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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bonds_issuance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonds_issuance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Bonds issuance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonds_issuance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources_of_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources_of_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Additional sources of revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources_of_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_plans_and_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_plans_and_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recovery plans and funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_plans_and_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rule of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Recovery_and_Resilience_Plan_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Recovery_and_Resilience_Plan_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>National Recovery and Resilience Plan approval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Recovery_and_Resilience_Plan_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Climate action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_economies_and_recovery_and_resilience_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_economies_and_recovery_and_resilience_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>National economies and recovery and resilience plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_economies_and_recovery_and_resilience_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National economies and recovery and resilience plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_economies_and_recovery_and_resilience_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Economic effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effect_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effect_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Economic effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effect_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effect_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effect_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Economic effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effect_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effect_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effect_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Economic effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effect_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_priorities_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_priorities_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Governmental priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_priorities_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fons_europeu_de_recuperaci%C3%B3" title="Fons europeu de recuperació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fons europeu de recuperació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">COVID-19 support funding</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. The reason given is: <b>also some of the article body could do with shortening</b></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event,_in_Athens,_Greece,_on_June_16,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/250px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/375px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/500px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a> in Athens illuminated with a Next Generation EU sign</figcaption></figure><p><b>Next Generation EU</b> (<b>NGEU</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_recovery" title="Economic recovery">economic recovery</a> package to support the EU member states to recover from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, in particular those that have been particularly hard hit. It is sometimes styled <b>NextGenerationEU</b> and <b>Next Gen EU</b>, and also called the <b>European Union Recovery Instrument</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agreed in principle by the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> on 21 July 2020 and adopted on 14 December 2020, the instrument is worth <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>750 billion</span> roughly equally split between grants and loans. NGEU will operate from 2021 to 2026,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will be tied to the regular <a href="/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework#2021–2027_Financial_Framework_and_recovery_package" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">2021–2027 budget of the EU's Multiannual Financial Framework</a> (MFF). Money borrowed by the EU to fund the grants will be repaid using <a href="/wiki/EU%27s_own_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="EU's own resources">EU's own resources</a> until 2058.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahieuBransSchulz2024145_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahieuBransSchulz2024145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comprehensive NGEU and MFF packages are projected to reach €1824.3 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so NGEU effectively doubles the EU budget while operational. It is a revolutionary EU instrument in many aspects: size (the largest EU fund so far), leverage of the grants for reforms, and novel methods of financing<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahieuBransSchulz2024144_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahieuBransSchulz2024144-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grant allocation. </p><p>The program is very large (just the grant portion of NGEU is twice bigger than the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall plan">Marshall plan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024152_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and redistributive (NGEU favors the south of the block: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> get the largest shares, while <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> is the leader in per-capita allocations, at almost 20% of its GDP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahieuBransSchulz2024145_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahieuBransSchulz2024145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024153_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024153-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grant portion of NGEU is approximately 3% of EU's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024152_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the Marshall plan, NGEU is conditional, however it targets investment and public services, not stabilizing the budgets and promoting trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024154_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024154-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 37% of the funds are intended for the <a href="/wiki/Green_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Green transition">green transition</a> and additional 20% for <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024152_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg/220px-Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg/330px-Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg/440px-Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedics</a> carrying a patient under <a href="/wiki/Biocontainment" title="Biocontainment">biocontainment</a> in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Europe was struck by its initial wave of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in March 2020. The first-hit and the hardest-hit country in the EU was Italy, which promptly placed its contaminated zones in lockdown, putting health concerns over financial ones. Gradually, the other member states encountered the first wave of the pandemic; and by 17 March 2020, all member states had reported cases of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The rapidity of response depended on the country: most member states were initially hesitant, not wanting to close everything or impose a nationwide lockdown, fearing that that would cripple the economy; but two weeks after the first confirmed cases, most countries had secured their borders and imposed travel restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-JEPP_Plümper_2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEPP_Plümper_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propagation of the COVID-19 virus across Europe plunged the continent into a deep economic crisis, and national economies were struggling due to the widespread lockdowns. From mid-March 2020, all member states saw their national debt and public spending rise, mainly due to increasing expenditures on healthcare and measures to cope with the economic crisis. In general, most member states adopted similar measures to address the economic crisis, by providing substantial aid packages to businesses and enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, EU institutions agreed to adopt further measures to tackle the economic crisis and help the member states. In mid-March, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB), adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_Emergency_Purchase_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme">Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program</a> (PEPP), a temporary purchase program of €750 billion to deal with the pandemic emergency. The ECB's <a href="/wiki/Governing_Council_of_the_European_Central_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Governing Council of the European Central Bank">Governing Council</a> established that the purchases were to be made to the extent they were "necessary and proportionate" to achieve the "objectives of the mandate".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 June 2020, the ECB decided to extend this program and added €600 billion to it, for a total of €1350 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> adopted a temporary framework that allowed member states flexibility to support their national economies with state recovery packages,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed two days later by the ECB's Governing Council's agreeing to more flexible fiscal rules "by initiating the general escape clause of the stability and growth pact".<sup id="cite_ref-JEPP_Plümper_2020_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEPP_Plümper_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 May, the <a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a> (ESM) also stepped in and created the "pandemic crisis support".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a while, it became clear that the different measures implemented were not enough to fight the economic crisis caused by the pandemic; debates on how to deal with the situation led to a confrontation between northern and southern member states. Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a>, backed by Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sanchez</a>, proposed <a href="/wiki/Coronabonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronabonds">corona bonds</a> as a measure to recover from the crisis, consisting of the creation of joint public debt at the union level, and thus establish a solidarity mechanism for the redistribution of debt between the states.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure was endorsed by 7 other member states: France, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Slovenia, and Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Frugal_Four" title="Frugal Four">Frugal Four</a> (Austria, Sweden, the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Denmark) led by Germany refused this proposition, scared that they would have to repay the debt in case of default. The leap forward was made by the Franco-German axis, when on 18 May 2020 they came up with a proposed aid package of €500 billion in grants, which would give liquidity to the member states affected by the crisis. This "Recovery Fund" package would be established by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, which would borrow the money from financial markets, incorporate it into the EU budget, and distribute it to the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 May 2020, the Commission presented the "Next Generation EU" plan, a proposal worth €750 billion, a middle ground between the €1000 billion asked by the most hit countries, such as Italy and Spain, and the €500 billion proposed by France and Germany. This huge recovery fund would be integrated into the EU budget which would total €1.85 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of the first failed attempt, at the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> meeting on 17 July 2020, an agreement upon the recovery package and the MFF 2021–2027 was reached. Nevertheless, some issues, addressed in the upcoming Council meetings, were still present.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first place, the Frugal Four wanted to reduce the amount of grants and asked for stronger conditionality for the expenditure of the funds. Furthermore, there were concerns about which programs to fund: the Frugal Four wanted more funds for R&D, Digital Economy, and green investments, while the Friends of Cohesion (Southern and Eastern European member states) wanted the allocation to <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_Funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohesion Funds">Cohesion Funds</a> to be the same.<sup id="cite_ref-JEPP_Plümper_2020_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEPP_Plümper_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, there were problems linked to the "rule of law" conditionality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, on 10 November 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the Council reached a definitive agreement which integrates the 2021–27 MFF of €1074.3 billion and the temporary instrument for recovery of Next Generation EU of €750 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadline for the presentation of national plans was 30 April 2021. Even though proposals were already sent to the commission in mid-October 2020, those proposals will help the Commission understand in which direction the member states are going and eventually re-orient and assist the national governments with modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_NGEU_agreement">The NGEU agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The NGEU agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_objectives_of_the_agreement">The objectives of the agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The objectives of the agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_(49524369143)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_%2849524369143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_%2849524369143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_%2849524369143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_%2849524369143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_%2849524369143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-EU_budget_debate_ahead_of_crucial_summit_%2849524369143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>Commission President <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, conflicting versions of an unclear number of primary objectives are given, as well as a discussion of an unclear number of additional objectives, all of which may or may not fall within three primary categories.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Next_Generation_EU" title="Talk:Next Generation EU">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Next Generation EU (NGEU) – €360 billion in loans and €390 billion in grants – is a break from the austerity policy adopted after the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> as the EU's main response to economic crises.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NGEU, adopted in conjunction with the 2021–2027 <a href="/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">Multiannual Financial Framework</a> (MFF), demonstrates that the <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> can collectively agree on policy, along with funding, to tackle large-scale crises.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU launched the COVID-19 recovery plan with several objectives. The primary objective is to help its member states repair the immediate economic and social damages caused by the coronavirus pandemic,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, additionally, to prepare a better future for the next European generation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondly, alongside tackling the economic and social impacts of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the plan has other objectives. It also aims to assist the green transition; <a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">digital transformation</a>; smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth and jobs; social and territorial cohesion; health and resilience; and policies for the next generation, including enhancing education and skills.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third objective is modernising the European economy. Therefore, more than 50 percent of the funds will be spent on modernization: such as research and innovation via <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a>; fair climate and digital transitions via the Just Transition Fund; the Digital Europe Programme; preparedness, recovery, and resilience via the Recovery and Resilience Facility, rescEU; and a new health program, EU4Health.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the aforementioned objectives, the package also focuses on modernizing traditional policies, such as cohesion and the common agricultural policy, on maximizing their contribution to the Union's priorities, fighting climate change—with 30% of the EU funds, the highest share ever of the European budge—biodiversity protection, and gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it plans to strengthen the EU's Single Market and invest in shared European priorities. </p><p>More broadly, the EU Next Generation agreement consists of the following objectives: </p> <ol><li><b>To support the member states through investments and reforms:</b><sup id="cite_ref-:152_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />A new Recovery and Resilience Facility, worth €560 billion, will offer financial support for investments and reforms, including green and digital transitions, the resilience of national economies, and linking them to EU priorities. This facility will be endowed with a grant of up to €310 billion, and loans of up to €250 billion can be obtained. Support will be provided by all member states, but will be concentrated where needs are greatest.<br />By 2022, under the new REACT-EU initiative, €55 billion will be allocated, in addition, to the cohesion policy program, based on the seriousness of the socio-economic impacts of the crisis and the relative well-being of the member states.<br />In addition to the Just Transition Fund, up to €40 billion will be proposed to help member states accelerate their transition to climate neutrality.<br />An additional budget of €15 billion will be provided for the European Rural Development Fund, to support rural areas in making the necessary structural changes in line with the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a> and achieving ambitious targets in line with the new biodiversity and Farm to Fork strategies.</li> <li><b>To stimulate the EU economy by encouraging private investment:</b><sup id="cite_ref-:152_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />A new Solvency Support Instrument will mobilize private resources to urgently support sustainable European companies in the most affected areas. It can be operational from 2020 and will have a budget of €31 billion aimed at providing €300 billion in insolvency support for companies operating in all economic sectors and to prepare for a cleaner, digital, and flexible future.<br />InvestEU, Europe's flagship investment program, will be raised to €15.3 billion to stimulate private investment in the projects of the Union.<br />A new Strategic Investment Facility of up to €150 billion will be generated under InvestEU to increase the resilience of strategic sectors, especially those linked to the green and digital transition, and key-value chains in the domestic market, thanks to the €15 billion contribution from NGEU.</li> <li><b>Measures to prevent lessons learned from the crisis from happening again:</b><sup id="cite_ref-:152_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />With a budget of €9.4 billion, a new Health Program, EU4Health, will be organized to strengthen health security and prepare for future health crises. With an additional budget of €2 billion, the Union's Civil Protection Mechanism will be expanded and strengthened to equip the Union to prepare for and respond to future crises. A budget of €94.4 billion will be provided for Horizon Europe to support vital research in health, resilience, and green and digital transitions. Europe's global partners will receive €16.5 billion in support of additional external action, including humanitarian aid. Other EU programs will be strengthened to fully align the future financial framework with recovery needs and strategic priorities. Other tools will be strengthened to make the EU budget more flexible and responsive.<sup id="cite_ref-:152_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Moreover, fighting climate change appeared to be one of the most crucial objectives of the NGEU. The EU Commission issued a rule that at least 37% of the Recovery and Resilience Plans proposed by member states must allocated to climate change-related projects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />One of the aims of this agreement is to deepen the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union</a>. After years of recovery, the <a href="/wiki/European_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="European economy">European economy</a>, employment, growth, and investment are all settling on a stable footing, returning to pre-crisis levels or better. Public finances continue to improve, and the banking system and the foundations of the Economic and Monetary Union are stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-:162_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:162-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the EU is prioritizing the further deepening of the Economic and Monetary Union by providing a Budgetary Instrument for Convergence and Competitiveness for the euro area, supporting member states' growth reforms and investment by taking full advantage of the flexibility allowed within the Stability and Growth Pact, focusing on completing the Banking Union, and strengthening the currency's <a href="/wiki/Euro#Use_as_reserve_currency" title="Euro">international role</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:162_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:162-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_revenue_sources">EU revenue sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: EU revenue sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To finance NextGenerationEU, the European Commission – on behalf of the European Union – is borrowing on the markets at more favourable rates than most Member States and redistributes the amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bonds_issuance">Bonds issuance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bonds issuance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With respect to the first mechanism, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> clearly assumes a key role in ensuring long-term sound financing of the stimulus plan. In the wake of the EU leaders' summit held in July 2020, the European Commission got the mandate to issue up to €750 billion of debt on the international capital markets on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">27 member states of the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This joint issuance of common debt bonds is not the first in European history but it has never been done so on such a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> conclusions, the net borrowing operations are scheduled to end by 2026 whereas the deadline for paying back the due loans and interest rates is set not later than 31 December 2058.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the common bonds are deemed to constitute triple-A-rated debt security by international investors and several credit rating agencies whose interest is to buy safe assets bonds:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanks to this, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> benefits from lower interest rates compared to member states, notably those that show higher borrowing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, to make the Next Generation EU Agreement feasible, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> needs to modify the Decision on the system of Own Resources of the European Union, commonly known as the Own Resources Decision which defines how the EU budget is financed every year.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment entails two major changes: (1) the Own Resources ceiling is increased by 0.6%; (2) the headroom envisaged in the Decision is subject to an additional expansion in quantitative terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The headroom of the EU budget is the margin between the Own Resources ceiling of the long-term budget and expenditures during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the headroom rests on the fact that it is necessary in order for the EU to meet in full all its financial obligations and liabilities, even in case of economic recession.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the EU would no longer be able to preserve its high credit rating with international investors, which would trigger a general rise in borrowing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Council Decision 2020/2053, the increment in the own resources ceiling is intended to be applied exclusively for the purpose of addressing the COVID-19 crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the new Own Resources ceiling exceeds the previous one in nominal terms: the former indeed amounted to 1.40% of the sum of all member states' Gross National Incomes (GNI). Instead, the current ceiling enforced after the new regulation sets a higher limit that corresponds to 2.00% of the EU Gross National Income.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU Decision foresaw that once the money borrowed and loans will be completely repaid the newly expanded ceiling will be lowered to the pre-existing level of 1.40% of the total EU GNI.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_sources_of_revenue">Additional sources of revenue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additional sources of revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revenue sources of the EU annual budget represent the other mechanism through which the Next Generation EU Agreement is to be funded over the implementation years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2020, the sources of income of the <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">EU budget</a> have been basically three: traditional own resources, VAT-based own resources, and GNI-based contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, discussions on the introduction of a new system of own resources have taken place at the European level. However, national authorities were hesitant to provide new sources of income.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal of the United Kingdom</a> and the increasing financial needs of the Union paved the way for reform, based on the inclusion of new tax-based resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:36_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in May 2018 the European Commission published a proposal for the amendment of the Union's own resources system to introduce a basket of additional resources, notably the Common Consolidated Tax Base, the EU Emission Trading System, and a tax on non-recycling plastic <a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">packaging waste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent debates at the council made visible the strong preference for the adoption of a plastic tax to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">MFF 2021–2027</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which complements the pre-existing one, and it is deemed to be the precursor of broader reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:36_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To cope with the economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, the July 2020 special meeting of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> advocated for speeding up the reform,<sup id="cite_ref-:37_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the intention to facilitate debt repayment raised under the framework of the Next Generation EU agreement and to relieve budgetary stresses faced by the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, the July 2020 European Council approved reforming its own resources system by providing a detailed roadmap.