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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croat_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croat_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Croat forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croat_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_fighters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_fighters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Foreign fighters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_fighters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chronology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chronology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confrontations_in_Prozor_and_Novi_Travnik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confrontations_in_Prozor_and_Novi_Travnik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Confrontations in Prozor and Novi Travnik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confrontations_in_Prozor_and_Novi_Travnik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Outbreak of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vance–Owen_Peace_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vance–Owen_Peace_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vance–Owen Peace Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vance–Owen_Peace_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April_1993_in_central_Bosnia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April_1993_in_central_Bosnia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 April 1993 in central Bosnia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April_1993_in_central_Bosnia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_spreads_to_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_spreads_to_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 War spreads to Herzegovina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_spreads_to_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Mostar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Mostar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Siege of Mostar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Mostar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June–July_1993_Offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June–July_1993_Offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 June–July 1993 Offensives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June–July_1993_Offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contest_of_Travnik_and_Kakanj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contest_of_Travnik_and_Kakanj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Contest of Travnik and Kakanj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contest_of_Travnik_and_Kakanj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Žepče" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Žepče"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Battle of Žepče </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Žepče-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Bugojno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Bugojno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Battle of Bugojno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Bugojno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiseljak_enclave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiseljak_enclave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.4 Kiseljak enclave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiseljak_enclave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contest_of_Gornji_Vakuf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contest_of_Gornji_Vakuf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Contest of Gornji Vakuf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contest_of_Gornji_Vakuf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Neretva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Neretva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Operation Neretva </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Neretva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vareš_enclave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vareš_enclave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Vareš enclave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vareš_enclave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owen–Stoltenberg_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owen–Stoltenberg_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Owen–Stoltenberg plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owen–Stoltenberg_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Winter stalemate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 End of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Wartime propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia's_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia's_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Croatia's role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia's_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Destruction of cultural heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Postwar terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 War crimes prosecutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Reconciliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Croat–Bosniak War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الكرواتية البوسنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الكرواتية البوسنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کروات‌-بوسنی ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کروات‌-بوسنی ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_Bosnia_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Croatia Bosnia Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Croatia Bosnia Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Харвацка-баснійскі канфлікт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харвацка-баснійскі канфлікт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хърватско-босненска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хърватско-босненска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1nja%C4%8Dko-hrvatski_sukob" title="Bošnjačko-hrvatski sukob – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bošnjačko-hrvatski sukob" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_croata-bosniana" title="Guerra croata-bosniana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra croata-bosniana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorvatsko-bos%C5%88%C3%A1ck%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Chorvatsko-bosňácká válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chorvatsko-bosňácká válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroatisch-bosniakischer_Krieg" title="Kroatisch-bosniakischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kroatisch-bosniakischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horvaatia-Bosnia_s%C3%B5da" title="Horvaatia-Bosnia sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horvaatia-Bosnia sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_croata-bosnia" title="Guerra croata-bosnia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra croata-bosnia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="جنگ کروات‌ها-بوسنیایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ کروات‌ها-بوسنیایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_croato-bosniaque" title="Guerre croato-bosniaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre croato-bosniaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84-%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="크로아티아-보스니아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크로아티아-보스니아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1nja%C4%8Dko-hrvatski_sukob" title="Bošnjačko-hrvatski sukob – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bošnjačko-hrvatski sukob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kroasia-Bosnia" title="Perang Kroasia-Bosnia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kroasia-Bosnia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_croato-musulmana_in_Bosnia_ed_Erzegovina" title="Guerra croato-musulmana in Bosnia ed Erzegovina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra croato-musulmana in Bosnia ed Erzegovina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלחמה הקרואטית-בוסנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הקרואטית-בוסנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბოსნია-ხორვატიის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოსნია-ხორვატიის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бошњачко-хрватска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бошњачко-хрватска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Bosniak-Croat" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War%22">"Croat–Bosniak War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Croat–Bosniak War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg/300px-Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg/450px-Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg/600px-Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a> Clockwise from top right: remains of <a href="/wiki/Stari_Most" title="Stari Most">Stari Most</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, replaced with a cable bridge; French <a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">IFOR</a> Artillery Detachment, on patrol near Mostar; a Croat war memorial in <a href="/wiki/Vitez" title="Vitez">Vitez</a>; a Bosniak war memorial in Stari Vitez; view of <a href="/wiki/Novi_Travnik" title="Novi Travnik">Novi Travnik</a> during the war</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 October 1992 – 18 March 1994 (1 year and 5 months)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, particularly Central <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva</a> river.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Washington_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington agreement">Washington agreement</a> <ul><li>150,000+ Croats expelled<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></li> <li>100,000+ Bosniaks expelled<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <li>Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. At the time of the Washington Agreement, the HVO-held territory constituted 13% of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 21% was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">ARBiH</a>.</li> <li>In August 1995, <a href="/wiki/Herzeg-Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a> is formally abolished and Croatian-held territory is federalized into cantons</li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a><a href="#cite_note-hadzihasanovic_kubura-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces </a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (1992)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mate_Boban" title="Mate Boban">Mate Boban</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_Zubak" title="Krešimir Zubak">Krešimir Zubak</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Stoji%C4%87" title="Bruno Stojić">Bruno Stojić</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Milivoj_Petkovi%C4%87" title="Milivoj Petković">Milivoj Petković</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Praljak" title="Slobodan Praljak">Slobodan Praljak</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ante_Roso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ante Roso (page does not exist)">Ante Roso</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Valentin_%C4%86ori%C4%87" title="Valentin Ćorić">Valentin Ćorić</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gojko_%C5%A0u%C5%A1ak" title="Gojko Šušak">Gojko Šušak</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Janko_Bobetko" title="Janko Bobetko">Janko Bobetko</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Halilovi%C4%87" title="Sefer Halilović">Sefer Halilović</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rasim_Deli%C4%87" title="Rasim Delić">Rasim Delić</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87" title="Enver Hadžihasanović">Enver Hadžihasanović</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arif_Pa%C5%A1ali%C4%87" title="Arif Pašalić">Arif Pašalić</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Alagi%C4%87" title="Mehmed Alagić">Mehmed Alagić</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Blaž Kraljević</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 40,000–50,000 (1993)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199328-6">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 100,000–120,000 (1993)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199325-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Council.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Council.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Council.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Defence_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> 2,900 soldiers killed <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> 1,300 civilians killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="315" /> 5,000 soldiers killed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> 4,500 civilians killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croat–Bosniak_War3034" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Travnik_(1992)" title="Battle of Novi Travnik (1992)">Novi Travnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitez_(1992)" title="Battle of Vitez (1992)">Vitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prozor" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Prozor">Prozor</a></li></ul> 1993 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Stari_Vitez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Stari Vitez (page does not exist)">Stari Vitez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_the_Dubrav_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for the Dubrav Plateau (page does not exist)">Dubrav Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Busova%C4%8Da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Busovača (page does not exist)">Busovača</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gornji_Vakuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gornji Vakuf (page does not exist)">Gornji Vakuf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La%C5%A1va_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lašva Valley (page does not exist)">Lašva Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kiseljak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kiseljak (page does not exist)">Kiseljak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusina_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusina killings">Trusina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Travnik_(1993)" title="Battle of Travnik (1993)">Travnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Konjic_(1993)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Konjic (1993) (page does not exist)">Konjic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kakanj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kakanj (page does not exist)">Kakanj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zenica_(1993)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zenica (1993) (page does not exist)">Zenica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Hra%C5%A1%C4%87a_on_Pje%C5%A1%C4%8Dara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Hrašća on Pješčara (page does not exist)">Hrašća on Pješčara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Žepče</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Potoci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Potoci (page does not exist)">Potoci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fojnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Fojnica (page does not exist)">Fojnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">Bugojno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vare%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vareš (page does not exist)">Vareš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokronoge_massacre" title="Mokronoge massacre">Mokronoge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bila_hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bila hill (page does not exist)">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabovica_massacre" title="Grabovica massacre">Grabovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Neretva '93</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vrdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vrdi (page does not exist)">Vrdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Meor%C5%A1je" title="Battle for Meoršje">Meoršje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">Stupni Do</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Zubi%C4%87i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Zubići (page does not exist)">Zubići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C5%A1ina_Brdo" title="Battle of Bašina Brdo">Bašina Brdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo selo killings">Križančevo selo</a></li></ul> 1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Buna" title="Operation Buna">Buna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Tvigi '94</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Zavrtaljka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Zavrtaljka (page does not exist)">Zavrtaljka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bosnian_War7140" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Bosnian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Bosnian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Bosnian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Bosnian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bosnian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Bosnian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bosnian_War7140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo">Sarajevo JNA column</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Bosnia" title="1992 Yugoslav campaign in Bosnia">JNA campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Foča massacres">Foča</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvornik_massacre" title="Zvornik massacre">Zvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doboj_massacre" title="Doboj massacre">Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad_(1992)" title="Seizure of Višegrad (1992)">Višegrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing" title="Prijedor ethnic cleansing">Prijedor cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Tuzla" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla">Tuzla JNA column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majevica_front_(1992-1995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Majevica front (1992-1995)">Majevica front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori%C4%87ani_Cliffs_massacre" title="Korićani Cliffs massacre">Korićani Cliffs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bura" title="Operation Bura">Bura</a></li></ul> 1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Munja_%2793" title="Operation Munja '93">Munja '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azi%C4%87i" title="Battle of Azići">Azići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Žepče</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_killings" title="Duša killings">Duša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0trpci_massacre" title="Štrpci massacre">Štrpci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Travnik_(1993)" title="Battle of Travnik (1993)">Travnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusina_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusina killings">Trusina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovi%C4%87i_and_Doljani_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovići and Doljani massacres">Sovići/Doljani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrinja_mortar_attack" title="Dobrinja mortar attack">Dobrinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">Bugojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sadejstvo" title="Operation Sadejstvo">Sadejstvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokronoge_massacre" title="Mokronoge massacre">Mokronoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabovica_massacre" title="Grabovica massacre">Grabovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Neretva '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-Bosnian_Muslim_War" title="Intra-Bosnian Muslim War">Intra-Bosnian Muslim War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lukavac_%2793" title="Operation Lukavac '93">Lukavac '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">Stupni Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_ambush_(1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cazin ambush (1993)">Cazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo Selo killings">Križančevo Selo</a></li></ul> 1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres#First_massacre" title="Markale massacres">1st Markale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident" title="Banja Luka incident">Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Buna" title="Operation Buna">Buna 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Tvigi 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brana_94" title="Operation Brana 94">Brana '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Star_94" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Star 94">Star '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gora%C5%BEde_air_strikes" title="1994 Goražde air strikes">Goražde air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sedrenik_%2794" title="Operation Sedrenik '94">Sedrenik '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">2nd Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shield_94" title="Operation Shield 94">Shield '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_on_Vu%C4%8Dja_Planina" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive on Vučja Planina">Vučja Planina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstrike_on_Udbina_Air_Base" title="Airstrike on Udbina Air Base">Udbina airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794#Operation_Leap_1" title="Operation Winter '94">Leap 1</a></li></ul> 1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Vrnogra%C4%8D" title="Capture of Vrnograč">Vrnograč</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Majevica_(1995)" title="Assault on Majevica (1995)">Majevica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87_(1995)" title="Assault on Vlašić (1995)">Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Pale air strikes">Pale airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzla_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuzla massacre">Tuzla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tekbir_%2795" title="Operation Tekbir '95">Tekbir '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794#Operation_Leap_2" title="Operation Winter '94">Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_O%27Grady#Shootdown" title="Scott O'Grady">Mrkonjić Grad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Krivaja_%2795" title="Operation Krivaja '95">Krivaja '95</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stup%C4%8Danica_%2795" title="Operation Stupčanica '95">Stupčanica '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres#Second_massacre" title="Markale massacres">2nd Markale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Deliberate Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prijedor_95" title="Operation Prijedor 95">Prijedor '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Southern Move</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslav_Wars1251" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslav_Wars1251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Bosnia" title="1992 Yugoslav campaign in Bosnia">JNA campaign in Bosnia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat-Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Bosniak_conflict_in_Bosanska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina">Inter-Bosniak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Preševo, Bujanovac and Medveđa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Croat–Bosniak War or Croat–Muslim War was a conflict between the Bosniak-dominated <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, that lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994.<a href="#cite_note-bos-8">[6]</a> It is often referred to as a "war within a war" because it was part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. In the beginning, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> (HVO) fought together in an alliance against the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA) and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> (VRS). By the end of 1992, however, tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> increased. The first armed incidents between them occurred in October 1992 in central <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>. The military alliance continued until early 1993, when it mostly fell apart and the two former allies engaged in open conflict. The Croat–Bosniak War escalated in central Bosnia and soon spread to <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, with most of the fighting taking place in those two regions. The war generally consisted of sporadic conflicts with numerous short ceasefires. However, it was not an all-out war between Bosniaks and Croats and they remained allied in other regions – mainly <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%A1anj" title="Tešanj">Tešanj</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_proposed_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War">peace plans</a> were proposed by the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> during the war, but each of them failed. On 23 February 1994, a lasting ceasefire was agreed, and an <a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">agreement</a> ending the hostilities was signed in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> on 18 March 1994, by which time the Croatian Defence Council had suffered significant territorial losses. The agreement led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and the resumption of joint operations against Serb forces, which helped alter the military balance and bring the Bosnian War to an end. The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) convicted 17 Bosnian Croat officials, six of them for participating with Croatian president <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> and other top Croatian officials in a <a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">joint criminal enterprise</a> that sought to annex or control Croat-majority parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleanse</a> Bosniaks.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Two Bosniak officials were also convicted for war crimes committed during the conflict. The ICTY ruled that Croatia had overall control over the Croatian Defence Council and that the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian Army</a> had entered Bosnia, which made the conflict international.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png/250px-Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png/330px-Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png/500px-Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1991</figcaption></figure> In November 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_general_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina general election, 1990">first free elections</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, putting nationalist parties into power. These were the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a> (SDA), led by <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Serbian Democratic Party</a> (SDS), led by <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (HDZ BiH), led by <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Kljui%C4%87" title="Stjepan Kljuić">Stjepan Kljuić</a>. Izetbegović was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jure_Pelivan" title="Jure Pelivan">Jure Pelivan</a>, of the HDZ, was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik" title="Momčilo Krajišnik">Momčilo Krajišnik</a>, of the SDS, was elected as the speaker of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996202-11">[9]</a> In 1990 and 1991, Serbs in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> had proclaimed a number of "<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Autonomous Oblasts">Serbian Autonomous Regions</a>" with the intent of later unifying them to create a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a>. Serbs used the well equipped <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA) in defending these territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996203-12">[10]</a> As early as September or October 1990, the JNA had begun arming Bosnian Serbs and organizing them into militias. By March 1991, the JNA had distributed an estimated 51,900 firearms to Serb paramilitaries and 23,298 firearms to the SDS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006414-13">[11]</a> In early 1991, the leaders of the six republics began a series of meetings to solve the crisis in Yugoslavia. The Serbian leadership favoured a federal solution, whereas the Croatian and Slovenian leadership favoured an alliance of sovereign states. Izetbegović proposed an asymmetrical federation on 22 February, where Slovenia and Croatia would maintain loose ties with the 4 remaining republics. Shortly after that, he changed his position and opted for a sovereign Bosnia as a prerequisite for such a federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006386-14">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> states that Croatian President <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman's</a> ultimate goal in Bosnia was to create a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a>", based on the borders of the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> which would include western <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posavina_Canton" title="Posavina Canton">Posavina</a> and other parts of Bosnia with majority Croat populations. Because he knew the international community opposed the division of Bosnia, Tuđman pursued a dual policy: on the one hand proclaiming his formal support for the unity of Bosnia, while on the other seeking to divide Bosnia between Croats and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> On 25 March 1991, <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Tuđman</a> met with Serbian president <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">in Karađorđevo</a>, reportedly to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina">partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010263-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001286-18">[16]</a> On 6 June, Izetbegović and Macedonian president <a href="/wiki/Kiro_Gligorov" title="Kiro Gligorov">Kiro Gligorov</a> proposed a weak confederation between Croatia, Slovenia, and a federation of the other four republics, which was rejected by Milošević.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001248-19">[17]</a> On 13 July, the government of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, then the presiding EC country, suggested to other EC countries that the possibility of agreed changes to Yugoslav Republics borders should be explored, but the proposal was rejected by other members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen199632–34-20">[18]</a> In July 1991, Radovan Karadžić, president of the SDS, and <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Muhamed Filipović">Muhamed Filipović</a>, vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Bosniak_Organisation" title="Muslim Bosniak Organisation">Muslim Bosniak Organisation</a> (MBO), <a href="/wiki/Zulfikarpa%C5%A1i%C4%87%E2%80%93Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87_agreement" title="Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement">drafted an agreement</a> between the Serbs and Muslims which would leave Bosnia in a state union with SR Serbia and SR Montenegro. The HDZ BiH and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (SDP BiH) denounced the agreement, calling it an anti-Croat pact and a betrayal. Although initially welcoming the initiative, Izetbegović also dismissed the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006426-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler200771-22">[20]</a> From July 1991 to January 1992, during the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>, the JNA and Serb paramilitaries used Bosnian territory to wage attacks on Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996206-23">[21]</a> The Croatian government began arming Croats in the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> region as early as October or November 1991,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b294-24">[22]</a> expecting that the Serbs would spread the war into Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999243-25">[23]</a> It also helped arm the Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996206-23">[21]</a> By late 1991, about 20,000 Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly from the Herzegovina region, enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian National Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos200391–92-26">[24]</a> During the war in Croatia, Bosnian president <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a> gave a televised proclamation of neutrality, stating that "this is not our war", and the Sarajevo government was not taking defensive measures against a probable attack by the Bosnian Serbs and the JNA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200325-27">[25]</a> Izetbegović agreed to disarm the existing <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a> (TO) forces on the demand of the JNA. This was defied by Bosnian Croats and Muslim organizations that gained control of many facilities and weapons of the TO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200333-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995306-29">[27]</a> On 21 September 1991, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Parad%C5%BEik" title="Ante Paradžik">Ante Paradžik</a>, the vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a> (HSP) and Croat-Muslim alliance advocate, was killed by Croatian police in mysterious circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001355-30">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg/250px-Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg/330px-Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg/500px-Locator_map_Croatia_Banovina_in_Yugoslavia_1939-1941.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>The 1939 <a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina of Croatia</a> (red) within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> (light yellow)</figcaption></figure> On 12 November 1991, on a meeting chaired by <a href="/wiki/Dario_Kordi%C4%87" title="Dario Kordić">Dario Kordić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mate_Boban" title="Mate Boban">Mate Boban</a>, local party leaders of the HDZ BiH reached an agreement to undertake a policy of achieving an "age-old dream, a common Croatian State" and decided that the proclamation of a <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Banovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Banovina">Croatian banovina</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be the "initial phase leading towards the final solution of the Croatian question and the creation of a sovereign Croatia within its ethnic and historical [...] borders."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001141-31">[29]</a> On the same day, the Croatian Community of Bosnian Posavina was proclaimed in municipalities of northwest Bosnia. On 18 November, the autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (HZ-HB) was established, it claimed it had no secessionary goal and that it would serve a "legal basis for local self-administration". It vowed to respect the Bosnian government under the condition that Bosnia and Herzegovina was independent of "the former and every kind of future Yugoslavia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010264-32">[30]</a> Boban was established as its president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011105-33">[31]</a> From its inception the leadership of Herzeg-Bosnia and HVO held close relations to the Croatian government and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian Army</a> (HV).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2012127-34">[32]</a> At a session of the Supreme State Council of Croatia, Tuđman said that the establishment of Herzeg-Bosnia was not a decision to separate from Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 23 November, the Bosnian government declared Herzeg-Bosnia unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013150-35">[33]</a> The HDZ BiH leadership was split regarding the establishment of the two Croatian communities. The president of the party, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Kljui%C4%87" title="Stjepan Kljuić">Stjepan Kljuić</a>, opposed the move, while party representatives from Herzegovina, Central Bosnia and Bosnian Posavina supported it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrišto201144-36">[34]</a> On 27 December 1991, the leadership of the HDZ of Croatia and of HDZ BiH held a meeting in Zagreb chaired by Tuđman. They discussed Bosnia and Herzegovina's future, their differences in opinion on it, and the creation of a Croatian political strategy. Kljuić favored that Croats stay within a unified Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Muslim line. He was criticized by Tuđman for acceding to Izetbegović's policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrišto201147-37">[35]</a> Boban held that, in the event of Bosnia and Herzegovina's disintegration or if it remained in Yugoslavia, Herzeg-Bosnia should be proclaimed an independent Croatian territory "which will accede to the State of Croatia but only at such time as the Croatian leadership [...] should decide." Kordić, the vice president of Herzeg-Bosnia, claimed that the spirit of Croats in Herzeg-Bosnia had grown stronger since its declaration and that Croats in the Travnik region were prepared to become a part of the Croatian State "at all costs [...] any other option would be considered treason, save the clear demarcation of Croatian soil in the territory of Herceg-Bosna."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001142-38">[36]</a> At the same meeting, Tuđman stated that "from the perspective of sovereignty, Bosnia-Herzegovina has no prospects" and recommended that Croatian policy should be one of "support for the sovereignty [of Bosnia and Herzegovina] until such time as it no longer suits Croatia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010265-39">[37]</a> He based this on the belief that the Serbs did not accept Bosnia and Herzegovina and that Bosnian representatives did not believe in it and wished to remain in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrišto201147-37">[35]</a> Tuđman declared "it is time that we take the opportunity to gather the Croatian people inside the widest possible borders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013151–152-40">[38]</a> Tudjman then described a proposed partition of Bosnia among Croatia and Serbia, “where Croatia would get the areas...in the community of Herceg-Bosnia and the community of Croatian <a href="/wiki/Posavina_Canton" title="Posavina Canton">Posavina</a>, and probably for geopolitical reasons in <a href="/wiki/Cazin" title="Cazin">Cazin</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a> region, which would provide almost optimal satisfaction of Croatian national interests”.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[39]</a> From the remainder, Tuđman says a mini-state of Bosnia could be created around Sarajevo that would then serve as a buffer between Croatia and Serbia in the partitioned Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[39]</a> Tuđman later removed from leadership Stjepan Kljuić and other Bosnian Croats who opposed his plans for dividing Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Just let me tell you. Many who sit here and who support cantonization of Bosnia and Herzegovina will live in a Greater Serbia, and I shall depart for Australia." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Stjepan Kljuić commenting after his ouster<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgShoup1999107-43">[41]</a></cite></div> </div> On 2 January 1992, <a href="/wiki/Gojko_%C5%A0u%C5%A1ak" title="Gojko Šušak">Gojko Šušak</a>, the Minister of Defence of Croatia, and JNA General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrija_Ra%C5%A1eta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrija Rašeta (page does not exist)">Andrija Rašeta</a> signed an unconditional ceasefire in Sarajevo. The JNA moved relieved troops from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK) into Bosnia and Herzegovina, where they were stationed at strategic routes and around major towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001358-44">[42]</a> On 16 January, a rally celebrating Croatian independence was held in <a href="/wiki/Busova%C4%8Da" title="Busovača">Busovača</a>. Kordić spoke and declared Croats in Busovača were part of a united Croatian nation and that Herzeg-Bosnia, including Busovača, is "Croatian land and that is how it will be". HVO commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignac_Ko%C5%A1troman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignac Koštroman (page does not exist)">Ignac Koštroman</a> also spoke, stating "we will be an integral part of our dear State of Croatia by hook or by crook."