_D_Watson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="2996" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Maynard_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Maynard_Smith.jpg/75px-John_Maynard_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Maynard_Smith.jpg/113px-John_Maynard_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Maynard_Smith.jpg/150px-John_Maynard_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="766" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ARBOffice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ARBOffice.jpg/75px-ARBOffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ARBOffice.jpg/113px-ARBOffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ARBOffice.jpg/150px-ARBOffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1760" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan R. Battersby</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a></td> <td>"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Anthony_Pople.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/John_Anthony_Pople.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="99" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></td> <td>"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG/75px-John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG/113px-John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG/150px-John_Gurdon_Cambridge_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="732" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a></td> <td>"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg/75px-Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg/113px-Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg/150px-Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harry Kroto</a></td> <td>"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg/75px-Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg/113px-Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg/150px-Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2172" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></td> <td>"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/75px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/113px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/150px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="359" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></td> <td>"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-haw-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BobMayHarvard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/BobMayHarvard.jpg/75px-BobMayHarvard.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/BobMayHarvard.jpg/113px-BobMayHarvard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/BobMayHarvard.jpg/150px-BobMayHarvard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="620" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Robert May</a></td> <td>"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg/75px-Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg/113px-Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg/150px-Roger_Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></td> <td>"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg/75px-Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg/113px-Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg/150px-Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3240" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a></td> <td>"for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg/75px-Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg/113px-Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg/150px-Nci-vol-8182-300_david_cox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="2684" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a></td> <td>"for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-medals2010-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg/75px-Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg/113px-Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg/150px-Tomas_Lindahl_0113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1710" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a></td> <td>"for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-medals2010-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a></td> <td>"For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ernest_Walker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Ernest_Walker.jpg/75px-John_Ernest_Walker.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Ernest_Walker.jpg/113px-John_Ernest_Walker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Ernest_Walker.jpg/150px-John_Ernest_Walker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John Walker</a></td> <td>"For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-medals2012-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg/75px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg/113px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg/150px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="2042" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a></td> <td>"For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures."</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alec_Jeffreys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alec_Jeffreys.jpg/75px-Alec_Jeffreys.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alec_Jeffreys.jpg/113px-Alec_Jeffreys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alec_Jeffreys.jpg/150px-Alec_Jeffreys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1966" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a></td> <td>"For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AJ2014-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Higgs,_Peter_(1929)3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg/75px-Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg/113px-Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg/150px-Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a></td> <td>"For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_(38005042695).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg/75px-Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg/113px-Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg/150px-Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2504" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg/75px-Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg/113px-Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg/150px-Andrew_wiles1-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2502" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a></td> <td>"For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/113px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a></td> <td>"For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_B._Goodenough_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="253" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></td> <td>"In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Fersht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alan_Fersht.jpg/72px-Alan_Fersht.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alan_Fersht.jpg/109px-Alan_Fersht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alan_Fersht.jpg/145px-Alan_Fersht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="184" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a></td> <td>"He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_IYA_2009,_Paris_-_Grygar,_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg/75px-Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg/113px-Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg/150px-Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1010" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a></td> <td>"for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century"</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg/75px-Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg/113px-Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg/150px-Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_AZD1222_-_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="4253" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine</a> Team</td> <td>"for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg/75px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg/113px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg/150px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Rees_of_Ludlow_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></td> <td>"for being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_Winter,_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2232" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Paul_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Paul Winter">Gregory Paul Winter</a></td> <td>"for pioneering protein engineering, especially antibody engineering for the successful production of therapeutic antibodies."