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pay back part of the massive financing, the following new resources have been foreseen:<sup id="cite_ref-:37_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Border_Adjustment_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism">Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism</a> (CBAM), according to which goods will be taxed in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> footprint</a> released during their production.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Digital Tax on large digital corporations whose turnover is over €750 million worldwide and at least €50 million within the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Revision of the ETS scheme that could be extended to the aviation and maritime sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax" title="European Union financial transaction tax">Financial Transaction Tax</a>: to ensure a fair contribution of the financial sector to national tax revenues through the imposition of a tax rate on certain transactions and derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As stated in the European Council conclusions, the European Commission is required to deliver its proposal for the adoption of further sources of revenues in line with a specific timeline roadmap: by June 2021 proposals on the CBAM, digital levy, and ETS reform have to be submitted. Thereafter, the council will decide no later than January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a second step, the commission will oversee additional proposals upon the inclusion of a Financial Transaction Tax and a common corporate tax based on large companies whose operations benefit from the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single Market</a>. These two levies will be examined by the Council no later than 1 July 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 30 April 2021, the only new source of resources created is the tax on non-recycling <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic packaging wasted</a> that was adopted at the European Council meeting on 10–11 December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_plans_and_funding">Recovery plans and funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recovery plans and funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Union has adopted a recovery fund of €750 billion, of which €390 billion will be in the form of grants and the rest in the form of loans for the period 2021–2026, which will be financed by issuing a common debt.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next Generation EU is a temporary instrument designed to help repair the immediate economic and social damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. With these funds, Europe wants to be greener, more digital, and more resilient to better adapt to current and future challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recovery plan would complement the measures agreed by the Eurogroup for a total of €540 billion in support of health spending, unemployment and short-time work, and credit to the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. The important element remains the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (RRF), which amounts to €672.5 billion between grants and loans to support investment and reforms, with a focus on the ecological and digital transition.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Recovery and Resilience Facility</i>: this largest component has €672.5 billion of funding in the form of loans and grants. The objective is to mitigate the economic and social consequences of the pandemic, allowing European economies to be more resilient and better prepared for the challenges of ecological and digital transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Support for Cohesion and Territories in Europe (REACT-EU)</i>: this component has a budget of €47.5 billion. This is a new initiative to put in place crisis response measures to address the consequences of crises, to contribute to a green, digital, and resilient economic recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>NextGenerationEU will also bring additional funds</i> to other European programmes or funds such as Horizon 2020, InvestEU, Rural Development, and the Just Transition Fund (FTJ).<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horizon 2020 implements the Innovation Union to ensure Europe's global competitiveness. This program is seen to stimulate economic growth and create jobs; it guarantees €80 billion of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union wants to promote recovery, <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a>, and employment by supporting investments that bring visible progress, hence the InvestEU program. This plan is intended to generate more than €372 billion of additional investment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, supporting an economy in rural areas that promotes rural development (FEADER) is also essential. Indeed, FEADER's budget amounts to €95.5 billion and includes a contribution from NextGenerationEU to help meet the challenges posed by the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, the Just Transition Fund (FTJ) is a cohesion policy instrument to support a transition to climate neutrality, and will support all member states.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Total grants and loans per topic (in € billion, 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Topics</th> <th>Total allocations </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a>, innovation and digital</td> <td>10.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Cohesion, resilience and values</td> <td>721.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Natural resources and environment</td> <td>17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>750 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Total grants and loans per programme, facility, or fund (in € billion, 2018)</span><sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Programme </th> <th style="text-align:left">Total allocations </th></tr> <tr> <td>Recovery and Resilience Facility</td> <td>672.5 (loans: 360 – grants: 312.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td>REACT-EU (regional cohesion)</td> <td>47.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a> (research and innovation)</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>InvestEU</td> <td>5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development</td> <td>7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Just Transition Fund (climate-neutral economy)</td> <td>10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>RescEU (disaster relief and emergency reserves)</td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>750 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Total grants pre-allocated<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to all member states (in € billion, 2021)</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Facility </th> <th style="text-align:left">Total allocations </th></tr> <tr> <td>Recovery and Resilience Facility<sup id="cite_ref-:43_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>338.0 (maximum) </td></tr> <tr> <td>REACT-EU <sup id="cite_ref-:42_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>39.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Just Transition Fund<sup id="cite_ref-:40_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>18.9<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development<sup id="cite_ref-:41_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>8.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>379.3 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pre-allocated grants form the reserved funds for each member state. A minority of the grants, and all loans, are only allocated upon request or according to policy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate of current total allocation based on the 2018 figures, compensated for inflation by applying a customary 2% fixed deflator. See the Recovery and Resilience Facility reference for more information. All other numbers in these tables are official 2018 or 2021 figures.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>To finance this recovery plan, the commission will borrow on the markets at favourable rates and redistribute the amounts. The commission will use a diversified financing strategy to raise up to €800 billion (5% of EU GDP) until 2026 for NextGenerationEU.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the commission will issue bonds to finance loans to the EU and to third countries under four programs, but it will also issue bonds to finance the NextGenerationEU program.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. <i>Funding strategies</i>: </p><p>The funding strategy combines the use of different funding instruments and techniques with open and transparent communication to market participants. It will allow the European Commission to raise the necessary amounts in an efficient and seamless manner. This strategy combines: </p> <ul><li>an annual borrowing decision: this will provide transparency and predictability to investors;</li> <li>structured and transparent relationships, with the bank supporting the program;</li> <li>multiple funding instruments, to access the market and manage liquidity needs;</li> <li>a combination of auctions and syndications, to ensure cost-effective access to financing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>2. <i>Funding instruments</i>: </p><p>In order to successfully implement the recovery plan, the commission is issuing 3-to-30-year bonds. EU-Bonds are the main means to implement a financing plan. The NextGenerationEU program will give the commission the opportunity to consolidate debt with EU-Bonds. Second, the commission will issue shorter-term securities, known as EU-Bills. These securities will provide access to the money market and the ability to determine the size of each transaction. Finally, private placements of EU-Bonds involve placing small amounts with investors from different institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3. <i>Funding plans</i>: </p><p>The commission will annually publish borrowing decisions and semi-annual funding plans. This is essential to ensure sound financial management where transparency towards the Parliament and the council is elementary. On the one hand, the annual borrowing decisions will set a maximum for the operations planned over a period of one year and will fix the amounts of short- and long-term financing. On the other hand, the semi-annual funding plans will indicate the borrowings to be carried out during the next six months and will aim to guarantee the availability of funds to cover payment needs. The commission will thus publish the targeted amounts to be financed and the auction dates.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_law">Rule of law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rule of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_Conditionality_Regulation" title="Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation">Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_%285%29.jpg/220px-%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_%285%29.jpg/330px-%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_%285%29.jpg/440px-%C3%89v%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C5%91_2020_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3590" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Hungary's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> harshly criticised the "rule of law" regulation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Next Generation EU recovery plan is one of the most ambitious projects where the finances are associated with risk. The main concern was to focus on member states that want to benefit from the NGEU recovery project, but which have governmental corruption and fail to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. It creates huge dissatisfaction amongst EU authorities disbursing EU funds where there is a lack of effective mechanisms to enforce the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Poland and Hungary continued to oppose the rule of law mechanism linked to the EU's 7-year budget. The rule of law is a foundational requirement, it basically requires each country to have an independent judiciary, to allow the media to be free, to have a clear separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary. The principle of rule of law is fundamental to any state's democratic system in the EU. However, in Poland and Hungary, after initially complying with the rule of law when becoming part of the Union, such compliance has deteriorated. In these countries there have been attempts to control the judiciary, attacks on the media, and violations of LGBTQ and Women's Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union</a> allows investigation of the member states that don't comply with the rule of law and subsequent levying of sanctions. Article 7 investigations were opened against Poland and then Hungary; so far without recommendations, the reason being that all the countries of the EU, except the member state being investigated, have to agree. In this case, Hungary threatened to veto sanctions against Poland and Poland did likewise for Hungary, each protecting the other.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were negotiations on a new rule of law mechanism, to make the disbursement of EU fund conditional upon the respect of rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poland and Hungary received funds for years, despite the alleged violating the rule of law. To adapt to the situation, there is a need to implement <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">qualified majority voting</a> (QMV) to prevent Hungary's and Poland's being able to veto sanctions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, things are more complicated because the rule of law mechanism together with the Next Generation recovery plan is part of the new European 7-year budget cycle, and it is in relation to that where unanimity is required. That's where Poland and Hungary have been pausing the process. Their veto has politically blocked the entering into force of the Next Generation EU recovery fund and the disbursement of funds all across the EU.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The EU faces a dilemma. Germany and a few other countries are trying to find a compromise; but most EU governments are against compromise. There are a few other options. One is the possibility of adopting the new mechanism and EU recovery plan through an alternative process to exclude Hungary and Poland from benefiting from recovery funds.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are controversies about what are the possible options, and it is not clear how this deadlock will be resolved. In the meantime, there is a delay of disbursements of funds as well as enacting the EU budget itself. In case of reaching an agreement, Hungary would receive €11 billion, and Poland €40 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Polish and Hungarian governments foresaw their positions would lead them to lose out on EU funding, they decided to hold the entire budget to ransom – including the COVID-19 recovery plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Recovery_and_Resilience_Plan_approval">National Recovery and Resilience Plan approval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National Recovery and Resilience Plan approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To receive support in the form of grants and loans from the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Recovery_plans_and_funding">Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)</a> for the period 2021–2026, member states need to submit National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRP), which shall include targets, milestones, and estimated costs.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the European Council, by qualified majority vote, will approve or disapprove the plans.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NRRP must outline how each member state intends to use these investments to contribute to the green and digital priorities foreseen by the commission. To do so, two targets have been set: 37% of the spending must be channeled to green, and 21% to digital related, actions.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Member states must comply with the objective of EU climate neutrality by 2050.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The deadline for submission of the Recovery and Resilience plans was 30 April 2021. Member states were encouraged to submit a preliminary draft plan from 15 October 2020.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_action">Climate action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Commission intends to strongly link the European recovery plan to the need to fight <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, with the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by supporting the energy and ecological transition sectors with the rationale of, in the words of Ursula Von der Leyen, "build[ing] a Green Europe, which protects our climate and our environment and which creates sustainable jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A target of 30% of expenditures from the MFF and NGEU will be applied to climate-change initiatives, in compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_climate_accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris climate accord">Paris climate accord</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Council2020chpt._A21,_18_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Council2020chpt._A21,_18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in line with the objectives of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>, the flagship initiative to address the climate emergency that seeks to make of the EU the global leader on climate change and achieve <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the NGEU, this share now amounts to 37% of the total amount, following the agreement reached on 18 December 2020 between the European Parliament and the Council of the Union on the scope of the different dimensions of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To avoid the risks of <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>, the European Commission drafted on 28 November 2020 <a href="/wiki/EU_taxonomy_for_sustainable_activities" title="EU taxonomy for sustainable activities">a taxonomy to classify</a>, among the industries responsible for more than 80% of greenhouse gases, economic activities according to their ecological impact and to direct investments towards projects that it recognises as "sustainable" through the recognition of a "green label".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the classification of energy activities introduces an across-the-board limit of 100 grams of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions per kilowatt-hour (100g CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>e / kWh), the separate classification of energy sources deserving of the green label and therefore of being financed by the NGEU is the subject of heated debate. Opposition, in particular, comes from promoters of natural gas as a "transitional energy", who fear gas being denied a green label, due to its emission level exceeding the across-the-board limit,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in Germany and the Eastern European states where natural gas represents a significant part of the electric-generation mix. Defenders of the taxonomy include promoters of nuclear energy, whose inclusion in the taxonomy is defended by France and Czechia. These tensions have led the commission to postpone publication of the taxonomy, fearing that it will be rejected by a qualified majority vote in the Council and the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NGEU grants are distributed based on a formula using GDP per capita, unemployment rate in 2015–2019, GDP growth in 2020 its changes during pandemics in 2020 and 2021. The allocation benefits the southern countries of the EU, with Italy and Spain receiving the largest sums, Greece getting the most money per capita, while disfavoring, for example, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024153_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempfLinos2024153-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2025, the "<a href="/wiki/PIGS_(economics)" title="PIGS (economics)">PIGS</a>" (Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain) got 78% of the funds while contributing only 28% of the GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorbeckVarvitsiotiJopsonKazmin2025_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorbeckVarvitsiotiJopsonKazmin2025-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_economies_and_recovery_and_resilience_plans">National economies and recovery and resilience plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National economies and recovery and resilience plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">departure of the UK</a>, there was the hope of phasing out national rebates in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But instead of this, the budget deal provides NGEU-skeptical Germany and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Frugal_Four" title="Frugal Four">Frugal Four</a> — Denmark, the Netherlands, Austria, and Sweden — with even larger rebates, in total €53.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Council2020chpt._152_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Council2020chpt._152-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the 2021–2027 budget period, financed by all member states according to their <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national incomes</a> (GNI).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Council2020chpt._A30_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Council2020chpt._A30-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany and France support grants and loans as financial instruments to strengthen <a href="/wiki/European_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="European economy">European economies</a> during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 in their joint position papers.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany and France wanted to show leadership and pave the way for unity in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the economic crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic, Germany was the strongest advocate for fiscal restraint and austerity in times of crisis. However, with the emergence of the COVID-19 crisis, it has changed this position by supporting a grant instrument and large-scale common EU debt issuance.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Frugal_Four" title="Frugal Four">Frugal Four</a> — Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Austria — have coordinated their positions due to the high stakes. Thus, they were also mostly in favor of supporting common debt issuance and loans in the NGEU.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern European countries, especially Italy and Spain, wanted grants to be allocated with as little conditionality as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had high backlogs before the COVID-19 outbreak and already had high budget deficits. Following the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on economies and welfare states, trust in the EU has declined.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the leaders of Italy and Spain met shortly before the July 2020 European Summit, they did not formally coordinate their positions with the NGEU.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to the Eastern European countries, Poland and Hungary argued for a strong link between the NGEU and the MFF, as they were net beneficiaries. This position was supported by other <a href="/wiki/Visegrad_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Visegrad countries">Visegrad countries</a>: Czechia, and Slovakia, and the Friends of Cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these entities insisted that the NGEU should be temporary and the MFF should be the main vehicle targeting underdeveloped regions.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has taken strong action to assure recovery through Next Generation EU, a €750 billion plan composed of grants and loans. Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> recovery is expected to dominate global public finances in the near term, heeding demands from various stakeholders to ensure that short-term expenditure in support of recovery is consistent with long-term goals.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Merkel_(51614156068).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Angela_Merkel_%2851614156068%29.jpg/170px-Angela_Merkel_%2851614156068%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Angela_Merkel_%2851614156068%29.jpg/255px-Angela_Merkel_%2851614156068%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Angela_Merkel_%2851614156068%29.jpg/340px-Angela_Merkel_%2851614156068%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="2539" /></a><figcaption>Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> was a major contributor in the approval of the Next Generation EU</figcaption></figure> <p>The pandemic has had a major impact on Germany's economic growth. The measures taken to contain the pandemic affected the provision of services and the production of goods. In 2020, the economy was affected by a severe recession, the beginning of the pandemic having led to a decline in price-adjusted GDP of 5.0% at the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic output fell, even collapsed in practically all areas, except for the construction sector. Nevertheless, expansionary, monetary, and fiscal policy measures were put in place, with a 130 billion economic plan to support the economy. With this program, the country aims to prevent bankruptcies, mass layoffs and increased poverty. The situation is still critical, but citizens' expectations are gradually improving.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state wanted to fight the impact of the health crisis by creating measures to preserve the supply of health care, support small businesses and the self-employed, put in place measures to boost the real economy, and give financial aid to strengthen companies' liquidity. Recently, the government has extended this program until December 2021. However, the German economy by itself cannot absorb all of the negative effects of the pandemic. Indeed, the country needs stronger stabilization measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German government's attitude toward the recovery plan was perplexing. Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> has refused to pay to help other European countries in crisis but changed her mind during the spring of 2020 and has agreed that more than €300 billion of subsidies will be distributed to those most affected by the health crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Constitutional Court has suspended the ratification process of the European recovery fund because of an appeal against the mechanism used, based on the plan's involving a common European debt.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2021, the Recovery Plan is still not implemented because of a complaint filed with the German Constitutional Court. The debate between Germany and the European Recovery Plan is still ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government wanted to act very quickly to counter the economic impact of the health crisis. Indeed, the partial unemployment measures have been taken over by the state by paying employees 60% of their salary, which means €550 billion granted to companies, a sum increased on 1 April to €1,200 billion. To do this, Germany relied on its very healthy finances, on a budget surplus of almost €50 billion before the health crisis, and a public debt reduced to 60% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong fiscal measures are also a German priority. This has strengthened the capacity of the health care system and protected jobs and businesses. Guarantees have been provided and capital injections made by the authorities to preserve liquidity and solvency. In addition, accelerating digital transformation through improved digital public services and infrastructure deployment would reduce the cost of future containment.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaf_Scholz_2020_(cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_(49417807823)).