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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="إكراه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إكراه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvang" title="Tvang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tvang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6tigung" title="Nötigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nötigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coerci%C3%B3n" title="Coerción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coerción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertsadura" title="Hertsadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hertsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اجبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercition" title="Coercition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coercition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C" title="강제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Ֆիզիկական կամ մտավոր հարկադրանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկական կամ մտավոր հարկադրանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisila" title="Prisila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prisila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksaan" title="Paksaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paksaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercizione" title="Coercizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coercizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬಲಾತ್ಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲಾತ್ಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prievarta" title="Prievarta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prievarta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ابتزاز سياسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابتزاز سياسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksaan" title="Paksaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paksaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwang" title="Dwang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dwang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6" title="強制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6tigung" title="Nötigung – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Nötigung" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmuszanie_do_okre%C5%9Blonego_zachowania" title="Zmuszanie do określonego zachowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zmuszanie do określonego zachowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coer%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Coerção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coerção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Физическое или психическое принуждение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физическое или психическое принуждение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtr%C3%ABngimi" title="Shtrëngimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtrëngimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coercion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Принуда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Принуда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinuda" title="Prinuda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prinuda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakottaminen" title="Pakottaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakottaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5ng" title="Tvång – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tvång" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="การข่มขู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การข่มขู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask%C4%B1" title="Baskı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baskı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фізичний або психічний примус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізичний або психічний примус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p_bu%E1%BB%99c" title="Ép buộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ép buộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="צוואנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צוואנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%81%E8%BF%AB" title="胁迫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胁迫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q325980#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Behavioural influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obedience" title="Obedience">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_(psychology)" title="Attribution (psychology)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-perception">Self-perception</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Behavioural_influences" title="Template:Behavioural influences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Behavioural_influences" title="Template talk:Behavioural influences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Behavioural_influences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Behavioural influences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Coercion</b> involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threats</a>, including threats to use <a href="/wiki/Force_(law)" title="Force (law)">force</a> against that party.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> of an individual in order to induce a desired response. These actions may include <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>. <a href="/wiki/Common-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common-law">Common-law</a> systems codify the act of violating a law while under coercion as a <a href="/wiki/Duress_in_English_law" title="Duress in English law">duress crime</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their <a href="/wiki/Self-interest" title="Self-interest">own interests</a>. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of <a href="/wiki/Bodily_harm" title="Bodily harm">bodily harm</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological abuse</a> (the latter intended to enhance the perceived <a href="/wiki/Credibility" title="Credibility">credibility</a> of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced. The concepts of coercion and <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a> are similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a>, the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 126">: 126 </span></sup> </p><p>Political authors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> contend whether <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">governments are inherently coercive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920), building on the view of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Ihering</a> (1818–1892),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Healthcare systems may use <a href="/wiki/Informal_coercion" title="Informal coercion">informal coercion</a> to make a patient <a href="/wiki/Adherence_(medicine)" title="Adherence (medicine)">adhere</a> to a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion to <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">treat a patient involuntarily.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice which raises ethical concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such practices has also been shown to cause moral distress among healthcare staff, especially when staff attitudes toward coercive measures are negative. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To minimize the need for coercion in psychiatric care, various models such as <i>Safewards</i> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Six Core Strategies</i> have been implemented with promising results.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of coercion is to substitute one's aims with weaker ones that the aggressor wants the victim to have. For this reason, many social philosophers have considered coercion as the polar opposite to <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various forms of coercion are distinguished: first on the basis of the <i>kind of injury</i> threatened, second according to its <i>aims</i> and <i>scope</i>, and finally according to its <i>effects</i>, from which its legal, social, and ethical implications mostly depend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical coercion is the most commonly considered form of coercion, where the content of the conditional threat is the use of force against a victim, their relatives or property. An often used example is "putting a gun to someone's head" (<i>at gunpoint</i>) or putting a "knife under the throat" (<i>at knifepoint</i> or cut-throat) to compel action under the threat that non-compliance may result in the attacker harming or even killing the victim. These are so common that they are also used as <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> for other forms of coercion. </p><p>Armed forces in many countries use <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squads</a> to maintain <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> and intimidate the masses, or opposition, into submission or silent <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">compliance</a>. However, there also are nonphysical forms of coercion, where the threatened injury does not immediately imply the use of force. Byman and Waxman (2000) define coercion as "the use of threatened force, including the limited use of actual force to back up the threat, to induce an adversary to behave differently than it otherwise would."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coercion does not in many cases amount to <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">destruction of property</a> or life since compliance is the goal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pain_compliance">Pain compliance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pain compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Pain_compliance" title="Pain compliance">Pain compliance</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pain_compliance&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Pain_compliance" title="Pain compliance">Pain compliance</a> is the use of painful stimulus to control or direct a person. The purpose of pain compliance is to direct the actions of the subject, and to this end, the pain is lessened or removed when compliance is achieved. This provides incentive to the subject to carry out the action required.