</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley_Medal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_awards" title="List of biology awards">List of biology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemistry_awards" title="List of chemistry awards">List of chemistry awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geology_awards" title="List of geology awards">List of geology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematics_awards" title="List of mathematics awards">List of mathematics awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_physics_awards" title="List of physics awards">List of physics awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley_Medal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guidance-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guidance_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidance_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidance_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29641">10.1093/ref:odnb/29641</a>. 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Retrieved 2009-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM25+text-only+browsing%3A+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+of+England+Ellis%2C+John+%28c+1710%E2%80%931776%29&rft.pub=Aim25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim25.ac.uk%2Fcats%2F9%2F9662.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30007?&docPos=31&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30007">10.1093/ref:odnb/30007</a>. Retrieved 2009-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3AWoulfe%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F30007%3F%26docPos%3D31%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1770" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, William (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/105870">"An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M. 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Retrieved 2022-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+a+Journey+to+Mount+Etna%2C+in+a+Letter+from+the+Honourable+William+Hamilton%2C+His+Majesty%27s+Envoy+Extraordinary+at+Naples%2C+to+Mathew+Maty%2C+M.+D.+Sec.+R.+S.&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F105870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0260-7085&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F105870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Karen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38">"Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei"</a> (PDF). The British Journal for the History of Science. 39. <a href="/wiki/The_British_Society_for_the_History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Society for the History of Science">The British Society for the History of Science</a>: 67–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087405007600">10.1017/S0007087405007600</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625110058/http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2009-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Making+and+circulating+knowledge+through+Sir+William+Hamilton%27s+Campi+Plhegraei&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=67-96&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087405007600&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3D%252FBJH%252FBJH39_01%252FS0007087405007600a.pdf%26code%3Df55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaper1771" class="citation journal cs1">Raper, Matthew (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/106118">"An Inquiry into the Value of the Ancient Greek and Roman Money: By Matthew Raper, Esq; F. 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Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023112610/http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2009-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berkshire+History%3A+Biographies%3A+Lieut-Col.+John+Walsh+%281726%E2%80%931795%29&rft.pub=Nash+Ford+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkshirehistory.com%2Fbios%2Fjwalsh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html">"Maskelyne biography"</a>. 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Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+County+Astronomical+Society&rft.pub=Lake+County+Astronomical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpccs.com%2Flcas%2FArticles%2Fjsouth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fZSNUcPL8AYC">The Gentleman's Magazine</a>. The Gentleman's Magazine. 1832. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fZSNUcPL8AYC/page/n99">87</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-05. <q>Henry Foster copley medal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gentleman%27s+Magazine&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=The+Gentleman%27s+Magazine&rft.date=1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_fZSNUcPL8AYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823145004/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Airy.html">"Airy summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Airy.html">the original</a> on 2013-08-23. Retrieved 2009-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airy+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FAiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html">"Poisson summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024201248/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2009-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poisson+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FPoisson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html">"Plana biography"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011831/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plana+biography&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPlana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog">"Chambers Search Chambers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Harrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers Harrap">Chambers Harrap</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008111249/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chambers+Search+Chambers&rft.pub=Chambers+Harrap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chambersharrap.co.uk%2Fchambers%2Ffeatures%2Fchref%2Fchref.py%2Fmain%3Fquery%3DPN02036%26xref%3Dy%26title%3Dbiog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html">"Gauss summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042847/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2009-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gauss+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FGauss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3645">"Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3645">10.1093/ref:odnb/3645</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3ABrown%2C+Robert+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3645&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F3645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2002" class="citation book cs1">Brock, William H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VugoemP2th0C&q=%22Justus+Liebig%22+copley+medal">Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521524735" title="Special:BookSources/9780521524735"><bdi>9780521524735</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justus+Von+Liebig%3A+The+Chemical+Gatekeeper&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521524735&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVugoemP2th0C%26q%3D%2522Justus%2BLiebig%2522%2Bcopley%2Bmedal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html">"Sturm summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204222546/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sturm+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FSturm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233428/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html">"Ohm biography"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohm+biography&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FOhm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html">"MacCullagh summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027052303/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MacCullagh+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FMacCullagh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorselli,_Mario1984" class="citation book cs1">Morselli, Mario (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv2OdFwpk-kC&q=%22Carlo+Matteucci%22+copley+medal&pg=PA129">Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1624-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1624-8"><bdi>978-90-277-1624-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amedeo+Avogadro%2C+a+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1624-8&rft.au=Morselli%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCv2OdFwpk-kC%26q%3D%2522Carlo%2BMatteucci%2522%2Bcopley%2Bmedal%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html">"Le