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001141-31">[29]</a> On 27 January the Croatian Community of Central Bosnia was proclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulaj200852-45">[43]</a> There was a change in the presidency of the HDZ BiH during winter, probably under influence of the Croatian leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond2003203-46">[44]</a> On 2 February, Kljuić had resigned. Tuđman commented that "[he] disappeared under Alija Izetbegović's fez and the HDZ [BIH] [...] stopped leading an independent Croatian policy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013152-47">[45]</a> Milenko Brkić, who also supported an integral Bosnia and Herzegovina, became the new president of HDZ BiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond2003203-46">[44]</a> Bosnian Croat authorities in predominately Croat-populated municipalities answered more to the HDZ leadership and the Zagreb government than the Bosnian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b293-48">[46]</a> The HDZ held important positions in the Bosnian government including the premiership and the ministry of defence, but despite this carried out a separate policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010127-49">[47]</a> On 29 February and 1 March 1992, an <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_independence_referendum,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian independence referendum, 1992">independence referendum</a> was held in Bosnia and Herzegovina<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelic_judgement200823-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001285-51">[49]</a> and asked "are you in favor of a sovereign and independent Bosnia-Herzegovina, a state of equal citizens and nations of Muslims, Serbs, Croats and others who live in it?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003237-52">[50]</a> In the meantime Boban publicly circulated an alternative referendum version that designated Bosnia and Herzegovina as a "state community of its constituent and sovereign nations, Croats, Muslims, and Serbs, living on their national territories."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgShoup1999107-43">[41]</a> Independence was strongly favored by Muslims and Bosnian Croats, while Bosnian Serbs largely boycotted the referendum. The majority of voters voted for independence and on 3 March 1992 Alija Izetbegović declared independence of the country, which was immediately recognised by Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelic_judgement200823-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001285-51">[49]</a> Following the declaration of independence, the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> started. In April 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a> began, by which time the Bosnian Serb-formed <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> (VRS) controlled 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010126-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001285-51">[49]</a> On 8 April, Bosnian Croats were organized into the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> (HVO).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001286-18">[16]</a> A sizable number of Muslims also joined the HVO,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999243-25">[23]</a> constituting between 20 and 30 percent of HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulaj200853-54">[52]</a> Boban said that the HVO was formed because the Bosnian government did nothing after Croat villages, including <a href="/wiki/Ravno,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ravno, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Ravno</a>, were destroyed by the JNA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200325-27">[25]</a> A number of them joined the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a> (HOS), a paramilitary wing of the far-right HSP, led by <a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Blaž Kraljević</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999243-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200346-55">[53]</a> which "supported Bosnian territorial integrity much more consistently and sincerely than the HVO".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999243-25">[23]</a> However, their views on an integral Bosnia and Herzegovina were related to the legacy of the fascist <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004270-56">[54]</a> On 15 April 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (ARBiH) was formed, with slightly over two-thirds of troops consisting of Muslims and almost one-third of Croats and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010127-49">[47]</a> The government in Sarajevo struggled to get organized and form an effective military force against the Serbs. Izetbegović concentrated all his forces on retaining control of Sarajevo. In the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the government had to rely on the HVO, that had already formed their defenses, to stop the Serb advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001286-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200313-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_military_relations">Political and military relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political and military relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HVO,_ARBiH,_and_HOS_soldiers_in_Mostar,_June_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/HVO%2C_ARBiH%2C_and_HOS_soldiers_in_Mostar%2C_June_1992.jpg/220px-HVO%2C_ARBiH%2C_and_HOS_soldiers_in_Mostar%2C_June_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/HVO%2C_ARBiH%2C_and_HOS_soldiers_in_Mostar%2C_June_1992.jpg/330px-HVO%2C_ARBiH%2C_and_HOS_soldiers_in_Mostar%2C_June_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6d/HVO%2C_ARBiH%2C_and_HOS_soldiers_in_Mostar%2C_June_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>HVO, ARBiH, and HOS soldiers in Mostar, June 1992</figcaption></figure> A Croat-Muslim alliance was formed in the beginning of the war, but over time there were notable breakdowns of it due to rising tensions and the lack of mutual trust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012154-58">[56]</a> Each side held separate discussions with the Serbs, and soon there were complaints from both sides against the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004269-59">[57]</a> In February 1992, in the first of several meetings, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Manoli%C4%87" title="Josip Manolić">Josip Manolić</a>, Tuđman's aide and previously the Croatian Prime Minister, met with Radovan Karadžić in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. The Croatian position was not significantly different from that of the Serbs and held that Bosnia and Herzegovina should consist of sovereign constituent nations in a confederal relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgShoup1999107-43">[41]</a> In mid-April 1992, the HVO proposed a joint military headquarters for the HVO and the TO, but Izetbegović ignored the request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200366-60">[58]</a> The HVO, on the other hand, refused to be integrated into the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010127-49">[47]</a> On 6 May, Croatian Bosnian leader, <a href="/wiki/Mate_Boban" title="Mate Boban">Mate Boban</a>, and Serb Bosnian leader, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, met in Graz and formed an <a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">agreement</a> for a ceasefire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002156-61">[59]</a> and on the territorial division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams9_May_1992-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996210–212-63">[61]</a> However, the parties ultimately parted ways and on the following day the JNA and Bosnian Serb forces mounted an attack on Croat-held positions in Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002156-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013155-64">[62]</a> On 15 May, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> issued <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_752" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 752">resolution 752</a> which recognized the presence of JNA and HV soldiers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and demanded that they withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001170-65">[63]</a> In mid-June, the combined military efforts of the ARBiH and HVO managed to break the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">siege of Mostar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006436-66">[64]</a> and capture the east bank of the Neretva River, that was under control of the VRS for two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001287-67">[65]</a> The deployment of Croat forces to engage the VRS was one of the key obstacles for a total Serb victory in the early stage of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002160-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995317-69">[67]</a> The Croatian and Herzeg-Bosnia leadership offered Izetbegović a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Izetbegović rejected it, whether because he wanted to prevent Bosnia and Herzegovina from coming under the influence of Croatia, or because he thought that such a move would give a justification to Serbian claims, cripple reconciliation between Muslims and Serbs and make the return of Muslim refugees to eastern Bosnia impossible. His attempts to remain neutral were met with disfavor in Croatia, which at the time had different and clearer military and strategic objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995318-70">[68]</a> Izetbegović received an ultimatum from Boban warning him that if he did not proclaim a confederation with Tuđman that Croatian forces would not help defend Sarajevo from strongholds as close as 40 kilometres (25 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns6_July_1992-71">[69]</a> Boban later blocked the delivery of arms to the ARBiH, which were secretly bought despite the United Nations embargo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENizich199231-72">[70]</a> The Croatian government recommended moving ARBiH headquarters out of Sarajevo and closer to Croatia and pushed for its reorganization in an effort to heavily add Croatian influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns26_July_1992-73">[71]</a> On 3 July 1992, the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia was formally declared, in an amendment to the original decision from November 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014103-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995318-70">[68]</a> It claimed power over its own police, army, currency, and education and included several districts where Muslims were the majority. It only allowed a Croat flag to be used, the only currency allowed was the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_dinar" title="Croatian dinar">Croatian dinar</a>, its official language was Croatian, and a Croat school curriculum was enacted. <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, a town where Muslims constituted a slight majority, was set as the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001287-67">[65]</a> In the preamble it was attested that "the Croatian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in these difficult moments of their history when the last Communist army of Europe, united with the Chetniks, is endangering the existence of the Croatian people and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, are deeply aware that their future lies with the future of the entire Croatian people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.62013396–397-75">[73]</a> In July, <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Halilovi%C4%87" title="Sefer Halilović">Sefer Halilović</a> became the Chief of the General Staff of the ARBiH. This move further damaged relations between Zagreb and Sarajevo as Halilović was an officer in the JNA during the war in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995318-70">[68]</a> Beginning in June, discussions between Muslims and Croats over military cooperation and possible merger of their armies started to take place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgShoup1999227-76">[74]</a> On 21 July, Izetbegović and Tuđman signed the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Friendship_and_Cooperation_between_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_and_Croatia" title="Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia">Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994656-77">[75]</a> The agreement allowed them to "cooperate in opposing [the Serb] aggression" and coordinate military efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns21_July_1992-78">[76]</a> It placed the HVO under the command of the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006463-79">[77]</a> Cooperation was inharmonious, but enabled the transportation of weapons to ARBiH through Croatia in spite of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_713" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 713">UN sanctioned arms embargo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999243-25">[23]</a> reopening channels blocked by Boban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns26_July_1992-73">[71]</a> It established "economic, financial, cultural, educational, scientific and religious cooperation" between the signatories. It also stipulated that Bosnian Croats hold <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> for both Bosnia and Herzegovina and for Croatia. This was criticized as Croatian attempts at "claiming broader political and territorial rights in the parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina where large numbers of Croats live". After its signature Boban vowed to Izetbegović that Herzeg-Bosnia would remain an integral part of Bosnia and Herzegovina when the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns26_July_1992-73">[71]</a> At a session held on 6 August, the Bosnian Presidency accepted HVO as an integral part of the Bosnian armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004270-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_incidents">First incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First incidents">edit</a>]</div> Disagreements between Croats and Muslims first surfaced over the distribution of arms and ammunition from captured JNA barracks. The first of these disputes occurred in May in Busovača over the Kaonik Barracks and in Novi Travnik over an arms factory and the distribution of supplies from a TO depot. In July, disputes arose in Vareš and in Vitez, where an explosives factory was located, and the HVO secured the JNA barracks in Kiseljak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002158-80">[78]</a> The two sides also wanted greater political power in various municipalities of central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200366-60">[58]</a> The HVO took full control over Busovača on 10 May and blockaded the town, following an incident in which an HVO member was injured. The HVO gave an ultimatum to the Bosnian Territorial Defense to hand over its weapons and place itself under HVO command, issuing arrest warrants for 3 Muslim leaders, including General Merdan, the latter arrested and beaten up.<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[79]</a> In Vitez, an attempt to create a joint unit of the TO and HVO failed and Croats increasingly left the TO forces for the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200366-60">[58]</a> In May, HVO Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ante_Roso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ante Roso (page does not exist)">Ante Roso</a> declared that the only "legal military force" in Herzeg-Bosnia was the HVO and that "all orders from the TO [Territorial Defense] command [of Bosnia and Herzegovina] are invalid, and are to be considered illegal on this territory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006436-66">[64]</a> On 19 June 1992, an armed confrontation that lasted for two hours occurred between local Muslim and Croat forces in Novi Travnik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001153–154-82">[80]</a> In August, actions by a Muslim gang led by <a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Prazina" title="Jusuf Prazina">Jusuf Prazina</a> worsened relations with the local HVO in Sarajevo. The HVO also protested to the ARBiH for launching uncoordinated attacks on the VRS from Croat-held areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002159-83">[81]</a> After Croat-Muslim fighting broke out <a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_Paraga" title="Dobroslav Paraga">Dobroslav Paraga</a>, leader of the HSP, ordered the HOS not to cooperate with the HVO and was subsequently arrested on terrorist charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy200378-84">[82]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "HOS, as a regular army in Bosnia-Herzegovina, will fight for the freedom and sovereignty of Bosnia-Herzegovina because it is our homeland [and will] not allow any divisions." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Blaž Kraljević during a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Capljina" title="Čapljina">Čapljina</a> on 19 July 1992<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare200483-85">[83]</a></cite></div> </div> In the summer of 1992, the HVO started to purge its Muslim members,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996212-86">[84]</a> and many left for ARBiH seeing that Croats had separatist goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes2011168-87">[85]</a> As the Bosnian government began to emphasize its Islamic character, Croat members left the ARBiH to join the HVO or were expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200333-28">[26]</a> At the same time armed incidents started to occur among Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the HVO and the HOS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996215-88">[86]</a> The HVO favored the partition of Bosnia along ethnic lines, while the HOS was a Croatian-Muslim militia who fought for the territorial integrity of Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The HOS included Croats and Muslims in its ranks and initially cooperated with both the ARBiH and the HVO. The two authorities tolerated these forces, although they were unpredictable and used problematic fascist insignia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200346-55">[53]</a> The HOS, however, did not function integrally throughout the country. In the area of Novi Travnik it was closer to the HVO, while in the Mostar area there were increasingly tense relations between the HOS and the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004270-56">[54]</a> There, the HOS was loyal to the Bosnian government and accepted subordination to the Staff of the ARBiH of which Kraljević was appointed a member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare200486-90">[88]</a> On 9 August, HOS Commander <a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Blaž Kraljević</a> was killed in unclear circumstances at a police checkpoint in the village of Kruševo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200346-55">[53]</a> allegedly because his car did not stop at the checkpoint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001175-91">[89]</a> He and eight of his staff were killed by HVO soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Mladen_Naletili%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladen Naletilić">Mladen Naletilić</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006343-92">[90]</a> who supported a split between Croat and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZürcher200351-93">[91]</a> Lukic and Lynch write that Zagreb arranged through the HVO for the ambush and killings of Kraljević and his staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996212-86">[84]</a> Dobroslav Paraga, head of the HSP, claimed that the HVO assassinated Kraljević because of an alleged capture of Serb-held <a href="/wiki/Trebinje" title="Trebinje">Trebinje</a> by HOS forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare200483-85">[83]</a> The HOS was disbanded, leaving the HVO as the only Croat force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999245-94">[92]</a> On 4 September 1992, Croatian officials in Zagreb confiscated a large amount of weapons and ammunition aboard an Iranian plane that was supposed to transport Red Crescent humanitarian aid for Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200360-95">[93]</a> On 7 September, HVO demanded that the Muslim militiamen withdraw from Croatian suburbs of Stup, Bare, Azići, Otes, Dogladi and parts of Nedzarici in Sarajevo and issued an ultimatum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudetic7_September_1992-96">[94]</a> They denied that it was a general threat to Bosnian government forces throughout the country and claimed that Muslim militiamen killed six of their soldiers, and looted and torched houses in Stup. The Muslims stated that the local Croatian warlord made an arrangement with Serb commanders to allow Serb and Croat civilians to be evacuated, often for ransom, but not Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudetic8_September_1992-97">[95]</a> On 11 September, at a presidential meeting, Tuđman expressed his desire for a Croatian Banovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.420136-98">[96]</a> On 14 September, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> declared the proclamation of Herzeg-Bosnia unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013150-35">[33]</a> At another presidential meeting on 17 September, Tuđman outlined Croatia's position about organizing BiH into three constituent units, but said that if BiH failed to take into account Croatian interests, he would support Herzeg-Bosnia's secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.420137-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.6201316-100">[98]</a> In late September, Izetbegović and Tuđman met again and attempted to create military coordination against the VRS, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006436-66">[64]</a> By October, the agreement had collapsed and afterwards Croatia diverted delivery of weaponry to Bosnia and Herzegovina by seizing a significant amount for itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdovičkiŠtitkovac2000192-101">[99]</a> Boban had abandoned a Bosnian government alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESells199896-102">[100]</a> In November, Izetbegović replaced Kljujić in the state presidency with Miro Lazić from HDZ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014104-103">[101]</a> On 5 and 26 October 1992, <a href="/wiki/Jadranko_Prli%C4%87" title="Jadranko Prlić">Jadranko Prlić</a>, the HVO president and Herzeg-Bosnia prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Stoji%C4%87" title="Bruno Stojić">Bruno Stojić</a>, the head of HVO and Herzeg-Bosnia department of defense, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Praljak" title="Slobodan Praljak">Slobodan Praljak</a>, member of the Ministry of Defence of Croatia and commander of the HVO Main Staff, and <a href="/wiki/Milivoj_Petkovi%C4%87" title="Milivoj Petković">Milivoj Petković</a>, chief of the HVO Main Staff, acted as a delegation of Croatia and Herzeg-Bosnia and met with <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, the VRS General, with the explicit intent of discussing the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the meeting Praljak stated: "The goal is Banovina or nothing" and that "it is in our interest that the Muslims get their own canton so they have somewhere to move to".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.420137-99">[97]</a> In June 1992 the VRS launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor</a> against HV-HVO forces in Bosnian Posavina to secure an open road between Belgrade, Banja Luka and Knin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001287-67">[65]</a> The VRS captured <a href="/wiki/Modri%C4%8Da" title="Modriča">Modriča</a> on 28 June, <a href="/wiki/Derventa" title="Derventa">Derventa</a> on 4–5 July and <a href="/wiki/Od%C5%BEak" title="Odžak">Odžak</a> on 12 July. The outnumbered Croat forces were reduced to isolated positions in <a href="/wiki/Bosanski_Brod" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosanski Brod">Bosanski Brod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ora%C5%A1je,_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orašje, Bosnia">Orašje</a>, but were able to repel VRS attacks during August and September. In early October 1992, VRS managed to break through Croat lines and capture Bosanski Brod. HV/HVO withdrew their troops north across the Sava River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b315–317-104">[102]</a> Croats and Muslims blamed each other for the defeats against the VRS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1994285-105">[103]</a> The Bosnian government suspected that a Croat-Serb cease-fire was brokered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b317-106">[104]</a> while the Croats objected that the ARBiH was not helping them in Croat-majority areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012183-107">[105]</a> By late 1992, Herzeg-Bosnia lost a significant part of its territory to VRS. The territory under the authority of Herzeg-Bosnia became limited to Croat ethnic areas in around 16% of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrduljaš2009837–838-108">[106]</a> The VRS successes in northern Bosnia resulted in increasing numbers of Muslim refugees fleeing south towards the HVO-held regions of central Bosnia. In Bugojno and Travnik, Croats found themselves reduced practically overnight from around half the local population to a small minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001287-67">[65]</a> In the latter half of 1992, foreign <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> hailing mainly from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> began to arrive in central Bosnia and set up camps for combatant training with the intent of helping their "Muslim brothers" against the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20063-109">[107]</a> These foreign volunteers were primarily organized into an umbrella detachment of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Muslim_Brigade" title="7th Muslim Brigade">7th Muslim Brigade</a> (made up of native Muslims) of the ARBiH in <a href="/wiki/Zenica" title="Zenica">Zenica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-110">[108]</a> Initially, the Mujahideen gave basic necessities including food to local Muslims. When the Croat–Muslim conflict began they joined the ARBiH in battles against the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20063-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combatants">Combatants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Combatants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosniak_forces">Bosniak forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bosniak forces">edit</a>]</div> The Sarajevo government was slow in the organization of an effective military force. Initially they were organized in the Territorial Defence (TO), which had been a separate part of the armed forces of Yugoslavia, and in various paramilitary groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_League_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Patriotic League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Berets_(Bosnian_paramilitary)" title="Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)">Green Berets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Swans_(special_forces)" title="Black Swans (special forces)">Black Swans</a>. The Bosniaks had the upper hand in manpower, but were lacking an effective supply of arms and heavy weaponry. The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in April 1992. Its structure was based on the Yugoslav TO organization. It included 13 infantry brigades, 12 separate platoons, one military police battalion, one engineer battalion, and a presidential escort company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200332–33-111">[109]</a> In August 1992, five ARBiH Corps were established: 1st Corps in Sarajevo, 2nd Corps in Tuzla, 3rd Corps in Zenica, 4th Corps in Mostar and 5th Corps in Bihać. In the second half of 1993 two additional corps were created, the 6th Corps headquartered in Konjic and 7th Corps headquartered in Travnik. The main tactical unit of the ARBiH was a brigade which had three to four subordinate infantry battalions and supporting forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200335–36-112">[110]</a> The size of a brigade varied, it could have as many as 4–5,000 men or fewer than 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199345-113">[111]</a> By 1993, the ARBiH had around 20 main battle tanks, including T-55 tanks, 30 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">APCs</a> and some heavy artillery pieces. In mid 1993, the 3rd ARBiH Corps had 100 120-mm mortars; 10 105-mm, 122-mm, and 155-mm howitzers; 8–10 antiaircraft guns; 25–30 antiaircraft machine guns; two or three tanks; and two or three ZIS 76-mm armored weapons. The Bosniak forces also had 128-mm multiple-barrel rocket launchers, but lacked necessary ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200362-114">[112]</a> According to a July 1993 estimate by CIA, the ARBiH had 100,000–120,000 men, 25 tanks and less than 200 artillery pieces and heavy mortars. The army had problems with ammunition and rifle shortages and scarce medical supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199325-7">[5]</a> The ARBiH had logistics centres in Zagreb and Rijeka for the recruitment of men and received weapons and ammunition from Croatia despite the UN arms embargo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200360-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004266–267-115">[113]</a> This practice lasted until at most April 1993. According to Izetbegović, by mid 1993 the ARBiH had brought in 30,000 rifles and machine-guns, 20 million bullets, 37,000 mines, and 46,000 anti-tank missiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004266–267-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croat_forces">Croat forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Croat forces">edit</a>]</div> The Croatian Defence Council (HVO) was formed on 8 April 1992 and was the official military of Herzeg-Bosnia, although the organization and arming of Bosnian Croat military forces began in late 1991. Each district of Herzeg-Bosnia was responsible for its own defence until the formation of four Operative Zones with headquarters in Mostar, Tomislavgrad, Vitez and Orašje. However, there were always problems in coordinating the Operative Zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200325–27-116">[114]</a> The backbone of the HVO were its brigades formed in late 1992 and early 1993. Their organization and military equipment were relatively good, but they could only conduct limited and local offensive action. The brigades usually had three or four subordinate infantry battalions with light artillery, mortars, antitank and support platoons. A brigade numbered from a few hundred to several thousand men; most had 2,000–3,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200330-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199347-118">[116]</a> In early 1993 the HVO Home Guard was formed in order to provide support for the brigades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200331-119">[117]</a> The HVO forces became better organized as time passed by, but they started creating guards brigades, mobile units of professional soldiers, only in early 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200329-120">[118]</a> The ICTY found that Croatia exercised overall control over the HVO and that Croatia provided leadership in the planning, coordination and organization of the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The European Community Monitoring Mission (ECMM) estimated the strength of the HVO in the beginning of 1993 at 45,000–55,000. In February 1993, the HVO Main Staff estimated the strength of the HVO at 34,080 officers and men, including 6,000 in Operative Zone Southeast Herzegovina, 8,700 in Operative Zone Northwest Herzegovina, 8,750 in Operative Zone Central Bosnia, and 10,630 in other locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200322-122">[120]</a> The HVO headquarters in Mostar declared full mobilization on 10 June 1993. According to The Military Balance 1993–1994 edition, the HVO had around 50 main battle tanks, mainly T-34 and T-55, and 500 various artillery weapons, most of which belonged to HVO Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200362–63-123">[121]</a> In July 1993, CIA estimated the HVO forces at 40,000 to 50,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199328-6">[4]</a> When a ceasefire was signed in Croatia in January 1992, the Croatian government allowed Bosnian Croats in the Croatian Army (HV) to demobilize and join the HVO. HV General Janko Bobetko reorganized the HVO in April 1992 and several HV officers moved to the HVO, including Milivoj Petković.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b294-24">[22]</a> The Zagreb government deployed HV units and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)">Ministry of the Interior</a> (MUP RH) special forces into Posavina and Herzegovina in 1992 to conduct operations against the Serbs together with the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006436-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002144-124">[122]</a> The HV and the HVO had the same uniforms and very similar insignia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1996381-125">[123]</a> During the Croat-Bosniak conflict, HV units were deployed on the frontlines against the VRS in eastern Herzegovina. Volunteers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were former HV members, were sent to the HVO. A unit of deserters was formed in late 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004281–283-126">[124]</a> Sent units were told to replace their HV insignia with that of the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001107-127">[125]</a> Most officers in the HVO were actually HV officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaskić_Judgement_Summary20005-128">[126]</a> According to a report by the UN Secretary General in February 1994, there were 3,000–5,000 HV soldiers in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001292-129">[127]</a> The Bosnian government claimed there were 20,000 HV soldiers in BiH in early 1994,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnton16_February_1994-130">[128]</a> while Herzeg-Bosnia officials said only volunteers from BiH, former members of HV, were present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003159-131">[129]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, at its peak the amount of money from Croatia that funded the HVO surpassed $500,000 per day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010265-39">[37]</a> The HVO relied on the HV for equipment and logistical support. Croatian officials acknowledged arming the HVO,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA199328-6">[4]</a> but direct involvement of HV forces in the Croat-Bosniak conflict was denied by the Croatian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200351-132">[130]</a> The Croatian Defence Forces (HOS), the paramilitary wing of the Croatian Party of Rights, had its headquarters in Ljubuški. In the beginning of the war they fought against the Serb forces together with the HVO and ARBiH. Relations between the HVO and HOS eventually worsened, resulting in the killing of HOS Commander Blaž Kraljević and the disarmament of the HOS. On 23 August 1992 HVO and HOS leaders in Herzegovina agreed to incorporate the HOS into the HVO. The remaining HOS forces were later recognized by the Sarajevo government as part of the ARBiH. The HOS forces in central Bosnia merged with the HVO in April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200346-55">[53]</a> Most of the Bosniaks that were members of the HOS joined the Muslim Armed Forces (MOS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200348-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_fighters">Foreign fighters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign fighters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War</a></div> Muslim volunteers from different countries started coming to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the second half of 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20063-109">[107]</a> They formed <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> fighting groups that were known as <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">El Mudžahid</a> (El Mujahid) that were joined by local radical Bosnian Muslims. The first foreign group to arrive was led by Abu Abdul Al-Aziz from Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer2010126-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2007126-135">[133]</a> Izetbegović and the SDA initially claimed that they had no knowledge of mujahideen units in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2007167-136">[134]</a> The mujahideen received financial support from Iran and Saudi Arabia. The El Mudžahid detachment was incorporated into the ARBiH in August 1993. Their strength was estimated at up to 4,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer2010126-134">[132]</a> These fighters became notorious for the atrocities committed against the Croat population in central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler200799-137">[135]</a> Foreign fighters for Croats included <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> volunteers as well as other numerous individuals from the cultural area of Western Christianity, both Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> fought as volunteers for the Croats. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch (ethnic group)">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian people">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finnish</a> volunteers were organized into the Croatian 103rd (International) Infantry Brigade. There was also a special <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> unit, the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> battalion.<a href="#cite_note-niod-138">[136]</a> and one for the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Groupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe">groupe</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-niod2-139">[137]</a> Volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and Austria were also present, fighting for the HOS paramilitary group. Swedish <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Arkl%C3%B6v" title="Jackie Arklöv">Jackie Arklöv</a> fought in Bosnia and was later charged with war crimes upon his return to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Later he confessed he committed war crimes on Bosniak civilians in the Croatian camps <a href="/wiki/Heliodrom_camp" title="Heliodrom camp">Heliodrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dretelj_camp" title="Dretelj camp">Dretelj</a> as a member of Croat forces.<a href="#cite_note-karli-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War">Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confrontations_in_Prozor_and_Novi_Travnik">Confrontations in Prozor and Novi Travnik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Confrontations in Prozor and Novi Travnik">edit</a>]</div> The strained relations led to numerous local confrontations of smaller scale in late October 1992. These confrontations mostly started in order to gain control over military supplies, key facilities and communication lines, or to test the capability of the other side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200369-141">[139]</a> First of them was an armed clash in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Travnik" title="Novi Travnik">Novi Travnik</a> on 18 October. It started as a dispute over a gas station that was shared by both armies. Verbal conflict escalated into an armed one in which an ARBiH soldier was killed. Fighting soon broke out in the entire town. Both the ARBiH and HVO mobilized their units in the area and erected roadblocks. Low-scale conflicts spread quickly in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200368-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2006388–389-143">[141]</a> The situation worsened on 20 October after HVO Commander Ivica Stojak from Travnik was murdered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200368-142">[140]</a> for which the HVO accused the 7th Muslim brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004277-144">[142]</a> The two forces engaged each other along the supply route to Jajce on 21 October,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002147-145">[143]</a> as a result of an ARBiH roadblock at Ahmići set up the previous day on authority of the "Coordinating Committee for the Protection of Muslims" rather than the ARBiH command. ARBiH forces on the roadblock refused to let the HVO go through towards Jajce and the ensuing confrontation resulted in one killed ARBiH soldier. Two days later the roadblock was dismantled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200369-141">[139]</a> A new skirmish occurred in the town of <a href="/wiki/Vitez" title="Vitez">Vitez</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002159-83">[81]</a> These conflicts lasted for several days until a ceasefire was negotiated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a> (UNPROFOR).