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Olaf_Scholz_2020_%28cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2849417807823%29%29.jpg/170px-Olaf_Scholz_2020_%28cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2849417807823%29%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Olaf_Scholz_2020_%28cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2849417807823%29%29.jpg/255px-Olaf_Scholz_2020_%28cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2849417807823%29%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Olaf_Scholz_2020_%28cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2849417807823%29%29.jpg/340px-Olaf_Scholz_2020_%28cropped_from_Finanzminister_Gernot_Bl%C3%BCmel_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2849417807823%29%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>Social-democratic finance minister of Germany <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> has supported the recovery plan since the beginnings</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany wants to lessen the economic consequences, with aid being focused on the following areas: health and protective equipment measures, cash payments for the self-employed and small businesses, increased social benefits, provision of guarantees, tax revenue reductions, and tax deferrals. In addition to the federal government's expenditures, the employment agency is using the reserves it has built up to cover expenditures for the short-time work scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the economic aspect, health priorities are also important. The German government wants to ensure the provision of health care in times of crisis. Sanitary measures are still in effect and the vaccination campaign is progressing.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to keep in mind that the government has made it clear that it will spend as much as necessary to combat the crisis while ensuring that temporary measures, such as the extension of the short-time working scheme and liquidity support, have a clear end date, to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable fiscal situation during the recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, the priority for Germany is to support this Recovery Plan, which would allow <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to recover. Indeed, the control of the crisis linked to COVID-19 and the economic recovery are part of the German federal government's program. During Germany's presidency of the Council of the EU, the country has stated that it wants to conclude negotiations on a European climate law with the goal of climate neutrality by 2050, to implement the EU's Healthy Nature Strategy, and to use digital technology for environmental protection and innovation, which are the priorities of the Recovery Plan. Germany expects the heads of states and governments to agree on the recovery fund and the multi-annual financial framework, which includes a commitment to the principle of the rule of law and a mechanism to protect the budget.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Recovery Plan will enable Germany to achieve a short-term economic growth (around €78 billion), to invest in green and future technologies (around €78 billion), and to have European and international solidarity (€3 billion in addition to the efforts provided for in the European Commission's recovery plan).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Next Generation instrument would help member states absorb shocks by providing the weaker economies with grants.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this context, Germany has shown the way to recovery by focusing on economic and environmental concerns. Indeed, its Recovery Plan is not just about boosting the economy, but about creating a more sustainable future economy. Germany's actions can give impetus to the European Commission's recently proposed €750 billion European Recovery Plan, as well as to the Green Deal that frames the EU's transition to a low-carbon economy. At the heart of its measures are numerous investments, including €50 billion, aimed at reducing the carbon footprint but also promoting development in low-carbon industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Germany is planning €2 billion to fund efficient hydrogen projects. This would support the transition away from coal, with funds for industrial-scale projects and energy supply. A further €2 billion will go to energy-efficient building retrofits providing employment and environmental benefits. The rest of the package will focus on consumption, support for companies hit hard by the COVID-19 crisis, health, artificial intelligence research, public spending, and support for international partners, especially within the European Union. The importance of development and humanitarian aid is also emphasized by the German government. Germany remains the economic and political heavyweight of Europe. Its wealth is accompanied by enormous influence, which is reinforced by the country's six-month presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2020 and its active role in the Recovery Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Germany's Recovery and Resilience Plan provides a total of €27.9 billion. "The maximum financial contribution in grants available to Germany under the Regulation amounts to €25.6 billion. As the estimated cost of the German plan is higher than Germany's allocation, any additional amount will be covered by Germany”.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effects_2">Economic effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19</a> reached France on 24 January 2020 with its first victim, in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, who had travelled through Wuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 28 January 2020 marked the first death caused by <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> outside of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 March 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> announced that all schools and universities across the country would be closed. On 13 March 2020, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe" title="Édouard Philippe">Édouard Philippe</a> announced that all bars, restaurants, cinemas, and nightclubs would be closed. On 16 March 2020, Macron announced that a national lockdown would begin on 17 March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lockdown was initially to last for 15 days, but was extended to 30 days, and then, on 13 April 2020, Macron announced that the lockdown would last until 11 May 2020. The lockdown was progressively lifted starting from 11 May 2020, as daily cases had been dropping by 100 per day. Bars and restaurants were allowed to reopen in Paris on 14 June 2020, followed by schools, cinemas, gyms, and other establishments on 22 June 2020, while the borders with non-EU countries were reopened on 1 July 2020. On 28 October 2020, Macron announced that France would enact a second national lockdown from 30 October 2020 that would last until 1 December 2020 at least.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 March 2021, Macron announced that France would enact a third national lockdown that would begin on 3 April 2021 and would last for at least a month.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Economic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies">National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a> (<i>Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques</i>, or INSEE) reports that France suffered its worst recession since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> shrank by 8.3% following three lockdowns.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Household consumption also fell 7.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INSEE had predicted an even more severe impact of 9% loss of GDP, but the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">French economy</a> withstood the shock. Consumption has also declined 5.4% as a result of lockdowns. Investment declined by 9.8% as a result of falls in exports of 16.7% and in imports of 11.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INSEE reports that unemployment in France rose from 7.1% in 2018 to 9.0% in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_2">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Emmanuel_Macron_June_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> was a strong supporter of the recovery plan</figcaption></figure> <p>France Relance, presented by the government on 3 September 2020, refers to the plan to build the France of 2030 by transforming the economy through a focus on three areas: competitiveness, cohesion, and ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan entails the investment of €100 billion into the relevant sectors. </p><p>France Relance will allocate €34 billion to ensuring competitiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By upgrading national production; investing in new technologies, reducing taxes on production; and increasing support for research, training, and development, France strives to regain economic sovereignty both for France and Europe. France will target five sectors for investments: health, inputs for production, electronics, agrifoods, and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">industrial 5G</a>. France moreover strives to reduce its carbon footprint by reversing the process of outsourcing back to France by investing into new technologies under the Investments for the Future Programme (<i>le Programme d’Investissements d’avenir</i>, or PIA) to promote innovation in <a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">digitalisation</a>, medical and health research, zero carbon energy, sustainable agriculture, transport, and mobility. The government strives to increase France's appeal for research and entrepreneurship by lowering taxes on production by €10 billion a year from 1 January 2021. Taxes on production in France account for 3.2% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> in 2018 compared to an average of 1.6% across the European Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>France Relance will allocate €36 billion to ensuring cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France will focus on investing in decreasing inequalities by supporting young and vulnerable people who seek employment. France will also respond to the need for acquiring new skills by the workforce as a result of the ecological transition, circular economy, and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">digital technology</a>, by increasing the availability of vocational training by about 400,000 people and by transforming the training systems. Investments in vocational training will also be aimed towards strategic sectors, through the allocation of €1.6 billion for increasing the number of certificate-based training programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>France Relance will allocate €30 billion to ensuring a healthy ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambition of France consists in becoming the first major economy in Europe to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. France will support projects across the country intending to encourage the industrial use of hydrogen by creating the Important Project of Common European Interest (IPCEI). France will also allocate €1.2 billion to encourage the use of bicycles and public transport and to improve the quality of existing services. France will also improve the quality of its rail network to increase the availability of trains in the less-densely-populated areas and to link urban areas with rural ones, thus speeding up professional mobility, improving the overall experience, especially for people facing reduced mobility, and developing the transport of goods to cooperate hand-in-hand with businesses, logistics, and ports in a sustainable economy. France will also strive to satisfy the demand for local agriculture and increase food self-reliance by shifting its agricultural model towards more resilient solutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_2">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France Relance will require that €100 billion. €40 billion will come from the Next Generation EU, as France has requested €40.9 billion in grants under the Recovery and Resistance Facility. 50% of the budget will be allocated to the ecological transition with the objective of reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 55%, compared to 1990, by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>MaPrimeRénov<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, an initiative introduced under France Relance, will contribute to the transition by renovating homes to incorporate the sustainable use of energy. 230,000 applications have been submitted as of May 2021. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has, however, set a couple of criteria for eligibility: 37% of the budget must be devoted to environmental objectives of the EU, in particular carbon neutrality by 2050, and 20% must be devoted to economic digitalization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>France will be the third-largest beneficiary of the funds under Next Generation EU, amounting to 11.7% of all subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France's allocation of up to €40 billion under Next Generation EU will go along with almost €3 billion under React-EU. France, however, will not receive loans, only grants. The French plan, in line with the priorities set by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, will pursue three strategic objectives: competitiveness, cohesion, and ecology. Each objective will be allocated 35% of the 100 billion under France Relance, with 40 billion coming directly from the Next Generation EU.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>France Relance is divided into 25 components and 68 measures based on the three objectives defined by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 12 sub-areas have been defined for clarity:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tax reduction on production (20%), employment and training (14%), future investment programme (11%), transport (11%), <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">energy transition</a> by business (9%), investment in hospitals and research (9%), energy-conservation renovation of buildings (7%), other aids (7%), local communities (5%), business support (3%), improving soil quality and biodiversity (3%), <a href="/wiki/Industrial_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial development">industrial development</a> (1%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effect">Economic effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy was the hardest hit country during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the beginning of the crisis, the government decided to implement a nationwide lockdown, to safeguard the health of its citizens. Those conditions had a devastating effect on the already fragile Italian economy. Since the beginning of the crisis, the country has entered a deep economic recession, losing 9% of its GDP in 2020, equal to a loss of €156 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis affected all sectors of the Italian economy; industrial production and exports decreased by 9% and 17%, respectively, compared to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lockdown and the closure of borders hit the services sector hardest, such as tourism, an important source of revenue for the national economy. The national agency of tourism calculated that in 2020 foreign tourism was 49% less compared to 2019. This had an impact on related sectors, such as food services, the hotel industry, and other social economic activities. The pandemic also deeply affected the employment rate, with a loss of almost 1 million jobs in mid-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To respond to the economic crisis, the government adopted a different set of measures, to give assistance and liquidity to family households and enterprises hit by the crisis. The Italian public debt increased rapidly since the beginning of the epidemic. As of the beginning of 2021 it reached 160% of GDP, which is a common phenomenon across the EU, since there was an increased expenditure for healthcare and economic and social assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, the Italian government pushed for joint European action to tackle the COVID-19 crisis. After different proposals and strong opposition from other member states, the Italian government welcomed the commission's proposal for the Next Generation EU's plan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_3">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Conte_EC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a> played an important role in the implementation of the Next Generation EU</figcaption></figure> <p>A first draft of the Italian recovery plan was sent to the commission on 12 January 2021, by the previous government in power, led by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a>. However, the proposal faced skepticism within the government coalition and caused, among other things, the collapse of the government. Consequently, as of 13 February 2021, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a> became the new prime minister of Italy, and, at his installation in power, he made it clear that the national recovery plan was his number one priority. The final version of the document, called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Recovery_and_Resilience_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Recovery and Resilience Plan (page does not exist)">National Recovery and Resilience Plan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Nazionale_di_Ripresa_e_Resilienza" class="extiw" title="it:Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza">it</a>]</span> (PNRR), was sent to the commission on 30 April 2021, respecting the deadline imposed by Brussel, with significant differences from the old document.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy is the biggest beneficiary, by absolute value, of the NGEU funds. The total amount of resources in the PNRR is €235.1 billion, the RRF funds destined for Italy are €191.5 billion in total: €68.9 billion allocated through grants and €122.6 billion in loans, to be spent within the 2021–2023 period, with an additional €13 billion from the REACT-EU fund. The Italian government has also allocated €30.6 billion, through a complementary fund, financed by its national budget.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national plan is coherent with the structure foreseen by the NGEU agreement, using 38% of the funds for "green transition" projects, and 25% for "digitalization" projects. The PNRR is based on three main priorities, which are gender inclusion, the education, training, and employment of youth in line with the European Flagships projects for sustainable growth, and territorial cohesion with 40% of the resources destined to the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">mezzogiorno</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the national plan foresees 6 missions: </p> <ul><li>Digitalization, Innovation, Competitiveness, and Culture</li> <li>Green revolution and Ecological transition</li> <li>Infrastructure for sustainable mobility</li> <li>Education and Research</li> <li>Inclusion and Cohesion</li> <li>Health</li></ul> <p>In parallel with those missions the government will also implement different structural reforms, acting on the commission's recommendations. The government will apply 2 horizontal reforms, to the public administration and to the judicial system, consisting of structural innovations of those sectors, to improve the efficiency, equity, and competitiveness of the country. It will also adopt enabling reforms, in order to simplify and rationalize national legislation, by removing administrative, legal, and procedural obstacles that negatively influence the quality of public services offered to its citizens and businesses. Finally, the government will implement support reforms, to alleviate the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis. Those reforms will impact and increase social equity and the competitiveness of the production system and will be adopted throughout the implementing period of the PNRR.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_3">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg/220px-Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg/330px-Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg/440px-Mario_Draghi_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a>'s government wrote the Next Generation EU's plan for Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The PNRR allocates its resources to 16 specific components grouped in 6 missions, with the aim of implementing investments, projects, and structural reforms to achieve the objectives foreseen by the NGEU agreement. The government decided to use all the possible resources of the RFF, equivalent to 191.5 billion, already allocating to the PNRR the first 70% of the grants given to the country, which must be spent between during the 2020–23 period. Those missions will be financially complemented by the REACT-EU funds destined for Italy, which amount to €13 billion, and by a complementary fund (C.F.) of €30 billion financed by the country's national budget.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A. MISSION 1: Digitalization, Innovation, Competitiveness, Culture (40.73 RRF / 0.80 REACT-EU / C.F. 8.54) = €50.07 billion </p><p>The first mission aims at increasing the competitiveness, productivity, and digitalization of the Italian economy and public sector, to have a positive impact on private investments, and to give a more efficient public service to its citizens and businesses. It divides its resources into three components: </p> <ul><li>The first component allocates 9.75 RFF / €1.20 C.F. billion, in order to digitalize, innovate, and securitize the public administration, with the objective to make the public administration more accessible while offering more efficient services. Different projects are foreseen to develop digital infrastructure, pushing the administration to use digitized data and to upload them in the "cloud" and strengthening cybersecurity defense systems.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second component allocates 24.30 RFF / 0.80 REACT-EU / 5.88 C.F. billion, to promote innovation and digitalization in production. It will act in different economic sector and incentives investment in technology and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D.</a> This component also foresees strategic assistance to the digitalization and innovation of <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">S&MEs</a>, to support the internationalization processes and the competitiveness of industrial supply chains.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The third component allocates 6.68 RFF / 1.46 C.F. billion to boost the tourism and culture sectors, hard-hit by the crisis, and with emphasis on the national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>B. MISSION 2: Green revolution and ecological transition (59.33 RFF / 1.31 REACT-EU / 9.32 C.F.) = €69.96 billion </p><p>The government took the PNRR as a chance to allocate a consistent amount of money to foster development and investment for ecological transition to meet the sustainable developments goals and <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a> goals by 2030, and to reach net neutrality by 2050. This mission has 4 components: </p> <ul><li>The first component allocates 5.27 RFF / 0.50 REACT-EU / 1.20 C.F. billion to increase sustainability, on the one hand, by modernizing and developing new waste treatment plants and fill the infrastructural gap in the south of Italy, to realize the flagship project for circular economy; and, on the other hand, to develop a smart and sustainable agricultural supply chain.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second component allocates 23.78 RFF / 0.18 REACT-EU /1.40 C.F. billion, to develop industrial know-how in the transition sector, to be more competitive at the European and international level, with the aim of reducing dependence on external innovative technology (sustainable transport, batteries for the electric transport sector, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The third component allocate 15.22 RFF / 0.32 REACT-EU / 6.72 C.F. billion to increase the <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of public and private buildings. The funds will be directly issued to citizens through allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The last component, with 15.06 RFF / 0.31 REACT-EU billion, put in place different projects and actions that will make the country more resilient against climate change, protect biodiversity, and assure the security and efficiency of the water system.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>C. MISSION 3: Infrastructure for sustainable mobility (25,13RFF /0.00 REACT-EU / 6.33 C.F.) = €31.46 billion </p><p>The third mission aims at creating, by 2026, a more modern and sustainable transport infrastructure system, and reducing the infrastructure gap between the south and north of Italy, which represents an impediment for economic convergence in the country. This mission foresees 2 components: </p> <ul><li>The first component allocates 24.77 RFF / 3.20 C.F. billion to modernize and develop the railway system, and to boost the train infrastructure in the south of Italy in order to increase the connectivity between regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second component, with 0.36 RFF / 3.13 C.F. billion, will be used for air transport.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>D. MISSION 4: Education and Research (30.88 RFF / 1.93 REACT-EU / 1.00 C.F.) = €33.81 billion </p><p>The fourth mission aims at improving the national education system, by investing and increasing the efficiency and quality of the education structure. The aim is also the reduce the school dropout rate and to increase the number of workers with a tertiary diploma. This mission foresees 2 components: </p> <ul><li>The first component, with 19.44 RFF /1.45 REACT-EU billion, aims at increasing the educational offerings, from kindergarten to university.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second component, with 11.44 / 0.48 REACT-EU / 1 C.F. billion, aims at increasing investment in R&D, favoring the transition towards a know-how-based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>E. MISSION 5: Inclusion and Cohesion (19.81 RFF / 7.25 REACT-EU / 2.55 C.F.) = €29.62 billion </p><p>The fifth mission has the objective to fulfill the priorities of the PNRR, by increasing investment to fight gender discrimination, increase the inclusion of youth in the job market, and to rebalance territorial disparities in the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Mezzogiorno</a></i>. This mission foresees 3 components that answer to the commission's recommendation and will be complemented by different structural reforms: </p> <ul><li>The first component allocates 6.66 RFF / 5.97 REACT-EU billion to implement reforms with the aim of transforming the job market, by creating different instruments that would facilitate the job transition, protection of workers, and increase the employment rate.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second component issues 11.17 RFF / 1.28 REACT-EU / 0.13 C.F. billion for social cohesion and inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The third component will employ 1.98 RFF / 2.43 C.F. billion for territorial cohesion, aiming at strengthening the economic competitiveness of the <i>Mezzogiorno</i> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>F. MISSION 6: Health. (15.63 RFF / 1.71 REACT-EU / 2.89 C.F.) = €20.22 billion </p><p>The resources of the sixth and final mission will be invested to strengthen the resilience of the national healthcare system, which was weakened by the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PNRR foresee the participation of multiple actors at the domestic level. The fulfillment of the structural reforms will be completed by the specific competent ministries and administrations. However, regarding the engagement of specific interventions and projects, the central administrations, the regional and local entities will be responsible to coordinate and implement them. In addition, the government arranged a governance scheme which provides a structure for coordinating and monitoring the national recovery and resilience plan. This structure will be set up within the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy)">Ministry of Economy and Finance</a>, it will also be the point of contact for the European Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy">Controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2024, Italian investigators announced that they had uncovered an international fraud scheme involving €600 million related to the recovery fund.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to police, the fraud, which was carried out by criminal associates in Romania, Italy, Slovakia, and Austria, involved "refined money-laundering apparatus…using advanced technologies such as cloud servers located in uncooperative countries, cryptoassets, and artificial intelligence to produce false documents." <sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 2023 annual report, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Public_Prosecutor%E2%80%99s_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Public Prosecutor’s Office (page does not exist)">European Public Prosecutor’s Office</a> said that there are currently 179 open investigations in Italy related its use of recovery funds.