Verrier biography"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024042955/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Verrier+biography&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FLe_Verrier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234832/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html">"Adams summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adams+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FAdams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0002450/current/abstract">Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_InterScience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley InterScience">Wiley InterScience</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047001590X">10.1002/047001590X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01617-6"><bdi>978-0-470-01617-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630021400/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/047001590X">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Own%2C+Richard%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Wiley+InterScience&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F047001590X&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01617-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrw.interscience.wiley.com%2Femrw%2F9780470015902%2Fels%2Farticle%2Fa0002450%2Fcurrent%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223005149/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html">"Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html">the original</a> on 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humboldt+%E2%80%93+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Heinrich+Alexander+%E2%80%93+von+%E2%80%93+1769%E2%80%931859+%E2%80%93+Baron+%E2%80%93+German+naturalist%2C+geologist+and+explorer&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nahste.ac.uk%2Fisaar%2FGB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/">"BjS: Academic Lineage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020320/http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BjS%3A+Academic+Lineage&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fperception%2FBrian%2Fmisc%2Flineage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weber.html">"Weber summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504180112/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weber.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weber+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FWeber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216151117/http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf">"Darwin and the Copley Medal"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 16, 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+and+the+Copley+Medal&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps-pub.com%2Fproceedings%2F1454%2F411.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043043/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm">"Adam Sedgwick Collection"</a>. American Philosophical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm">the original</a> on May 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adam+Sedgwick+Collection&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Flibrary%2Fmole%2Fs%2Fsedgwick.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html">"Chasles summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809153628/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chasles+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FChasles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605212955/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html">"Plucker summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plucker+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FPlucker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html">"Helmholtz summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225034524/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-25. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helmholtz+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FHelmholtz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q5wEAAAAYAAJ">Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science</a>. Journal of Industrial Science. 1776. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q5wEAAAAYAAJ/page/n19">13</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-05. <q>August Wilhelm Hofmann copley medal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+News+and+Journal+of+Industrial+Science&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Journal+of+Industrial+Science&rft.date=1776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Q5wEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/84/1/1.pdf">"Jean Baptiste Boussingault"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Nutrition" title="Journal of Nutrition">Journal of Nutrition</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164106/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/84/1/1.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean+Baptiste+Boussingault&rft.pub=Journal+of+Nutrition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F84%2F1%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html">"Clausius summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006094356/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Clausius.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clausius+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FClausius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html">"Sylvester summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507053411/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sylvester+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FSylvester.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721143847/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html">"Cayley summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html">the original</a> on 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cayley+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FCayley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html">"Thompson summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061113/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thompson+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FThomson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805152101/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html">"Neumann_Franz summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html">the original</a> on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neumann_Franz+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FNeumann_Franz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html">"Salmon summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621081057/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salmon+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FSalmon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980419013427/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html">"Newcomb summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html">the original</a> on 1998-04-19. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcomb+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FNewcomb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028201732/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html">"Stokes summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stokes+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FStokes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362">"Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863–1883"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Society_Picture_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Society Picture Library">Science and Society Picture Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719151448/http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Edward+Frankland%2C+English+chemist%2C+c+1863%E2%80%931883.&rft.pub=Science+and+Society+Picture+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandsociety.co.uk%2Fresults.asp%3Fimage%3D10419362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html">"Weierstrass summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065628/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weierstrass+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FWeierstrass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html">"Rayleigh summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rayleigh+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FRayleigh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html">"Gibbs summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043340/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-30. 