ADW: Bivalvia: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Bivalvia: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bivalvia/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bivalvia/" /> <meta content="Bivalvia" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/tridacna/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Bivalvia" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Bivalvia on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/tridacna/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="360" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bivalvia/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Bivalvia&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-class">Bivalvia</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Bivalvia/pictures/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/tridacna/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/tridacna/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Bivalvia/pictures/collections/contributors/jo_okeefe/incongruous_arks_100_6317/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/jo_okeefe/incongruous_arks_100_6317/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Bivalvia/pictures/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/coquina2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/coquina2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Bivalvia/pictures/collections/contributors/peter_middelfart/ephippodonta_lunata/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/peter_middelfart/ephippodonta_lunata/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Bivalvia/pictures/collections/contributors/klaus_jost/00020251/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/klaus_jost/00020251/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <p>Also known as pelecypods, the approximately 15,000 species of this taxon are found in marine and freshwater habitats throughout the world.</p> <p>A bivalve is characterized by possessing two shells secreted by a mantle that extends in a sheet on either side of the body. The oldest part of the shell, the <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva006b.gif/small.jpg">umbo</a>, can be recognized as a large hump on the anterior end of the dorsal side of each shell. The two shells are joined at the dorsal end by a region called the ligament. The <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva006b.gif/small.jpg">ligament is comprised of the tensilium and resilium</a>. Together they open the shells at rest. A bivalve closes its shells by contracting its powerful adductor muscles. Commonly there are two, an <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva006b.gif/small.jpg">anterior</a> and a <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva006b.gif/small.jpg">posterior</a> one, but in some taxa (such as scallops) there is only a single, central one.</p> <p>The body is laterally compressed. The only external structures are the <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva002b.gif/small.jpg">labial palps</a>; in some groups, there are sensory tentacles and photoreceptors at the edge of the <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva002b.gif/small.jpg">mantle</a>. Bivalves also possess two <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva002b.gif/small.jpg">ctenida</a> (in most cases) and a muscular foot. The edges of the mantle are fused in some taxa and prolonged to form tube-like <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/biva002b.gif/small.jpg">siphons</a>. One siphon carries water to the mantle cavity (the inhalent siphon) and one from it (the exhalent siphon); in many taxa they are fused but the water streams remain separate. A bivalve uses its muscular foot either to attach itself to a substrate or to burrow. Scallops propel themselves through the water by jet propulsion: rapid closing of the valves squirts water out of the mantle cavity, and the animal "swims" in the opposite direction.</p> <p>Most bivalves are filter feeders, but some are scavengers or even predators. The four main feeding types of bivalves are defined by gill structure. In protobranchs, the ctenida are used only for respiration and food is caught by the labial palps. In filibranchs and lamellibranchs, the ctenida trap the food particles in their mucous coating and transfer the food to the labial palps via ciliary action. These two groups differ in that the branches of the ctenida are connected only by ciliary junctions in filibranchs whereas lamellibranchs have tissue connecting the branches of the ctenida. A septibranch bivalve has a septum across its mantle cavity, which functions to pump in food. Thus, Bivalvia is the only molluscan class characterized by the absence of a radula.</p> <p>Most marine bivalves go through a <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/bivalveliferot2.gif/medium.jpg">trochophore</a> stage before turning into a free-swimming <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/bivalveliferot2.gif/medium.jpg">veliger</a> larva. This type of larva looks like a miniature bivalve with a row of cilia along the edge of the mantle. Freshwater species lack these stages. Instead, some go through a larval stage known as the <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/bivalveliferot2.gif/medium.jpg">glochidium</a>. Rather than being free-swimming, a glochidium attaches to fish or other objects that will not be swept downstream. Glochidia can be serious pests of freshwater fish.</p> <p>The evolutionary relationships of bivalve lineages are not currently well understood. There appear to be many parallel lines of evolution that obscure relationships between taxa. However, there is some consensus that Protobranchia (Palaeotaxodonta), Pteriomorpha, Heterodonata, and Anomalodesmata are legitimate taxonomic groups. Pteriomorphans, characterized by reduced or absent siphons, usually have filibranch ctenida. Heterodontans are typified by possessing large siphons and have lamellibranch gill structure. Lastly, anomalodesmatans are the septibranch bivalves.</p> <p>Many bivalves (such as clams or oysters) are used as food in places all over the world. Pearl oysters are used for commercial production of pearls. Bivalves can also cause economic damage. The glochidia larvae of some freshwater mussels can be serious parasites of fish, and some marine bivalves bore through wood, causing damage to wooden ships, pilings, and other wood structures.</p> <p align="center"> <a href="/site/resources/jack_burch/009.rjb1.jpg/view.html"> <img src="/site/resources/jack_burch/009.rjb1.jpg/thumbnail.jpg" /> </a> </p> <p>Bivalves dislodged from beneath a single rock in a coral lagoon in the South Pacific. Included are pen shells, pearl oysters and a young <em>Tridacna</em>. Note the bivalve with its inhalant (ventral) and exhalant (dorsal) siphons extended. Photograph: Jack Burch</p> <p align="center"> <a href="/site/resources/jack_burch/010.rjb1.jpg/view.html"> <img src="/site/resources/jack_burch/010.rjb1.jpg/thumbnail.jpg" /> </a> </p> <p>Included is an anterior end view of a bivalve with its valves widely gaping, showing the mantle lining each valve, the foot, the two demibranchs on each side of the foot, and the labial palps. Photograph: Jack Burch</p> <hr /> <p> <strong>References:</strong> </p> <p>Kolzoff, E. N. (1990) Invertebrates. Sauders College Publishing.</p> <p>Purchon, R. D. (1968) The Biology of the Mollusca. Pergamon Press.</p> <p>Tasch, P. (1973) Paleobiology of the Invertebrates: Data Retrieval from the Fossil Record. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</p> <hr /> <p>Written by: Derek Kellogg and Daphne G. Fautin. Last updated: 26 January 2001</p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i 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href="/accounts/Bivalvia/pictures/" id="feature-pictures"> Pictures </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-specimens"> <a name="feature-specimens" href="/accounts/Bivalvia/specimens/" id="feature-specimens"> Specimens </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-maps"> <a name="feature-maps" href="/accounts/Bivalvia/maps/" id="feature-maps"> Maps </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-classification"> <a name="feature-classification" href="/accounts/Bivalvia/classification/#Bivalvia" id="feature-classification"> Classification </a> </dd> </dl> <div class="classification well"> <h3>Classification</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <span class="rank">Kingdom</span> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="taxon-name rank-kingdom">Animalia</a> <span class="vernacular-name">animals</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="4749">Animalia: information (1)</a> <a 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fluminea: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Crassostrea_virginica/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Crassostrea virginica</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Crassostrea_virginica/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Crassostrea