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effects_3">Economic effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an EU member state, Denmark has a well-developed and robust welfare system that makes Danish society one of the most egalitarian in the world. Denmark is a technologically advanced, highly developed country where the government and all other community organizations exercise important regulatory functions in society to provide comprehensive services that benefit all citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before COVID-19, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish economy">Danish economy</a> had a solid industrial and trade base, lacking significant macroeconomic inequalities. As a result of the COVID-19 crisis that broke out in Europe in general, and Denmark in particular, the positive trends of economic development came to an unpredictable halt in early March 2020, causing a financial crisis that needed a rapid response.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the measures taken by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish government">Danish government</a> in a timely manner to curb the spread of the epidemic, the economy experienced a sudden slowdown followed by a decline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Denmark was one of the first states in Europe to act decisively against COVID-19 by declaring a national lockdown and closing its national borders. In the first half of 2020, the Danish economy was badly affected. As a small country with an open economy and a structural balance of payments surplus, Denmark's economy is heavily dependent on foreign trade. As such, the country recorded its deepest fall in GDP in the first half of 2020 (−7.7% per year in Q2 alone) due to the COVID-19 crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the initial spread of the coronavirus in Denmark was essentially under control, the Danish economy could withstand the worldwide crisis caused by COVID-19 relatively firmly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_4">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Danish government's priorities and resilience plan includes improving energy efficiency, promoting <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energies" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energies">renewable energies</a>, strengthening sectoral integration through electrification, transforming the transport sector for more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable mobility">sustainable mobility</a>, and the transition to a circular economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Danish article further emphasizes the importance of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">digital transformation</a> and the EU's need to be more self-sufficient in terms of "certain technologies critical to future economic development and security in Europe", especially 5G.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A. Scale and accelerate investments in the "green transition", including:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Expansion of renewable energy infrastructure to ensure the free flow of renewable energy throughout the EU and to facilitate the rapid deployment of renewable energy.</li> <li>Promote renewable energy generation, especially offshore hybrid projects, through EU regulation and mobilized financing.</li> <li>Increase industry integration, especially through increased electrification.</li> <li>Improve energy efficiency in buildings to promote job creation and reduce emissions.</li> <li>Greening the <a href="/wiki/Transport_industry" title="Transport industry">transport industry</a>, including light and heavy-duty vehicles and transport.</li> <li>The transition to a circular economy, the promotion of the best available clean technologies, water efficiency, and bio-based and nature-based solutions.</li> <li>Promote the best available clean technologies (water, resources, air, chemicals).</li> <li>Biological and nature-based solutions, including a focus on the food industry.</li></ol> <p>B. Develop new technology facilitators and update the regulatory framework to make Europe a digital pioneer, make the Single Market work for business, with 5G, artificial intelligence, and quantum communications, at an accelerated rate. Expansion and electrification of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_energy_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European energy system (page does not exist)">European energy system</a> supporting the climate-neutral target.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_148-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>C. Promote industrial ecosystems crucial to Europe's crisis resilience and green and <a href="/wiki/Digital_transition" title="Digital transition">digital transition</a>. This will include further development of:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_148-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A life sciences industry that provides Europe's innovative capacity to maintain and develop essential medicines and medical equipment.</li> <li>Develop hydrogen and X-power supply centers and green industrial ecosystems around these centers. Power-to-X can help de-carbonize the industry and contribute to sustainable transport solutions such as <a href="/wiki/Zero-emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-emission">zero-emission</a> shipping. In combination with Carbon Capture, Use and Storage (CCUS), "hard to eliminate" emissions from the largest CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emitters can be significantly reduced.</li> <li>New technology, such as research and innovation in artificial intelligence and quantum technology and communications, increases Europe's digital capacity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_4">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To prevail in this crisis, the Danish government has applied its own plans and the plans that have been adopted by the EU. Under NGEU, the Danish government will receive grants and loans to address the impact of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> on the national economy. With Recovery and Resilience Facility (maximum grant allocations), Denmark will be allocated €1.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the Recovery and Resilience Facility, Denmark will receive 178 million EUR under REACT-EU for 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will be also be allocated €46 million under the Just Transition Fund<sup id="cite_ref-:40_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and €54.3 million, for 2021 and 2022, under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denmark is a special case due to its <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-out</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Krone</a> is Danish currency in which the EU grants and loans are received. The Krone is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> (ERM) II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effects_4">Economic effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a small open economy, Belgium, as well as many other countries, will not be able to escape the consequences of the pandemic. Belgium is one of the counties hit hardest economically by the second wave of the pandemic, which can be explained by the duration of the confinement and the drastic measures taken to fight the virus. The impact on the economy proved to be much greater than initially thought.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 40% of Belgian household spending is influenced by COVID-19 restrictions and 70% of GDP will be impacted by this lockdown.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian economy is highly integrated with global supply chains that have been disrupted by the coronavirus; specifically, the strong ties with Germany pose a significant risk in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having the second largest port in Europe and many logistic and international companies active in that area, makes the Belgian economy very sensitive to an economic "slow down" elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering Belgium's position as a trade center, imports are expected to develop in line with exports, ensuring a contraction in 2020 and a rebound in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, unemployment will be a huge issue in all areas, specifically in sectors such as tourism, leisure, hotels, restaurants, and the arts, where the likelihood of bankruptcies will be much higher.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positive effects for the economy will be delayed due to the fact that the de-confinement is expected to be more gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_5">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Belgian government's strategy in response to the COVID-19 outbreak is, first of all, to protect public health. At this point, diverse health-related measures have been introduced. Nevertheless, health-related measures have also significantly impacted socio-economics. Consequently, measures have been taken on both health-related and socio-economic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect public health, safety measures have been taken in the forms of confinement and curfew, limiting the movement of persons to a minimum. In regards to the socio-economic impact of the virus, measures to support the health care system, companies, and self-employed households have been introduced in the form of deferral of payments of federal taxes, loans, and invocation of temporary unemployment. </p><p>The government is taking measures to fight the impact that coronavirus had on society; but the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis. In consequence, the Belgian economy will have to endure multiple shocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, different levels of government have been taking measures to alleviate the socio-economic effects of the pandemic. With regard to the EU recovery plan, following the recommendations of <a href="/wiki/The_European_Semester" title="The European Semester">The European Semester</a>, Belgium will improve measures to address the crisis and support recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strengthening the resilience and healthcare system will be prioritized, as well as mitigating unemployment and ensuring effective implementation of measures supporting the liquidity of firms and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the focus will be on investment in green and digital transition, in addition to research and innovation. Such areas as sustainable transport, more energy-efficient buildings, digital infrastructure will benefit from the investments.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_5">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal government and the governments of the federal entities that make up Belgium have reached an agreement on a first draft of a Plan for Recovery and Resilience and on the distribution of funds. Belgium will benefit from billions of euros in grants and loans, which is considered an important step in the Belgian economic recovery strategy. At times when the economy of the country is hit particularly hard, the Recovery and Resilience investment plan is meant to help renew the economy and make it stronger. </p><p>The Next Generation recovery plan is supported by such political actors as the federal prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a>, who confirmed that the projects funded by the program are ready to start.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interim, at the federal level, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dermine" title="Thomas Dermine">Thomas Dermine</a> will be responsible for communication between beneficiaries of the funds. However, the Flemish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Jambon" title="Jan Jambon">Jan Jambon</a> admits that, while receiving funds would be beneficial, it wasn't easy to negotiate with other governments. He comments that it is important to find an agreement where everyone benefits from the plan and calls it "defensible".<sup id="cite_ref-:28_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reaching an agreement on the first draft of a Recovery and Resilience Plan and on the distribution of funds, Belgium can benefit from approximately €5 billion in grants and loans. Furthermore, on 11 January 2021 Belgian authorities reached an agreement on how the funds will be allocated between local governments in the regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the agreement, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> will receive the lion's share of about €2.25 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> in its turn will benefit from €1.48 billion, and the federal government will receive €1.25 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> will receive €495 million, the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> will receive €395 million, while the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German Community</a> will receive €50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Flemish government founded the basis of the recovery plan for Flanders, launching a plan, called <i>Vlaamse Veerkracht</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Flemish Resilience</i>), that includes innovations in digital transformation and the transition of Flanders to a more sustainable economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_153-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallonia in its turn has launched a similar program called "Get Up Wallonia" which sees as a task enabling stronger economic, social, environmental, and territorial development.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_153-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The funds will be used in accordance with the recommendations given by The European Semester and will be invested in improving projects related to sustainability, green digital transition, mobility, and welfare. The funds will also help to strengthen the resilience of the health system as well as improving the business environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effects_5">Economic effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disruption of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has severely affected the Spanish economy, as a result of the strict lockdown measures imposed by the national executive.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_alarm_(Spain)" title="State of alarm (Spain)">State of Alarm</a> announced by Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez on 13 March 2020 led to the nationwide closure of non-essential shops and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drastic fall of the social life and economic activity determined a rapid deterioration of the main economic and financial indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day previous to the announcement of the State of Alarm the <a href="/wiki/IBEX_35" title="IBEX 35">Madrid stock exchange</a> experienced its <a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">biggest collapse in history</a>, losing 14.06% of its value.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_del_Gobierno,_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Presidente_del_Gobierno%2C_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg/220px-Presidente_del_Gobierno%2C_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Presidente_del_Gobierno%2C_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg/330px-Presidente_del_Gobierno%2C_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Presidente_del_Gobierno%2C_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg/440px-Presidente_del_Gobierno%2C_Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Spanish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to other countries, Spain's heavy reliance on the travel and tourism industry has deepened the economic fallout of the coronavirus crisis: the arrival of tourists in 2020 plummeted by 77% compared to the previous year,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which generated €56 billion in losses<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the tourism business. According to the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">National Statistics Institute</a> (INE), the gross domestic product fell dramatically, by 10.8%, during 2020. In this sense, the COVID-19 recession constitutes the second deepest drop of Spanish GDP, next to the outbreak of the Spain civil war in 1936, when the economy collapsed nearly 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, private consumption dropped remarkably, around 12,4%, the largest setback since record-keeping started in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, agriculture was the only sector to increase in terms of GDP contribution, growing 5.3% compared to 2019. On the other hand, home and infrastructure construction declined around 14.5% while service-sector and industrial production fall by 11.1% and 9.6%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The labor market has also been particularly affected: 623,000 workers lost their jobs in 2020, while almost 1 million have adhered to the temporary workforce reduction mechanism commonly known as ERTE (<i>Expedientes de Regulación Temporal de Empleo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unemployment rate has, therefore, reached a peak of 16,13% in the third trimester in 2020, two points higher than the year before the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the crisis, one of the earliest priorities of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish government</a> was to activate the Urgent Action Plan and the approval of a guaranteed funding of up to €100 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the Cabinet, trade unions, and employers approved the Agreement on Economic Recovery and Employment<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in July 2020, which laid the foundations for accelerating the recovery and the creation of quality employment. The Plan envisaged measures extending the short-time work schemes (ERTE), training of workers in the digital sphere, boosting the green transition, and implementing <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a> legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this framework, a public-support programme for business solvency and investment up to €50 billion was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan consists, on the one hand, of a Solvency Support Fund, endowed with €10 billion to invest in strategic companies.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Official_Credit_Institute" title="Official Credit Institute">Official Credit Institute</a> made available an additional investment guarantee funding for an amount of €40 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_6">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disbursement of EU funds is not automatic, but is conditioned on the elaboration of a National Recovery and Resilience Plan no later than 31 April 2021 and which has to be examined by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As required by the European authorities, the plan should include a detailed analysis of reforms, estimated costs, and a timetable, and be aligned with European priorities. In this regard, in October 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of Spain</a> publicly presented the plan <i>España Puede</i> (Spain Can), a basic outline of the future Recovery and Resilience Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final version was presented by the prime minister on 14 April 2021. During the last week of April, the Spanish government finally submitted the plan to the European Commission for its evaluation. </p><p>In absolute terms, Spain is the second largest recipient, after Italy, of European funds, getting €72 billion in the form of transfers and €68 billion in loans.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, as in the rest of EU countries, these funds are channeled through two main schemes: the Recovery and Resilience Facility, providing Spain about €59 billion until 2023, and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">REACT-EU</a>, for around €12 billion. Overall, under the framework of the Next Generation EU the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spanish economy</a> ought to receive an injection of almost €155 billion and €43 billion from the <a href="/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">2021–2027 MFF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Recovery and Resilience Plan of Spain is structured around 4 guiding principles whose aim is to be the backbone of the economic policy strategy pursued by the Spanish government. The four transversal axes are closely aligned with the general objectives enshrined under the NGEU and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Goals" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Goals">United Nations Sustainable Development Goals</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ecological transition</li> <li>digitalization</li> <li>gender equality</li> <li>social and territorial cohesion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_6">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, the plan includes 10 policies that are crucial to foster economic recovery and employment in the first phase of the Plan, before 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10 policy priorities are composed of 30 policy components that articulate investments and reform projects seeking to modernize the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of them are horizontal in nature, some are specifically set up to boost the modernisation of key sectors, such as trade, tourism, agri-food, health, the automotive industry, and public administration.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Urban and rural agenda, the fight against rural depopulation and agricultural development (20.7% of the budget).</li> <li>Resilient infrastructures and ecosystems (15.0% of the budget).</li> <li>Energy transition (9.2% of the budget).</li> <li>Modernisation of public administration (6.2% of the budget).</li> <li>Modernisation and digitization of the industrial fabric and SMEs, recovery of the tourism sector, and promotion of Spain as an entrepreneurial nation (23.1% of the budget).</li> <li>Pledge for science and innovation and strengthening the capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Health_System" title="Spanish National Health System">national health system</a> (7.1% of the budget).</li> <li>Education and knowledge, lifelong learning and capacity building (10.5% of the budget).</li> <li>The new care economy and employment policies (7.0% of the budget).</li> <li>Promotion of the culture and sports industries (1.2% of the budget).</li> <li>Modernisation of the tax system for inclusive and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a>.</li></ol> <p>Several mechanisms and institutional actors are foreseen under the Recovery and Resilience Plan of Spain with the aim to ensure optional fund management.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following structure put in place by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish government</a> intends to monitor and scrutinize the implementation and results of the Recovery and Resilience Plan:<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An Inter-ministerial Commission chaired by the prime minister.</li> <li>A Technical Committee in charge of providing technical and legal support to the Inter-ministerial Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Recovery Fund Monitoring Unit.</li> <li>The Sectoral Conference on European Funds, jointly with the 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities led by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Economy (Spain)">Minister of Finance</a>.</li> <li>The conferences of presidents between different autonomous communities.</li> <li>A regular parliamentary scrutiny mechanism before the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">parliament</a>, through the Joint Committee for European Affairs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effect_2">Economic effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Economic effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polish economy has been developing constantly since 1989. The current challenges, however, stem from the economic slowdown caused by the pandemic, rather than from economic weakness. Poland's economic struggle stems from three causes: the limitation of economic activity worldwide, the hit on demand-and-supply chains, and the reliance on the government to bail out all industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unemployment rose from 5.1% in October 2019 to 6.1% in October 2020, meaning that currently more than 1 million people have filed for unemployment. Registered unemployment, however fails to account for professional inactivity, which would raise the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> even more, as around 3.7 million people in Poland are professionally inactive. 62% of consumers acknowledge that financial well-being has decreased, along with 70% of entrepreneurs acknowledging that income has decreased. The hospitality industry has suffered particularly as a result of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdowns</a>. The summer and winter holidays in Poland, for example, are relatively long (the summer season lasts between May and September and the winter season between November and March), meaning that throughout 2020 and 2021, economic activity in the <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality industry</a> (HoReCa) lost income altogether. The government has deployed several tools to tackle the impact of the lockdowns on economic activity: Anti-Crisis Shield 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0. </p><p>Anti-Crisis Shield 1.0 was launched on 1 April 2020, allowing entrepreneurs who suffered from the economic decline to apply for <a href="/wiki/Benefit_(social_welfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefit (social welfare)">benefits</a> to protect jobs by subsidizing the salaries of employees, co-financing the salaries of employees, exempting the private businesses employing up to 9 people from paying state insurance for the period between March and May 2020, granting loans of up to €1.135 billion to entrepreneurs, and according benefits to employees who have been obliged to quarantine. </p><p>Anti-Crisis Shield 2.0 was launched on 17 April 2020 and extended the tools launched under 1.0, to include recently established enterprises that were registered between 1 February 2020 and 1 April 2020, grant exemptions from paying <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">social security</a> for self-employed entrepreneurs, and expand the range of businesses eligible for the exemption from paying state insurance, from 9 employees to 49 employees. </p><p>Anti-Crisis Shield 3.0 was launched on 15 May 2020 and expanded the tools launched under 2.0 by directing financial boosts to particular <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">sectors</a>, and introducing administrative facilitations, such as electronic correspondence. </p><p>Anti-Crisis Shield 4.0 was launched on 24 June 2020 and introduced provisions regarding the subsidies to the interest rate applicable to bank loans for ensuring financial liquidity to entrepreneurs economically hit by COVID-19 and enforced the requirement to obtain the consent of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection to take over any company based in Poland or to acquire a considerable amount of shares or stocks, namely up to 20% of shares or stocks in a Polish company, by any entity based outside the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, or <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. </p><p>Anti-Crisis Shield 5.0 was launched on 15 October 2020 and was directed towards tourism and culture, to grant benefits and exemptions from the payment of social insurance for the period between July and September 2020, following the lockdowns. </p><p>Anti-Crisis Shield 6.0 was launched on 14 December 2020, was directed towards the industries that suffered the most during the second wave of COVID-19, and was extended to additional industrial sectors, such as hospitality, transport, tourism, and entertainment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_7">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wizyta_w_Brukseli_(49497887403).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wizyta_w_Brukseli_%2849497887403%29.jpg/220px-Wizyta_w_Brukseli_%2849497887403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wizyta_w_Brukseli_%2849497887403%29.jpg/330px-Wizyta_w_Brukseli_%2849497887403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wizyta_w_Brukseli_%2849497887403%29.jpg/440px-Wizyta_w_Brukseli_%2849497887403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Polish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> with European Council president <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The first confirmed case of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19 in Poland</a> was announced on 4 March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 people had been hospitalized under the suspicion of COVID-19, 13 had been quarantined, and 1000 were monitored by the authorities on 19 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 47 people had been Hospitalized under the suspicion of COVID-19, 55 were quarantined, and 1570 were monitored by the authorities on 27 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organisation</a> declared on 10 March 2020 that COVID-19 was spreading locally.