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Oxford University Press. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023015729/http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+DNB+theme%3A+Holders+of+the+Copley+Medal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2F93%2F93188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605061945/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html">"Klein summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. 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National Marine Biological Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712030653/http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary%3A+Edwin+Ray+Lankester&rft.pub=National+Marine+Biological+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabella.mba.ac.uk%2F1304%2F01%2FObituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/">"Notes and Records of the Royal Society"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html">the original</a> on 1998-12-03. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lamb+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FLamb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33977?&docPos=123&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). 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Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30912">10.1093/ref:odnb/30912</a>. 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Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34256">10.1093/ref:odnb/34256</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3AKeilin%2C+David+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34256&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F34256%3F%26docPos%3D140%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kragh, H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31032?&docPos=141&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31032">10.1093/ref:odnb/31032</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3ADirac%2C+Paul%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31032&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F31032%3F%26docPos%3D141%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621091435/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Whittaker.html">"Whittaker summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Whittaker.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whittaker+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FWhittaker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165328/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Fisher.html">"Fisher summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fisher.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fisher+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FFisher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlane2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacFarlane, R. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)"</a>. In Abraham, E. P. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33182">10.1093/ref:odnb/33182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164102/http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3AFlorey%2C+Howard+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33182&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F33182%3F%26docPos%3D145%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980419013148/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html">"Littlewood summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html">the original</a> on 1998-04-19. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Littlewood+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FLittlewood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html">"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – Biography"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914234706/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Frank+Macfarlane+Burnet+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1960%2Fburnet-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621080127/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html">"Jeffreys summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeffreys+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FJeffreys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html">"Sir Hans Adolf Krebs"</a>. nobel-winners.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220074404/http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Hans+Adolf+Krebs&rft.pub=nobel-winners.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobel-winners.com%2FMedicine%2Fhans_adolf_krebs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/32367?&docPos=152&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32367">10.1093/ref:odnb/32367</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3AHinshelwood%2C+Sir+Cyril+Norman+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32367&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F32367%3F%26docPos%3D152%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33888?&docPos=150&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33888">10.1093/ref:odnb/33888</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3AChapman%2C+Sydney+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33888&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F33888%3F%26docPos%3D150%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230043109/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html">"Hodge summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hodge+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FHodge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921132136/http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml">"Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml">the original</a> on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emeritus+Professor+Sir+John+Cornforth+%E2%80%93+Alumni+%26+Friends&rft.pub=University+of+Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usyd.edu.au%2Falumni%2Fabout%2Fprofiles%2Findividuals%2Fjohn_cornforth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html">"Chandrasekhar biography"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405104019/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrasekhar+biography&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FChandrasekhar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html">"Atiyah biography"</a>. University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405153242/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atiyah+biography&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FAtiyah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/64072?&docPos=170&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F64072">10.1093/ref:odnb/64072</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3ASalam%2C+Abdus+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F64072&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F64072%3F%26docPos%3D170%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/77183?&docPos=171&backToResults=">"Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F77183">10.1093/ref:odnb/77183</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3APorter%2C+George+%28subscription+needed%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F77183&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F77183%3F%26docPos%3D171%26backToResults%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/">"Copley Medal"</a>. Royal Society website. The Royal Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225091523/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+website&rft.atitle=Copley+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fawards%2Fcopley-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523121101/https://www.mrs.org/error-pages/error404?404%3Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrs.org%3A443%2Fs_mrs%2Fdoc.asp%3FCID=14595&DID=86190">"MRS Website: Award Presentations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Materials_Research_Society" title="Materials Research Society">Materials Research Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/doc.asp?CID=14595&DID=86190">the original</a> on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MRS+Website%3A+Award+Presentations&rft.pub=Materials+Research+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrs.org%2Fs_mrs%2Fdoc.asp%3FCID%3D14595%26DID%3D86190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002829/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lighthill.html">"Lighthill summary"</a>. University of St Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lighthill.