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stimulus can be manual through brute force and placing pressure on pain-sensitive areas on the body. Painful <a href="/wiki/Hyperextension" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperextension">hyperextension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperflexion">hyperflexion</a> on joints is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tools such as a <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whip</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">baton</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Electroshock_weapon" title="Electroshock weapon">electroshock weapon</a>, or chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">pepper spray</a> are commonly used as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior in relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquiescence" title="Acquiescence">Acquiescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive power">Coercive power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive diplomacy">Coercive diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterrence (legal)">Deterrence (legal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_in_American_law" title="Duress in American law">Duress in American law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_in_English_law" title="Duress in English law">Duress in English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_coercion" title="Marital coercion">Marital coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_(psychology)" title="Punishment (psychology)">Punishment (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coercion">"Definition of coercion"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. December 2023. <q>the act, process, or power of coercing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+coercion&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoercion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchelling1966" class="citation book cs1">Schelling, Thomas C. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm52s"><i>Arms and Influence</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vm52s">10.2307/j.ctt5vm52s</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00221-8"><bdi>978-0-300-00221-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm52s">j.ctt5vm52s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+Influence&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vm52s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vm52s&rft.isbn=978-0-300-00221-8&rft.aulast=Schelling&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vm52s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPape1996" class="citation book cs1">Pape, Robert A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v"><i>Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War</i></a> (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3134-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-3134-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v">10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v</a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Coercion' means efforts to change the behavior of a state by manipulating costs and benefits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombing+to+Win%3A+Air+Power+and+Coercion+in+War&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1287f6v%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3134-0&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1287f6v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Penny (12 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4">"Persuasion and Coercion: A Critical Review of Philosophical and Empirical Approaches"</a>. <i>HEC Forum</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10730-007-9035-4">10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-2737">0956-2737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17694994">17694994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32041658">32041658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HEC+Forum&rft.atitle=Persuasion+and+Coercion%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+Philosophical+and+Empirical+Approaches&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.issn=0956-2737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32041658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17694994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10730-007-9035-4&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10730-007-9035-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Christopher W. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0265052511000094/type/journal_article">"State Coercion and Force"</a>. <i>Social Philosophy and Policy</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0265052511000094">10.1017/S0265052511000094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-0525">0265-0525</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143472087">143472087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Philosophy+and+Policy&rft.atitle=State+Coercion+and+Force&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143472087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-0525&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0265052511000094&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0265052511000094%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnerFactor2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Park_Turner" title="Stephen Park Turner">Turner, Stephen</a>; Factor, Regis (4 April 2014) [1987]. "Decisionism and Politics: Weber as Constitutional Theorist". In Whimster, Sam; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Lash" title="Scott Lash">Lash, Scott</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh5IAwAAQBAJ"><i>Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity</i></a> (reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317833369" title="Special:BookSources/9781317833369"><bdi>9781317833369</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The state, as Ihering defined it, is an association that is distinguished as a type of association by its claim of an exclusive right to exercise certain forms of coercion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decisionism+and+Politics%3A+Weber+as+Constitutional+Theorist&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%2C+Rationality+and+Modernity&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.isbn=9781317833369&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Factor%2C+Regis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKh5IAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeber1919" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber, Max</a> (1919) [28 January 1919]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319092642/http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf">"Politics as a Vocation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>In the past, the most varied institutions – beginning with the sib – have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics+as+a+Vocation&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthropos-lab.net%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F12%2FWeber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanger2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allison_Stanger" title="Allison Stanger">Stanger, Allison</a> (27 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foJOC--mQaEC&pg=PA45">"State Power in a Privatized World"</a>. <i>One Nation Under Contract: The Outsourcing of American Power and the Future of Foreign Policy</i>. Yale University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300156324" title="Special:BookSources/9780300156324"><bdi>9780300156324</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>In Max Weber's classic definition, the state is 'a human community that (successfully) claims the <i>monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force</i> within a territory.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Power+in+a+Privatized+World&rft.btitle=One+Nation+Under+Contract%3A+The+Outsourcing+of+American+Power+and+the+Future+of+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.isbn=9780300156324&rft.aulast=Stanger&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoJOC--mQaEC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hotzy, Florian; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USMC+Martial+Arts+Gray+Belt+Instructor+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiALDssswVjMC%26q%3Dpain%2Bcompliance%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Fiona (2 March 2020). "Fall in YOI staff linked to restraint increase". <i>Children and Young People Now</i>. <b>2020</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fcypn.2020.3.14">10.12968/cypn.2020.3.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253113380">253113380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Children+and+Young+People+Now&rft.atitle=Fall+in+YOI+staff+linked+to+restraint+increase&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12968%2Fcypn.2020.3.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253113380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonn.d." class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Scott A. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308180431/http://ptw.uchicago.edu/Anderson02.pdf">"Towards a Better Theory of Coercion, and a Use for It"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The University of Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ptw.uchicago.edu/Anderson02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Better+Theory+of+Coercion%2C+and+a+Use+for+It&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fptw.uchicago.edu%2FAnderson02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lifton, Robert J. (1961) <i>Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism</i>, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614276753" title="Special:BookSources/9781614276753">9781614276753</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coercion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coercion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:coercion">coercion</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at_gunpoint" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:at gunpoint">at gunpoint</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at_knifepoint" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:at knifepoint">at knifepoint</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coercion" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Coercion">Coercion</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coercion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coercion">Coercion</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anderson, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/coercion/">"Coercion"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coercion&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcoercion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoercion" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Carter, Barry E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1518?prd=EPIL">Economic Coercion</a>, <i>Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i> (subscription required)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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id="Coercion12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coercion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenmail" title="Greenmail">Greenmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graymail" title="Graymail">Graymail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_compliance" title="Pain compliance">Pain compliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a><br />(incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> 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