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government refused to participate in the acquisition of medical equipment led by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 28 February 2020. <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health">Minister of Health</a>, argued that Poland would ensure the acquisition of adequate tools for fighting <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. The government however reiterated its commitment to the initiative on 6 March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poland and Hungary threatened to block negotiations on the MFF and the Next Generation EU. The threat stemmed from partisan politics rather than from Next Generation EU. More than 50% of Polish citizens declared having positive feelings towards the initiative as opposed to only 16% who declared having negative feelings about the initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government rules by a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> named <a href="/wiki/United_Right_(Poland)" title="United Right (Poland)">Zjednoczona Prawica (United Right)</a> composed of three political parties: <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice)</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Poland">Solidarna Polska (United Poland)</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Ziobro" title="Zbigniew Ziobro">Zbigniew Ziobro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(political_party)" title="Agreement (political party)">Porozumienie (Agreement)</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Gowin" title="Jarosław Gowin">Jarosław Gowin</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Poland">United Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(political_party)" title="Agreement (political party)">Agreement</a> both have enough seats to halt the parliamentary majority of the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government is also receiving domestic pressure from a couple of sources: first, the government lost focus after handling the first wave of COVID-19 relatively well, thus failing to make adequate preparation for the second and third waves; and, second, the government filled the Constitutional Tribunal with its supporters in a series of illegal moves that have undermined the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> in Poland, especially the ban on abortion despite foetal defects. </p><p>Power struggles within the United Right have occurred following the decline of popular support, with <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Ziobro" title="Zbigniew Ziobro">Zbigniew Ziobro</a> in particular, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Poland">United Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice</a>, pursuing an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Europeanism" title="Anti-Europeanism">anti-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German</a> narrative and orchestrating the government's <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%93present_Polish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–present Polish constitutional crisis">assault</a> on the judicial system. </p><p>The rule of law mechanism, which renders granting financial aid to the member states conditional on the respect of the rule of law, is the foundation of Poland's opposition to the ratification of the Next Generation EU. <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a> declared that the failure to vote or abstention by United Poland would entail the end of the coalition, while <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Ziobro" title="Zbigniew Ziobro">Zbigniew Ziobro</a> declared that United Poland would oppose Next Generation EU. </p><p>Germany, having the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">rotating presidency</a> at the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, brokered a compromise: the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> would refrain from implementing the rule of law mechanism while a member state would challenge its legality at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">prime minister</a>, accepted the rule of law mechanism at the European Council of July 2020 and December 2020, thus agreeing to the conditionality of the funds upon the European Commission's assessment of the member states' compliance with the rule of law. <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Ziobro" title="Zbigniew Ziobro">Zbigniew Ziobro</a> insisted that the move constitutes a betrayal of the voters of the coalition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Right_(Poland)" title="United Right (Poland)">Zjednoczona Prawica (United Right)</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice)</a> reached an agreement with Lewica (The Left) on 27 April 2021, green lighting the ratification of the Next Generation EU.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Biedro%C5%84" title="Robert Biedroń">Robert Biedroń</a> commented regarding the agreement: "One of the conditions of our support for the government is building 75,000 apartments for rent. We have also negotiated €850 million to support local Hospitals and that local governments would decide how to spend 30% of recovery fund money".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> €300 million would be devoted to support restaurants and hotels hit by intermittent lockdowns to tackle COVID-19 while the disbursement of the recovery funds would be supervised by a monitoring committee of government officials, trade unionists, business representatives, local governments, and NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poland has laid out five components of the <i>Krajowy Plan Odbudowy</i> (National Reconstruction Plan), the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which refers to the national priorities: (1) resilience and competitiveness of the economy, (2) increase in green energy and decrease in energy consumption, (3) digital transformation, (4) effectiveness, availability, and quality of the healthcare system, (5) green and intelligent mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poland submitted the National Reconstruction Plan to the European Commission on 1 June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Law and Justice and the Left finally reached an agreement, sparking disapproval and discontent of the Civic Coalition and of All-Poland Women's Strike. The Sejm voted on the approval of the Recovery and Resilience Facility on 4 May 2021, with the outcome of 290 MPs for, 33 MPs against, and 133 MPs abstaining.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote thus politically saved the Law and Justice Party from the implosion of the coalition government, as the majority held by only 3 seats. The United Poland party fervently opposed the Recovery and Resilience Facility "(...) arguing it would lead to the creation of a federal Europe by letting the EU take on common debt, and also links the use of the money to not violating the rule of law – a source of friction between Brussels and Warsaw".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki declared following the vote: "I thank everyone who rose above partisan calculations. (...) This vote was a breakthrough. I'm taking it very positively because it turns out that there is a very big majority in our parliament which is aware that we have to work together for our country".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_193-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_7">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland is expected to be granted €58.1 billion: €23.9 billion in grants and €34.2 billion in loans. The government will have until 2026 to allocate the money.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plans for the allocation will be laid out in the Krajowy Plan Odbudowy. The Recovery and Resilience Facility constitutes a fundamental instrument of Next Generation EU by providing €672.5 billion to boost Investments and Reforms through €312.5 billion in <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> and €360 billion in loans. </p><p>Poland has submitted the Krajowy Plan Odbudowy, its Recovery and Resilience Facility, to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland requests €23.9 billion in grants and €12.1 billion in loans around five pillars of resilience of the economy: (1) business environment, innovation and labor market policy, (2) green energy, (3) digital transformation, (4) sustainable transport, and (5) health system. The plan will focus on improving the quality of air, energy-efficiency in buildings, development of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, zero-emission transport, and access to broadband internet. Projects cover the Recovery and Resilience Facility until 2026. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effect_3">Economic effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Economic effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greece was hit by the pandemic but it was relatively spared from serious health consequences, compared to many other European countries. Between March 2020 and June 2020, foreign media reports had been talking a lot about this little Greek miracle, a country almost ravaged by the economic crisis for the recent years, which has been able to resist the health challenge of the coronavirus better than many other European countries. This unexpected success was mainly due to the speed of government decisions, the closing of borders, the strict confinement, but also the obedience of the population to the special rules decreed by the both health and political.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the pandemic has caused very serious economic problems for Greece and has again plunged the country into a new recession after some signs of economic recovery that have appeared in recent years. This is mainly due to Greece's heavy reliance on tourism and the hospitality industry, which has not only weighed on the trade and current account balance, but also on employment and domestic consumption. In Greece, tourism provides an essential source of income and alone contributes almost a fifth of the GDP (the main contributing sector to the national GDP). The sector directly employs just under 400,000 people, or 10% of the country's total employment (OECD). In fact, the tourism industry has been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and in 2021 it only generated half of the revenue reached in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the tourism sector, Greece's foreign trade has been severely affected by the pandemic, since the country has an export-oriented economy. Petroleum products represent both imported and exported items, as the country imports crude oil and exports refined products. Medicines, fish and olive oil are among the most exported products. Medicines account for a large share of imports (4.4%), followed by automobiles.<sup id="cite_ref-international.groupecreditagricole.com_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international.groupecreditagricole.com-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade with EU countries accounts for half of imports and exports. Italy and Germany are Greece's main trading partners, with Italy being the first destination for Greek exports (10.5%) and Germany the main supplier of goods and services (11.9%). Italy (8.3%), China (7.7%) and the Netherlands (6.1%) are the other main suppliers.<sup id="cite_ref-international.groupecreditagricole.com_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international.groupecreditagricole.com-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structurally in deficit, the trade balance improved between 2009 and 2016, with imports falling faster than exports. In 2020, exports of goods totaled US$35.1 billion (-7.4% YoY) while imports declined at a faster pace (-10.8% - to US$55.7 billion). In the same year, exports of services amounted to US$25.8 billion, marking a decline of 42.8%, imports decreasing slightly (-17.5% - to US$17.4 billion). The World Bank estimates the country's trade deficit at 7.6% of GDP in 2020, up from 1.7% a year earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public spending has increased significantly in an attempt to combat the COVID-19 pandemic (estimated at 6.5% of GDP). In terms of public debt, Greece is once of the countries that has experienced the highest increase following the COVID-19 crisis, with an increase of 29% between 2019 and 2020, compared to 22% for the Spanish economy, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public debt, which had been on a downward trend in recent years, soared by more than 25% of GDP in the aftermath of the pandemic. Although it is among the highest ratios in the world, it started to decline in 2021 (206.7% of GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com_197-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradesolutions.bnpparibas.com-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_8">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting crisis, the EU and the European Commission have created a new recovery program, namely NextGeneration EU. The aim of this program is firstly to recover from the pandemic but also creating new economic and labor opportunities by transforming European economies. Greece has therefore designed a recovery and resilience plan. The various reforms and investments envisaged by this plan will allow the country to become more sustainable, more resilient, and also to be prepared for the challenges but also the opportunities of the green and digital transitions. Greece's recovery and resilience plan will include €17.77 billion in grants and €12.73 billion in loans.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program elaborated by Greece is in line with the recommendations of The European Semester. Indeed, the aim of the plan is to promote growth, productivity, job creation by achieving economic and social resilience in a country that has experienced a major economic crisis for the past decades. On the one hand, the reforms will enable sustainable and viable growth, and on the other hand, the investments will enhance the transition to a low-carbon, digital and more inclusive economy. Indeed, the plan will facilitate the decarbonisation of the economy, modernise and digitise public administration (including improving tax administration and judicial systems), promote innovation capacity and finally improve healthcare, education and active labour market policies.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key investments will be made to promote private investment, in the digital sector but also ecological and R&D. After having undertaken numerous privatizations under the austerity plans, Greece will be able to undertake public- private. In addition, country's key sectors are going to be pushed by key investments, such as culture, tourism, and agriculture. Greece's recovery and resilience plan will help boost economic growth and job creation. This will include increasing Greece's gross domestic product from 2.1% to 3.3% by 2026. This will enable approximately 62,000 Greek citizens to find employment. Greece will also benefit from the recovery and resilience plans of other EU member states, particularly through exports.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First of all, with regard to climate and environmental policies and therefore the green transition, Greece will try to increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix. In order to achieve this, the country will try to increase the number of offshore wind farms on the one hand and reduce the consumption of solid fossil fuels on the other. Investments will also be made to modernise private and public buildings, promote sustainable transport and support water management. Secondly, with regard to the digital transition, Greece has a lack of connectivity, a lack of digital skills, a slow adoption of digital technologies (especially by SMEs) and finally a low level of digital services in the public sector. In order to address this, the plan will support the digital transition including the digitalisation of public administration and private sector companies, but also connectivity and digital skills. In addition, various measures will be taken to strengthen economic and social resilience in order to promote labour market activation and skills upgrading, modernisation of public administration and simplification of the regulatory framework. Greece will also create a national public health programme, including the expansion of preventive services.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployment, especially among young people, being one of the major issues of the country, will also become a focus. Indeed, the program will be innovative in that sector through trainings, upskilling and reskilling with a focus on digital skills for all workers. In addition, many investments will be made in the health sector, an essential investment after this pandemic which has highlighted the lack of hospital resources, especially after the numerous fiscal cuts due to austerity measures. Investments in education and social inclusion will also be made.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery program will also try to simplify the business environment, both at local level and international level. The judicial system will also undergo reforms to be transformed into a more efficient system. In addition to the numerous reforms introduced to increase inclusion and productivity within the country, the plan also promotes the adoption of measures and incentives to develop and increase electronic transactions and limit corruption. Such measures in Greece could, if properly implemented, contribute to reducing the debt burden as more tax revenues will be collected. Reforms of public institutions will also be made in the coming months and years with a digitization of them. Greece's recovery plan was approved in June by the European Commission, allowing the country to acquire 17.8 billion euros in grants and 12.7 billion euros in loans on behalf of the European Recovery and Resilience Plan. Overall, 38% of the total envelope will support climate objectives and 23% will target a better digital transition within the country. The Bank of Greece concluded that at macroeconomic level, the country's stimulus package supported by the NextGenerationEU plan will allow an increase in real GDP by 7% by 2026 and the creation of 180,000 new jobs. Private sector investment is also expected to increase by 20%. These increases should be permanent thanks to a rebound in productivity in the country that will make this growth sustainable over time despite the increase in public debt due to the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approval of the recovery plan by the Commission allows for the granting of a pre-financing of 4 billion euros, or 13% of the total amount, during the month of July. This plan will allow the country to adequately tackle, with a sufficient budget, the real problems of the GDP which strongly limits the growth of its economy but also strongly increases the inequalities within the country. In addition, the pandemic has forced countries around the world to go into debt to deal with the pandemic and the resulting humanitarian and economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_8">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Commission has already paid €4 billion to Greece. The country is expected to receive 30,5 billion in total (€17,8 billion in grants and €12.7 billion in loans). Greece is among the first countries to have received pre-financing under the RRF. This will allow the implementation of the investment and reform measures outlined in Greece's recovery and resilience plan.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greece the RRF is financing investments and reforms that could have a transformative effect on the Greek economy and society. Some of these projects include: </p><p>• Green transition: 645 million to finance the interconnection with the Cyclades islands, increasing the potential for renewable energy sources and storage capacity. </p><p>• Digital transition: €375 million will enable the uptake of digital technologies, particularly by small and medium-sized enterprises, and support the purchase of digital services and new technology cash registers. </p><p>• Economic and social resilience: €740 million will be invested in strengthening active labour market policies to increase full-time employment, also for the long-term unemployed and disadvantaged people. 627 million will be invested in improving and digitalising public administration; digitalising the judicial system and speeding up court procedures; modernising and simplifying tax legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_199-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effect_4">Economic effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Economic effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 18 March 2020, a state of emergency was declared in Portugal with the implementation of social isolation measures in order to reduce contamination. The economy of Portugal has been strongly impacted by the closure of economic activities. The impact of COVID-19 was felt in all social and commercial activities, but more particularly in the tourism sector and especially in the hotel industry.<sup id="cite_ref-europa1_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the tourism sector represented 16% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Situation_économique_du_Portugal_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Situation_économique_du_Portugal-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 Portugal's GDP grew by 2.7%, which was better than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_contexte_économique_du_Portugal_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_contexte_économique_du_Portugal-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this increase, consumption and economic activity indicators predicted a strong position for Portugal in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the health crisis following the COVID-19 has resulted in significant costs for the country. In 2020, Portugal's GDP faced a historical recession of 8.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-Situation_économique_du_Portugal_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Situation_économique_du_Portugal-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unemployment rate in 2019 was 6.6% and increased to 7% in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_contexte_économique_du_Portugal_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_contexte_économique_du_Portugal-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exports of services and investment in equipment fell sharply in 2020. Private consumption has also fallen sharply, mainly due to a sharp rise in savings. But unlike the rest, investment in construction continued to grow, thanks in part to the various projects financed by the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-europa1_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_priorities_9">Governmental priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Governmental priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 May 2021, Portugal re-opened the country for tourism, which accounts for nearly 20% of GDP, allowing sport activities to resume, and letting venues in the hospitality sector stay open until 10.30pm. These changes will help improve economic confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese government has decided to implement an investment plan of more than six billion euros to revitalize the tourism sector. Part of this sum will be financed by the European recovery plan. Half of this sum, that is to say 3 billion euros will be used to support companies impacted by COVID-19 so that they can maintain their activities and save jobs. The plan also provides for aid for training in order to meet the challenges of digital technology and sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, the Portuguese economy is only beginning to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the new OECD report, despite this recovery it is important to continue investment and structural reforms in order to raise living standards and strengthen public finances. To achieve this, Portugal will need to implement its EU-funded recovery and resilience plan to accelerate the digital and ecological transitions. The country will have to focus on measures with a high economic and social impact.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting crisis, a recovery and resilience plan has been put in place in Portugal following the creation of NextGenerationEU, this plan was commonly called by the Portuguese society as the "European bazooka".<sup id="cite_ref-European_Bazooka_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Bazooka-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various reforms and investments envisaged by this plan will allow the country to become more sustainable, more resilient, and also to be prepared for the challenges but also the opportunities of the green and digital transitions. The Portuguese plan also includes reforms to increase the responsiveness and efficiency of health and care services. It also involves measures to improve the affordability of housing. Portugal's recovery and resilience plan will include €13.9 billion in grants and €2.7 billion in loans.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal’s_recovery_and_resilience_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal’s_recovery_and_resilience-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese authorities designed the recovery plan after consultation with national and regional social partners and stakeholders, while continuing a close dialogue with the commission before formally submitting the plan on 22 April 2021. Portugal was then the first Member State to have presented its recovery plan. On 16 June 2021, the Commission gave its green light to the plan. On this occasion, President von der Leyen symbolically transmitted the commission's assessment to Prime Minister Antonio Costa during her visit in Lisbon. The plan was, in turn, adopted by the council on 13 July opening the door to its implementation and financing.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portugal's recovery and resilience plan will help boost economic growth as well as employment creation. This will include increasing Portugal's gross domestic product from 1.5% to 2.4% by 2026. This will enable around 50,000 Portuguese citizens to find employment. Portugal will also benefit from the recovery and resilience plans of other EU Member States, notably through exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal’s_recovery_and_resilience_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal’s_recovery_and_resilience-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the pandemic crisis, Portugal's Recovery and Resilience Plan aims to address the urgent need to foster a strong recovery and prepare for Portugal's future. The plan's investments and reforms aim to help Portugal become more resilient, sustainable and better respond to the opportunities and challenges of green and digital transitions. In this context, the plan includes 83 investments and 32 reforms. They will be supported by 13.9 billion euros in grants and 2.7 billion euros in loans. 38% of the plan will support climate objectives and 22% of the plan will promote the digital transition.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_206-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reforms focus on removing barriers to sustainable growth and investments address bottlenecks that are undermine potential growth and productivity. These barriers include restrictions on regulated professions and gaps in human capital, including education and digital skills. The plan also aims to improve the efficiency of public administration and the judicial system and public financial management. Moreover, reforms and investments in the Recovery plan support the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy, the catch-up in productivity and the convergence of incomes through commercial research, the innovation of digitization, the improvement of the energy efficiency of buildings, the capitalization of businesses, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_206-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First of all, with regard to climate and environmental policies and therefore the green transition, Portugal has decided to implement an investment program to make its building stock more energy efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, regarding the digital transition, Portugal will invest in particular in the use of digital technologies in order to ensure access to quality education and training for all in order to improve the competitiveness of companies. Investments are also planned in digital health in order to modernize the computer systems of the national health service.