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lighthill+summary&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FMathematicians%2FLighthill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105">"John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 – April 19, 2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genetics_(journal)" title="Genetics (journal)">Genetics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007223359/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Maynard+Smith+January+6%2C+1920+%E2%80%93+April+19%2C+2004&rft.pub=Genetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F168%2F3%2F1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html">"Obituary: John A. Pople"</a>. The Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927012605/http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+John+A.+Pople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestern.edu%2Fobserver%2Fissues%2F2004-04-01%2Fobit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html">"FSU highlights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626070829/http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2009-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSU+highlights&rft.pub=Florida+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsu.edu%2Fhighlights%2Ffaculty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medals2010-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medals2010_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medals2010_169-1">b</a> Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/Awards">"Recent award winners 2010"</a>. The Royal Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615004534/http://royalsociety.org/awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2010-10-06. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recent+award+winners+2010&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2FAwards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medals2012-170"><a href="#cite_ref-medals2012_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/john-walker-12475/">"John Walker"</a>. The Royal Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117004849/https://royalsociety.org/people/john-walker-12475/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2012-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Walker&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-walker-12475%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJ2014-171"><a href="#cite_ref-AJ2014_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516190048/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html">"Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize"</a>. Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Leicester+University+Professor+Sir+Alec+Jeffreys+wins+science%27s+oldest+prize&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FSir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize%2Fstory-22074042-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-higgs-11615/">"Copley Medal 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728200518/https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-higgs-11615/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2018-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copley+Medal+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fpeter-higgs-11615%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-henderson-11607/">"Copley Medal 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027222620/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-henderson-11607/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2018-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copley+Medal+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Frichard-henderson-11607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/andrew-wiles-12529/">"Andrew Wiles"</a>. The Royal Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014255/https://royalsociety.org/people/andrew-wiles-12529/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2018-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Wiles&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fandrew-wiles-12529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">"Copley Medal 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2016-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copley+Medal+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fgrants-schemes-awards%2Fawards%2Fcopley-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">"Copley Medal 2019"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2016-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copley+Medal+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fgrants-schemes-awards%2Fawards%2Fcopley-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/08/Medals-and-awards-winners-2020/">"Medals and awards winners 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804152929/https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/08/medals-and-awards-winners-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medals+and+awards+winners+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F08%2FMedals-and-awards-winners-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/news/2021/08/medals-awards-2021/">"Medal and award winners 2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028123746/https://royalsociety.org/news/2021/08/medals-awards-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medal+and+award+winners+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F08%2Fmedals-awards-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/news/2022/08/medals-and-awards-2022">"The Royal Society announces this year's medal and award winners"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824133600/https://royalsociety.org/news/2022/08/medals-and-awards-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Society+announces+this+year%27s+medal+and+award+winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F08%2Fmedals-and-awards-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">"Medal winner 2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2016-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medal+winner+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fgrants-schemes-awards%2Fawards%2Fcopley-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopley+Medal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/copley-medal/">Copley Medal 2024</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley_Medal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copley_Medal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">"Royal Society: Copley Medal"</a>. Royal Society. 30 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RoySoc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RoySoc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Awards,_lectures_and_medals_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Awards,_lectures_and_medals_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society">Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armourers_and_Brasiers%27_Company_Prize" title="Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize">Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline_Prize" title="GlaxoSmithKline Prize">GlaxoSmithKline Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Faraday Prize">Michael Faraday Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milner_Award" title="Milner Award">Milner Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullard_Award" title="Mullard Award">Mullard Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Africa_Prize" title="Royal Society Africa Prize">Royal Society Africa Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Prizes_for_Science_Books" title="Royal Society Prizes for Science Books">Royal Society Prizes for Science Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">Prize lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crick_Lecture" title="Crick Lecture">Crick Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrier_Lecture" title="Ferrier Lecture">Ferrier Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwenhoek_Lecture" title="Leeuwenhoek Lecture">Leeuwenhoek Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Paterson_Lecture" title="Clifford Paterson Lecture">Paterson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Award" title="Rosalind Franklin Award">Rosalind Franklin Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Memorial_Lecture_(Royal_Society)" title="Rutherford Memorial Lecture (Royal Society)">Rutherford Memorial Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar_Lecture" title="Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture">Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">Fellowships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_University_Research_Fellowship" title="Royal Society University Research Fellowship">Royal Society University Research Fellowship</a></li> <li>Royal