virginica: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Crassostrea virginica: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Crassostrea_virginica/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Crassostrea virginica: pictures (5)" data-delay="250">Crassostrea virginica: pictures (5)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Donax_variabilis/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Donax variabilis</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Donax_variabilis/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Donax variabilis: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Donax variabilis: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Donax_variabilis/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Donax variabilis: pictures (8)" data-delay="250">Donax variabilis: pictures (8)</a> <a href="/accounts/Donax_variabilis/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Donax variabilis: specimens (1)" data-delay="250">Donax variabilis: specimens (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Dreissena_bugensis/" 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class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Entovalva_lessonothuriae/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Entovalva lessonothuriae</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Entovalva_lessonothuriae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Entovalva lessonothuriae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Entovalva lessonothuriae: information (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Ephippodonta_lunata/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Ephippodonta lunata</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Ephippodonta_lunata/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Ephippodonta lunata: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Ephippodonta lunata: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Ephippodonta_lunata/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Ephippodonta lunata: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Ephippodonta lunata: pictures (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Ephippodonta_lunata/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Ephippodonta lunata: specimens (1)" data-delay="250">Ephippodonta lunata: specimens (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Geukensia_demissa/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Geukensia demissa</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Geukensia_demissa/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Geukensia demissa: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Geukensia demissa: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Geukensia_demissa/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Geukensia demissa: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Geukensia demissa: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Margaritiferidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Margaritiferidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Margaritiferidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Margaritiferidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="2">Margaritiferidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Margaritiferidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Margaritiferidae: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Margaritiferidae: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Mercenaria_mercenaria/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Mercenaria mercenaria</a> <span class="vernacular-name">northern quahog</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Mercenaria_mercenaria/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mercenaria mercenaria: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Mercenaria mercenaria: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Mercenaria_mercenaria/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mercenaria mercenaria: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Mercenaria mercenaria: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_californianus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Mytilus californianus</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_californianus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mytilus californianus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Mytilus californianus: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_californianus/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mytilus californianus: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Mytilus californianus: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_edulis/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Mytilus edulis</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_edulis/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mytilus edulis: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Mytilus edulis: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_edulis/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mytilus edulis: pictures (4)" data-delay="250">Mytilus edulis: pictures (4)</a> <a href="/accounts/Mytilus_edulis/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Mytilus edulis: specimens (2)" data-delay="250">Mytilus edulis: specimens (2)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Panopea_generosa/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Panopea generosa</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Panopea_generosa/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Panopea generosa: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Panopea generosa: information (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Pinctada_margaritifera/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Pinctada margaritifera</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Pinctada_margaritifera/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Pinctada margaritifera: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Pinctada margaritifera: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Pinctada_margaritifera/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Pinctada margaritifera: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Pinctada margaritifera: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Placopecten_magellanicus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Placopecten magellanicus</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Placopecten_magellanicus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Placopecten magellanicus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Placopecten magellanicus: information (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Teredo_navalis/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Teredo navalis</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Teredo_navalis/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Teredo navalis: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Teredo navalis: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Teredo_navalis/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Teredo navalis: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Teredo navalis: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Tridacna gigas</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Tridacna gigas: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Tridacna gigas: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Tridacna gigas: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Tridacna gigas: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Unionidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Unionidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Unionidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Unionidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="59">Unionidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Unionidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Unionidae: pictures (4)" data-delay="250">Unionidae: pictures (4)</a> <a href="/accounts/Unionidae/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Unionidae: specimens (45)" data-delay="250">Unionidae: specimens (45)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <a href="/accounts/Unionidae/maps/" class="feature feature-maps" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Unionidae: maps (42)" data-delay="250">Unionidae: maps (42)</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: 2002. "Bivalvia" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 28, 2024 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bivalvia/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> 漏 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. </p> <p> The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. </p> </div> </div> </div> <script></script> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/pica.information.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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ADW: Bivalvia: INFORMATION