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, various measures will be taken to strengthen economic and social resilience. On the one hand, regarding the social dimension, investments will be made to strengthen the National Health Service, to increase the supply of social housing solutions for various target groups, to increase the skill levels of the population and finally to extend the coverage of social services. On the other hand, in the economic dimension, investments will be made to strengthen research and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the Portuguese plan includes measures to strengthen the response capacity and efficiency of health and long-term care services and measures to make housing affordable. All reforms and investments need to be implemented in a tight timeframe as the Recovery and Resilience Facility regulation foresees that they should be completed by August 2026. According to estimates, the plan will increase Portugal's gross domestic product by 1.5% to 2.4% by 2026. This boost to the economy will lead to up to 50,000 citizens finding jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_206-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience plan was subject to criticism. An editorialist from Público stressed that the government has missed a double opportunity to decarbonize and immediately finance investments that have been delayed for decades. According to her, the Costa government's project suffers from excessive centralization in the hands of the Minister of Planning, making predictable the worsening of territorial inequalities and the hyper-concentration of funding on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strengthening of social programs, assistance to businesses, but also climate policy and the digital transition are the pillars of the strategy put in place by Lisbon in the plan. But some experts have doubts about the real impact of this plan to overcome the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Joao Cesar das Neves, professor of economics at the Catholic University of Lisbon, stresses that the strategy is not centered on the pandemic and the immediate recovery but on the next generations. He analyzes that the plan strategy has two objectives that have not been affected by the pandemic, these are digitalization and decarbonization. He pointed out that these two areas have rather come to the fore during the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation_9">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 August 2021, The European Commission has disbursed €2.2 billion to Portugal in prefinancing, equivalent to 13% of the grant and loan component of the country's financial allocation. Portugal is one of the first countries receiving a pre-financing payment under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). This pre-financing aims to help to kick-start the implementation of the crucial investment and reform measures outlined in Portugal's recovery and resilience plan.<sup id="cite_ref-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 January 2022, Portugal submitted the first payment request of €1.16 billion and announced reforms in the areas of health, social housing, social services, investment and innovation, qualifications and skills, forestry, the blue economy, bioeconomy, renewable gases (including hydrogen), public finances and public administration. Several targets also concern investments in the areas of infrastructure, decarbonization of industry and digital education. With the payment request, the Portuguese authorities provided detailed and comprehensive evidence demonstrating the fulfilment of the 38 milestones and targets. The commission has thoroughly assessed this information before presenting its positive preliminary assessment of the payment request. The Portuguese plan a wide range of investment and reform measures in 20 thematic components. The plan will be supported by €13.9 billion in grants and €2.7 billion in loans, 13% of which (€2.2 billion) was disbursed to Portugal in pre-financing on 3 August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green transition: Portugal's plan supports the green transition through an investment program of 300 million euros. The program aims to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings. New investments are envisaged in the energy efficiency of public buildings. Industrial greening projects will also be supported with more than 800 million euros.<sup id="cite_ref-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital transition: Portugal's Recovery and Resilience Plan supports the digital transition with investments and reforms in the areas of skills, digitization of education and business as well as digitization of the public sector (general public administration, health, judicial system and tax administration).<sup id="cite_ref-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic and social resilience: The plan includes investments aimed, among other things, at strengthening the National Health Service (1.4 billion euros) and increasing the supply of social housing solutions for different targets (a total of 2.7 billion euros), to increase the level of qualification of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi_214-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NextGenerationEU:_European_Commissi-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/2094/oj">"Council Regulation (EU) 2020/2094 of 14 December 2020 establishing a European Union Recovery Instrument to support the recovery in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis"</a>. <i>EUR-Lex</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-Lex&rft.atitle=Council+Regulation+%28EU%29+2020%2F2094+of+14+December+2020+establishing+a+European+Union+Recovery+Instrument+to+support+the+recovery+in+the+aftermath+of+the+COVID-19+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Feli%2Freg%2F2020%2F2094%2Foj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Portugal%27s+recovery+and+resilience+plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fbusiness-economy-euro%2Frecovery-coronavirus%2Frecovery-and-resilience-facility%2Fportugals-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility/portugals-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en#green-transition">"Portugal's recovery and resilience plan – Green transition"</a>. <i>European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Portugal%27s+recovery+and+resilience+plan+%E2%80%93+Digital+transition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fbusiness-economy-euro%2Frecovery-coronavirus%2Frecovery-and-resilience-facility%2Fportugals-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility/portugals-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en#economic-and-social-resilience">"Portugal's recovery and resilience plan – Economic and social resilience"</a>. <i>European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=NextGenerationEU%3A+European+Commission+disburses+%E2%82%AC2.2+billion+in+pre-financing+to+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2Fip_21_4025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, James (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eupoliticalreport.eu/nextgenerationeu-programme-for-portugal/.">"NextGenerationEU Programme for Portugal"</a>. <i>EU Political Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EU+Political+Report&rft.atitle=NextGenerationEU+Programme+for+Portugal&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupoliticalreport.eu%2Fnextgenerationeu-programme-for-portugal%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Council2020" class="citation book cs1">European Council (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/45109/210720-euco-final-conclusions-en.pdf"><i>Special meeting of the European Council, 17–21 July 2020 – Conclusions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+meeting+of+the+European+Council%2C+17%E2%80%9321+July+2020+%E2%80%93+Conclusions&rft.date=2020&rft.au=European+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fmedia%2F45109%2F210720-euco-final-conclusions-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempfLinos2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kempf, Elena; Linos, Katerina (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2024.23">"NGEU: A New Marshall Plan for Europe and a Template for Global Finance"</a>. <i>AJIL Unbound</i>. <b>118</b>: <span class="nowrap">151–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2024.23">10.1017/aju.2024.23</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-7723">2398-7723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJIL+Unbound&rft.atitle=NGEU%3A+A+New+Marshall+Plan+for+Europe+and+a+Template+for+Global+Finance&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faju.2024.23&rft.issn=2398-7723&rft.aulast=Kempf&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Linos%2C+Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Faju.2024.23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahieuBransSchulz2024" class="citation journal cs1">Mahieu, Géraldine; Brans, Paul; Schulz, Daniel (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2024.22">"The Recovery and Resilience Facility Under Next Generation EU: A Breakthrough in Economic Policy Coordination and Policy Programming"</a>. <i>AJIL Unbound</i>. <b>118</b>: <span class="nowrap">144–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2024.22">10.1017/aju.2024.22</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-7723">2398-7723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJIL+Unbound&rft.atitle=The+Recovery+and+Resilience+Facility+Under+Next+Generation+EU%3A+A+Breakthrough+in+Economic+Policy+Coordination+and+Policy+Programming&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faju.2024.22&rft.issn=2398-7723&rft.aulast=Mahieu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9raldine&rft.au=Brans%2C+Paul&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Faju.2024.22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorbeckVarvitsiotiJopsonKazmin2025" class="citation web cs1">Storbeck, Olaf; Varvitsioti, Eleni; Jopson, Barney; Kazmin, Amy (14 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3eaa4534-6593-467b-877b-3a18e0a30181">"Reversal of fortunes: Europe's thriving south and stagnant north"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Reversal+of+fortunes%3A+Europe%E2%80%99s+thriving+south+and+stagnant+north&rft.date=2025-01-14&rft.aulast=Storbeck&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Varvitsioti%2C+Eleni&rft.au=Jopson%2C+Barney&rft.au=Kazmin%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3eaa4534-6593-467b-877b-3a18e0a30181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANext+Generation+EU" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_EU&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Funding_programmes_of_the_European_Union80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Funding_programmes_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Funding programmes of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Funding_programmes_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Funding programmes of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Funding_programmes_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Funding programmes of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Funding_programmes_of_the_European_Union80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">Funding programmes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="EU_funding_oversight_and_accountability_institutions80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">EU funding oversight and accountability institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Funding_oversight_and_accountability_institutions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funding oversight<br /> and accountability institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service of the Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Budgetary_Control" title="European Parliament Committee on Budgetary Control"> Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Cohesion Policy</a> ESIFs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Interreg" title="Interreg">Interreg</a> and the ERDF <a href="/wiki/Community-led_local_development" title="Community-led local development">CLLD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_Fund" title="Cohesion Fund">Cohesion Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Fund_Plus" title="European Social Fund Plus">European Social Fund Plus</a> (including the EFS+ <a href="/wiki/Community-led_local_development" title="Community-led local development">CLLD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> ESIF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agricultural_Fund_for_Rural_Development" title="European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development">European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development</a> (including EAFRD <a href="/wiki/Community-led_local_development" title="Community-led local development">CLLD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a> ESIF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Maritime,_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture_Fund" title="European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund">European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund</a> (including the EMFAF <a href="/wiki/Community-led_local_development" title="Community-led local development">CLLD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sustainable_Europe_Investment_Plan_funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Europe_Investment_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Europe Investment Plan">Sustainable Europe Investment Plan</a> funds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Green_Deal_funds29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a> funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Transition_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Transition Fund">Just Transition Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innovation Fund (page does not exist)">Innovation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernisation_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernisation Fund (page does not exist)">Modernisation Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy_funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> funds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> fund</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Fund" title="European Defence Fund">European Defence Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a> fund</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_for_Pre-Accession_Assistance" title="Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance">Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a> fund</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Europe">Global Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice_funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> funds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Migration & home affairs funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum,_Migration_and_Integration_Fund" title="Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund">Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_Security_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal Security Fund (page does not exist)">Internal Security Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Border_Management_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated Border Management Fund (page does not exist)">Integrated Border Management Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice & fundamental rights funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice,_Rights_and_Values_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justice, Rights and Values Fund (page does not exist)">Justice, Rights and Values Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Banking_union_funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">Banking union</a> funds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Single_Resolution_Mechanism_funds37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Single_Resolution_Mechanism_funds37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a> funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Resolution Fund">Single Resolution Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Stability_and_Growth_Pact_funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a> funds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Fiscal_Compact_funds33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Fiscal_Compact_funds33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a> funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Next_Generation_EU_and_other_European_Union_funds80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Next Generation EU</a><br /> and other European Union funds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Next_Generation_EU_and_other_EU_funds45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Next_Generation_EU_and_other_EU_funds45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Next Generation EU</a><br /> and other EU funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agricultural_Guarantee_Fund" title="European Agricultural Guarantee Fund">European Agricultural Guarantee Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_Europe_Facility" title="Connecting Europe Facility">Connecting Europe Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Europe" title="Creative Europe">Creative Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Europe_Programme" title="Digital Europe Programme">Digital Europe Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union Space Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Globalisation_Adjustment_Fund_for_Displaced_Workers" title="European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers">European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Solidarity_Fund" title="European Union Solidarity Fund">European Union Solidarity Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InvestEU" title="InvestEU">InvestEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIFE_programme" title="LIFE programme">LIFE programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU4Health" title="EU4Health">EU4Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RescEU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RescEU (page does not exist)">RescEU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=REACT-EU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="REACT-EU (page does not exist)">REACT-EU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Monaco" title="Politics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="COVID-19_pandemic131143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="COVID-19_pandemic131143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></b> (disease)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></b> (virus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Timeline6181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic">Pre-pandemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> (MERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Contagion" title="Crimson Contagion">Crimson Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security#Event_201" title="Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">Event 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus" title="Exercise Cygnus">Exercise Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations49269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Locations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_timeline_by_country_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa">timeline</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">national<br />responses</a>)</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland">Puntland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa" title="List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa">list of deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana">Ghana</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(March%E2%80%93July_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)">March–July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(August%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)">August–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">education</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central/North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">political</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo">Tokyo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics">2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">respirator diplomacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">Mainland China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China" title="COVID-19 lockdown in China">lockdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">detail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing">Beijing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics">2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak" title="2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak">2022 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan">Tablighi Jamaat hotspot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India#Evacuations_by_India_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India" title="COVID-19 lockdown in India">lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">migrant workers' crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">statistics</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(January%E2%80%93May_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)">January–May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(June%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)">June–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">union government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">state government responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri" title="Vaccine Maitri">Vaccine Maitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi">Delhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi">Tablighi Jamaat hotspot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala">Kerala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions" title="Indonesia large-scale social restrictions">social restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement" title="Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement">Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">Singapore</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures" title="2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures">circuit breaker response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Aid and relief efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order" title="Malaysian movement control order">movement control order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia">Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor">Selangor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">community quarantines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon" title="Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon">Luzon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic">evacuations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#COVID-19_testing_controversy" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">testing controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga">Caraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region">Davao Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic">Overseas Filipinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(country)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">history</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)">January–June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)">July–December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)">January–June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)">July–December 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rescript" title="Operation Rescript">Operation Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contracts</a></li></ul></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England" title="COVID-19 pandemic in England">England</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England" title="COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England">local lockdown regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England" title="First COVID-19 tier regulations in England">first tier regulations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus">Belarus</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">political impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy">lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">Melilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gloria" title="Operation Gloria">Operation Gloria</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">EFTA countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microstates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino" title="COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">federal aid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada vaccinations by province">by province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laser" title="Operation Laser">military response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble" title="Atlantic Bubble">Atlantic Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">Alberta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Ontario</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York">York Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Provincial government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal">Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic">boroughs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saba">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French West Indies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Trump administration communication</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19" title="2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19">2021 hospital crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">responses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">state and local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">California government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New York government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Texas government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council" title="Eastern States Multi-state Council">Eastern States Multi-state Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact" title="Midwest Governors Regional Pact">Midwest Governors Regional Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_States_Pact" title="Western States Pact">Western States Pact</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona">Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="COVID-19 pandemic in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area">S.F. Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">Nevada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon">Oregon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C." title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)">2020</a></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand">Alert levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework" title="COVID-19 Protection Framework">Traffic light system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand">managed isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">human rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco">Cusco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Cruise ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess"><i>Diamond Princess</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess"><i>Grand Princess</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships">Naval ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle"><i>Charles de Gaulle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact18755" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impact</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br /> entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Arts and<br />cultural heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">References in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">films affected</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-chan" title="Corona-chan">Corona-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">Fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">U.S.