Society <a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Trust" title="Leverhulme Trust">Leverhulme Trust</a> Senior Research Fellowships</li> <li>Newton Advanced Fellowships</li> <li>Royal Society Research Professorship</li> <li>Industry Fellowships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> Fellowships</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">Premier Medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medal</a> (highest award of the Royal Society)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal" title="Royal Society Bakerian Medal">Bakerian Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croonian_Medal" title="Croonian Medal">Croonian Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">Medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Medal" title="Darwin Medal">Darwin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Medal" title="Buchanan Medal">Buchanan Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabor_Medal" title="Gabor Medal">Gabor Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavli_Medal" title="Kavli Medal">Kavli Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Medal_(Royal_Society)" title="Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society)">Leverhulme Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Medal" title="Sylvester Medal">Sylvester Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">Previous awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_Lecture" title="Bernal Lecture">Bernal Lecture</a></li> <li>Esso Energy Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florey_Lecture" title="Florey Lecture">Florey Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohn_Award" title="Kohn Award">Kohn Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medawar_Lecture" title="Medawar Lecture">Medawar Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Africa_Prize" title="Royal Society Africa Prize">Pfizer Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Lecture" title="Philips Lecture">Philips Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Trust_Lecture" title="Pilgrim Trust Lecture">Pilgrim Trust Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tercentenary_Lectures" title="Tercentenary Lectures">Tercentenary Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkins_Lecture" title="Wilkins Lecture">Wilkins Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Award" title="Microsoft Award">Microsoft Award</a></li> <li>UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture</li> <li>Blackett Memorial Lecture</li> <li>Humphry Davy Lecture</li> <li>Claude Bernard Lecture</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1731–1750)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1731–1750"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1731–1750"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1731–1750"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1731–1750)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (1731–1750)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a> (1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Belchier" title="John Belchier">John Belchier</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Valoue" title="James Valoue">James Valoue</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales </a> (1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_(scientist)" title="Alexander Stuart (scientist)">Alexander Stuart</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Middleton_(navigator)" title="Christopher Middleton (navigator)">Christopher Middleton</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Trembley" title="Abraham Trembley">Abraham Trembley</a> (1743)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_(naturalist)" title="Henry Baker (naturalist)">Henry Baker</a> (1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(scientist)" title="William Watson (scientist)">William Watson</a> (1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robins" title="Benjamin Robins">Benjamin Robins</a> (1746)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowin_Knight" title="Gowin Knight">Gowin Knight</a> (1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a> (1750)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (1751–1800)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pringle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet">John Pringle</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a> (1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huxham" title="John Huxham">John Huxham</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish" title="Lord Charles Cavendish">Charles Cavendish</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">John Dollond</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(painter)" title="Benjamin Wilson (painter)">Benjamin Wilson</a> (1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> (1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a> (1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hewson_(surgeon)" title="William Hewson (surgeon)">William Hewson</a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Raper" title="Matthew Raper">Matthew Raper</a> (1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mudge" title="John Mudge">John Mudge</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a> (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vince" title="Samuel Vince">Samuel Vince</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodricke" title="John Goodricke">John Goodricke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins_(naturalist)" title="Thomas Hutchins (naturalist)">Thomas Hutchins</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(actuary)" title="William Morgan (actuary)">William Morgan</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Atwood" title="George Atwood">George Atwood</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shuckburgh-Evelyn" title="George Shuckburgh-Evelyn">George Shuckburgh-Evelyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hellins" title="John Hellins">John Hellins</a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> (1800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (1801–1850)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Astley Cooper</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_(chemist)" title="Richard Chenevix (chemist)">Richard Chenevix</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Knight" title="Thomas Andrew Knight">Thomas Andrew Knight</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everard_Home" title="Everard Home">Everard Home</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)" title="William Henry (chemist)">William Henry</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Troughton" title="Edward Troughton">Edward Troughton</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(mathematician)" title="James Ivory (mathematician)">James Ivory</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seppings" title="Robert Seppings">Robert Seppings</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)" title="John Brinkley (astronomer)">John Brinkley</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Peter Barlow</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Foster_(scientist)" title="Henry Foster (scientist)">Henry Foster</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amedeo_Plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana">Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Snow_Harris" title="William Snow Harris">William Snow Harris</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kiernan" title="Francis Kiernan">Francis Kiernan</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_C%C3%A9sar_Becquerel" title="Antoine César Becquerel">Antoine César Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm">Jacques Charles François Sturm</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_MacCullagh" title="James MacCullagh">James MacCullagh</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Carlo Matteucci</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a> (1850)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan Battersby</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(2001–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Template:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(2001–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copley Medallists</a> (2001–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harry Kroto</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Robert May</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Paul_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Paul Winter">Gregory Paul Winter</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28003#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7576879-3">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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