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200369-141">[139]</a> On 23 October another conflict broke out, this time in <a href="/wiki/Prozor-Rama" title="Prozor-Rama">Prozor</a>, a town in Northern Herzegovina, in a municipality of around 12,000 Croats and 7,000 Muslims. However, the exact circumstances that caused the outbreak are not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002159-83">[81]</a> Most of Prozor was soon under control of the HVO, apart from the eastern parts of the municipality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2006392-146">[144]</a> The HVO brought in reinforcements from Tomislavgrad that provided artillery support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002159-83">[81]</a> By 25 October they took full control of the Prozor municipality. Many Muslims fled from Prozor when the fighting started, but they began to return gradually a few days or weeks after the fighting had stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.2201312-147">[145]</a> After the battle many Muslim houses were burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.2201316-148">[146]</a> According to a HVO report after the battle, the HVO had 5 killed and 18 wounded soldiers. Initial reports ARBiH Municipal Defence indicated that several hundred Muslims were killed, but subsequent reports by the ARBiH made in November 1992 indicated eleven soldiers and three civilians were killed. Another ARBiH report, prepared in March 1993, revised the numbers saying eight civilians and three ARBiH soldiers were killed, while 13 troops and 10 civilians were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2006397–398-149">[147]</a> On 29 October, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">VRS captured Jajce</a> due to the inability of ARBiH and HVO forces to construct a cooperative defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010128-150">[148]</a> The VRS held the advantage in troop size and firepower, staff work, and its planning was significantly superior to the defenders of Jajce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002148-151">[149]</a> Croat refugees from Jajce fled to Herzegovina and Croatia, while around 20,000 Muslim refugees remained in Travnik, Novi Travnik, Vitez, Busovača, and villages near Zenica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader20033-152">[150]</a> By November 1992, the HVO controlled about 20 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006436-66">[64]</a> By December 1992, much of Central Bosnia was contrioled by the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001170-153">[151]</a> Muslim authorities forbade Croats from leaving towns such as Bugojno and Zenica, and would periodically organise exchanges of local Croats for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-110">[108]</a> On 18 December, the HVO took over power in areas that it controlled: it dissolved legal municipal assemblies, sacked mayors and local government members that were against confrontation with Muslims, and disarmed remaining Muslim soldiers except for those in Posavina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001366-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_the_war">Outbreak of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg/250px-Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg/330px-Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg/500px-Territorial_changes_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_since_January_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Territorial changes from January 1993 to May 1995, also showing areas of joint HVO-ARBiH control before the start of the war</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I will watch them destroy each other and then I will push them both into the sea." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, commander-in-chief of the VRS, commenting on the Croat-Bosniak war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012175–176-155">[153]</a></cite></div> </div> Despite the October confrontation in Travnik and Prozor, and with each side blaming the other for the fall of Jajce, there were no large-scale clashes and a general military alliance was still in effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995327-156">[154]</a> A period of rising tensions, followed by the fall of Jajce, reached its peak in early 1993 in central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012155-157">[155]</a> The HVO and ARBiH clashed on 11 January in <a href="/wiki/Gornji_Vakuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gornji Vakuf">Gornji Vakuf</a>, a town that had about 10,000 Croats and 14,000 Muslims, with conflicting reports as to how the fighting started and what caused it. The HVO had around 300 forces in the town and 2,000 in the surrounding area, while the ARBiH deployed several brigades of its 3rd Corps. A front line was established through the center of town. HVO artillery fired from positions on the hills to the southeast on ARBiH forces in Gornji Vakuf after their demands for surrender were rejected. Fighting also took place in nearby villages, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša">Duša</a> where a HVO artillery shell killed 7 civilians, including three children. A temporary ceasefire was soon arranged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002190–191-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200374–75-159">[157]</a> As the situation calmed in Gornji Vakuf, conflict escalated in Busovača, the HVO's military headquarters in central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001288-160">[158]</a> On 24 January 1993, the ARBiH ambushed and killed two HVO soldiers outside of the town in the village of Kaćuni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002190–191-158">[156]</a> On 26 January, six Croats and a Serb civilian were executed by the ARBiH in the village of Dusina near Zenica, north of Busovača.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20065-161">[159]</a> The following day HVO forces blocked all roads in central Bosnia and thus stopped the transports of arms to the ARBiH. Intense fighting continued in the Busovača area, where the HVO attacked the Kadića Strana part of the town, in which numerous Muslim civilians were expelled or killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Appeals_Judgement_Summary20047-162">[160]</a> until a truce was signed on 30 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002191-163">[161]</a> The HVO had 8,750 men in its Operative Zone Central Bosnia. The ARBiH 3rd Corps, which was based in central Bosnia, reported that during this period it had roughly 26,000 officers and men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200322-122">[120]</a> The 3:1 ratio in central Bosnia was a result of an expansion in Muslim forces throughout 1993, which was reflected in increased arms transfers, the influx of refugees from Jajce, military-age refugees from eastern Bosnia and the arrival of fundamentalist mujahideen fighters from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012156-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader20034-165">[163]</a> By early 1993 the ARBiH also had an armaments advantage over the HVO central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200359-166">[164]</a> This made it possible for the ARBiH to conduct offensive action on a large scale for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader20034-165">[163]</a> The increase in the relative power of the Muslim side led to a change in relationship between Croats and Muslims in central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012156-164">[162]</a> Despite the growing tensions, the transfer of weapons from Croatia to BiH continued throughout March and April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004266-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vance–Owen_Peace_Plan">Vance–Owen Peace Plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vance–Owen Peace Plan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png/250px-Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png/330px-Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png/500px-Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>First version of the Vance-Owen plan, which would have established 10 provinces <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslim</a> province</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Croat</a> province</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Serb</a> province</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> district</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> border</div></figcaption></figure> The UN, the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> (EC) supported a series of peace plans for Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200313-57">[55]</a> The most notable of them was a peace proposal drafted by the UN Special Envoy <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> and by EC representative <a href="/wiki/Lord_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Owen">Lord Owen</a>. The first draft of the plan was presented in October 1992, taking into account the aspirations of all three sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995325-168">[166]</a> The Vance–Owen Peace Plan (VOPP) proposed to divide Bosnia into ten ethnically based autonomous provinces or cantons, three of which would be Serb, three Muslim, three would be Croat, and Sarajevo would be a separate province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001288-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002182-169">[167]</a> The final draft was presented in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in January 1993, but it created an impression that the borders were not yet definite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995326-170">[168]</a> Bosnian Croat representatives supported the peace proposal as it gave them autonomy. Only a few Croat enclaves were outside the three Croat provinces and it was more favourable to them than the previous plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićPrattSchofield199449-171">[169]</a> Tuđman was unofficially the head of the Croat delegation as Boban required his approval before acting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.420138-172">[170]</a> On 2 January, Bosnian Croat authorities agreed to the plan in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013160-173">[171]</a> On 15 January the HVO declared that it would implement the plan unilaterally even without the signature of Muslim authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013166-174">[172]</a> On the same day, Prlić ordered ARBiH units in provinces designated as Croat under the plan to subordinate themselves to HVO, and HVO units in Muslim designated provinces to subordinate to the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013160-173">[171]</a> Stojić and Petković sent similar orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013160–161-175">[173]</a> On 16 January, Halilović reminded ARBiH troops that peace talks were still ongoing and were ordered to not subordinate to the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013162-176">[174]</a> On the same day, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo%C5%BEo_Raji%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Božo Rajić (page does not exist)">Božo Rajić</a>, a Croat and Minister of Defence of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, issued an identical order to that of the HVO to Serb, Croat, and Muslim forces as well as UNPROFOR and ECMM. Owen says this was premature and that the ARBiH was not required to be subordinate to the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013161-177">[175]</a> On 19 January, Izetbegović voided Rajić's order and on 21 January, Rajić suspended his own order until peace talks were finished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013162-176">[174]</a> At the same time, HVO-ARBiH clashes broke out in many municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013162-176">[174]</a> A mutual order to halt hostilities was issued by Boban and Izetbegović on 27 January though it went unenforced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013163-178">[176]</a> Izetbegović had rejected the plan as he pressed for a unitary state and said that the plan would "legitimise Serb ethnic cleansing". Bosnian Serbs also rejected it because they would have to withdraw from more than 20% of the territory of BiH they controlled and split their state into three parts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002182-169">[167]</a> though Karadžić refused to give a direct answer immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićPrattSchofield199450-179">[177]</a> The Croat leadership tried to implement the plan unilaterally, despite that the Muslim and Serb parties did not sign it yet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaletilic_&_Martinovic_Judgement20037-180">[178]</a> EC representatives wanted to sort out the Croat-Muslim tensions, but the collective Presidency fell apart, with the Croat side objecting that decisions of the government were made arbitrarily by Izetbegović and his close associates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1996104–105-181">[179]</a> The US then put pressure on Izetbegović to sign it, hoping that if the Muslims agreed on it, Russia would persuade the Bosnian Serbs to also accept the plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle7_March_1993-182">[180]</a> A Muslim revision of the proposal was published in an SDA magazine with a map allocating province 10 municipalities of Travnik, Novi Travnik, Vitez, Busovača, Bugojno and Gornji Vakuf to a Muslim province, areas in which the Croat-Muslim conflict soon erupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićPrattSchofield199450-179">[177]</a> Izetbegović eventually accepted the plan on 25 March after several amendments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013164-183">[181]</a> and on 11 May, the Assembly of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina passed a decision in support of the plan and with assurance of government enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013168-184">[182]</a> Although initially Karadžić rejected the plan, he signed it on 30 April, but it was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republika_Srpska)" title="National Assembly (Republika Srpska)">National Assembly of Republika Srpska</a> on 6 May, and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_Vance-Owen_Peace_Plan_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Srpska Vance-Owen Peace Plan referendum, 1993">rejected on a referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers06_May_1993-185">[183]</a> Many thought that this plan contributed to the escalation of the Croat-Bosniak war, encouraging the struggle for territory between Croat and Muslim forces in parts of central Bosnia that were ethnically mixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995326-170">[168]</a> In May, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> said that the Vance-Owen plan was encouraging ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995327-156">[154]</a> Owen later defended his plan against such claims, saying that those who connect ethnic cleansing and a civil war between the Croats and Muslims to the Vance-Owen Peace Plan are wrong as their alliance was breaking apart throughout 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen199662-186">[184]</a> On 20 May, Tuđman claimed that the "Croats surely cannot agree to lose some areas that used to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.420138–9-187">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April_1993_in_central_Bosnia">April 1993 in central Bosnia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: April 1993 in central Bosnia">edit</a>]</div> On 28 March Tuđman and Izetbegović announced an agreement to establish a joint Croat-Muslim military in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The HVO and ARBiH were to be placed under joint command. However, in the following month the war further escalated in central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002191-163">[161]</a> The Croats attributed the escalation to the increased Islamic policy of the Sarajevo Government, while Muslims accused the Croat side of separatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012172-188">[186]</a> The escalation was condemned by both the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Community_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Catholic Church</a>, which held the SDA and HDZ leadership responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014105-189">[187]</a> In April, the Reis ul-ulema in the Islamic Community, Jakub Selimoski, who opposed political Islam, was deposed and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87" title="Mustafa Cerić">Mustafa Cerić</a>, a more radical imam who had close ties with the SDA leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014105-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenthallBellion-Jourdan2003146-190">[188]</a> In central Bosnia, there was a large scale effort by the HVO to transfer the Croat population into Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek20155-191">[189]</a> The thin ARBiH-HVO alliance broke after the HVO issued an ultimatum for ARBiH units in Croat-majority cantons, designated by the null Vance-Owen Plan, to surrender their arms or move to a Muslim-majority canton by 15 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002191-163">[161]</a> In early April armed clashes started in Travnik when a Muslim soldier fired on HVO soldiers erecting a Croat flag. On 13 April, four members of the HVO were kidnapped by the mujahideen outside Novi Travnik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200387-192">[190]</a> In the morning of 15 April, HVO commander Živko Totić was kidnapped in Zenica and his escort was killed by the mujahideen. The ARBiH representatives denied any involvement in this, and a joint ARBiH-HVO commission was formed to investigate the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200388–89-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002191-163">[161]</a> The prisoners were subsequently exchanged in May for eleven mujahideen and two Muslim drivers arrested by the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200389-194">[192]</a> On the following morning shooting broke out in Zenica, where the outnumbered HVO was forced out of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002192-195">[193]</a> Most of the Croat population in Zenica was expelled and became refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003115-196">[194]</a> Captured soldiers and civilians were detained in a music school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20066-197">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmici_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ahmici_massacre.jpg/220px-Ahmici_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ahmici_massacre.jpg/330px-Ahmici_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ahmici_massacre.jpg/440px-Ahmici_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>UN peacekeepers collecting corpses after the massacre in Ahmići</figcaption></figure> Clashes spread down the Lašva Valley in central Bosnia. The HVO wanted to link up the towns of Kreševo, Kiseljak, Vitez, Busovača and Novi Travnik, which would have created a corridor across central Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001289-198">[196]</a> An offensive was launched in which the HVO Commander Dario Kordić implemented an <a href="/wiki/La%C5%A1va_Valley_ethnic_cleansing" title="Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing strategy in the Lašva Valley</a> to expel the Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002192-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Appeals_Judgement_Summary20047-162">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">massacre in Ahmići</a> on 16 April 1993 was the culmination of the operation. The village of Ahmići was attacked by surprise in the morning with mortar rounds and sniper fire. The attack resulted in mass killing of at least 103 Muslim civilians, including 32 women and 11 children.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The main mosque was burned and its minaret demolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002192-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b417-200">[198]</a> The attack was preplanned and resulted in a "deliberate massacre of unarmed, unwarned civilians: HVO troops systematically set out to find and execute the entire population." Afterwards a cleanup operation was carried out to disguise what had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002192-195">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitez_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vitez_massacre.jpg/220px-Vitez_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vitez_massacre.jpg/330px-Vitez_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vitez_massacre.jpg/440px-Vitez_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Bodies of people killed in April 1993 around Vitez</figcaption></figure> On 18 April, a truck bomb was detonated near the mosque in Stari Vitez, resulting in the destruction of the War Presidency office, the deaths of at least six people and injury to 50 people. The ICTY determined this was an act of "pure terrorism" carried out by elements within the HVO, but did not link the attack to the HVO leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001226–227-201">[199]</a> The HVO encircled Stari Vitez where the ARBiH deployed in trenches and shelters with around 350 fighters. Muslim forces tried to break through from the north and reinforce the ARBiH positions in Stari Vitez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200399-202">[200]</a> The HVO took control of several villages around Vitez, but the lack of resources slowed their advance and the plan of linking the Vitez enclave with Kiseljak. The ARBiH was numerically superior and its several hundred soldiers remained in Vitez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002193-203">[201]</a> The explosives factory located in Vitez remained under HVO control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200386-204">[202]</a> The siege on Stari Vitez continued from April 1993 to February 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001226–227-201">[199]</a> On 24 April, mujahideen forces attacked the village of Miletići near Travnik, north of Vitez. Upon taking it they mutilated four captured Croat civilians and took the rest to the Poljanice camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20065-161">[159]</a> Fierce fighting occurred in the Kiseljak area. HVO attacked and gained control of several Muslim villages in the vicinity by the end of April. Muslim civilians were detained or forced to leave and the villages sustained significant damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002193-203">[201]</a> In Busovača, the ARBiH opened artillery and mortar fire on the town and attacked it on 19 April. Intense combat continued for three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003105,_107–109-205">[203]</a> Muslims were expelled from several villages near the town. The HVO also launched attacks on Gornji Vakuf, Prozor and Jablanica, while the ARBiH attacked HVO positions east of Prozor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002193-203">[201]</a> HVO HQ said that their losses were 145 soldiers and 270 civilians killed by 24 April, and ARBiH casualties were probably at least as high. In the following period the HVO in central Bosnia assumed a defensive position against the 3rd ARBiH Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002193-203">[201]</a> The HVO overestimated their power and the ability of securing the Croat enclaves, while the ARBiH leaders thought that Muslim survival depended on seizing territory in central Bosnia rather than in a direct confrontation with the stronger VRS around Sarajevo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1994285-105">[103]</a> Within two months the ARBiH fully controlled Central Bosnia except for Vitez, Kiseljak, and Prozor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012157-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_spreads_to_Herzegovina">War spreads to Herzegovina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War spreads to Herzegovina">edit</a>]</div> By the end of April the Croat-Bosniak war had fully broken out. On 21 April, Šušak met with Lord Owen in Zagreb, where he expressed his anger at the behavior of Muslims and said that two Croat villages in eastern Herzegovina had put themselves into Serb hands rather than risking coming under Muslim control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1996146-207">[205]</a> Šušak, himself a Bosnian Croat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010128-150">[148]</a> was one of the chief supporters of Herzeg-Bosnia in the government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press25_February_1996-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999245-94">[92]</a> and according to historian <a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Marko Attila Hoare</a> acted as a "conduit" of Croatian support for Bosnian Croat separatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010128-150">[148]</a> The war had spread to northern Herzegovina, firstly to the <a href="/wiki/Konjic" title="Konjic">Konjic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jablanica,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Jablanica</a> municipalities. The Muslim forces in the region were organized in three brigades of the 4th Crops and could field around 5,000 soldiers. The HVO had fewer soldiers and a single brigade, headquartered in Konjic. Although there was no conflict in Konjic and Jablanica during the Croat-Muslim clashes in central Bosnia, the situation was tense with sporadic armed incidents. The conflict started on 14 April with an ARBiH attack on a HVO-held village outside of Konjic. The HVO responded with capturing three villages northeast of Jablanica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b433–434-209">[207]</a> On 16 April in the village of <a href="/wiki/Trusina_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusina killings">Trusina</a>, north of Jablanica, 18 Croat civilians (including two children) and 4 POWs were killed by an ARBiH unit called the Zulfikar upon taking the village.<a href="#cite_note-Trusina-210">[208]</a> On the following day the HVO attacked the villages of Doljani and Sovići east of Jablanica. After taking control of the villages around 400 Muslim civilians were detained until 3 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaletilic_&_Martinovic_Judgement200313-211">[209]</a> The HVO and ARBiH fought in the area until May with only several days of truce, with the ARBiH taking full control of both the towns of Konjic and Jablanica and smaller nearby villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b433–434-209">[207]</a> On 25 April, Izetbegović and Boban signed a joint statement ordering a ceasefire between the ARBiH and the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997618-212">[210]</a> It declared a joint HVO-ARBiH command was created and to be led by General Halilović and General Petković with headquarters in Travnik. On the same day, however, the HVO and the HDZ BiH adopted a statement in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Citluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Čitluk">Čitluk</a> claiming Izetbegović was not the legitimate president of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that he represented only Muslims, and that the ARBiH was a Muslim military force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement2013167-213">[211]</a> There were areas of the country where the HVO and ARBiH continued to fight side by side against the VRS. Although the armed confrontation in Herzegovina and central Bosnia strained the relationship between them, it did not result in violence and the Croat-Muslim alliance held, particularly in places in which both were heavily outmatched by Serb forces. These exceptions were the Bihać pocket, Bosnian Posavina and the Tešanj area. Despite some animosity, an HVO brigade of around 1,500 soldiers also fought along with the ARBiH in Sarajevo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012161–162-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002201–202-215">[213]</a> In other areas where the alliance collapsed, the VRS, still the strongest force, occasionally cooperated with both the HVO and ARBiH, pursuing a local balancing policy and allying with the weaker side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012160-216">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Mostar">Siege of Mostar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Siege of Mostar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG/220px-Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG/330px-Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG/440px-Damaged_buildings_from_the_fighting_on_the_Croatian_side_of_Mostar.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Damaged buildings from the fighting on the Croatian side of <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg/170px-Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg/255px-Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg/340px-Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ruined bank building in <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a></figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, tensions between Croats and Muslims increased in Mostar. By mid-April 1993, it had become a divided city with the western part dominated by HVO forces and the eastern part where the ARBiH was largely concentrated. While the ARBiH outnumbered the HVO in central Bosnia, the Croats held the clear military advantage in Herzegovina. The HVO headquarters was in western Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012157–158-217">[215]</a> The 4th Corps of the ARBiH was based in eastern Mostar and under the command of <a href="/wiki/Arif_Pa%C5%A1ali%C4%87" title="Arif Pašalić">Arif Pašalić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002200-218">[216]</a> The HVO Southeast Herzegovina, which had an estimated 6,000 men in early 1993, was under the command of Miljenko Lasić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200369-141">[139]</a> The conflict in Mostar started in the early hours of 9 May 1993 when both the east and west side of Mostar came under artillery fire. As in the case of Central Bosnia, there exist competing narratives as to how the conflict broke out in Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012157–158-217">[215]</a> Combat mainly took place around the ARBiH headquarters in Vranica building in western Mostar and the HVO-held Tihomir Mišić barracks (Sjeverni logor) in eastern Mostar. After the successful HVO attack on Vranica, 10 Muslim POWs from the building were later killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.22013221-219">[217]</a> The situation in Mostar calmed down by 21 May and the two sides remained deployed on the frontlines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002194-220">[218]</a> The HVO expelled the Muslim population from western Mostar, while thousands of men were taken to improvised prison camps in <a href="/wiki/Dretelj_camp" title="Dretelj camp">Dretelj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heliodrom_camp" title="Heliodrom camp">Heliodrom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001290-221">[219]</a> The ARBiH held Croat prisoners in detention facilities in the village of Potoci, north of Mostar, and at the Fourth elementary school camp in Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuric_et_al._Case_Information2015-222">[220]</a> On 30 June the ARBiH captured the Tihomir Mišić barracks on the east bank of the Neretva, a hydroelectric dam on the river and the main northern approaches to the city. The ARBiH also took control over the Vrapčići neighborhood in northeastern Mostar. Thus they secured the entire eastern part of the city. On 13 July the ARBiH mounted another offensive and captured Buna and Blagaj, south of Mostar. Two days later fierce fighting took place across the frontlines for control over northern and southern approaches to Mostar. The HVO launched a counterattack and recaptured Buna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002200-218">[216]</a> Both sides settled down and turned to shelling and sniping at each other, though the HVO superior heavy weaponry caused severe damage to eastern Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001290-221">[219]</a> In the broader Mostar area the Serbs provided military support for the Muslim side and hired out tanks and heavy artillery to the ARBiH. The VRS artillery shelled HVO positions on the hills overlooking Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012160–161-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014105-189">[187]</a> In July 1993, Bosnian Vice President <a href="/wiki/Ejup_Gani%C4%87" title="Ejup Ganić">Ejup Ganić</a> said that the biggest Muslim mistake was a military alliance with the Croats at the beginning of the war, adding that Muslims were culturally closer to the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012176-224">[222]</a> Before the war, the Mostar municipality had a population of 43,037 Croats, 43,856 Muslims, 23,846 Serbs and 12,768 Yugoslavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabeau2009234-225">[223]</a> According to 1997 data, the municipalities of Mostar that in 1991 had a Croat relative majority became all Croat and municipalities that had a Muslim majority became all Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabeau2009239–240-226">[224]</a> Around 60 to 75 percent of buildings in the eastern part of the city were destroyed or very badly damaged, while in the larger western part around 20 percent of buildings had been severely damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollens2007171-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June–July_1993_Offensives">June–July 1993 Offensives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: June–July 1993 Offensives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contest_of_Travnik_and_Kakanj">Contest of Travnik and Kakanj</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contest of Travnik and Kakanj">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg/220px-La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg/330px-La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg/440px-La%C5%A1vanska_dolina_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>The front lines in the Lašva Valley in 1993 between the ARBiH and the HVO, including <a href="/wiki/Novi_Travnik" title="Novi Travnik">Novi Travnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitez" title="Vitez">Vitez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Busova%C4%8Da" title="Busovača">Busovača</a></figcaption></figure> In central Bosnia, the situation between Muslims and Croats remained relatively calm during May. The Sarajevo government used that time to reorganize its army, naming Rasim Delić as Commander of the ARBiH, and to prepare an offensive against the HVO in the Bila Valley, where the city of Travnik was located, and in the Kakanj municipality. By April, the ARBiH in the Travnik area had around 8,000–10,000 men commanded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Alagi%C4%87" title="Mehmed Alagić">Mehmed Alagić</a>. The HVO had some 2,500–3,000 soldiers, most of them on the defence lines against the VRS. The HVO had its headquarters in Travnik, but the city was controlled by the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003128–130-228">[226]</a> On 4 June the ARBiH attacked HVO positions in Travnik and its surroundings. The HVO units holding the front lines were struck from the rear and the headquarters in Travnik was surrounded. After a few days of street fighting the outnumbered HVO forces were defeated. Thousands of civilians and HVO soldiers fled to nearby Serb-held territory as they were cut off from HVO held positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002195–196-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003131–132-230">[228]</a> On 8 June the village of Maline near Travnik was captured by the mujahideen. More than 200 Croat civilians and soldiers were imprisoned. At least 24 Croat civilians and POWs were subsequently killed by mujahideen forces near the village of Bikoši northeast of Travnik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelic_Judgement_Summary20083-231">[229]</a> The seizure of Travnik and its surrounding villages triggered a large exodus of Croats from the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001290-221">[219]</a> Captured civilians and POWs were detained by the ARBiH in a cellar of the JNA barracks in Travnik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawsonBertucci1996149-232">[230]</a> The ARBiH continued its offensive to the east of the city and secured a corridor from Zenica to Travnik. The HVO was pushed to Novi Travnik and Vitez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002195–196-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003131–132-230">[228]</a> On 10 June the ARBiH shelled Vitez, during which eight children had been killed in a playground by an artillery shell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler200799-137">[135]</a> Due to the advancement of Muslim forces, the HVO headquarters in Mostar declared full mobilization on the territory of Herzeg-Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200323-233">[231]</a> In early June a convoy of aid supplies known as the Convoy of Joy was heading for Tuzla. It was stopped on June 10 by Croat refugees from Travnik when around 50 women blocked the road north of Novi Travnik. The convoy was then looted and eight drivers were killed. The following morning the convoy moved on, but incidents continued to happen. In one of them the UNPROFOR escort returned fire and killed two HVO soldiers in the shootout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003132–133-234">[232]</a> This incident was extensively reported in the Western media and caused immense bad publicity for the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001290-221">[219]</a> The ARBiH moved on towards Kakanj with an attack on villages to the southeast of the city. As the ARBiH approached the city, thousands of Croats began to flee, and the outnumbered HVO directed its forces to protect an escape route to Vareš, east of Kakanj. The key villages on the route were captured on 15 June and on the following day the ARBiH entered Kakanj.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002196-235">[233]</a> The HVO responded with attacks in the Kiseljak area. After taking the village of Tulica south of the town, HVO forces killed 12 Muslim civilians and POWs and burned several houses. In the Han Ploča and Grahovci villages north of Tulica, 64 people were killed during the attack or in custody.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić_&_Čerkez_Appeals_Judgement_Summary2004150–153-236">[234]</a> Tuđman came under intense pressure both from the EC for giving aid to the HVO and from the Herzeg-Bosnia leaders that asked for more military support. The HV eventually assumed control of the entire confrontation line with the VRS in southern Herzegovina, north of Dubrovnik, which enabled the HVO to direct more of its troops against the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002198-237">[235]</a> The HV remained there in defensive positions until the signing of the Dayton agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b294-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0pegelj" title="Martin Špegelj">Martin Špegelj</a>, former Minister of Defence, later said that he was asked to help "rescue the situation" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but refused it. He believed that if the Croatian Army remained in an alliance with the ARBiH then the war against the Serbs would have been concluded by the end of 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2003109-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001107-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Žepče">Battle of Žepče</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battle of Žepče">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Battle of Žepče</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg/250px-Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg/330px-Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg/500px-Usora_%C5%BDep%C4%8De_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Frontlines near <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Žepče">Žepče</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maglaj" title="Maglaj">Maglaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%A1anj" title="Tešanj">Tešanj</a> in northern Bosnia, 1993</figcaption></figure> In the town of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Žepče">Žepče</a>, 45 kilometers northeast of Zenica, Croats and Muslims had two parallel governments. The town of 20,000 residents was equally divided and coexistence between Croats and Muslims had been retained. The ARBiH and HVO maintained separate headquarters a kilometer apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002196–197-239">[237]</a> HVO troops in the region numbered 7,000 men, of which 2,000 were in the immediate Žepče area. The ARBiH had two local brigades in Žepče and Zavidovići with around 5,000–6,000 men. The ARBiH also had several brigades in Tešanj and Maglaj, north of Žepče. Both armies were positioned on the frontlines against the VRS, but their cooperation broke down on 24 June, with both sides accusing each other for the conflict outbreak. The ARBiH deployed 12,500 men south of Žepče, advancing in two columns. These units occupied the high ground east, south, and west of Žepče, while bitter street fighting took place in the town between the HVO and local Muslim forces. Each side controlled about half of Žepče and used artillery for heavy bombardment. An undisguised Croat-Serb alliance existed with the UN confirming that VRS tanks helped the HVO in the Žepče-Zavidovići area. Local VRS forces in Maglaj provided decisive support for the HVO, succeeding where the HVO failed in crippling ARBiH defense. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">battle of Žepče</a> lasted until 30 June when the 305th and 319th ARBiH Brigades surrendered. The ARBiH troops secured Zavidovići, but the Muslim-held area around Tešanj and Maglaj was completely cut off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002196–197-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003143–145-240">[238]</a> As a result of VRS assistance the HVO gained the upper hand by early July. The UN confirmed that Maglaj was completely surrounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002197-241">[239]</a> Around 4,000–5,000 Muslim POWs and civilians were detained by the HVO after the end of the battle and held in warehouses for several days until their release. Captured ARBiH soldiers received harsh treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003146-242">[240]</a> The area of Žepče, Maglaj and Tešanj became a three-sided war. In the Žepče-Zavidovići area the VRS assisted the HVO against the ARBiH, Maglaj was surrounded by the HVO on three sides and the VRS on one side, and in Tešanj the HVO and ARBiH cooperated against the VRS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002197-241">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Bugojno">Battle of Bugojno</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of Bugojno">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">Battle of Bugojno</a></div> In early morning of 18 July the ARBiH attacked HVO forces in and around Bugojno, where an ammunition factory was located. Previously, the two armies' commanders allowed free movement of the troops in the town, but this agreement was shaken by incidents that happened throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b429–430-243">[241]</a> The ARBiH had the upper hand in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">battle of Bugojno</a>. The HVO had several hundred soldiers in the town, whereas the ARBiH deployed three times as many soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002198-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003137-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b429–430-243">[241]</a> The HVO's <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Kvaternik" title="Eugen Kvaternik">Eugen Kvaternik</a> brigade, disorganized and surprised, was quickly surrounded in three separate places. After heavy street fighting, the ARBiH captured HVO's barracks on 21 July and by 25 July it seized control of the town,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b429–430-243">[241]</a> triggering the flight of around 15,000 Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001290-221">[219]</a> HVO soldiers and non-Muslim civilians were transferred to prison camps, mostly to the Iskra Stadium Camp where they were held for months in deplorable conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary20068-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasal,_Kukavica_and_Dautovic_Case_Information2011-246">[244]</a> In the fighting several dozens of soldiers died on both sides while 350 HVO soldiers were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b429–430-243">[241]</a> From July, the HVO's Operative Zone Central Bosnia was completely cut off from HVO Herzegovina and could not receive any significant amounts of military supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200363-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kiseljak_enclave">Kiseljak enclave</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kiseljak enclave">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak,_December_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak%2C_December_1993.jpg/220px-Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak%2C_December_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak%2C_December_1993.jpg/330px-Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak%2C_December_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak%2C_December_1993.jpg/440px-Map_25_-_Bosnia_-_Kiseljak%2C_December_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption>Croatian enclave in <a href="/wiki/Lepenica_(Fojni%C4%8Dka_River)" title="Lepenica (Fojnička River)">Lepenica</a> Valley, including <a href="/wiki/Kiseljak" title="Kiseljak">Kiseljak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1evo" title="Kreševo">Kreševo</a></figcaption></figure> In July, the ARBiH was tightening its grip on Kiseljak and Busovača and pushed closer towards Vitez and Novi Travnik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner27_July_1993-248">[246]</a> Due to its location on the outskirts of the besieged Sarajevo, the Kiseljak enclave was an important distribution center of smuggled supplies on the route to Sarajevo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreas201170-249">[247]</a> Muslims and Croats both wanted control over it. Until the summer, most of the fighting took place in the northern area of the enclave and west of the town of Kiseljak. During the April escalation, the HVO gained control over villages in that area. Another round of fighting started in mid June when the ARBiH attacked HVO-held <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1evo" title="Kreševo">Kreševo</a>, south of Kiseljak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b425-250">[248]</a> The attack started from the south of the town and was followed by a strike on villages north and northeast of Kiseljak. The ARBiH deployed parts of its 3rd and 6th Corps, about 6–8,000 soldiers versus around 2,500 HVO soldiers in the enclave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003140-251">[249]</a> The attack on Kreševo was repelled after heavy fighting and the HVO stabilized its defence lines outside the town. The next target of the ARBiH was Fojnica, a town west of Kiseljak. The attack began on 2 July with artillery and mortar attacks, just days after the UNPROFOR Commander called the town "an island of peace". Fojnica was captured in the following days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b425-250">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contest_of_Gornji_Vakuf">Contest of Gornji Vakuf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contest of Gornji Vakuf">edit</a>]</div> Following the successful capture of Bugojno, the ARBiH was preparing an offensive on Gornji Vakuf, where both sides held certain parts of the town. The ARBiH launched its attack on 1 August and won control over most of the town by the following day. The HVO retained control over a Croat neighborhood in the southwest and the ARBiH, lacking necessary reinforcements, could not continue its offensive. The name of the Croat-held part is called Uskoplje (name applies to the entire town historically). The HVO attempted a counterattack from its positions to the southwest of the town on 5 August, but the ARBiH was able to repel the attack. Another attack by the HVO started in September, reinforced with tanks and heavy artillery, but it was also unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002199-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Neretva">Operation Neretva</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Operation Neretva">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic,_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic%2C_1993.jpg/220px-Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic%2C_1993.jpg/330px-Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic%2C_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic%2C_1993.jpg/440px-Map_26_-_Herzegovina_-_Jablanica-Konjic%2C_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>The front lines in northern and central <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> in December 1993</figcaption></figure> The standstill of August ended in early September when the ARBiH launched an operation known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a> against the HVO on a 200 km front from Gornji Vakuf to south of Mostar, one of its largest of the year. The ARBiH launched coordinated attacks on Croat enclaves in Lašva Valley, particularly in the Vitez area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002202-253">[251]</a> The village of Zabilje north of Vitez was the first target in order to cut the main road through the Lašva Valley. Repeated attacks followed from northwest and southwest. The HVO launched a counterattack on 8 September against ARBiH positions northwest of Vitez. They seized the high ground on the strategically important Bila hill, but the Muslim forces soon resumed their offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003151–152-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b422-255">[253]</a> During the night of 8/9 September, the ARBiH attacked the village of Grabovica, near Jablanica. At least 13,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalilovic_Judgement_Summary20053–4-256">[254]</a> and as many as 35,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare200494-257">[255]</a> Croat civilians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Grabovica_massacre" title="Grabovica massacre">Grabovica massacre</a>. The victims included elderly people, women, and a four-year-old child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalilovic_Judgement_Summary20053–4-256">[254]</a> A few days later the ARBiH mounted an offensive east of Prozor. During this offensive the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Uzdol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre in Uzdol">Uzdol massacre</a> occurred in the village of <a href="/wiki/Uzdol" title="Uzdol">Uzdol</a>. In the morning of 14 September, 70–100 ARBiH forces infiltrated past the HVO defence lines and reached the village. After capturing the HVO command post the troops went on a killing spree;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002203-258">[256]</a> 29 Croat civilians, including 3 children, were killed by the Prozor Independent Battalion and members of the local police force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalilovic_Judgement_Summary20053–4-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002203-258">[256]</a> On 18 September another ARBiH attack started in the Vitez area in order to split the Croat enclave into two parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003152-259">[257]</a> Combat renewed in other areas as well, in Gornji Vakuf, Travnik, Fojnica and Mostar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b422-255">[253]</a> Fighting shifted to the Busovača area on 23 September where the ARBiH used 120-mm mortar rounds to shell the town. Vitez was again struck on 27 September, when its hospital was hit by ARBiH mortars, killing two people. During a simultaneous attack from the north and south, at one point the ARBiH broke through HVO lines in Vitez, but were ultimately forced back after heavy fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003152-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002202-253">[251]</a> In Herzegovina, the main focus of the ARBiH attack was the HVO stronghold in the village of Vrdi, an important location for the control of northern and western approaches to Mostar. The first attack started on 19 September with artillery bombardment of the village. It included the struggle for nearby mountains to the west, but the attack was repelled by the HVO. There was no fixed frontline from Vrdi to Mostar and forces from both sides battled on the hills. In Mostar, there were clashes in the suburbs of the city and mutual artillery shelling until a ceasefire was agreed on 3 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b435-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vareš_enclave">Vareš enclave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vareš enclave">edit</a>]</div> The town of Vareš held 12,000 residents with a small Croat majority. It had been relatively free of ethnic tensions even after the summer of 1993. In the town leaders of both sides remained moderate and the Muslim and Croat communities carried on coexisting. Issues first started in mid-June when an ARBiH counteroffensive pushed the Croat population of Kakanj out with around 12,000–15,000 Croat refugees coming to Vareš and nearby villages, effectively doubling Vareš's population. The Croats, having more people than houses, responded by forcing Muslims from their homes in three villages outside Kakanj on 23 June and demanded that nearby villages surrender their arms to the HVO, a demand that appeared to be ignored. The HVO had military control of Vareš and was pressured by the ARBiH to resubordinate from the HVO's Central Bosnia Operational Zone to the ARBiH 2nd Corps. The Croats in Vareš attempted to balance their relationship with the Muslims and Herzeg-Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b437–440-261">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivica_Raji%C4%87" title="Ivica Rajić">Ivica Rajić</a>, commander of the HVO Central Bosnia Operational Zone's Second Operational Group, traveling through friendly Serb territory had reached Vareš on or before 20 October and changed the situation greatly. In Vareš he and an armed extremist group carried out a local coup, jailing and replacing the mayor and police chief. The municipality's large Muslim population was then harassed, robbed, and systemically forced from their houses. Within days the majority of the Muslim population had relocated south to the village of Dabravina. Rajić established a hardliner government while the ARBiH was preparing to attack Vareš. The ARBiH began with the town of Ratanj between Kakanj and Vareš and moved on to the predominately Croat village of Kopjari where three HVO soldiers were killed and the town's population was forced to flee. The attack infuriated Rajić and ordered that the HVO assault a Muslim village in retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b437–440-261">[259]</a> On the morning of 23 October 1993, HVO infantry, likely with mortar and artillery support, attacked the village of <a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do" title="Stupni Do">Stupni Do</a> in Vareš, which was guarded by an ARBiH platoon with 39 soldiers. In the process HVO soldiers destroyed the village, dynamited and looted buildings, and killed any resident that did not manage to flee in time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b438-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_YugoslaviaPrlić_et_al._CIS6-263">[261]</a> The ICTY determined that the HVO <a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">massacred 36 people</a>, including three children, and that three women were raped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_YugoslaviaPrlić_et_al._CIS6-263">[261]</a> The HVO denied the massacre and prevented UN peacekeepers from investigating by planting mines and threatening them with anti-tank weapons. By the time peacekeepers gained access on 26 October the HVO had cleaned up the town, removing and destroying evidence of the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b438-262">[260]</a> By the end of October, Vareš was completely cleansed of its Muslim inhabitants, with its Croat residents looting abandoned Muslim homes and businesses. On 3 November the ARBiH captured an empty Vareš with no bloodshed and afterwards a number of drunk and disorderly ARBiH soldiers looted what Croats had left behind. Previously ejected Muslims returned to their houses while those belonging to Croats were occupied by Muslims that were ethnically cleansed from other places of Bosnia due to the Croat-Muslim war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b437–440-261">[259]</a> The HVO had hoped the attack in Stupni Do would provoke an ARBiH counterattack that would push the Croat population out in order for the HDZ leadership to resettle it in "Croat territory" elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011128-264">[262]</a> Most of Vareš's Croat population had fled to Kiseljak. Within weeks the demographics of Vareš had gone from being ethnically-mixed, to exclusively Croat, and then to majority Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b437–440-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owen–Stoltenberg_plan">Owen–Stoltenberg plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Owen–Stoltenberg plan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_proposed_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War">Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oven_stoltenberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Oven_stoltenberg.png/250px-Oven_stoltenberg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Oven_stoltenberg.png/330px-Oven_stoltenberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Oven_stoltenberg.png/500px-Oven_stoltenberg.png 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>The Owen–Stoltenberg proposed plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1991%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Srpska (1991–95)">Republika Srpska</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslim_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslim Republic">Bosnian Muslim Republic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  Special status</figcaption></figure> In late July 1993 the Owen–Stoltenberg Plan was proposed by U.N. mediators <a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stoltenberg" title="Thorvald Stoltenberg">Thorvald Stoltenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a>, which would organize Bosnia and Herzegovina into a union of three ethnic republics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004261-265">[263]</a> Serbs would receive 53 percent of territory, Muslims would receive 30 percent, and Croats 17 percent. The Croats accepted the proposal, although they had some objections regarding the proposed borders. The Serbs also accepted the proposal, while the Muslim side rejected the plan, demanding access to the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava River</a> and territories in eastern and western Bosnia from the Serbs and access to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> from the Croats. On 28 August, in accordance with the Owen–Stoltenberg peace proposal, the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia was proclaimed in Grude as a "republic of the Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićPrattSchofield199457–59-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001292-129">[127]</a> However, it was not recognised by the Bosnian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Jackson201574-267">[265]</a> On 7 September 1993 the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Croatia">Parliament of Croatia</a> recognized Herzeg-Bosnia as a possible form of sovereignty for the Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagašŽanić2001369-268">[266]</a> On 14 September, Tuđman and Izetbegović signed a joint declaration to stop all hostilities between the ARBiH and HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićPrattSchofield199459-269">[267]</a> A few days after the Tuđman–Izetbegović declaration, Izetbegović and Momčilo Krajišnik agreed to stop all hostilities between the VRS and ARBiH and negotiate their territorial disputes. A provision was included in their declaration that after agreeing on the borders, each republic could organize a referendum on independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićPrattSchofield199459-269">[267]</a> Talks between all three parties continued on 20 September on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(R05)" title="HMS Invincible (R05)">HMS Invincible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1996233-270">[268]</a> Although Izetbegović was in favour of a peace agreement, the military leaders wanted to continue the war, particularly against the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1996236-271">[269]</a> The September attempt at reconciliation of the Croat and Muslim sides was thus sunk as the ARBiH leaders thought that they could defeat the Croats in central Bosnia, and fighting in central Bosnia and Mostar continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001292-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1996237-272">[270]</a> On 22 October, Tuđman instructed Šušak and Bobetko to continue to support Herzeg-Bosnia, believing that "the future borders of the Croatian state are being resolved there."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010265-39">[37]</a> On 28 November, Tuđman told Boban and Šušak that "if we get borders Novi Travnik, Busovača, Bihać and if we cleanse Baranja, we can give up majority of areas around Sava."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedl5_September_2000-273">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_stalemate">Winter stalemate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Winter stalemate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Operation Tvigi 94</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG/220px-Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG/330px-Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG/440px-Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_selo_massacre-victims_memorial09417.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo Selo killings">people killed in Križančevo Selo</a></figcaption></figure> The confrontation lines had mostly been stabilized by late September with fighting taking place over secondary locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002206-274">[272]</a> In central Bosnia, victories by the ARBiH, the isolation of Croat enclaves, and a boost in smuggling activity led to the gradual disintegration of the HVO. In November 1993, the HV intervened and installed Ante Roso as the leader of the HVO to reorganize it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandits2016110-275">[273]</a> The HVO set three lines of defence in the Lašva Valley. The two armies remained fortified in trenches at the end of 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchork19_October_1993-276">[274]</a> The situation escalated in early November when the ARBiH captured a settlement southwest of Vitez. On 8 December, the ARBiH launched an unsuccessful attack on Vitez with an objective to capture the explosives factory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003152–153-277">[275]</a> The ARBiH then prepared for a winter offensive, bringing the 7th Muslim Brigade and two additional brigades to the Fojnica area, in total around 3–4,000 troops. On 22 December, an attack started on HVO-held parts of the Lašva Valley from six directions. Bosniak forces attacking east of Travnik made a limited advance towards Vitez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002207-278">[276]</a> The ARBiH mounted another attack on Vitez and captured the village of Križančevo near the town. Dozens of Croat soldiers and civilians <a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo Selo killings">were killed</a> in a surprise ARBiH attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003153-279">[277]</a> A short ceasefire went into effect on Christmas, but the ARBiH offensive on the Vitez enclave resumed in the early morning of 9 January 1994. An attack from the north before dawn surprised HVO forces. ARBiH troops also struck from the south. On 11 January, the ARBiH broke through the HVO defenses and came close to cutting the Vitez enclave into two pockets, reaching the village of Šantići on the Vitez-Busovača road, but HVO forces were able to hold on the road. The most contested location was the village of Buhine Kuće. ARBiH forces massacred 26 Croat civilians in Buhine Kuće on 9 January 1994, including 8 children.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> In the first three days, Croat losses were at least 36 soldiers and civilians. The HVO counterattacked on 24 January from Prozor in two directions, towards the area of Gornji Vakuf and Jablanica. In an operation codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Operation Tvigi</a>, the HVO Rama brigade gained control over the village of Here, east of Prozor. In early February, the ARBiH regrouped and reinforcements arrived from Sarajevo and Zenica. An ARBiH attack on the village of Šantići failed on 8 February and the HVO widened the Vitez Pocket. On 14 February, the HVO took back full control of the village.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003153–154-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b449–450-282">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: End of the war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "HVO has been eliminated from the areas of Jablanica, Konjic, Fojnica, Kakanj, Zenica, Travnik and Bugojno. Meaning, a complete one province as in the Vance-Owen plan with a capital in Travnik." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Rasim_Deli%C4%87" title="Rasim Delić">Rasim Delić</a>, Supreme Commander of the ARBiH, in February 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004266-167">[165]</a></cite></div> </div> Beginning in 1994, the HVO was in a defensive stalemate against a progressively more organized ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011129-283">[281]</a> In January 1994, Izetbegović provided Tuđman with two different partition plans for Bosnia and Herzegovina and both were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010265-39">[37]</a> In the same month, Tuđman threatened in a speech to send more HV troops into Bosnia and Herzegovina to back the HVO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams15_January_1994-284">[282]</a> By February 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_UN" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the UN">Secretary-General of the UN</a> reported that between 3,000 and 5,000 Croatian regular troops were in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> condemned Croatia, warning that if it did not end "all forms of interference" there would be "serious measures" taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001292-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis4_February_1994-285">[283]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosnian_President_Alija_Izetbegovic_and_Croatian_President_Franjo_Tudjman_sign_the_Croat-Muslim_Federation_Peace_Agreement_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bosnian_President_Alija_Izetbegovic_and_Croatian_President_Franjo_Tudjman_sign_the_Croat-Muslim_Federation_Peace_Agreement_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bosnian_President_Alija_Izetbegovic_and_Croatian_President_Franjo_Tudjman_sign_the_Croat-Muslim_Federation_Peace_Agreement_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bosnian_President_Alija_Izetbegovic_and_Croatian_President_Franjo_Tudjman_sign_the_Croat-Muslim_Federation_Peace_Agreement_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a> in March 1994</figcaption></figure> In February 1994, Boban and HVO hardliners were removed from power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001292-129">[127]</a> while "criminal elements" were dismissed from ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012177-286">[284]</a> On 26 February talks began in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, between the Bosnian government leaders and <a href="/wiki/Mate_Grani%C4%87" title="Mate Granić">Mate Granić</a>, Croatian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, to discuss the possibilities of a permanent ceasefire and a confederation of Bosniak and Croat regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997liv-287">[285]</a> Under strong American pressure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001292-129">[127]</a> a provisional agreement on a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Croat-Bosniak Federation</a> was reached in Washington on 1 March. On 18 March, at a ceremony hosted by US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Bosnian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Haris_Silajd%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Haris Silajdžić">Haris Silajdžić</a>, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_Zubak" title="Krešimir Zubak">Krešimir Zubak</a> signed the ceasefire agreement. The agreement was also signed by Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović and Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, and effectively ended the Croat–Bosniak War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997liv-287">[285]</a> Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Croat and Bosnian government forces was divided into ten autonomous cantons. According to Tuđman, Croatian support came only on the condition of American assurance of Croatia's territorial integrity, an international loan for reconstruction, membership in NATO's <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> program, and membership in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. According to Western media, Tuđman received intense American pressure, including a threat of sanctions and isolation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgShoup1999293–294-288">[286]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png/110px-Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png/165px-Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png/220px-Begining_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="990" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:End_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/End_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png/120px-End_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/End_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png/250px-End_of_Bosniak-Croat_war.png 1.5x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="990" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Territories held by the ARBiH (green) and the HVO (blue) before and at the end of the war</div></div></div></div> At the end of the war, the HVO held an estimated 13% of territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the ARBiH-held territory was estimated at 21% of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrduljaš2009843-289">[287]</a> The HVO controlled some 16% before the Croat-Bosniak war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrduljaš2009837-290">[288]</a> In the course of the conflict, the ARBiH captured around 4% of territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the HVO, mostly in central Bosnia and northern Herzegovina. The HVO captured about 1% of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrduljaš2009843-289">[287]</a> Following the cessation of hostilities between Croats and Bosniaks, in late 1994 the HV intervened in Bosnia and Herzegovina against the VRS from November 1–3, in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Operation Cincar</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kupres_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupres (town)">Kupres</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002242–243-291">[289]</a> and from November 29 – December 24 in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Winter '94</a> operation near <a href="/wiki/Dinara" title="Dinara">Dinara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livno" title="Livno">Livno</a>. These operations were undertaken to detract from the siege of the Bihać region and to approach the RSK capital of Knin from the north, isolating it on three sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002250–251-292">[290]</a> By 1995, the balance of power had shifted significantly. Serb forces in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were capable of fielding an estimated 130,000 troops, while the ARBiH, HV, and HVO together had around 250,000 soldiers and 570 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006452-293">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_propaganda">Wartime propaganda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wartime propaganda">edit</a>]</div> During the war, a nationalist environment dominated the media and propaganda was widely used by both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowPatersonPreston199665-294">[292]</a> Once the Croat-Muslim conflict escalated, the media began to use derogatory terms for the opponent. Croat media started referring to the Muslims as "balije", and the Muslim media began referring to the Croats as "<a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>". Actions of one side were compared to those of the Serbs in the earlier stages of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012172-188">[186]</a> The Sarajevo government had a propaganda campaign to label their rivals as war criminals and themselves as innocent victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003XVII-295">[293]</a> In June 1993, Sarajevo's Deputy Minister of information said that 200,000 people were killed by then in the course of the war, almost all of them Muslims, which was unquestionably accepted and propagated by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler200785-296">[294]</a> Bosniak press tried to deny Bosniak war crimes, and when that was no longer possible, it described them as a "retaliation by the victims".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler200799-137">[135]</a> A later US intelligence analysis reported that much of the media reports from Sarajevo during the war were little more than Bosniak propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2007112-297">[295]</a> Croatian war propaganda, even at the peak of the Croat-Muslim war, still held the Serbs as the primary enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006422-298">[296]</a> Nonetheless, news stories were fabricated to incite hatred,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić2003130-299">[297]</a> and state-controlled television and radio pushed anti-Muslim propaganda, escalating tensions between Muslims and Croats in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENizichMarkić199547-300">[298]</a> Croatian propagandists accused Muslims of attempting to take over the Balkans and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002239-301">[299]</a> Croatian TV referred to Izetbegović as a "Muslim leader" and the ARBiH as "Muslim forces, mujahedin, jihad warriors" and "the aggressor" while portraying the HVO as "heroic defenders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić2003134-302">[300]</a> Editors admitted in an official statement that they censored Izetbegović's interviews after he said that he was "in favour of a confederation with Croatia and also with others, including even Serbia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić2003135-303">[301]</a> Critics of Croatian policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina were dismissed as "<a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgics</a>" or "spiritual <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth-columnists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006422-298">[296]</a> In late 1992 official Croatian media concentrated mostly on alleged Muslim collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav counterintelligence</a> and by extension the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002239-301">[299]</a> Later propaganda moved to specific attacks on Islam, regularly decrying the danger of fundamentalist extremism. By early November 1992, Šušak, attempting to gain Israeli military support, stirred up fears and claimed there was an Islamic conspiracy, stating that 11,000 Bosniaks were studying in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002239-301">[299]</a> Tuđman justified intervening in Bosnia and Herzegovina by claiming the Bosnian government was going to "set up an Islamic state in Europe, which was part of a conflict between the Islamic and Catholic worlds, and of a confrontation between the Islamic world and the West."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002240-304">[302]</a> Croatian writers used similar unsubstantiated fears to legitimize the establishment of Herzeg-Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002240-304">[302]</a> The HVO used forgeries as proof that the Bosnian government had formulated plans to slaughter Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECigar1995133-305">[303]</a> The Croatian state-owned daily newspaper <a href="/wiki/Vjesnik" title="Vjesnik">Vjesnik</a> shifted blame for the HVO's destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Stari_Most" title="Stari Most">Stari Most</a> bridge in Mostar to "the world that didn't do anything to stop the war", while <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">Croatian Radiotelevision</a> blamed the Muslims. Reporting on the <a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">Stupni Do massacre</a>, Vjesnik denied the HVO's responsibility, claimed no Muslims were in the village, and stated Muslim forces attempted to push through Croat lines by attacking Stupni Do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić2003132-306">[304]</a> Boban, criticizing Muslim refugees in Croatia as ungrateful, stated "Croats are given a knife soaked in Croat blood, a knife in the hands of mad husbands and fathers, whose wives and children found a safe refuge in Croatian towns and hotels on the Croatian coast." Following this, Boban's words inspired Croatian news reports with calls for violence against Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić2003131-307">[305]</a> Attacks against and harassment of Muslim refugees escalated in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENizichMarkić199547-300">[298]</a> After the Washington agreement the Croat press continued to claim that Bosniaks would destroy their national distinctiveness with multinational federalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002240-304">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Croatia's_role">Croatia's role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Croatia's role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations</a></div> There were three phases of the engagement of regular Croatian forces in the Bosnian war. In the first phase, that lasted from spring to autumn 1992, the Croatian Army was engaged in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Bosnian Posavina, where they fought against Serb forces. This phase lasted until October 1992. The second phase was between April 1993 and May 1994, when the Croat-Bosniak conflict took place. The role of Croatia during that period remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004280–281-308">[306]</a> Croatia supported the Bosnian independence referendum and recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina in April 1992. It also helped arm the Bosniak forces when the Bosnian war began. However, there are different views on these moves. Croatian historian Dunja Melčić pointed out that if Croats boycotted the referendum, like the Bosnian Serbs did, Bosnia and Herzegovina would not have been recognised by the international community and become a sovereign state, and that Bosniak forces would have almost no weapons without Croatian aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametClewingLukić2008121-309">[307]</a> Another view is that the Croatian government played up the recognition and its role in helping create the new republic while quietly Tuđman and Šušak helped Bosnian Croats reinforce and expand their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b293–294-310">[308]</a> American academic <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Sabrina P. Ramet</a> considers that the Croatian government played a "double game" in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010265-39">[37]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Marko Attila Hoare</a> wrote that "a military solution required Bosnia as an ally, but a diplomatic solution required Bosnia as a victim".