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting">U.S. sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs affected</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy" title="2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy">exam grading controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble" title="Bio-secure bubble">Bio-secure bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season" title="Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season">NBA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports">Combat sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf">Disc golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football">Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br /> and rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Social impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19" title="Social stigma associated with COVID-19">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party#COVID-19_party" title="Pox party">COVID-19 parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">Children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States">foster care in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_baking" title="Pandemic baking">Pandemic baking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers">Healthcare workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">Indian migrant workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Resignation" title="Great Resignation">Great Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong#Protests" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea#History" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan#0" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States">Abortion in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention" title="COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention">U.S. immigration detention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">African communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities">Disability community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities">Native American communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Charitable activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_scams" title="COVID-19 scams">COVID-19 scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment" title="COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment">COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">Airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Cannabis industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry">Food industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada">meat industry in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States">meat industry in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States">restaurant industry in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity">ICU capacity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities">Long-term care facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Mink farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supply and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage" title="2020–2023 global chip shortage">Chip supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">Global supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">Global stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 inflation surge">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia's response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">Misinformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">Governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plandemic" title="Plandemic">Plandemic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation" title="List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Political impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest" title="2021 Abkhazia unrest">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17A" title="17A">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 protests in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra" title="Convoy to Canberra">Convoy to Canberra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests" title="2022 Brussels protests">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Brazil" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests" title="2020 Brazilian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests" title="2021 Brazilian protests">2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests" title="2020–2021 Bulgarian protests">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 protests in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests" title="2019–2022 Chilean protests">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest" title="2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest">Beijing Sitong Bridge protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests" title="2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests">healthcare reform protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Colombia" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests" title="2021 Colombian protests">2021 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests" title="2022 Colombian protests">2022 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#France" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies" title="2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies">French West Indies social unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_convoy_protest" title="France convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 protests in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting" title="2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting">Idar-Oberstein shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Greek_protests" title="2021 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu">protests against Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy" title="Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests" title="2021 Mongolian protests">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots" title="2021 Dutch curfew riots">curfew riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 protests in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest" title="2022 Wellington protest">Wellington protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests" title="2021 Paraguayan protests">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests" title="2020–2022 Serbian protests">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests" title="2021 Tunisian protests">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_the_States" title="Open the States">Open the States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations">International relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Moldovan–Romanian collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6104900" class="extiw" title="d:Q6104900">Nicaragua–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy" title="Vaccine diplomacy">Vaccine diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropause" title="Anthropause">Anthropause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology#Telecommunications" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Quarantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superspreading_event" title="Superspreading event">Superspreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_town" title="Zoom town">Zoom towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals" title="COVID-19 pandemic and animals">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women">Pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues19233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">Transmission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer" title="COVID-19 and cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">Endemic COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19" title="Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19">Skin manifestations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Non-COVID-19–related health issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve#Raising_the_line" title="Flattening the curve">Raise the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19" title="Rehabilitation after COVID-19">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Unproven medical methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and<br />epidemiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_datasets" title="COVID-19 datasets">Datasets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">Death rates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">Disease testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer" title="Coronavirus breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moonshot" title="Operation Moonshot">Operation Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_to_Release" title="Test to Release">Test to Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium" title="UK Rapid Test Consortium">UK Rapid Test Consortium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test" title="AbC-19 rapid antibody test">AbC-19 rapid antibody test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">investigations into the origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test" title="COVID-19 rapid antigen test">Rapid antigen test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" title="Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance" title="COVID-19 surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country" title="Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country">Undercounting COVID-19 deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_apps" title="COVID-19 apps">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarogya_Setu" title="Aarogya Setu">Aarogya Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueTrace" title="BlueTrace">BlueTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CareFIJI" title="CareFIJI">careFIJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia" title="Coronavirus Australia">Coronavirus Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-Warn-App" title="Corona-Warn-App">Corona-Warn-App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application" title="COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application">COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Alert" title="COVID Alert">COVID Alert</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa#COVID_AlertSA" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID AlertSA</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIDSafe" title="COVIDSafe">COVIDSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Code">Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_Together" title="Healthy Together">Healthy Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuni" title="Immuni">Immuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronavilkku" title="Koronavilkku">Koronavilkku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe" title="LeaveHomeSafe">LeaveHomeSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySejahtera" title="MySejahtera">MySejahtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">NHS COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer" title="NZ COVID Tracer">NZ COVID Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier" title="NZ Pass Verifier">NZ Pass Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PathCheck" title="PathCheck">PathCheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeduliLindungi" title="PeduliLindungi">PeduliLindungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeEntry" title="SafeEntry">SafeEntry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafePass" title="SafePass">SafePass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StaySafe.ph" title="StaySafe.ph">StaySafe.ph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SwissCovid" title="SwissCovid">SwissCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCN_Protocol" title="TCN Protocol">TCN Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect" title="Test, Trace, Protect">Test, Trace, Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chana" title="Thai Chana">Thai Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TousAntiCovid" title="TousAntiCovid">TousAntiCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TraceTogether" title="TraceTogether">TraceTogether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtrace" title="Valtrace">Valtrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study" title="Zoe Health Study">Zoe Health Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box" title="Corsi–Rosenthal Box">Corsi–Rosenthal Box</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_fatigue#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic fatigue">COVID fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-mask sentiment">Anti-mask sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration" title="Great Barrington Declaration">Great Barrington Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge" title="Safe Hands Challenge">Safe Hands Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">Vaccines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations" title="List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations">Authorizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research" title="COVID-19 vaccine clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate" title="EU Digital COVID Certificate">EU Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Misinformation and hesitancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19" title="Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19">Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a> (U.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination" title="Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination">Post-vaccination complications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card" title="COVID-19 vaccine card">Vaccine card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">Vaccine passports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZyCoV-D" title="ZyCoV-D">ZyCoV-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIran_Barekat" title="COVIran Barekat">COVIran Barekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoviVac_(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine)" title="CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)">CoviVac (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAKHRAVAC" title="FAKHRAVAC">FAKHRAVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Minhai COVID-19 vaccine">Minhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QazCovid-in" title="QazCovid-in">QazCovid-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm WIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkovac" title="Turkovac">Turkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdala_(vaccine)" title="Abdala (vaccine)">Abdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a> (Bio E COVID-19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVAX-19" title="COVAX-19">COVAX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndoVac" title="IndoVac">IndoVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine" title="MVC COVID-19 vaccine">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noora_(vaccine)" title="Noora (vaccine)">Noora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars" title="Razi Cov Pars">Razi Cov Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm CNBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_02" title="Soberana 02">Soberana 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_Plus" title="Soberana Plus">Soberana Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">ZF2001</a> (Zifivax)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" title="Viral vector vaccine">Viral vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Convidecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Light" title="Sputnik Light">Sputnik Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoVLP" title="CoVLP">CoVLP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVI-VAC_(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine)" title="COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)">COVI-VAC (United States)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119" title="AG0302-COVID‑19">AG0302-COVID‑19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GX-19" title="GX-19">GX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Inovio COVID-19 vaccine">Inovio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactivated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KD-414" title="KD-414">KD-414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-021" title="ARCT-021">ARCT-021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-154" title="ARCT-154">ARCT-154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangavax" title="Bangavax">Bangavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine" title="CureVac COVID-19 vaccine">CureVac</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGC019" title="HGC019">HGC019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRNA-1283" title="MRNA-1283">mRNA-1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B" title="PTX-COVID19-B">PTX-COVID19-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–Translate Bio</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine">Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Walvax COVID-19 vaccine">Walvax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subunit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/202-CoV" title="202-CoV">202-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKS-452" title="AKS-452">AKS-452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCorVac-19" title="EuCorVac-19">EuCorVac-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVX-411" title="IVX-411">IVX-411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocovax" title="Nanocovax">Nanocovax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCOV" title="ReCOV">ReCOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-268019" title="S-268019">S-268019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCB-2019" title="SCB-2019">SCB-2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCTV01C" title="SCTV01C">SCTV01C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-612" title="UB-612">UB-612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-01" title="V-01">V-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V451_vaccine" title="V451 vaccine">V451</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine">Vabiotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine" title="West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine">West China Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral vector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19" title="AdCLD-CoV19">AdCLD-CoV19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BriLife" title="BriLife">BriLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COH04S1" title="COH04S1">COH04S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT" title="DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT">DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAd-COV2" title="GRAd-COV2">GRAd-COV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine">ImmunityBio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INCOVACC" title="INCOVACC">iNCOVACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INNA-051" title="INNA-051">INNA-051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine">Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNCoV2" title="ABNCoV2">ABNCoV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYB001" title="LYB001">LYB001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MigVax-101" title="MigVax-101">MigVax-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBI-2902" title="VBI-2902">VBI-2902</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment<br />by location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">Mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France" title="COVID-19 vaccination in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States">mandates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">Drug repurposing research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone#COVID‑19" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation#Use_in_COVID-19_patients" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_ventilator#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Open-source ventilator">Open-source ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial" title="PANORAMIC trial">PANORAMIC trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial" title="RECOVERY Trial">RECOVERY Trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_trial" title="Solidarity trial">Solidarity trial</a> (WHO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab" title="Bamlanivimab/etesevimab">Bamlanivimab/etesevimab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab" title="Bamlanivimab">Bamlanivimab</a></li> <li>Etesevimab</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebtelovimab" title="Bebtelovimab">Bebtelovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab" title="Casirivimab/imdevimab">Casirivimab/imdevimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regdanvimab" title="Regdanvimab">Regdanvimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotrovimab" title="Sotrovimab">Sotrovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab" title="Tixagevimab/cilgavimab">Tixagevimab/cilgavimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Small molecule antivirals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug" title="Broad-spectrum antiviral drug">Broad-spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensitrelvir" title="Ensitrelvir">Ensitrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molnupiravir" title="Molnupiravir">Molnupiravir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remdesivir#COVID-19" title="Remdesivir">Remdesivir</a></li></ul></li> <li>Co-packaged <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir" title="Nirmatrelvir">Nirmatrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir" title="Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir">ritonavir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants1351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant">Zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant">Eta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant">Iota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617" title="SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617">Lineage B.1.617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2#B.1.640.2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Lineage B.1.640.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern">Variant of concern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Institutions5420" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals and<br />medical clinics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan" title="Central Hospital of Wuhan">Central Hospital of Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre" title="Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre">Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangcang_hospital" title="Fangcang hospital">Fangcang hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital" title="Huoshenshan Hospital">Huoshenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital" title="Leishenshan Hospital">Leishenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel" title="Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel">Xinjia Express Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital" title="Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital">Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic">Hospital ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre" title="Garran Surge Centre">Garran Surge Centre</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador" title="Hospital El Salvador">Hospital El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SevenHills_Hospital#COVID-19_hospital" title="SevenHills Hospital">SevenHills Hospital</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village" title="Kemayoran Athletes Village">Kemayoran Athletes Village</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a> (North Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang" title="Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang">Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers" title="Mega Ligtas COVID Centers">Mega Ligtas COVID Centers</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre">Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital" title="Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital">Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital" title="Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital">Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom#NHS_England" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">NHS Nightingale Hospitals</a> (England) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North East">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North West">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan" title="NHS Louisa Jordan">NHS Louisa Jordan</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital" title="Dragon's Heart Hospital">Dragon's Heart Hospital</a> (Wales)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="National Cabinet (Australia)">National Cabinet</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScienceUpFirst" title="ScienceUpFirst">ScienceUpFirst</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_SAGE" title="Independent SAGE">Independent SAGE</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health<br />institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (African Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre" title="Ghana Infectious Disease Centre">Ghana Infectious Disease Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)">Department of Health (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency" title="Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency">Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases" title="National Institute for Communicable Diseases">National Institute for Communicable Diseases</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control" title="Taiwan Centers for Disease Control">Taiwan Centers for Disease Control</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pandemic<br />institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board" title="National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board">National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Immunity Task Force">COVID-19 Immunity Task Force</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council" title="COVID-19 Supply Council">COVID-19 Supply Council</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PREPARE" title="PREPARE">PREPARE</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19" title="National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19">National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force">COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_(2020)" title="National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)">National Public Health Emergency Team</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting" title="Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting">Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre" title="Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre">Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee" title="Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee">Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases" title="Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases">Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center" title="Central Epidemic Command Center">Central Epidemic Command Center</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board" title="Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board">Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium" title="COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium">COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team">Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre" title="Joint Biosecurity Centre">Joint Biosecurity Centre</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce" title="Vaccine Taskforce">Vaccine Taskforce</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups" title="Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups">Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">White House COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GACH" title="GACH">GACH</a> (Uruguay)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relief funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_Relief" title="Artist Relief">Artist Relief</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People7149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical<br />professionals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Fen" title="Ai Fen">Ai Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Rintawan" title="Corona Rintawan">Corona Rintawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wen_(doctor)" title="Liu Wen (doctor)">Liu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Linka" title="Xie Linka">Xie Linka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong" title="Zhang Wenhong">Zhang Wenhong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers" title="Category:Coronavirus researchers">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud" title="Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud">Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burioni" title="Roberto Burioni">Roberto Burioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wei_(medical_scientist)" title="Chen Wei (medical scientist)">Chen Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett" title="Kizzmekia Corbett">Kizzmekia Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_(scientist)" title="Andrea Crisanti (scientist)">Andrea Crisanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)" title="Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)">Neil Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Fisher" title="Dale Fisher">Dale Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Gao" title="George F. Gao">George F. Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azra_Ghani" title="Azra Ghani">Azra Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yi" title="Guan Yi">Guan Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata" title="Kentaro Iwata">Kentaro Iwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Keeling" title="Matt Keeling">Matt Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudie_Lang" title="Trudie Lang">Trudie Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanjuan" title="Li Lanjuan">Li Lanjuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin" title="W. Ian Lipkin">W. Ian Lipkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei" title="Ma Xiaowei">Ma Xiaowei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabir_Madhi" title="Shabir Madhi">Shabir Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_McGeer" title="Allison McGeer">Allison McGeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Rothe" title="Camilla Rothe">Camilla Rothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhengli" title="Shi Zhengli">Shi Zhengli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui" title="Moncef Slaoui">Moncef Slaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tildesley" title="Mike Tildesley">Mike Tildesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Todd_(British_biologist)" title="John Todd (British biologist)">John Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(physician)" title="Wang Chen (physician)">Wang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangfa" title="Wang Guangfa">Wang Guangfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung" title="Yuen Kwok-yung">Yuen Kwok-yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guang" title="Zeng Guang">Zeng Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jixian" title="Zhang Jixian">Zhang Jixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen" title="Zhang Yongzhen">Zhang Yongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WHO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom</a> (Director-General of the WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Aylward" title="Bruce Aylward">Bruce Aylward</a> (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove" title="Maria Van Kerkhove">Maria Van Kerkhove</a> (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_(doctor)" title="Michael J. Ryan (doctor)">Michael J. Ryan</a> (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Atherton" title="Frank Atherton">Frank Atherton</a> (Wales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield" title="Ashley Bloomfield">Ashley Bloomfield</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood" title="Catherine Calderwood">Catherine Calderwood</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen" title="Chang Shan-chwen">Chang Shan-chwen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul" title="Anutin Charnvirakul">Anutin Charnvirakul</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung" title="Chen Shih-chung">Chen Shih-chung</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching" title="Chuang Yin-ching">Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Costache" title="Victor Costache">Victor Costache</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio" title="Fabrizio Curcio">Fabrizio Curcio</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Deseda" title="Carmen Deseda">Carmen Deseda</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel" title="Jaap van Dissel">Jaap van Dissel</a> (the Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III" title="Francisco Duque III">Francisco Duque III</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo" title="Francesco Paolo Figliuolo">Francesco Paolo Figliuolo</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas" title="Graça Freitas">Graça Freitas</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo" title="Henrique Gouveia e Melo">Henrique Gouveia e Melo</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_Hasan" title="Hamad Hasan">Hamad Hasan</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hunt" title="Greg Hunt">Greg Hunt</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Holohan" title="Tony Holohan">Tony Holohan</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong" title="Jeong Eun-kyeong">Jeong Eun-kyeong</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca" title="Fahrettin Koca">Fahrettin Koca</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez">Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McBride_(doctor)" title="Michael McBride (doctor)">Michael McBride</a> (Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Oriol Mitjà">Oriol Mitjà</a> (Andorra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize" title="Zweli Mkhize">Zweli Mkhize</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_Monardo" title="Doni Monardo">Doni Monardo</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alma Möller">Alma Möller</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Namaki" title="Saeed Namaki">Saeed Namaki</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco" title="Ala Nemerenco">Ala Nemerenco</a> (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long" title="Nguyễn Thanh Long">Nguyễn Thanh Long</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah" title="Noor Hisham Abdullah">Noor Hisham Abdullah</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pilli" title="Ali Pilli">Ali Pilli</a> (Northern Cyprus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salinas" title="Daniel Salinas">Daniel Salinas</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon" title="Jérôme Salomon">Jérôme Salomon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Fernando Simón">Fernando Simón</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Smith" title="Gregor Smith">Gregor Smith</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Ih-jen" title="Su Ih-jen">Su Ih-jen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Tam" title="Theresa Tam">Theresa Tam</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Tegnell" title="Anders Tegnell">Anders Tegnell</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason" title="Þórólfur Guðnason">Þórólfur Guðnason</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras" title="Sotiris Tsiodras">Sotiris Tsiodras</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_(Delhi_politician)" title="Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)">Harsh Vardhan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson" title="Víðir Reynisson">Víðir Reynisson</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti" title="Carla Vizzotti">Carla Vizzotti</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu" title="Vlad Voiculescu">Vlad Voiculescu</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Qiushi" title="Chen Qiushi">Chen Qiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Crozier" title="Brett Crozier">Brett Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bin" title="Fang Bin">Fang Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond" title="Joseph Ashitey Hammond">Joseph Ashitey Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehua" title="Li Zehua">Li Zehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore" title="Captain Tom Moore">Captain Tom Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang" title="Qiu Menghuang">Qiu Menghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang" title="Ren Zhiqiang">Ren Zhiqiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">List of deaths due to COVID-19</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_(templates)20636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Data (templates)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory#Statistics" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Cases, deaths, recoveries by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Virus_testing_statistics_by_country" title="COVID-19 testing">Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Virus_testing_statistics_by_country_subdivision" title="COVID-19 testing">Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision</a></li> <li>WHO situation reports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_September_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_October_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_November_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_December_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2021">August 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">World map by countries: confirmed per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China#Graphics" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds#Numbers" title="List of countries by hospital beds">Hospital beds by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns#Table_of_pandemic_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Algeria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Algeria medical cases chart">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Angola_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Angola medical cases chart">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Benin_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Benin medical cases chart">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Botswana_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Botswana medical cases chart">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burkina_Faso_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Burkina Faso medical cases chart">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burundi_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Burundi medical cases chart">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cameroon_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cameroon medical cases chart">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Comoros_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Comoros medical cases chart">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Egypt medical cases chart">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Eswatini_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Eswatini medical cases chart">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ethiopia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ethiopia medical cases chart">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ghana medical cases">Ghana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ghana medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ivory_Coast_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ivory Coast medical cases chart">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kenya_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kenya medical cases chart">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Libya_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Libya medical cases chart">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malawi_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malawi medical cases chart">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mali_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mali medical cases chart">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mauritania medical cases chart">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritius_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mauritius medical cases chart">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Morocco_(including_occupied_Western_Sahara)_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara) medical cases chart">Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mozambique_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mozambique medical cases chart">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nigeria medical cases">Nigera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nigeria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/São Tomé and Príncipe medical cases chart">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Senegal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Senegal medical cases chart">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Seychelles_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Seychelles medical cases chart">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sierra_Leone_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sierra Leone medical cases chart">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Africa medical cases">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Africa medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Sudan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Sudan medical cases chart">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sudan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sudan medical cases chart">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tanzania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tanzania medical cases chart">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Togo_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Togo medical cases chart">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tunisia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tunisia medical cases chart">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uganda_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uganda medical cases chart">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zambia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zambia medical cases chart">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zimbabwe medical cases">Zimbabwe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zimbabwe medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bolivia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bolivia medical cases">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brazil_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brazil medical cases">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases by province">by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada vaccinations by province">vaccinations by province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Chile medical cases">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases_by_commune" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Chile medical cases by commune">by commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Colombia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Colombia medical cases chart">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Costa Rica medical cases">Costa Rica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Costa Rica medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cuba_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cuba medical cases chart">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Dominican_Republic_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Dominican Republic medical cases chart">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ecuador_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ecuador medical cases chart">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/El_Salvador_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/El Salvador medical cases chart">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Guatemala_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Guatemala medical cases chart">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Haiti_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Haiti medical cases chart">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Honduras_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Honduras medical cases chart">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mexico medical cases">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mexico medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nicaragua_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nicaragua medical cases chart">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Panama_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Panama medical cases chart">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Paraguay_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Paraguay medical cases chart">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Peru_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Peru medical cases chart">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases_by_state" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uruguay_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uruguay medical cases chart">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Venezuela_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Venezuela medical cases chart">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Afghanistan medical cases chart">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Azerbaijan medical cases chart">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bahrain medical cases chart">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases chart">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases by division">by division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases">Bhutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brunei_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brunei medical cases chart">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases summary">summary</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_(dots)" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)">confirmed per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/China medical cases by province">by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hong Kong medical cases chart">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Macau_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Macau medical cases chart">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cyprus medical cases chart">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/East_Timor_medical_cases_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/East Timor medical cases chart">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Egypt medical cases chart">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Georgia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Georgia medical cases chart">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/India_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/India medical cases chart">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iraq_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iraq medical cases chart">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Jordan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Jordan medical cases chart">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kazakhstan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kazakhstan medical cases chart">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kuwait_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kuwait medical cases chart">Kuwait cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kyrgyzstan medical cases chart">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Laos_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Laos medical cases">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lebanon medical cases chart">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Charts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">charts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Myanmar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases summary">summary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases">Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases">Oman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">areas of quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Qatar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Qatar medical cases chart">Qatar</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_by_federal_subject" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases by federal subject">by federal subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Saudi_Arabia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Saudi Arabia medical cases chart">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Singapore_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Singapore medical cases chart">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts" title="Template:South Korea COVID-19 vaccination charts">vaccinations charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sri Lanka medical cases chart">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Syria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Syria medical cases chart">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Taiwan medical cases chart">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts" title="Template:Taiwan COVID-19 vaccination charts">vaccination charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tajikistan medical cases chart">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Thailand medical cases chart">Thailand cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vietnam medical cases chart">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam statistics charts">statistics charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Yemen_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Yemen medical cases chart">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Europe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Europe medical cases chart">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Albania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Albania medical cases chart">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Austria medical cases">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Austria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belarus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belarus medical cases chart">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belgium medical cases">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belgium medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bosnia and Herzegovina medical cases chart">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bulgaria medical cases">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bulgaria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Croatia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Croatia medical cases chart">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cyprus medical cases chart">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Czech_Republic_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Czech Republic medical cases chart">Czech Republic</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Denmark_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Denmark medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Faroe_Islands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Faroe Islands medical cases chart">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Estonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Estonia medical cases chart">Estonia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Finland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Finland medical cases chart">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/France medical cases">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/France medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Germany_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Germany medical cases chart">Germany cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Greece_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Greece medical cases chart">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hungary_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hungary medical cases chart">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iceland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iceland medical cases">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iceland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iceland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Ireland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Ireland medical cases">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Ireland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Ireland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy medical cases">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_statistics_charts" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy statistics charts">statistics charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kosovo_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kosovo medical cases chart">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Latvia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Latvia medical cases chart">Latvia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lithuania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lithuania medical cases chart">Lithuania cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Luxembourg_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Luxembourg medical cases chart">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malta_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malta medical cases chart">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Moldova_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Moldova medical cases chart">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Monaco_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Monaco medical cases chart">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Montenegro_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Montenegro medical cases chart">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Netherlands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Netherlands medical cases chart">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/North_Macedonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/North Macedonia medical cases chart">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Norway_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Norway medical cases">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Norway_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Norway medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases_by_voivodeship" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases by voivodeship">by voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Portugal_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Portugal medical cases">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Portugal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Portugal medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Romania_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Romania medical cases">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Romania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Romania medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_by_federal_subject" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases by federal subject">by federal subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/San_Marino_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/San Marino medical cases chart">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Serbia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Serbia medical cases chart">Serbia</a></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovakia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovakia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovakia_medical_cases_by_region" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovakia medical cases by region">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovenia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovenia medical cases chart">Slovenia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Spain_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Spain medical cases chart">Spain cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sweden_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sweden medical cases">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sweden_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sweden medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Switzerland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Switzerland medical cases chart">Switzerland cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ukraine_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ukraine medical cases chart">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom medical cases">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Gibraltar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Gibraltar medical cases chart">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_daily_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations daily chart">daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_weekly_by_nation_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations weekly by nation chart">by nation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vatican_City_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vatican City medical cases chart">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Australia_cases_by_state/territory" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Australia cases by state/territory">Australia by state/territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Fiji_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Fiji medical cases chart">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/French_Polynesia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/French Polynesia medical cases chart">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/New_Caledonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/New Caledonia medical cases chart">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/New_Zealand_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/New Zealand medical cases chart">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Papua_New_Guinea_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Papua New Guinea medical cases chart">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Solomon_Islands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Solomon Islands medical cases chart">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Antarctica_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Antarctica medical cases chart">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Diamond_Princess_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Diamond Princess medical cases"><i>Diamond Princess</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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