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareMarch_1997127-311">[309]</a> Regarding the alleged intervention of the Croatian Army (HV), American historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_R._Shrader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles R. Shrader (page does not exist)">Charles R. Shrader</a> said that the actual presence of HV forces and its participation in the Croat-Bosniak conflict remains unproved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader200350-312">[310]</a> Among the explanations of the Croat-Bosniak war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich2007207-313">[311]</a> is that the Croatian policy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina was dictated by Tuđman's personal views and his close associates, in particular the Defence Minister Gojko Šušak and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_lobby" title="Herzegovina lobby">Herzegovina lobby</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002b293-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> judgement against Kordic-Cerkez concludes: "President Tuđman harbored territorial ambitions in respect of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and that was part of his dream of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a>...The plan started with the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">HDZ</a> in Croatia and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, and was based on the “Banovina Plan” of 1939, an agreement between Croatia and Serbia to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina between them. The Bosnian branch of the HDZ political party took over the Bosnian Croat organizations and established the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian community of H-B</a> in November 1991. A campaign of persecution and ethnic cleansing was then planned and implemented by the Bosnian Croat leadership in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">HZ H-B</a>, through their organizations, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">HVO</a>. First they took over the government, police and military facilities in as many municipalities as possible, and asserted control over all aspects of daily life. Meanwhile, overall control was maintained by the Republic of Croatia; and the Army of the Republic (“HV”) intervened in the conflict which was thus turned into an international armed conflict with Bosnia and Herzegovina."<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[8]</a> The Croatian-American historian James J. Sadkovich claims this was as a "classic conspiracy theory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich2007217,_219-314">[312]</a> In May 1990, Tuđman said that Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina "form a geographic and political whole, and in the course of history they were generally in a single united state", but suggested that its citizens should "decide their own fate through a referendum". He doubted that Bosnia and Herzegovina could survive the dissolution of Yugoslavia, but supported its integrity if it remained outside a Yugoslav federation and Serbian influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich2007239–240-315">[313]</a> In his official statements, Tuđman advocated for an integral Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995318-70">[68]</a> According to Sabrina P. Ramet, it was done in an effort to confuse foreign audiences of his intents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006434-316">[314]</a> and placate the international community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugajski199521-317">[315]</a> Tuđman supported Croatia's territorial integrity, but held that the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina were open to negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006421-318">[316]</a> His stance was emboldened by the unclear and confusing policy of the international community regarding the Bosnian war and the Serb held areas in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995319-319">[317]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Almond" title="Mark Almond">Mark Almond</a> wrote that "almost all respectable international opinion [...] doubted the viability and legitimacy of an integral Bosnia and Herzegovina."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond2003197-320">[318]</a> Interpretations of Tuđman's actions go from statements that he behaved as a rational opportunist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1995318-70">[68]</a> to claims that he had from the outset a collaborationist policy with the Serbs on the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010128-150">[148]</a> with an aim of ethnic cleansing, whereas others call that an assumption with no convincing evidence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrader2003XVII-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2004286-321">[319]</a> arguing that if Croats and Serbs had been jointly waging a war against Bosniaks, there would have been no Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametClewingLukić2008120-322">[320]</a> In the ICTY trial of Kordić & Čerkez, British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown" title="Paddy Ashdown">Paddy Ashdown</a> testified that Tuđman admitted to him at a meeting in London on 6 May 1995 that he and <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Milošević</a> agreed on the partition of Bosnia, and Tuđman drew a map of Bosnia for Ashdown showing the proposed demarcation line; this testimony was cited by the trial judgement in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> In May 2013, in a first instance verdict against six Herzeg-Bosnia leaders, the ICTY determined that the Croat-Bosniak war was of an "international character" and found, by a majority, that "troops of the Croatian Army fought alongside the HVO against the ABiH and that the Republic of Croatia had overall control over the armed forces and the civilian authorities of the Croatian Community (and later Republic) of Herzeg-Bosna. [...] A <a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">joint criminal enterprise</a> (JCE) existed and had as its ultimate goal the establishment of a Croatian territorial entity with part of the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Banovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Banovina">Croatian Banovina</a> of 1939 to enable a reunification of the Croatian people. This Croatian territorial entity in BiH was either to be united with Croatia following the prospective dissolution of BiH, or become an independent state within BiH with direct ties to Croatia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_YugoslaviaPrlić_et_al._CIS6-263">[261]</a> It found that Tuđman, Šušak, Boban, and others had "joined, participated in and contributed to the JCE".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia29_May_2013-325">[323]</a> Judge Jean-Claude Antonetti, the presiding judge in the trial, issued a separate opinion in which he contested the notion of a joint criminal enterprise. He characterized the war as a conflict of an internal nature between the Bosnian Croats and the Bosniaks and said that Tuđman's plans regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina were not in contradiction with the stance of the international community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.62013212,_374,_377-326">[324]</a> On 19 July 2016, the Appeals Chamber determined "that findings of criminal responsibility made in a case before the Tribunal are binding only on the accused in a specific case" and concluded that the "Trial Chamber made no explicit findings concerning [Tudjman's, Šušak's and Bobetko's] participation in the JCE and did not find [them] guilty of any crimes."<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> On 29 November 2017, the ICTY Appeals Chamber issued its final judgment, reiterating and confirming the Trial Chanber's finding of a Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) between the HZ H-B leaders and Franjo Tudjman,<a href="#cite_note-:3-328">[326]</a> The Appeals Chamber confirmed as correct the Trial Chamber's findings of specific elements of this JCE including: (1) that Tudjman intended to divide Bosnia and intervened in Bosnia with the aim of creating a Greater Croatia (2) that Tudjman controlled Herceg-Bosnia's military activities due to "a joint command structure”,(3) that Tudman pursued a "two-track policy", i.e. , publicly advocating respect for the existing BiH borders, while privately supporting the partition of BiH between Croats and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-:3-328">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Gentlemen, we’ve succeeded, we’ve succeeded in getting not just Herzeg-Bosnia, which is what we had. We’ve [now] got—we can say this among ourselves—half of Bosnia, if we’re good at governing it, if we govern cleverly." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, 24 November 1995, at a meeting with Herzeg-Bosnia representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough7_November_2007-329">[327]</a></cite></div> </div> In November 1995 the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> was signed by presidents of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia that ended the Bosnian war. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was defined as one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina and comprised 51% of the territory. The Republika Srpska comprised the other 49%. However, there were problems with its implementation due to different interpretations of the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999255-330">[328]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> was to be created by merging units from the ARBiH and the HVO, though this process was largely ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2007252-331">[329]</a> The Federation was divided into 10 cantons. Croats were a majority in three of them and Bosniaks in five. Two cantons were ethnically mixed, and in municipalities that were divided during the war parallel local administrations remained. The return of refugees was to begin in those cantons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011196-332">[330]</a> The agreement stipulated that Herzeg-Bosnia be abolished within two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosztonyi200353-333">[331]</a> The Federation acted only on paper and failed to function as a working government, despite the pressure from Washington and with presidents Tuđman and Izetbegović assuring that Croat and Bosniak politicians would join together in the new government. The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia was formally abolished on 17 December 1996, but on 27 January 1997, a new Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia was set up as a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosztonyi200353-333">[331]</a> Herzeg-Bosnia structures continued to function and a parallel government acted to expand the independence of its financial institutions. HDZ leaders claimed that "the Herzeg-Bosnia side could not accept a common financial system, because such a system did not allow the Bosnian Croats to finance their own army and to follow up on their own social obligations in the long term."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEESI14_October_19997–8-334">[332]</a> Parallel Herzeg-Bosnia budgetary systems collect revenue from Croat-controlled cantons. The Herzeg-Bosnia payments bureau controls Croat economic activity and there are separate Croat public utilities, social services, social insurance funds, and forestry administrations. A segregated education system with a Herzeg-Bosnia curriculum and textbooks from Croatia is maintained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEESI14_October_19998–9-335">[333]</a> Herzeg-Bosnia continued receiving financial support from Croatia, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Croatia)">Ministry of Defence</a>. The pension and education systems and the salaries of Croat politicians and military officers are subsidized by the Croatian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEESI14_October_19999-336">[334]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) report two years after the end of the war concluded that Herzeg-Bosnia became "in every respect, from military and security matters to business ties, part of Croatia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201395-337">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgShoup1999377-338">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg/250px-Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg/330px-Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg/500px-Hirlimann-Vue-arriere-du-camp.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">Implementation Force</a> (IFOR) Artillery Detachment camp near Mostar in 1995</figcaption></figure> During the talks at Dayton, it was agreed to carry out exchanges of displaced people in Jajce, Stolac, Bugojno and Travnik, but authorities in all four municipalities hampered the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011195-339">[337]</a> The return of Croat refugees in the Travnik municipality was obstructed by local officials. During 1997, five returnees were killed in the villages around Travnik. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Vinko_Pulji%C4%87" title="Vinko Puljić">Vinko Puljić</a> said that a campaign by the Government and the media was conducted to make Serbs and Croats feel as they do not belong to Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges16_November_1997-340">[338]</a> The SDA obstructed returns of refugees to Travnik, Bugojno and Gornji Vakuf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman201117-341">[339]</a> In February 1997, during the <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Kurban Bajram</a> holiday, an incident occurred in Mostar between Croat policemen and a group of several hundred Bosniaks that were marching to Liska Street cemetery. During the march, a brawl and shooting took place in which one Bosniak was killed and 24 were injured. The chief of Mostar police was indicted at the County Court of Mostar on charges of a deliberate attack. The defence argued that the crowd threw stones at the police first and that several policemen suffered stab wounds, while the procession was not announced in advance. The trial is still in progress.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> In August 1997, Bosniak returnees to Jajce were attacked by mobs, involving HVO militia, upon the instigation of local political leaders, including Dario Kordić, former Vice-President of Herzeg-Bosnia. About 500 returning Bosniaks fled, house fires were started, and one returnee was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011194-344">[342]</a> HDZ hardliners holding offices in Drvar and Stolac that hampered the return of refugees were removed from their positions by the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina">High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEESI14_October_19997–8-334">[332]</a> The Dayton peace accords required the departure of all foreign fighters from Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor16_December_1995-345">[343]</a> In 1995, Izetbegović invited the jihadists to leave the country, leading to his denouncement from other Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer2010127-346">[344]</a> French and British military intelligence estimated that as many as 2,000 mujahideen remained in Bosnia in late 1995, while some diplomats said there were twice as many of them left. On 16 December, a clash between the mujahideen and Croat police occurred at a roadblock near Žepče. Five mujahideen were killed in a shootout and two Croat policemen were injured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor16_December_1995-345">[343]</a> In 1996, the US put pressure on the Bosniak leadership to close its remaining ties with Islamist groups and remove <a href="/wiki/Hasan_%C4%8Cengi%C4%87" title="Hasan Čengić">Hasan Čengić</a>, who was involved in Iranian arms shipments to the country, from his position of Deputy Minister of Defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakeyhGvosdev200489–91-347">[345]</a> In 2007, Bosnia's government revoked the citizenships of hundreds of former mujahideen.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> The Dayton Agreement did not give the Croats <a href="/wiki/Croat_entity_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina">a territorial unit</a> that they could govern autonomously and within the Federation of BiH they were often outvoted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley2013101-349">[347]</a> In their view, the institutional structure created with the Dayton had marginalized them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley201395-350">[348]</a> They have called for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Croat_entity_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina">a third entity</a> that would have a Croat majority, which the then High Representative <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Westendorp" title="Carlos Westendorp">Carlos Westendorp</a> called "unacceptable" in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Tribune02_June_1999-351">[349]</a> In 2000, British <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> television broadcast a report about the tape recordings of Franjo Tuđman in which he allegedly spoke about the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the Serbs after the Dayton Agreement. They claimed that the then Croatian President Stjepan Mesić gave them access to 17,000 transcripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELashmarBruceCookson1_November_2000-352">[350]</a> Mesić and his Office denied giving any transcripts to British journalists and called the report a "sensationalistic story that has nothing to do with the truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELušić3_November_2000-353">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> There are no precise statistics dealing with the casualties of the Croat-Bosniak conflict along ethnic lines. The Sarajevo-based <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Documentation_Center_in_Sarajevo" title="Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo">Research and Documentation Center</a>'s (RDC) data from 2007 on human losses in the regions caught in the Croat-Bosniak conflict, however, can serve as a rough <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">approximation</a>. According to this data, relating both to the Croat-Bosniak war and the war with the VRS, in Central Bosnia there were 5,149 casualties in 1993, of which 2,893 were Bosniaks, 1,951 were Croats, 289 were Serbs, and 16 were other ethnicities. In the region of <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva</a> river, encompassing Herzegovina, out of 2,764 casualties in 1993, 1,760 were Bosniaks, 779 were Croats, 205 were Serbs, and 20 were other ethnicities. In the <a href="/wiki/Vrbas_(river)" title="Vrbas (river)">Vrbas</a> region, there were 1,908 casualties in 1993, of which 946 were Bosniaks, 524 were Croats, 431 were Serbs, and 7 were other ethnicities. Out of 16 municipalities of the Vrbas region, two municipalities were affected by the Croat-Bosniak conflict: Bugojno and Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje.<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> According to a report by Polish demographer Ewa Tabeau, a minimum of 539 persons died in East Mostar from May 1993 until the end of the conflict. That number does not include 484 deaths that had an unknown place of death, but occurred during the siege. Of the 539 deaths, 49.5% were of civilians and 50.5% were of combatants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabeau2009369-355">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_cultural_heritage">Destruction of cultural heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Destruction of cultural heritage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg/220px-Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg/330px-Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg/440px-Bombed_mosque_in_Ahmici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed mosque in Ahmići, April 1993</figcaption></figure> The ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks by the HVO was accompanied by the wide-scale destruction of Ottoman and Islamic religious and cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek201524-356">[354]</a> The HVO engaged in the deliberate destruction of Muslim buildings with no intent on investigating those responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek2015127-357">[355]</a> In total the Croats damaged or destroyed 201 mosques in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedlmayer2002100-358">[356]</a> In contrast the ARBiH generally had respectful attitudes/policies toward the religious property of Christian communities, investigated such attacks, and attempted to keep co-existence possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek2015127-357">[355]</a> There was no Bosnian government policy to destroy Catholic churches and the majority remained intact throughout the war in areas controlled by the ARBiH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESells2003220–221-359">[357]</a> Among the major Bosnian cultural treasures destroyed was the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Stari_Most" title="Stari Most">Old Bridge</a>, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/946/">UNESCO World Heritage site</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a> that crosses the river <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva</a> and connects the two parts of the city. The ARBiH forces used the bridge as a military supply line, and the bridge was shelled by the HVO and collapsed on 9 November 1993. The ICTY deemed the bridge to be a legitimate military target.<a href="#cite_note-Justiceinfo-360">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tportal-361">[359]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Destruction of Islamic religious buildings<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Description </th> <th>Destroyed by Croat forces </th> <th>Damaged by Croat forces </th></tr> <tr> <td>Congregational mosques </td> <td>58 </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small neighbourhood mosques </td> <td>20 </td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quran schools </td> <td>4 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dervish lodges </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mausolea, shrines </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buildings of religious endowments </td> <td>24 </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th align="left">Total </th> <th colspan="1">108 </th> <th colspan="1">201 </th></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Destruction of Catholic religious buildings<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Description </th> <th>Destroyed by Bosniak forces </th> <th>Damaged by Bosniak forces </th></tr> <tr> <td>churches </td> <td>8 </td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>chapels </td> <td>19 </td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>clergy houses </td> <td>9 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>monasteries </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>cemeteries </td> <td>8 </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th align="left">Total </th> <th colspan="1">44 </th> <th colspan="1">250 </th></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_terrorism">Postwar terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Postwar terrorism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mostar_car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostar car bombing">Mostar car bombing</a> and <a href="/wiki/1995_Rijeka_bombing" title="1995 Rijeka bombing">1995 Rijeka bombing</a></div> Terrorism in Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Dayton Agreement mostly consisted of murders and bombings of specific people, primarily Croats.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War#Dubious" title="Talk:Croat–Bosniak War">discuss</a>] The mujahideen that stayed in the country created a climate of fear in central Bosnia, where they conducted regular shootings at and blowing up of Croat houses and carried frequent attacks on Croat returnees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2007264-364">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2005116-365">[363]</a> In the summer of 1997 and 1998, two Croat policemen were killed by mujahideen veterans that received protection from the local police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2007264-364">[362]</a> On 18 September 1997 a terrorist attack was carried out in Mostar. A car bomb exploded in front of a police station in the western part of the city, injuring 29 people. The attack was done by Islamic extremists connected to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlmann2004197–199-366">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2005116-365">[363]</a> A terrorist attack was also conducted in Croatia. On 20 October 1995, a terrorist from the al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya Islamic group attempted to destroy a police station in Rijeka by driving a car with a bomb into the wall of the building. The attack resulted in 29 injured people and the death of the terrorist. The motive for the attack was the capture of Talaat Fouad Qasim by the HVO, an important member of the Islamic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlmann2004152–154-367">[365]</a> There have been no cases since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatalovićJakešević2008140–141-368">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_prosecutions">War crimes prosecutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: War crimes prosecutions">edit</a>]</div> The ICTY convicted nine HVO and Herzeg-Bosnia officials for war crimes in central Bosnia. Zlatko Aleksovski, commander of a prison facility at Kaonik, was sentenced to 7 years for maltreatment of Bosniak detainees.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> Local HVO Commander Anto Furundžija was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for violations of the laws and customs of war in July 2000.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> In the Kupreškić et al. case, regarding the Ahmići massacre, the ICTY convicted two local HVO members, Drago Josipović and Vladimir Šantić, for crimes against humanity. They were sentenced to 12 and 18 years of imprisonment, respectively. Four HVO members in the case, Zoran Kupreškić, Mirjan Kupreškić, Vlatko Kupreškić and Dragan Papić, were found not guilty. The appeals judgement in the case was in October 2001.<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> In July 2004, Tihomir Blaškić, the commander of HVO's Operative Zone Central Bosnia, was sentenced to 9 years for inhuman and cruel treatment of Bosniak detainees. He was initially sentenced to 45 years in 2000, but his <a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">command responsibility</a> for most of the charges was overturned on appeal.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> In December 2004, Dario Kordić, former Vice President of Herzeg-Bosnia, was sentenced to 25 years of prison for war crimes aimed at ethnically cleansing Bosniaks in the area of central Bosnia. Former Commander of the HVO Vitez Brigade Mario Čerkez was sentenced to six years for unlawful confinement of Bosniak civilians.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg/250px-Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg/330px-Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg/500px-Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87_and_Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87_by_wreath_during_Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre_commemoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Ivo Josipović and Mustafa Cerić commemorating the Ahmići massacre.</figcaption></figure> Ivica Rajić, former commander of the HVO in Kiseljak, pleaded guilty for his involvement in the Stupni Do massacre. He was sentenced to 12 years in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a> Miroslav Bralo, former member of the HVO Jokers unit, pleaded guilty to all counts for crimes carried out in the Lašva Valley and was sentenced to 20 years in April 2007.<a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a> In the Tuta & Štela case, former commander of the Convicts Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Mladen_Naletili%C4%87_Tuta" title="Mladen Naletilić Tuta">Mladen Naletilić Tuta</a>, was sentenced to 20 years of prison, while his subordinate Vinko Martinović was sentenced to 18 years. Both were found guilty for ethnic cleansing of Bosniak civilians in the Mostar area.<a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a> On 29 November 2017, the ICTY sentenced Jadranko Prlić, former prime minister of Herzeg-Bosnia, to 25 years’ imprisonment, former defence minister Bruno Stojić and two former commanders of the HVO Main Staff, Slobodan Praljak and Milivoj Petković, to 20 years’ imprisonment each, Valentin Ćorić, former head of the HVO Military Police, to 16 years’ imprisonment, and Berislav Pušić, who was in head of prisons and detention facilities, to 10 years’ imprisonment. The charges included crimes against humanity, violations of the laws or customs of war, and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions.<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> Upon hearing the guilty verdict upheld, Slobodan Praljak said that he was not a war criminal and committed suicide by drinking poison in the courtroom.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> As part of the November 29th judgement, the ICTY confirmed the existence of a Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE), under <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> and other Croatian leaders with the aim of setting up a Croatian entity by changing borders and reunifying the Croatian people. Furthermore, the ICTY confirmed that the purpose of the Joint Criminal Enterprise was the “domination by [Croats of the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna] through ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population”.<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a> Former commander of the ARBiH 3rd Corps, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87" title="Enver Hadžihasanović">Enver Hadžihasanović</a>, along with former commander of the 7th Muslim Brigade, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kubura" title="Amir Kubura">Amir Kubura</a>, were convicted for failing to take necessary and reasonable measures to prevent or punish several crimes committed by forces under their command in central Bosnia. Hadžihasanović was sentenced to three and a half years, while Kubura was sentenced to two years of imprisonment on 22 April 2008.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a> Bosnian commander <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Halilovi%C4%87" title="Sefer Halilović">Sefer Halilović</a> was charged with one count of violation of the laws and customs of war on the basis of superior criminal responsibility of the incidents during Operation Neretva '93 and found not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalilovic_judgement2007-381">[379]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Alagi%C4%87" title="Mehmed Alagić">Mehmed Alagić</a> was indicted by the ICTY but died in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-UN1-382">[380]</a> Stari Most Bridge The 17th Century Ottoman explorer <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> wrote that the bridge "is like a rainbow arch soaring up to the skies, extending from one cliff to the other... I, a poor and miserable slave of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciliation">Reconciliation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> In January 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Croat_National_Council_(Sarajevo)" title="Croat National Council (Sarajevo)">Croat National Council</a> was established in Sarajevo, with a plan for Bosniak-Croat reconciliation and cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999248-383">[381]</a> In April 2010, Croatia's president <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87" title="Ivo Josipović">Ivo Josipović</a> made an official visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina during which he expressed a "deep regret" for Croatia's contribution in the "suffering of people and division" that still exists in the Bosnia and Herzegovina. Josipović alongside Islamic and Catholic religious leaders paid tribute to victims in Ahmići and Križančevo selo. He was highly criticized domestically and was accused by <a href="/wiki/Jadranka_Kosor" title="Jadranka Kosor">Jadranka Kosor</a>, the Croatian Prime Minister and HDZ member, of breaching the Croatian constitution and damaging the reputation of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenti2013111–112-384">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Croatian military-<a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Living_and_the_Dead_(2007_film)" title="The Living and the Dead (2007 film)">The Living and the Dead</a> is set amidst Croat–Bosniak War. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> until 8 February 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> after 8 February 1994 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hadzihasanovic_kubura-1"><a href="#cite_ref-hadzihasanovic_kubura_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/cis/en/cis_hadzihasanovic_kubura_en.pdf">ICTY: Hadžihasanović & Kubura Case Information Sheet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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ICTY. 29 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003706/https://www.icty.org/en/sid/8384">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=Appeals+Chamber+Judgement+in+the+case+the+Prosecutor+v.+Tihomir+Blaskic&rft.date=2004-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fsid%2F8384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/sid/8318">"Appeals Chamber Judgement in the Case the Prosecutor v. Dario Kordic and Mario Cerkez"</a>. ICTY. 17 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226154609/https://www.icty.org/en/sid/8318">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=Appeals+Chamber+Judgement+in+the+Case+the+Prosecutor+v.+Dario+Kordic+and+Mario+Cerkez&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fsid%2F8318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/sid/8750">"Ivica Rajic Sentenced to 12 Years' Imprisonment"</a>. ICTY. 8 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225537/https://www.icty.org/en/sid/8750">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=Ivica+Rajic+Sentenced+to+12+Years%27+Imprisonment&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fsid%2F8750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/sid/8887">"Appeals Chamber dismisses Miroslav Bralo's appeal affirms sentence of 20 years' imprisonment"</a>. ICTY. 2 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417022855/https://www.icty.org/en/sid/8887">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=Appeals+Chamber+dismisses+Miroslav+Bralo%27s+appeal+affirms+sentence+of+20+years%27+imprisonment&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fsid%2F8887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/sid/8754">"Appeals Chamber Confirms Sentences Against Mladen Naletilic and Vinko Martinovic"</a>. ICTY. 3 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422001353/https://www.icty.org/en/sid/8754">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=Appeals+Chamber+Confirms+Sentences+Against+Mladen+Naletilic+and+Vinko+Martinovic&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fsid%2F8754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/the-icty-renders-its-final-judgement-in-the-prli%C4%87-et-al-appeal-case">"The ICTY renders its final judgement in the Prlić et al. appeal case"</a>. ICTY. 29 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104163959/http://www.icty.org/en/press/the-icty-renders-its-final-judgement-in-the-prli%C4%87-et-al-appeal-case">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=The+ICTY+renders+its+final+judgement+in+the+Prli%C4%87+et+al.+appeal+case&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fthe-icty-renders-its-final-judgement-in-the-prli%25C4%2587-et-al-appeal-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_van_den_BergBart_H._Meijer2017" class="citation news cs1">Stephanie van den Berg; Bart H. Meijer (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235236/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-warcrimes-bosnia/bosnian-croat-war-crimes-convict-dies-after-taking-poison-in-u-n-court-idUKKBN1DT1E1">"Bosnian Croat war crimes convict dies after taking 'poison' in U.N. court"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-warcrimes-bosnia/bosnian-croat-war-crimes-convict-dies-after-taking-poison-in-u-n-court-idUKKBN1DT1E1">the original</a> on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bosnian+Croat+war+crimes+convict+dies+after+taking+%27poison%27+in+U.N.+court&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.au=Stephanie+van+den+Berg&rft.au=Bart+H.+Meijer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-warcrimes-bosnia%2Fbosnian-croat-war-crimes-convict-dies-after-taking-poison-in-u-n-court-idUKKBN1DT1E1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICTY" class="citation web cs1">ICTY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/acjug/en/171129_Prlic_Summary_of_Judgement.pdf">"SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT, PRLIC ET AL"</a> (PDF). p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826212401/http://www.icty.org:80/x/cases/prlic/acjug/en/171129_Prlic_Summary_of_Judgement.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUMMARY+OF+JUDGEMENT%2C+PRLIC+ET+AL&rft.pages=10&rft.au=ICTY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Facjug%2Fen%2F171129_Prlic_Summary_of_Judgement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/sid/9921">"Hadžihasanović & Kubura Appeals Only Partially Granted"</a>. ICTY. 22 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421223600/https://www.icty.org/en/sid/9921">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICTY&rft.atitle=Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87+%26+Kubura+Appeals+Only+Partially+Granted&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fsid%2F9921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalilovic_judgement2007-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalilovic_judgement2007_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalilovic_judgement2007">Halilovic judgement 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1-382"><a href="#cite_ref-UN1_382-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDel_Ponte2002" class="citation cs2">Del Ponte, Carla (2002-01-11), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051113224441/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/had-ai020111e.htm">The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Enver Hadžihasanović, Mehmed Alagic, Amir Kubura : Amended Indictment</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/had-ai020111e.htm">the original</a> on 2005-11-13, retrieved 2008-11-30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosecutor+of+the+Tribunal+Against+Enver+Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87%2C+Mehmed+Alagic%2C+Amir+Kubura+%3A+Amended+Indictment&rft.date=2002-01-11&rft.aulast=Del+Ponte&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Ficty%2Findictment%2Fenglish%2Fhad-ai020111e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999248-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999248_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1999">Goldstein 1999</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenti2013111–112-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenti2013111–112_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenti2013">Denti 2013</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Books and journals <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmond1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Almond" title="Mark Almond">Almond, Mark</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4ZpAAAAMAAJ">Europe's backyard war: the war in the Balkans</a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-00003-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-00003-5"><bdi>0-434-00003-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914040655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4ZpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2020-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+backyard+war%3A+the+war+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-434-00003-5&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4ZpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmond2003" class="citation journal cs1">Almond, Mark (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=151905&lang=en">"Expert Testimony"</a>. Review of Contemporary History. 36 (1). Oriel College, University of Oxford: Croatian Institute of History: 177–209. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214923/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=151905&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2017-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Expert+Testimony&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D151905%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas2011" class="citation book cs1">Andreas, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKxOvYnbHokC">Blue Helmets and Black Markets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801457043" title="Special:BookSources/9780801457043"><bdi>9780801457043</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314092149/https://books.google.com/books?id=LKxOvYnbHokC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Helmets+and+Black+Markets&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780801457043&rft.aulast=Andreas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKxOvYnbHokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2003" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Alex J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC">The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6502-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6502-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525163827/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Croatian+National+Identity%3A+A+Centuries-old+Dream&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6502-6&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3PqrrnrE5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenthallBellion-Jourdan2003" class="citation book cs1">Benthall, Jonathan; Bellion-Jourdan, Jerome (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PC0BAwAAQBAJ">Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857711250" title="Special:BookSources/9780857711250"><bdi>9780857711250</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320053304/https://books.google.com/books?id=PC0BAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2016-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charitable+Crescent%3A+Politics+of+Aid+in+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780857711250&rft.aulast=Benthall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Bellion-Jourdan%2C+Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPC0BAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBethlehemWeller1997" class="citation book cs1">Bethlehem, Daniel; Weller, Marc (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC">The Yugoslav Crisis in International Law</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521463041" title="Special:BookSources/9780521463041"><bdi>9780521463041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924102134/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2016-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Crisis+in+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521463041&rft.aulast=Bethlehem&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Weller%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SczBzxA6-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBollens2007" class="citation book cs1">Bollens, Scott A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6l8AgAAQBAJ">Cities, Nationalism and Democratization</a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11183-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11183-1"><bdi>978-1-134-11183-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329174241/https://books.google.com/books?id=S6l8AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities%2C+Nationalism+and+Democratization&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-11183-1&rft.aulast=Bollens&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6l8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBugajski1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Bugajski" title="Janusz Bugajski">Bugajski, Janusz</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC">Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations and Parties</a>. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-283-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-283-0"><bdi>978-1-56324-283-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325165305/https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Politics+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+A+Guide+to+Nationality+Policies%2C+Organizations+and+Parties&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-283-0&rft.aulast=Bugajski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_AcqFSfvzAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgShoup1999" class="citation book cs1">Burg, Steven L.; Shoup, Paul S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinbosniaherze00stev">The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention</a>. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3189-3"><bdi>978-0-7656-3189-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+and+International+Intervention&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3189-3&rft.aulast=Burg&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Shoup%2C+Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarinbosniaherze00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalic2012" class="citation book cs1">Calic, Marie–Janine (2012). "Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995". In Ingrao, Charles; Emmert, Thomas A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C">Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative</a> (2nd ed.). West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. pp. 114–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806195313/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+and+War+Crimes%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.place=West+Lafayette&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-617-4&rft.aulast=Calic&rft.aufirst=Marie%E2%80%93Janine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDMhDgCJCe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCIA2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZpAAAAMAAJ">Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 1</a>. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-066472-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-066472-4"><bdi>978-0-16-066472-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520053341/https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Battlegrounds%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Conflict%2C+1990%E2%80%931995%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-16-066472-4&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency%2C+Office+of+Russian+and+European+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oZpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCIA2002b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jodpAAAAMAAJ">Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 2</a>. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-066472-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-066472-4"><bdi>978-0-16-066472-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318001038/https://books.google.com/books?id=jodpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Battlegrounds%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Conflict%2C+1990%E2%80%931995%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-16-066472-4&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency%2C+Office+of+Russian+and+European+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjodpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCIA1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1817859/1993-07-01b.pdf">Combatant Forces in the Former Yugoslavia</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014203647/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1817859/1993-07-01b.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combatant+Forces+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.cia.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument_conversions%2F1817859%2F1993-07-01b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristia2012" class="citation book cs1">Christia, Fotini (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psYgAwAAQBAJ">Alliance Formation in Civil Wars</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13985-175-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13985-175-6"><bdi>978-1-13985-175-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205173618/https://books.google.com/books?id=psYgAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliance+Formation+in+Civil+Wars&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-13985-175-6&rft.aulast=Christia&rft.aufirst=Fotini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsYgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCigar1995" class="citation book cs1">Cigar, Norman (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of "Ethnic Cleansing". College Station: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-004-7"><bdi>978-1-58544-004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Bosnia%3A+The+Policy+of+%22Ethnic+Cleansing%22&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-004-7&rft.aulast=Cigar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2013" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VXcAAAAQBAJ">Pathways from Ethnic Conflict: Institutional Redesign in Divided Societies</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317988472" title="Special:BookSources/9781317988472"><bdi>9781317988472</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308053100/https://books.google.com/books?id=3VXcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathways+from+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+Institutional+Redesign+in+Divided+Societies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317988472&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VXcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation book cs1">Davis, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dEoqAQAAMAAJ">The Global War on Terrorism: Assessing the American Response</a>. Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594542282" title="Special:BookSources/9781594542282"><bdi>9781594542282</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914040716/https://books.google.com/books?id=dEoqAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+War+on+Terrorism%3A+Assessing+the+American+Response&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781594542282&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdEoqAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenti2013" class="citation book cs1">Denti, Davide (2013). "Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995". In Cuypers, Daniël; Janssen, Daniel; Haers, Jacques; Segaert, Barbara (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgTiAAAAQBAJ">Public Apology between Ritual and Regret: Symbolic Excuses on False Pretenses or True Reconciliation out of Sincere Regret?</a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 103–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401209533" title="Special:BookSources/9789401209533"><bdi>9789401209533</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914040655/https://books.google.com/books?id=KgTiAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+and+War+Crimes%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.btitle=Public+Apology+between+Ritual+and+Regret%3A+Symbolic+Excuses+on+False+Pretenses+or+True+Reconciliation+out+of+Sincere+Regret%3F&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789401209533&rft.aulast=Denti&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgTiAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDykerVejvoda2014" class="citation book cs1">Dyker, David A.; Vejvoda, Ivan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=flmPBAAAQBAJ">Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth</a>. New York City: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317891352" title="Special:BookSources/9781317891352"><bdi>9781317891352</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312064424/https://books.google.com/books?id=flmPBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+and+After%3A+A+Study+in+Fragmentation%2C+Despair+and+Rebirth&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317891352&rft.aulast=Dyker&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Vejvoda%2C+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DflmPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, Brian R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCxV7ERw09oC">Radical Islam in the West: Ideology and Challenge</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6210-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-6210-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317031724/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCxV7ERw09oC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam+in+the+West%3A+Ideology+and+Challenge&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6210-0&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCxV7ERw09oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2003" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Tom (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmaBAgAAQBAJ">The Balkans After the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134472406" title="Special:BookSources/9781134472406"><bdi>9781134472406</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914040655/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmaBAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+After+the+Cold+War%3A+From+Tyranny+to+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134472406&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmaBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlenny1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Misha</a> (1996). The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025771-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025771-7"><bdi>978-0-14-025771-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Yugoslavia%3A+The+Third+Balkan+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-14-025771-7&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Goldstein" title="Ivo Goldstein">Goldstein, Ivo</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C">Croatia: A History</a>. London: C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-525-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-525-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-525-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031221700/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-525-1&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSxJdE4MYo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGowPatersonPreston1996" class="citation book cs1">Gow, James; Paterson, Richard; Preston, Alison R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L53tAAAAMAAJisbn">Bosnia by Television</a>. London: British Film Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+by+Television&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Paterson%2C+Richard&rft.au=Preston%2C+Alison+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL53tAAAAMAAJisbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrandits2016" class="citation book cs1">Grandits, Hannes (2016). "The Power of 'Armchair Politicians': Ethnic Loyalty and Political Factionalism among Herzegovinian Croats". In Bougarel, Xavier; Helms, Elissa; Duijzings, Gerlachlus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOCXCwAAQBAJ">The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 101–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317023081" title="Special:BookSources/9781317023081"><bdi>9781317023081</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611142412/https://books.google.com/books?id=XOCXCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+%27Armchair+Politicians%27%3A+Ethnic+Loyalty+and+Political+Factionalism+among+Herzegovinian+Croats&rft.btitle=The+New+Bosnian+Mosaic%3A+Identities%2C+Memories+and+Moral+Claims+in+a+Post-War+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317023081&rft.aulast=Grandits&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOCXCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoareMarch_1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Hoare, Marko Attila</a> (March 1997). "The Croatian Project to Partition Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1990–1994". East European Quarterly. 31 (1): 121–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Croatian+Project+to+Partition+Bosnia-Hercegovina%2C+1990%E2%80%931994&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1997-03&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoare2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Marko Attila (2004). How Bosnia Armed. London: Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-367-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-367-6"><bdi>978-0-86356-367-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Bosnia+Armed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-367-6&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoare2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Marko Attila (2010). "The War of Yugoslav Succession". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C">Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48750-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729205323/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+of+Yugoslav+Succession&rft.btitle=Central+and+Southeast+European+Politics+Since+1989&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48750-4&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFXdiS25N78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHockenos2003" class="citation book cs1">Hockenos, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4pAs4JYSAMC">Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4158-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4158-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018033239/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4pAs4JYSAMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeland+Calling%3A+Exile+Patriotism+and+the+Balkan+Wars&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4158-5&rft.aulast=Hockenos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4pAs4JYSAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemenčićPrattSchofield1994" class="citation book cs1">Klemenčić, Mladen; Pratt, Martin; Schofield, Clive H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9DtlRfO6JMC">Territorial Proposals for the Settlement of the War in Bosnia-Hercegovina</a>. IBRU. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897643150" title="Special:BookSources/9781897643150"><bdi>9781897643150</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317050810/https://books.google.com/books?id=V9DtlRfO6JMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Territorial+Proposals+for+the+Settlement+of+the+War+in+Bosnia-Hercegovina&rft.pub=IBRU&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781897643150&rft.aulast=Klemen%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mladen&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Martin&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Clive+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9DtlRfO6JMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Kohlmann, Evan F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alqaidasjihadine0000kohl">Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network</a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-807-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-807-9"><bdi>1-85973-807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Qaida%27s+Jihad+in+Europe%3A+The+Afghan-Bosnian+Network&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85973-807-9&rft.aulast=Kohlmann&rft.aufirst=Evan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falqaidasjihadine0000kohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrišto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Krišto, Jure (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/67477?lang=en">"Deconstructing a myth: Franjo Tuđman and Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. Review of Croatian History. 6 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 37–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328050920/https://hrcak.srce.hr/67477?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Croatian+History&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+a+myth%3A+Franjo+Tu%C4%91man+and+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Kri%C5%A1to&rft.aufirst=Jure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F67477%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGosztonyi2003" class="citation book cs1">Gosztonyi, Kristóf (2003). "Non-Existent States with Strange Institutions". In Koehler, Jan; Zürcher, Christoph (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_C6rxHwEkN4C">Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 46–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719062414" title="Special:BookSources/9780719062414"><bdi>9780719062414</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803195910/https://books.google.com/books?id=_C6rxHwEkN4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-Existent+States+with+Strange+Institutions&rft.btitle=Potentials+of+Disorder%3A+Explaining+Conflict+and+Stability+in+the+Caucasus+and+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780719062414&rft.aulast=Gosztonyi&rft.aufirst=Krist%C3%B3f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_C6rxHwEkN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurspahić2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kurspahi%C4%87" title="Kemal Kurspahić">Kurspahić, Kemal</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyN2xrDAE98C">Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace</a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781929223398" title="Special:BookSources/9781929223398"><bdi>9781929223398</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125043709/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyN2xrDAE98C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Time+Crime%3A+Balkan+Media+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781929223398&rft.aulast=Kurspahi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdyN2xrDAE98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawsonBertucci1996" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Edward H.; Bertucci, Mary Lou (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-SrdFtSuDUC">Encyclopedia of Human Rights</a>. Washington D.C.: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560323624" title="Special:BookSources/9781560323624"><bdi>9781560323624</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604003817/https://books.google.com/books?id=J-SrdFtSuDUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Human+Rights&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781560323624&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft.au=Bertucci%2C+Mary+Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-SrdFtSuDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukicLynch1996" class="citation book cs1">Lukic, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC">Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829200-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829200-5"><bdi>978-0-19-829200-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216000310/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+from+the+Balkans+to+the+Urals%3A+The+Disintegration+of+Yugoslavia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829200-5&rft.aulast=Lukic&rft.aufirst=Reneo&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPhhLfp8huIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bruce_MacDonald" title="David Bruce MacDonald">MacDonald, David Bruce</a> (2002). Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6467-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6467-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Holocausts%3F%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+Victim+Centered+Propaganda+and+the+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagašŽanić2001" class="citation book cs1">Magaš, Branka; Žanić, Ivo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NljlSh2vpIC">The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991–1995</a>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8201-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-8201-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111043757/https://books.google.com/books?id=9NljlSh2vpIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+Croatia+and+Bosnia-Herzegovina+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8201-3&rft.aulast=Maga%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Branka&rft.au=%C5%BDani%C4%87%2C+Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NljlSh2vpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8BKAQAACAAJ">Povijest Bosne: kratki pregled</a> [Bosnia: A Short History]. Erasmus Gilda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789536045037" title="Special:BookSources/9789536045037"><bdi>9789536045037</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315173648/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8BKAQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-15. Retrieved 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Povijest+Bosne%3A+kratki+pregled&rft.pub=Erasmus+Gilda&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789536045037&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8BKAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarijan2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marijan, Davor (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=11730&lang=en">"Sukob HVO-a i ABIH u Prozoru, u listopadu 1992"</a> [Clash of the HVO and the ARBiH in Prozor, in October 1992]. Journal of Contemporary History (in Croatian). 38 (2). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 379–402. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0590-9597">0590-9597</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317183041/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=11730&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2016-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Sukob+HVO-a+i+ABIH+u+Prozoru%2C+u+listopadu+1992.&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=0590-9597&rft.aulast=Marijan&rft.aufirst=Davor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D11730%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarijan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marijan, Davor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/103326?lang=en">"Expert Opinion: On the War Connections of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991 – 1995)"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 36. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 249–289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102142459/https://hrcak.srce.hr/103326?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2016-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Expert+Opinion%3A+On+the+War+Connections+of+Croatia+and+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+%281991+%E2%80%93+1995%29&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Marijan&rft.aufirst=Davor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F103326%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwW2O7v7CUcC">Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century</a>. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwW2O7v7CUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Adam (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ac8OAAAAQBAJ">Peacebuilding in Practice: Local Experience in Two Bosnian Towns</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5199-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5199-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-5199-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312010510/https://books.google.com/books?id=ac8OAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2016-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacebuilding+in+Practice%3A+Local+Experience+in+Two+Bosnian+Towns&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5199-7&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dac8OAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMrduljaš2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mrduljaš, Saša (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=66622&lang=en">"Hrvatska politika unutar Bosne i Hercegovine u kontekstu deklarativnog i realnoga opsega Hrvatska zajednice / republike Herceg-Bosne"</a> [Croatian policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the context of declarative and real extent of the Croatian Community / Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia]. Journal for General Social Issues (in Croatian). 18. Zagreb: Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar: 249–289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231310/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=66622&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2016-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+General+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Hrvatska+politika+unutar+Bosne+i+Hercegovine+u+kontekstu+deklarativnog+i+realnoga+opsega+Hrvatska+zajednice+%2F+republike+Herceg-Bosne&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mrdulja%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Sa%C5%A1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D66622%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulaj2008" class="citation book cs1">Mulaj, Kledja (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGQVdG63WPYC">Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-State Building and Provision of Insecurity in Twentieth-Century Balkans</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739146675" title="Special:BookSources/9780739146675"><bdi>9780739146675</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103185022/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGQVdG63WPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Ethnic+Cleansing%3A+Nation-State+Building+and+Provision+of+Insecurity+in+Twentieth-Century+Balkans&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780739146675&rft.aulast=Mulaj&rft.aufirst=Kledja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGQVdG63WPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen-Jackson2015" class="citation book cs1">Owen-Jackson, Gwyneth (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrXhCgAAQBAJ">Political and Social Influences on the Education of Children: Research from Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317570141" title="Special:BookSources/9781317570141"><bdi>9781317570141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+Social+Influences+on+the+Education+of+Children%3A+Research+from+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317570141&rft.aulast=Owen-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gwyneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrXhCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNizich1992" class="citation book cs1">Nizich, Ivana (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nltdtAo38K0C">War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-083-4"><bdi>978-1-56432-083-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919105359/https://books.google.com/books?id=nltdtAo38K0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+in+Bosnia-Hercegovina&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-083-4&rft.aulast=Nizich&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnltdtAo38K0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen, David</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kWVQgAACAAJ">Balkan Odyssey</a>. London: Indigo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780575400290" title="Special:BookSources/9780575400290"><bdi>9780575400290</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913051239/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kWVQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2016-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Odyssey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Indigo&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780575400290&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kWVQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerica2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Perica" title="Vjekoslav Perica">Perica, Vjekoslav</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIoKMGRHxn4C">Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19517-429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19517-429-8"><bdi>978-0-19517-429-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806191214/https://books.google.com/books?id=jIoKMGRHxn4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Idols%3A+Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Yugoslav+States&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19517-429-8&rft.aulast=Perica&rft.aufirst=Vjekoslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIoKMGRHxn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRametClewingLukić2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P.; Clewing, Konrad; Lukić, Reneo, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3l4MAQAAMAAJ">Croatia since Independence: War, Politics, Society, Foreign Relations</a>. Munich: Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-48658-043-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-48658-043-3"><bdi>978-3-48658-043-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402132700/https://books.google.com/books?id=3l4MAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia+since+Independence%3A+War%2C+Politics%2C+Society%2C+Foreign+Relations&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-48658-043-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3l4MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC">The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519142956/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamet2010" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010). "Politics in Croatia since 1990". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C">Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 258–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48750-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729205323/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+in+Croatia+since+1990&rft.btitle=Central+and+Southeast+European+Politics+Since+1989&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48750-4&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFXdiS25N78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiedlmayer2002" class="citation book cs1">Riedlmayer, András (2002). "From the Ashes: The Past and Future of Bosnia's Cultural Heritage". In Shatzmiller, Maya (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ylw2vO2I4GIC">Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 98–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773523463" title="Special:BookSources/9780773523463"><bdi>9780773523463</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914040655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ylw2vO2I4GIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Ashes%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+Bosnia%27s+Cultural+Heritage&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Bosnia%3A+Conflict+Resolution+and+Foreign+Policy+in+Multi-Ethnic+States&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780773523463&rft.aulast=Riedlmayer&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlw2vO2I4GIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadkovich2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sadkovich, James J. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=24047&lang=en">"Franjo Tuđman and the Muslim-Croat War of 1993"</a>. Review of Croatian History. 2 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 204–245. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1845-4380">1845-4380</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317084251/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=24047&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Croatian+History&rft.atitle=Franjo+Tu%C4%91man+and+the+Muslim-Croat+War+of+1993&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=2007-01&rft.issn=1845-4380&rft.aulast=Sadkovich&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D24047%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2007" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, John R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC">Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad</a>. New York City: Zenith Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760330036" title="Special:BookSources/9780760330036"><bdi>9780760330036</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216085027/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Terror%3A+Bosnia%2C+Al-Qa%27ida%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780760330036&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8Xb6x2XYvIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSells1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sells" title="Michael Sells">Sells, Michael Anthony</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAdxZ6F2uEAC">The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92209-9"><bdi>978-0-520-92209-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204421/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAdxZ6F2uEAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge+Betrayed%3A+Religion+and+Genocide+in+Bosnia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92209-9&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAdxZ6F2uEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSells2003" class="citation book cs1">Sells, Michael A. (2003). "Sacral Ruins in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Mapping Ethnoreligious Nationalism". In Prentiss, Craig R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ze30q1hm8uUC">Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction</a>. New York: New York University Press. pp. 211–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814767009" title="Special:BookSources/9780814767009"><bdi>9780814767009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022083604/https://books.google.com/books?id=ze30q1hm8uUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sacral+Ruins+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina%3A+Mapping+Ethnoreligious+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Creation+of+Race+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780814767009&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dze30q1hm8uUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakeyhGvosdev2004" class="citation book cs1">Takeyh, Ray; Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85BTay8abYsC">The Receding Shadow of the Prophet: The Rise and Fall of Radical Political Islam</a>. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275976293" title="Special:BookSources/9780275976293"><bdi>9780275976293</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310034347/https://books.google.com/books?id=85BTay8abYsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Receding+Shadow+of+the+Prophet%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Radical+Political+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780275976293&rft.aulast=Takeyh&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Gvosdev%2C+Nikolas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85BTay8abYsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrader2003" class="citation book cs1">Shrader, Charles R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_ceXJTw71MC">The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994</a>. College Station, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-261-4"><bdi>978-1-58544-261-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610190055/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_ceXJTw71MC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim-Croat+Civil+War+in+Central+Bosnia%3A+A+Military+History%2C+1992%E2%80%931994&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-261-4&rft.aulast=Shrader&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_ceXJTw71MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTatalovićJakešević2008" class="citation book cs1">Tatalović, Siniša; Jakešević, Ružica (2008). "Terrorism in the Western Balkans – The Croatian Experience and Position". In Prezelj, Iztok (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGOnn_u-FikC">The Fight Against Terrorism and Crisis Management in the Western Balkans</a>. Ljubjana: IOS Press. pp. 132–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586038236" title="Special:BookSources/9781586038236"><bdi>9781586038236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704120246/http://books.google.com/books?id=xGOnn_u-FikC">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrorism+in+the+Western+Balkans+%E2%80%93+The+Croatian+Experience+and+Position&rft.btitle=The+Fight+Against+Terrorism+and+Crisis+Management+in+the+Western+Balkans&rft.place=Ljubjana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781586038236&rft.aulast=Tatalovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sini%C5%A1a&rft.au=Jake%C5%A1evi%C4%87%2C+Ru%C5%BEica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGOnn_u-FikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanner2001" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Marcus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfcpsAoSoewC">Croatia: A Nation Forged in War</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09125-0"><bdi>978-0-300-09125-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513075415/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfcpsAoSoewC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia%3A+A+Nation+Forged+in+War&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09125-0&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfcpsAoSoewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToalDahlman2011" class="citation book cs1">Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1TrvGxJeasC">Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973036-0"><bdi>978-0-19-973036-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706230527/http://books.google.com/books?id=Q1TrvGxJeasC">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-06. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+Remade%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+and+Its+Reversal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973036-0&rft.aulast=Toal&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Dahlman%2C+Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1TrvGxJeasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrifunovska1994" class="citation book cs1">Trifunovska, Snežana (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC">Yugoslavia Through Documents: From its Creation to its Dissolution</a>. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2670-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2670-0"><bdi>978-0-7923-2670-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509121746/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+Through+Documents%3A+From+its+Creation+to+its+Dissolution&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2670-0&rft.aulast=Trifunovska&rft.aufirst=Sne%C5%BEana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvjLRzgyKKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUdovičkiŠtitkovac2000" class="citation book cs1">Udovički, Jasminka; Štitkovac, Ejub (2000). "Bosnia and Hercegovina: The Second War". In Udovički, Jasminka; Ridgeway, James (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHMioF8-CewC">Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia</a>. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 175–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2590-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-2590-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615011141/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHMioF8-CewC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosnia+and+Hercegovina%3A+The+Second+War&rft.btitle=Burn+This+House%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2590-1&rft.aulast=Udovi%C4%8Dki&rft.aufirst=Jasminka&rft.au=%C5%A0titkovac%2C+Ejub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHMioF8-CewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVelikonja2003" class="citation book cs1">Velikonja, Mitja (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli">Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Separation+and+Political+Intolerance+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-226-3&rft.aulast=Velikonja&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousseparat0000veli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalasek2015" class="citation book cs1">Walasek, Helen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fm4BwAAQBAJ">Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage</a>. Dorchester: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409437048" title="Special:BookSources/9781409437048"><bdi>9781409437048</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624031049/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fm4BwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+the+Destruction+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.place=Dorchester&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781409437048&rft.aulast=Walasek&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Fm4BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Zuercher" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Zuercher">Zürcher, Christoph</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_C6rxHwEkN4C">Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6241-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-6241-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803195910/https://books.google.com/books?id=_C6rxHwEkN4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Potentials+of+Disorder%3A+Explaining+Conflict+and+Stability+in+the+Caucasus+and+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6241-4&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_C6rxHwEkN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> News articles <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullough7_November_2007" class="citation news cs1">Bullough, Oliver (7 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/transcripts-suggest-croatia-conspired-break">"Transcripts Suggest Croatia Conspired to Break Up Bosnia"</a>. Institute for War & Peace Reporting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318210837/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/transcripts-suggest-croatia-conspired-break">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+War+%26+Peace+Reporting&rft.atitle=Transcripts+Suggest+Croatia+Conspired+to+Break+Up+Bosnia&rft.date=2007-11-07&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Ftranscripts-suggest-croatia-conspired-break&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns6_July_1992" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Burns" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Burns">Burns, John F.</a> (6 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/06/world/croats-claim-their-own-slice-of-bosnia.html?scp=9&sq=boban+bosnia&st=cse&pagewanted=all">"Croats Claim Their Own Slice of Bosnia"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321200942/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/06/world/croats-claim-their-own-slice-of-bosnia.html?scp=9&sq=boban+bosnia&st=cse&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croats+Claim+Their+Own+Slice+of+Bosnia&rft.date=1992-07-06&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F06%2Fworld%2Fcroats-claim-their-own-slice-of-bosnia.html%3Fscp%3D9%26sq%3Dboban%2Bbosnia%26st%3Dcse%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns21_July_1992" class="citation news cs1">Burns, John F. (21 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/22/world/un-resumes-relief-flights-to-sarajevo.html?pagewanted=all">"U.N. Resumes Relief Flights to Sarajevo"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321200940/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/22/world/un-resumes-relief-flights-to-sarajevo.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Resumes+Relief+Flights+to+Sarajevo&rft.date=1992-07-21&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F22%2Fworld%2Fun-resumes-relief-flights-to-sarajevo.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns26_July_1992" class="citation news cs1">Burns, John F. (26 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/world/croatian-pact-holds-risks-for-bosnians.html?pagewanted=all">"Croatian Pact Holds Risks for Bosnians"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313105852/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/world/croatian-pact-holds-risks-for-bosnians.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatian+Pact+Holds+Risks+for+Bosnians&rft.date=1992-07-26&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F26%2Fworld%2Fcroatian-pact-holds-risks-for-bosnians.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Tribune02_June_1999" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/06/02/west-rejects-revision-of-dayton-accords/">"West Rejects Revision Of Dayton Accords"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 2 June 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406152427/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-06-02/news/9906020134_1_bosnian-croats-muslim-croat-federation-carlos-westendorp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=West+Rejects+Revision+Of+Dayton+Accords&rft.date=1999-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1999%2F06%2F02%2Fwest-rejects-revision-of-dayton-accords%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarnton16_February_1994" class="citation news cs1">Darnton, John (16 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/16/world/un-forcing-croatia-to-acknowledge-its-invisible-army-in-bosnia.html">"U.N. Forcing Croatia to Acknowledge Its 'Invisible' Army in Bosnia"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Forcing+Croatia+to+Acknowledge+Its+%27Invisible%27+Army+in+Bosnia&rft.date=1994-02-16&rft.aulast=Darnton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F02%2F16%2Fworld%2Fun-forcing-croatia-to-acknowledge-its-invisible-army-in-bosnia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHedges16_November_1997" class="citation news cs1">Hedges, Chris (16 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/16/world/at-home-and-under-duress-with-bosnian-croats.html">"At Home and Under Duress With Bosnian Croats"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321030055/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/16/world/at-home-and-under-duress-with-bosnian-croats.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Home+and+Under+Duress+With+Bosnian+Croats&rft.date=1997-11-16&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F11%2F16%2Fworld%2Fat-home-and-under-duress-with-bosnian-croats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHedl5_September_2000" class="citation news cs1">Hedl, Dragutin (5 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/bosnian-trade">"Bosnian Trade Off"</a>. Institute for War & Peace Reporting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303002859/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/bosnian-trade">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+War+%26+Peace+Reporting&rft.atitle=Bosnian+Trade+Off&rft.date=2000-09-05&rft.aulast=Hedl&rft.aufirst=Dragutin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Fbosnian-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press25_February_1996" class="citation news cs1">Hranjski, Hrvoje (25 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=19960225&id=Q3pGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bOkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1205,5239427&hl=hr">"Croatian official says Bosnian peace is at risk"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Muslim+and+Croatian+Leaders+Approve+Federation+for+Bosnia&rft.date=1996-08-15&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F08%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmuslim-and-croatian-leaders-approve-federation-for-bosnia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle7_March_1993" class="citation news cs1">Pringle, Peter (7 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/progress-on-vance-owen-map-for-bosnia-1496066.html">"Progress on Vance-Owen map for Bosnia"</a>. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402064641/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/winter-of-trench-warfare-looms-muslims-and-croats-deadlocked-in-valley-1511730.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Winter+of+trench+warfare+looms%3A+Muslims+and+Croats+deadlocked+in+valley&rft.date=1993-10-19&rft.aulast=Kurt&rft.aufirst=Schork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwinter-of-trench-warfare-looms-muslims-and-croats-deadlocked-in-valley-1511730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSudetic7_September_1992" class="citation news cs1">Sudetic, Chuck (7 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/07/world/croatians-insist-muslim-fighters-leave-sarajevo-buffer-area.html">"Croatians Insist Muslim Fighters Leave Sarajevo Buffer Area"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623105712/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/07/world/croatians-insist-muslim-fighters-leave-sarajevo-buffer-area.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatians+Insist+Muslim+Fighters+Leave+Sarajevo+Buffer+Area&rft.date=1992-09-07&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F09%2F07%2Fworld%2Fcroatians-insist-muslim-fighters-leave-sarajevo-buffer-area.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSudetic8_September_1992" class="citation news cs1">Sudetic, Chuck (8 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/08/world/croatian-militia-denies-issuing-a-broad-challenge-to-bosnia.html">"Croatian Militia Denies Issuing a Broad Challenge to Bosnia"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315201209/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/08/world/croatian-militia-denies-issuing-a-broad-challenge-to-bosnia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatian+Militia+Denies+Issuing+a+Broad+Challenge+to+Bosnia&rft.date=1992-09-08&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F09%2F08%2Fworld%2Fcroatian-militia-denies-issuing-a-broad-challenge-to-bosnia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanner27_July_1993" class="citation news cs1">Tanner, Marcus (27 July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnia-new-commander-vows-to-return-fire-1487399.html">"Bosnia: New commander vows to return fire"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316212301/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnia-new-commander-vows-to-return-fire-1487399.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bosnia%3A+New+commander+vows+to+return+fire&rft.date=1993-07-27&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbosnia-new-commander-vows-to-return-fire-1487399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams9_May_1992" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Carol J. (9 May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-09-mn-1603-story.html">"Serbs, Croats Met Secretly to Split Bosnia"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204051617/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-09/news/mn-1603_1_united-states">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Serbs%2C+Croats+Met+Secretly+to+Split+Bosnia&rft.date=1992-05-09&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-05-09-mn-1603-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams15_January_1994" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Carol J. (15 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-15-mn-12065-story.html">"Croatia Risks Cutting Its Own Throat"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312005332/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-15/news/mn-12065_1_central-bosnia">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Croatia+Risks+Cutting+Its+Own+Throat&rft.date=1994-01-15&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-01-15-mn-12065-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> International, governmental, and NGO sources <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNizichMarkić1995" class="citation book cs1">Nizich, Ivana; Markić, Željka (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilpoliticalri0000nizi">Civil and Political Rights in Croatia</a>. Helsinki: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321480" title="Special:BookSources/9781564321480"><bdi>9781564321480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+and+Political+Rights+in+Croatia&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781564321480&rft.aulast=Nizich&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft.au=Marki%C4%87%2C+%C5%BDeljka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilpoliticalri0000nizi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_YugoslaviaPrlić_et_al._CIS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/cis/en/cis_prlic_al_en.pdf">"Prlić et al. – Case Information Sheet"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. IT-04-74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915160300/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/cis/en/cis_prlic_al_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2010-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prli%C4%87+et+al.+%E2%80%93+Case+Information+Sheet&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Fcis%2Fen%2Fcis_prlic_al_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlaskić_Judgement_Summary2000" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/blaskic/tjug/en/000303_summary_en.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskić Judgement Summary"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 3 March 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831161510/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/blaskic/tjug/en/000303_summary_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Tihomir+Blaski%C4%87+Judgement+Summary&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2000-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fblaskic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F000303_summary_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKordić_&_Čerkez_Judgement2001" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kordic_cerkez/tjug/en/kor-tj010226e.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez Judgement"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 26 February 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629204823/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kordic_cerkez/tjug/en/kor-tj010226e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Kordi%C4%87+and+%C4%8Cerkez+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2001-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fkordic_cerkez%2Ftjug%2Fen%2Fkor-tj010226e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKordić_&_Čerkez_Appeals_Judgement_Summary2004" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kordic_cerkez/acjug/en/040117_Kordi_erkez_summary_en.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Kordić & Čerkez Appeals Judgement Summary"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 17 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407212641/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/kordic_cerkez/acjug/en/040117_Kordi_erkez_summary_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Kordi%C4%87+%26+%C4%8Cerkez+Appeals+Judgement+Summary&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fkordic_cerkez%2Facjug%2Fen%2F040117_Kordi_erkez_summary_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelic_judgement2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/delic/tjug/en/080915.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Rasim Delić Judgement"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325034056/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/delic/tjug/en/080915.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Rasim+Deli%C4%87+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fdelic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F080915.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelic_Judgement_Summary2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/delic/tjug/en/080915_Delic_summary_en.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Rasim Delić Judgement Summary"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407212652/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/delic/tjug/en/080915_Delic_summary_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Rasim+Deli%C4%87+Judgement+Summary&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fdelic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F080915_Delic_summary_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-1.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 1 of 6"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004115457/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Jadranko+Prli%C4%87%2C+Bruno+Stoji%C4%87%2C+Slobodan+Praljak%2C+Milivoj+Petkovi%C4%87%2C+Valentin+%C4%86ori%C4%87%2C+Berislav+Pu%C5%A1i%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Judgement+%E2%80%93+Volume+1+of+6&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F130529-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.22013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-2.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 2 of 6"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220508020604/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Jadranko+Prli%C4%87%2C+Bruno+Stoji%C4%87%2C+Slobodan+Praljak%2C+Milivoj+Petkovi%C4%87%2C+Valentin+%C4%86ori%C4%87%2C+Berislav+Pu%C5%A1i%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Judgement+%E2%80%93+Volume+2+of+6&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F130529-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.42013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-4.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 4 of 6"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404154202/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Jadranko+Prli%C4%87%2C+Bruno+Stoji%C4%87%2C+Slobodan+Praljak%2C+Milivoj+Petkovi%C4%87%2C+Valentin+%C4%86ori%C4%87%2C+Berislav+Pu%C5%A1i%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Judgement+%E2%80%93+Volume+4+of+6&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F130529-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.62013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-6.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement – Volume 6 of 6"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004115611/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529-6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Jadranko+Prli%C4%87%2C+Bruno+Stoji%C4%87%2C+Slobodan+Praljak%2C+Milivoj+Petkovi%C4%87%2C+Valentin+%C4%86ori%C4%87%2C+Berislav+Pu%C5%A1i%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Judgement+%E2%80%93+Volume+6+of+6&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F130529-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/tjug/en/had-judg060315e.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović & Kubura Judgement"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707022901/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/tjug/en/had-judg060315e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87+%26+Kubura+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fhadzihasanovic_kubura%2Ftjug%2Fen%2Fhad-judg060315e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadzihasanovic_&_Kubura_Judgement_Summary2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/tjug/en/060315_Hadzihasanovic_Kubura_summary_en.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović & Kubura Judgement Summary"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004115556/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/tjug/en/060315_Hadzihasanovic_Kubura_summary_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87+%26+Kubura+Judgement+Summary&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fhadzihasanovic_kubura%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F060315_Hadzihasanovic_Kubura_summary_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaletilic_&_Martinovic_Judgement2003" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/naletilic_martinovic/tjug/en/nal-tj030331-e.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Naletilić & Martinović Judgement"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 31 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806014357/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/naletilic_martinovic/tjug/en/nal-tj030331-e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Naletili%C4%87+%26+Martinovi%C4%87+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fnaletilic_martinovic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2Fnal-tj030331-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGasal,_Kukavica_and_Dautovic_Case_Information2011" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/?opcija=predmeti&id=52&jezik=e">"Prosecutor v. Nisvet Gasal, Musajb Kukavica and Senad Dautović"</a>. Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321072923/http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/?opcija=predmeti&id=52&jezik=e">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Nisvet+Gasal%2C+Musajb+Kukavica+and+Senad+Dautovi%C4%87&rft.pub=Court+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudbih.gov.ba%2F%3Fopcija%3Dpredmeti%26id%3D52%26jezik%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuric_et_al._Case_Information2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304153603/http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?opcija=predmeti&id=1217&jezik=e">"Prosecutor v. Ćurić Enes, Demirović Ibrahim, Kreso Samir, Čopelja Habib and Kaminić Mehmed"</a>. Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?opcija=predmeti&id=1217&jezik=e">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+%C4%86uri%C4%87+Enes%2C+Demirovi%C4%87+Ibrahim%2C+Kreso+Samir%2C+%C4%8Copelja+Habib+and+Kamini%C4%87+Mehmed&rft.pub=Court+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudbih.gov.ba%2Findex.php%3Fopcija%3Dpredmeti%26id%3D1217%26jezik%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalilovic_Judgement_Summary2005" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/halilovic/tjug/en/051116_halilovic_summary_en.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Sefer Halilović – Appeals Chamber Judgement"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 Nov 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004115541/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/halilovic/tjug/en/051116_halilovic_summary_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Sefer+Halilovi%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Appeals+Chamber+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fhalilovic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F051116_halilovic_summary_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalilovic_judgement2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/halilovic/acjug/en/071016_Halilovic_summary_en.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Sefer Halilović – Appeals Chamber Judgement"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 Oct 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401200132/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/halilovic/acjug/en/071016_Halilovic_summary_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Sefer+Halilovi%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Appeals+Chamber+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fhalilovic%2Facjug%2Fen%2F071016_Halilovic_summary_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia29_May_2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/sid/11324">"Six Senior Herceg-Bosna Officials Convicted"</a>. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019035808/http://www.icty.org/sid/11324">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Senior+Herceg-Bosna+Officials+Convicted&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fsid%2F11324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFESI14_October_1999" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_4.pdf">Reshaping International Priorities In Bosnia And Herzegovina – Part I – Bosnian Power Structures</a> (PDF) (Report). European Stability Initiative. 14 October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001092248/https://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reshaping+International+Priorities+In+Bosnia+And+Herzegovina+%E2%80%93+Part+I+%E2%80%93+Bosnian+Power+Structures&rft.pub=European+Stability+Initiative&rft.date=1999-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esiweb.org%2Fpdf%2Fesi_document_id_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabeau2009" class="citation book cs1">Tabeau, Ewa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.org.rs/doc/testimonies33.pdf">Conflict in Numbers: Casualties of the 1990s Wars in the Former Yugoslavia (1991–1999)</a> (PDF). Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126112034/http://www.helsinki.org.rs/doc/testimonies33.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2016-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Numbers%3A+Casualties+of+the+1990s+Wars+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia+%281991%E2%80%931999%29&rft.pub=Helsinki+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+Serbia&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tabeau&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.org.rs%2Fdoc%2Ftestimonies33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACroat%E2%80%93Bosniak+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bosnian_War419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bosnian_War" title="Template:Bosnian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bosnian_War" title="Template talk:Bosnian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bosnian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bosnian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bosnian_War419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belligerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> Bosniak side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">1st Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="2nd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">2nd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="3rd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">3rd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="4th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">4th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="5th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">5th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="6th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">6th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="7th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">7th Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_League_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Berets_(Bosnian_paramilitary)" title="Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)">Green Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Croat side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">1OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">2OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">3OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">4OZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_(Croatian_Defence_Forces)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knights (Croatian Defence Forces) (page does not exist)">Knights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Serb side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Krajina_Corps" title="1st Krajina Corps">1st Krajina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Krajina_Corps" title="2nd Krajina Corps">2nd Krajina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">3rd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Bosnia_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Bosnia Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">East Bosnia Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herzegovina_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herzegovina Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">Herzegovina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo-Romanija_Corps" title="Sarajevo-Romanija Corps">Sarajevo-Romanija Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drina_Corps" title="Drina Corps">Drina Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vu%C4%8Djak" title="Wolves of Vučjak">Wolves of Vučjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Eagles_(paramilitary)" title="White Eagles (paramilitary)">White Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serb Volunteer Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(paramilitary)" title="Scorpions (paramilitary)">Scorpions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wasps" title="Yellow Wasps">Yellow Wasps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Western Bosnian side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikarpa%C5%A1i%C4%87%E2%80%93Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87_agreement" title="Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement">Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serb Autonomous Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a></li></ul></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia</a></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_wedding_attack" title="Sarajevo wedding attack">Sarajevo wedding attack</a></li> <li>Declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijekovac_killings" title="Sijekovac killings">Sijekovac killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijeljina_massacre" title="Bijeljina massacre">Bijeljina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_anti-war_protests_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo">1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazani_pit_killings" title="Kazani pit killings">Kazani pit killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_ethnic_cleansing" title="Foča ethnic cleansing">Foča ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosanski_%C5%A0amac_ethnic_cleansing" title="Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing">Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvornik_massacre" title="Zvornik massacre">Zvornik massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doboj_ethnic_cleansing_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doboj ethnic cleansing (1992)">Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagovo_massacre" title="Snagovo massacre">Snagovo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing" title="Prijedor ethnic cleansing">Prijedor ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo">Sarajevo column incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glogova_massacre" title="Glogova massacre">Glogova massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C5%A1va_Valley_ethnic_cleansing" title="Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing">Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Tuzla" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla">Tuzla column incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaklopa%C4%8Da_massacre" title="Zaklopača massacre">Zaklopača massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradina_massacre" title="Bradina massacre">Bradina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_bread_line_massacre" title="Sarajevo bread line massacre">Sarajevo bread line massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijeli_Potok_massacre" title="Bijeli Potok massacre">Bijeli Potok massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionirska_Street_fire" title="Pionirska Street fire">Pionirska Street fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_massacres" title="Višegrad massacres">Višegrad massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosanska_Jagodina_massacre" title="Bosanska Jagodina massacre">Bosanska Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paklenik_massacre" title="Paklenik massacre">Paklenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barimo_massacre" title="Barimo massacre">Barimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjeverin_massacre" title="Sjeverin massacre">Sjeverin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cemerno_massacre" title="Čemerno massacre">Čemerno massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahatovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahatovići massacre">Ahatovići massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikavac_fire" title="Bikavac fire">Bikavac fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1992_killings_of_Serbs_in_Bratunac_and_Srebrenica" title="July 1992 killings of Serbs in Bratunac and Srebrenica">Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Friendship_and_Cooperation_between_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_and_Croatia" title="Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia">Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori%C4%87ani_Cliffs_massacre" title="Korićani Cliffs massacre">Korićani Cliffs massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%8Divode_massacre" title="Mičivode massacre">Mičivode massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novoseoci_massacre" title="Novoseoci massacre">Novoseoci massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornja_Jo%C5%A1anica_massacre" title="Gornja Jošanica massacre">Gornja Jošanica massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_killings" title="Duša killings">Duša killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelani_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelani massacre">Skelani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0trpci_massacre" title="Štrpci massacre">Štrpci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_April_1993_Srebrenica_shelling" title="12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling">Srebrenica shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusina_massacre" title="Trusina massacre">Trusina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovi%C4%87i_and_Doljani_killings" title="Sovići and Doljani killings">Sovići and Doljani killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenica_massacre" title="Zenica massacre">Zenica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vranica_massacre" title="Vranica massacre">Vranica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrinja_mortar_attack" title="Dobrinja mortar attack">Dobrinja mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Battle of Žepče</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Travnik_(1993)" title="Battle of Travnik (1993)">Battle of Travnik (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">Battle of Bugojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabovica_massacre" title="Grabovica massacre">Grabovica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokronoge_massacre" title="Mokronoge massacre">Mokronoge massacre</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-Bosnian_Muslim_War" title="Intra-Bosnian Muslim War">Intra-Bosnian Muslim War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">Stupni Do massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo Selo killings">Križančevo Selo killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Operation Tvigi 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">First Markale massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident" title="Banja Luka incident">Banja Luka incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_roadside_attack_on_Spin_magazine_journalists" title="1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists">Attack on Spin magazine journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_%22Breza_%2794%22" title="Operation "Breza '94"">Operation "Breza '94"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_347" title="Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347">Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vlašić">Operation Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Agreement" title="Split Agreement">Split Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Pale air strikes">Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_May_1995_Tuzla_shelling" class="mw-redirect" title="25 May 1995 Tuzla shelling">Tuzla shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_massacre_(1995)" title="Kravica massacre (1995)">Kravica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">Second Markale massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">NATO bombing campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Sarajevo_Serbs" title="Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs">Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internment camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silos_camp" title="Silos camp">Silos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da_camp" title="Manjača camp">Manjača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liplje_camp" title="Liplje camp">Liplje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luka_camp" title="Luka camp">Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilina_Vlas" title="Vilina Vlas">Vilina Vlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omarska_camp" title="Omarska camp">Omarska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraterm_camp" title="Keraterm camp">Keraterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trnopolje_camp" title="Trnopolje camp">Trnopolje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C5%A1ica_camp" title="Sušica camp">Sušica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celebi%C4%87i_camp" title="Čelebići camp">Čelebići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musala_camp" title="Musala camp">Musala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batkovi%C4%87_camp" title="Batković camp">Batković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dretelj_camp" title="Dretelj camp">Dretelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzamnica_camp" title="Uzamnica camp">Uzamnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodrom_camp" title="Heliodrom camp">Heliodrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabela_camp" title="Gabela camp">Gabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojno_camp" title="Vojno camp">Vojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenica_camp" title="Kamenica camp">Kamenica camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camps in the Bosnian War">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_proposed_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War">Peace plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_support_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign support in the Bosnian War">Foreign support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bosnian War">Timeline of the Bosnian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War">Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bosnian_War" title="Category:Bosnian War">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosnian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bosnian War">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslav_Wars505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template:Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template talk:Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslav_Wars505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War</a> (1992–1994)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> (1998–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a> (1999–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-war protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_anti-war_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_anti-war_protests_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">YUTEL for Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FRY/SRJ)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a> (HRHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a> (APZB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Serb_Autonomous_Regions27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serb Autonomous Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (RS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">SAO Bosanska Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">SAO Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_North-Eastern_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO North-Eastern Bosnia">SAO North-Eastern Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">SAO Romanija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)">Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Republic_(1991)" title="Dubrovnik Republic (1991)">Dubrovnik Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations protectorate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav Territorial Defence</a> (TO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a> (TORS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(FRY)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Army (FRY)">Yugoslav Army</a> (VJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Ground_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Ground Army">Croatian Army</a> (HV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defence_Force_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">BiH Territorial Defence</a> (TORBIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (ARBiH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Serb_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina">Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina</a> (SVK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> (HVO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (UÇK in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">R. Serbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> (UÇK in R. Macedonia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac</a> (UÇPMB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military formations and volunteers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian National Guard</a> (ZNG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a> (HOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Eagles_(paramilitary)" title="White Eagles (paramilitary)">White Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Guard" title="Serbian Guard">Serb Guard</a> (SG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serb Volunteer Guard</a> (SDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpions (Serbia)">Scorpions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wasps" title="Yellow Wasps">Yellow Wasps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_Panteri" title="Garda Panteri">Garda Panteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_the_Mighty_(paramilitary)" title="Dušan the Mighty (paramilitary)">Dušan the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kninjas" title="Kninjas">Kninjas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Falcons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Falcons (page does not exist)">Serb Falcons</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="sr:Српски соколови">sr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobutski_sokolovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobutski sokolovi (page does not exist)">Tobutski sokolovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackals_(paramilitary)" title="Jackals (paramilitary)">Jackals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Volunteer_Guard" title="Greek Volunteer Guard">Greek Volunteer Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vu%C4%8Djak" title="Wolves of Vučjak">Wolves of Vučjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKSH" class="mw-redirect" title="AKSH">AKSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Berets_(Bosnian_paramilitary)" title="Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)">Green Berets</a> (GB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_League_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Patriotic League</a> (PL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swans_(special_forces)" title="Black Swans (special forces)">Black Swans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a> (NOZB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">IFOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina">SFOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="European Union Monitoring Mission in the former Yugoslavia">EUMM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Confidence_Restoration_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation">UNCRO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikret_Abdi%C4%87" title="Fikret Abdić">Fikret Abdić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87" title="Milan Babić">Milan Babić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_Boban" title="Mate Boban">Mate Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87" title="Momir Bulatović">Momir Bulatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaz_Durakovi%C4%87" title="Nijaz Duraković">Nijaz Duraković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Drašković">Vuk Drašković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Goran Hadžić">Goran Hadžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Borisav Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirko_Jovi%C4%87" title="Mirko Jović">Mirko Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik" title="Momčilo Krajišnik">Momčilo Krajišnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87" title="Milan Martić">Milan Martić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Parad%C5%BEik" title="Ante Paradžik">Ante Paradžik</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_Paraga" title="Dobroslav Paraga">Dobroslav Paraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojze_Peterle" title="Lojze Peterle">Lojze Peterle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biljana_Plav%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Biljana Plavšić">Biljana Plavšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadranko_Prli%C4%87" title="Jadranko Prlić">Jadranko Prlić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Ra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Rašković">Jovan Rašković</a>  <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haris_Silajd%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Haris Silajdžić">Haris Silajdžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_Zubak" title="Krešimir Zubak">Krešimir Zubak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top military commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Ademi" title="Rahim Ademi">Rahim Ademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Bobetko" title="Janko Bobetko">Janko Bobetko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agim_%C3%87eku" title="Agim Çeku">Agim Çeku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasim_Deli%C4%87" title="Rasim Delić">Rasim Delić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Halilovi%C4%87" title="Sefer Halilović">Sefer Halilović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_Kadijevi%C4%87" title="Veljko Kadijević">Veljko Kadijević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Mile Novaković">Mile Novaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_Ojdani%C4%87" title="Dragoljub Ojdanić">Dragoljub Ojdanić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivota_Pani%C4%87" title="Života Panić">Života Panić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Pavkovi%C4%87" title="Nebojša Pavković">Nebojša Pavković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Peri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Momčilo Perišić">Momčilo Perišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milivoj_Petkovi%C4%87" title="Milivoj Petković">Milivoj Petković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridvan_Qazimi" title="Ridvan Qazimi">Ridvan Qazimi</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0pegelj" title="Martin Špegelj">Martin Špegelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gojko_%C5%A0u%C5%A1ak" title="Gojko Šušak">Gojko Šušak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Alagi%C4%87" title="Mehmed Alagić">Mehmed Alagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihomir_Bla%C5%A1ki%C4%87" title="Tihomir Blaškić">Tihomir Blaškić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Božović">Đorđe Božović</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_%C4%86ori%C4%87" title="Valentin Ćorić">Valentin Ćorić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Divjak" title="Jovan Divjak">Jovan Divjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atif_Dudakovi%C4%87" title="Atif Dudaković">Atif Dudaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Gotovina" title="Ante Gotovina">Ante Gotovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaim_Imamovi%C4%87_(officer)" title="Zaim Imamović (officer)">Zaim Imamović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Blaž Kraljević</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Lazarević">Vladimir Lazarević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Veljko Milanković">Veljko Milanković</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Mrk%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mile Mrkšić">Mile Mrkšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naser_Ori%C4%87" title="Naser Orić">Naser Orić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Pa%C5%A1ali%C4%87" title="Arif Pašalić">Arif Pašalić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Praljak" title="Slobodan Praljak">Slobodan Praljak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivica_Raji%C4%87" title="Ivica Rajić">Ivica Rajić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan" title="Arkan">Željko Ražnatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Savi%C4%87" title="Ljubiša Savić">Ljubiša Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_%C5%A0iber" title="Stjepan Šiber">Stjepan Šiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C5%A0ljivan%C4%8Danin" title="Veselin Šljivančanin">Veselin Šljivančanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuka%C5%A1in_%C5%A0o%C5%A1ko%C4%87anin" title="Vukašin Šoškoćanin">Vukašin Šoškoćanin</a>  <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Tepi%C4%87" title="Milan Tepić">Milan Tepić</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milorad_Ulemek" title="Milorad Ulemek">Milorad Ulemek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragan_Vasiljkovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Vasiljković">Dragan Vasiljković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blago_Zadro" title="Blago Zadro">Blago Zadro</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key foreign figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Earl Carter Jr.">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Claes" title="Willy Claes">Willy Claes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Feith" title="Pieter Feith">Pieter Feith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Lord Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Klein" title="Jacques Paul Klein">Jacques Paul Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galbraith" title="Peter Galbraith">Peter Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner" title="Manfred Wörner">Manfred Wörner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croatian_War_of_Independence390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kijevo" title="Siege of Kijevo">Siege of Kijevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_riot_in_Zadar" title="1991 riot in Zadar">1991 riot in Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protest_in_Split" title="1991 protest in Split">1991 protest in Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_killings_of_Serbs_in_Vukovar" title="1991 killings of Serbs in Vukovar">Killings of Serbs in Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisak_killings" title="Sisak killings">Sisak killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenja_killings" title="Tenja killings">Tenja killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalj_massacre" title="Dalj massacre">Dalj massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Labrador" title="Operation Labrador">Operation Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banija_villages_killings" title="Banija villages killings">Banija villages killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrinja_killings" title="Petrinja killings">Petrinja killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berak_killings" title="Berak killings">Berak killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetekovac_massacre" title="Četekovac massacre">Četekovac massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korana_bridge_killings" title="Korana bridge killings">Korana bridge killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovarnik_massacre" title="Tovarnik massacre">Tovarnik massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novo_Selo_Glinsko_massacre" title="Novo Selo Glinsko massacre">Novo Selo Glinsko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Banski_dvori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Banski dvori">Bombing of Banski dvori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iroka_Kula_massacre" title="Široka Kula massacre">Široka Kula massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovas_killings" title="Lovas killings">Lovas killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_massacre" title="Gospić massacre">Gospić massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%87in_massacre" title="Baćin massacre">Baćin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saborsko_massacre" title="Saborsko massacre">Saborsko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEega_villages_massacre" title="Požega villages massacre">Požega villages massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logori%C5%A1te" title="Battle of Logorište">Battle of Logorište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poljanak_and_Vukovi%C4%87i_massacres" title="Poljanak and Vukovići massacres">Poljanak and Vukovići massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_killings" title="Erdut killings">Erdut killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula_airport_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Pula airport incident">Pula incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Dalmatian channels">Battle of the Dalmatian channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostri%C4%87i_massacre" title="Kostrići massacre">Kostrići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja_massacre" title="Škabrnja massacre">Škabrnja massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">Vukovar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_killings_of_Serbs_in_Novska" title="1991 killings of Serbs in Novska">Novska murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_plan" title="Vance plan">Vance plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Zec_family" title="Murder of the Zec family">Murder of the Zec family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulin_Dvor_massacre" title="Paulin Dvor massacre">Paulin Dvor massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Jame_massacre" title="Gornje Jame massacre">Gornje Jame massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre" title="Voćin massacre">Voćin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%A1evica_massacre" title="Joševica massacre">Joševica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devil%27s_Beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Devil's Beam">Operation Devil's Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru%C5%A1ka_massacre" title="Bruška massacre">Bruška massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrsar_airport_bombing" title="Vrsar airport bombing">Vrsar airport bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Agreement">Sarajevo Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing" title="1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing">1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Liberated_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Liberated Land">Operation Liberated Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konavle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Konavle">Battle of Konavle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vlaštica">Operation Vlaštica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993–94</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruvar_Agreement" title="Daruvar Agreement">Daruvar Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backstop" title="Operation Backstop">Operation Backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-4_Plan" title="Z-4 Plan">Z-4 Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medari_massacre" title="Medari massacre">Medari massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb rocket attack">Zagreb rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kijani_killings" title="Kijani killings">Kijani killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubi%C4%87_killings" title="Golubić killings">Golubić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzdolje_killings" title="Uzdolje killings">Uzdolje killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1995_Bosanski_Petrovac_refugee_column_bombing" title="August 1995 Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing">Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvor_massacre" title="Dvor massacre">Dvor massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi%C4%87_killings" title="Komić killings">Komić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go%C5%A1i%C4%87_killings" title="Gošić killings">Gošić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varivode_massacre" title="Varivode massacre">Varivode massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Maestral 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence">Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internment camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begejci_camp" title="Begejci camp">Begejci camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%8Dje_camp" title="Bučje camp">Bučje camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestinec_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestinec camp">Kerestinec camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knin_camp" title="Knin camp">Knin camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuline_prison" title="Kuline prison">Kuline prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lora_prison_camp" title="Lora prison camp">Lora prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Selo_camp" title="Marino Selo camp">Marino Selo camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara_camp" title="Ovčara camp">Ovčara camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakra%C4%8Dka_Poljana_camp" title="Pakračka Poljana camp">Pakračka Poljana camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_prison_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sremska Mitrovica prison camp">Sremska Mitrovica prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staji%C4%87evo_camp" title="Stajićevo camp">Stajićevo camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velepromet_camp" title="Velepromet camp">Velepromet camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Croats_in_Serbia_during_the_war_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia">Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Croatian War of Independence">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Croatian_War_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Croatian War of Independence">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bosnian_War" title="Template:Bosnian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bosnian_War" title="Template talk:Bosnian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bosnian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bosnian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bosnian_War419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belligerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992_-_1998.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> Bosniak side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">1st Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="2nd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">2nd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="3rd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">3rd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="4th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">4th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="5th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">5th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="6th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">6th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="7th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">7th Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_League_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Berets_(Bosnian_paramilitary)" title="Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)">Green Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Croat side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">1OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">2OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">3OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">4OZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_(Croatian_Defence_Forces)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knights (Croatian Defence Forces) (page does not exist)">Knights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Serb side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Krajina_Corps" title="1st Krajina Corps">1st Krajina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Krajina_Corps" title="2nd Krajina Corps">2nd Krajina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">3rd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Bosnia_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Bosnia Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">East Bosnia Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herzegovina_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herzegovina Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">Herzegovina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo-Romanija_Corps" title="Sarajevo-Romanija Corps">Sarajevo-Romanija Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drina_Corps" title="Drina Corps">Drina Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vu%C4%8Djak" title="Wolves of Vučjak">Wolves of Vučjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Eagles_(paramilitary)" title="White Eagles (paramilitary)">White Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serb Volunteer Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(paramilitary)" title="Scorpions (paramilitary)">Scorpions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wasps" title="Yellow Wasps">Yellow Wasps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Western Bosnian side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikarpa%C5%A1i%C4%87%E2%80%93Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87_agreement" title="Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement">Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serb Autonomous Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a></li></ul></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia</a></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_wedding_attack" title="Sarajevo wedding attack">Sarajevo wedding attack</a></li> <li>Declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijekovac_killings" title="Sijekovac killings">Sijekovac killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijeljina_massacre" title="Bijeljina massacre">Bijeljina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_anti-war_protests_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo">1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazani_pit_killings" title="Kazani pit killings">Kazani pit killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_ethnic_cleansing" title="Foča ethnic cleansing">Foča ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosanski_%C5%A0amac_ethnic_cleansing" title="Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing">Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvornik_massacre" title="Zvornik massacre">Zvornik massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doboj_ethnic_cleansing_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doboj ethnic cleansing (1992)">Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagovo_massacre" title="Snagovo massacre">Snagovo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing" title="Prijedor ethnic cleansing">Prijedor ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo">Sarajevo column incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glogova_massacre" title="Glogova massacre">Glogova massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C5%A1va_Valley_ethnic_cleansing" title="Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing">Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Tuzla" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla">Tuzla column incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaklopa%C4%8Da_massacre" title="Zaklopača massacre">Zaklopača massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradina_massacre" title="Bradina massacre">Bradina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_bread_line_massacre" title="Sarajevo bread line massacre">Sarajevo bread line massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijeli_Potok_massacre" title="Bijeli Potok massacre">Bijeli Potok massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionirska_Street_fire" title="Pionirska Street fire">Pionirska Street fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_massacres" title="Višegrad massacres">Višegrad massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosanska_Jagodina_massacre" title="Bosanska Jagodina massacre">Bosanska Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paklenik_massacre" title="Paklenik massacre">Paklenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barimo_massacre" title="Barimo massacre">Barimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjeverin_massacre" title="Sjeverin massacre">Sjeverin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cemerno_massacre" title="Čemerno massacre">Čemerno massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahatovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahatovići massacre">Ahatovići massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikavac_fire" title="Bikavac fire">Bikavac fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1992_killings_of_Serbs_in_Bratunac_and_Srebrenica" title="July 1992 killings of Serbs in Bratunac and Srebrenica">Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Friendship_and_Cooperation_between_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_and_Croatia" title="Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia">Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori%C4%87ani_Cliffs_massacre" title="Korićani Cliffs massacre">Korićani Cliffs massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%8Divode_massacre" title="Mičivode massacre">Mičivode massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novoseoci_massacre" title="Novoseoci massacre">Novoseoci massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornja_Jo%C5%A1anica_massacre" title="Gornja Jošanica massacre">Gornja Jošanica massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_killings" title="Duša killings">Duša killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelani_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelani massacre">Skelani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0trpci_massacre" title="Štrpci massacre">Štrpci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_April_1993_Srebrenica_shelling" title="12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling">Srebrenica shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusina_massacre" title="Trusina massacre">Trusina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovi%C4%87i_and_Doljani_killings" title="Sovići and Doljani killings">Sovići and Doljani killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenica_massacre" title="Zenica massacre">Zenica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vranica_massacre" title="Vranica massacre">Vranica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrinja_mortar_attack" title="Dobrinja mortar attack">Dobrinja mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Battle of Žepče</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Travnik_(1993)" title="Battle of Travnik (1993)">Battle of Travnik (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">Battle of Bugojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabovica_massacre" title="Grabovica massacre">Grabovica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokronoge_massacre" title="Mokronoge massacre">Mokronoge massacre</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-Bosnian_Muslim_War" title="Intra-Bosnian Muslim War">Intra-Bosnian Muslim War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">Stupni Do massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo Selo killings">Križančevo Selo killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Operation Tvigi 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">First Markale massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident" title="Banja Luka incident">Banja Luka incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_roadside_attack_on_Spin_magazine_journalists" title="1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists">Attack on Spin magazine journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_%22Breza_%2794%22" title="Operation "Breza '94"">Operation "Breza '94"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_347" title="Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347">Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vlašić">Operation Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Agreement" title="Split Agreement">Split Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Pale air strikes">Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_May_1995_Tuzla_shelling" class="mw-redirect" title="25 May 1995 Tuzla shelling">Tuzla shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_massacre_(1995)" title="Kravica massacre (1995)">Kravica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">Second Markale massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">NATO bombing campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Sarajevo_Serbs" title="Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs">Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internment camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silos_camp" title="Silos camp">Silos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da_camp" title="Manjača camp">Manjača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liplje_camp" title="Liplje camp">Liplje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luka_camp" title="Luka camp">Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilina_Vlas" title="Vilina Vlas">Vilina Vlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omarska_camp" title="Omarska camp">Omarska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraterm_camp" title="Keraterm camp">Keraterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trnopolje_camp" title="Trnopolje camp">Trnopolje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C5%A1ica_camp" title="Sušica camp">Sušica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celebi%C4%87i_camp" title="Čelebići camp">Čelebići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musala_camp" title="Musala camp">Musala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batkovi%C4%87_camp" title="Batković camp">Batković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dretelj_camp" title="Dretelj camp">Dretelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzamnica_camp" title="Uzamnica camp">Uzamnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodrom_camp" title="Heliodrom camp">Heliodrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabela_camp" title="Gabela camp">Gabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojno_camp" title="Vojno camp">Vojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenica_camp" title="Kamenica camp">Kamenica camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camps in the Bosnian War">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_proposed_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War">Peace plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_support_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign support in the Bosnian War">Foreign support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bosnian War">Timeline of the Bosnian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War">Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bosnian_War" title="Category:Bosnian War">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosnian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bosnian War">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Category:Yugoslav Wars">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yugoslav wars">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">conflicts in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion (2023)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War (1992–1995)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">Albanian Civil War (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_European_re-armament" class="mw-redirect" title="2020s European re-armament">European re-armament in the 2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">List of frozen conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alija_Izetbegović507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Template:Alija Izetbegović"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Template talk:Alija Izetbegović"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alija Izetbegović"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alija_Izetbegović507" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosniak_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bosniak members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosniak Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1990–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li>General elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Bosnian_general_election" title="1990 Bosnian general election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bosnian_general_election" title="1996 Bosnian general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Bosnian_general_election" title="1998 Bosnian general election">1998</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Funeral of Alija Izetbegović">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Karađorđevo meeting</a></li> <li>Agreements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikarpa%C5%A1i%C4%87%E2%80%93Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87_agreement" title="Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement">Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_proposed_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War#Carrington–Cutileiro_plan" title="Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War">Lisbon Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Agreement (1994)">Washington Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">1992 Independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_anti-war_protests_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo">1992 anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croat–Bosniak War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakir_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Bakir Izetbegović">Bakir Izetbegović</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Category:Alija Izetbegović">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-qblfg","wgBackendResponseTime":378,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.097","walltime":"3.420","ppvisitednodes":{"value":44948,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":795978,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":58713,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":692629,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2762.592 1 -total"," 39.82% 1099.938 489 Template:Sfn"," 13.72% 379.103 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.34% 313.194 63 Template:Cite_book"," 9.75% 269.251 43 Template:Cite_web"," 7.25% 200.154 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 6.00% 165.830 35 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[\"CITEREFCalic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChicago_Tribune02_June_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCigar1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuric_et_al._Case_Information2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnton16_February_1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Ponte2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelic_Judgement_Summary2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelic_judgement2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDykerVejvoda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFESI14_October_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasal,_Kukavica_and_Dautovic_Case_Information2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenny1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosztonyi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowPatersonPreston1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandits2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadzihasanovic_\u0026amp;_Kubura_Judgement2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadzihasanovic_\u0026amp;_Kubura_Judgement_Summary2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalilovic_Judgement_Summary2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalilovic_judgement2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedges16_November_1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedl5_September_2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoareMarch_1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockenos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFICTY\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia29_May_2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_YugoslaviaPrlić_et_al._CIS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraeli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarli2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemenčićPrattSchofield1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohlmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić_\u0026amp;_Čerkez_Appeals_Judgement_Summary2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić_\u0026amp;_Čerkez_Judgement2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrišto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurspahić2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLashmarBruceCookson1_November_2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawsonBertucci1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis4_February_1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukicLynch1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLušić3_November_2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagašŽanić2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazowiecki1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojzes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMrduljaš2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulaj2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers06_May_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaletilic_\u0026amp;_Martinovic_Judgement2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNizich1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNizichMarkić1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor16_December_1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen-Jackson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerica2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlez15_August_1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolšak_Palatinuš2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle7_March_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.22013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.42013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrlic_et_al._judgement_vol.62013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRametClewingLukić2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedlmayer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadkovich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchork19_October_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSells1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSells2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrader2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_van_den_BergBart_H._Meijer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudetic7_September_1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudetic8_September_1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabeau2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakeyhGvosdev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner27_July_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatalovićJakešević2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToalDahlman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrifunovska1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdovičkiŠtitkovac2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelikonja2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalasek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams15_January_1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams9_May_1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 9,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Alija Izetbegović\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"Bosnian War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Bosnian War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Croat–Bosniak War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 43,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Croat-Bosniak War\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 18,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 5,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 45,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 5,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-Cold War European 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