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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yan panelə köçür</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gizlə</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Giriş</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-İstinadlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#İstinadlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>İstinadlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-İstinadlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Əlavə_oxu_üçün" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Əlavə_oxu_üçün"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Əlavə oxu üçün</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Əlavə_oxu_üçün-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mündəricat" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Mündəricat" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mündəricatı göstər/gizlət" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mündəricatı göstər/gizlət</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optika mühəndisliyi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başqa dildəki məqaləyə keçin. 19 dildə mövcuddur." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 dildə</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندسة بصرية – ərəb" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة بصرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ərəb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Optik" title="Technische Optik – alman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Technische Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering – ingilis" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optical engineering" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_%C3%B3ptica" title="Ingeniería óptica – ispan" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="مهندسی اپتیک و لیزر – fars" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی اپتیک و لیزر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasa_optik" title="Rekayasa optik – indoneziya" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rekayasa optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_ottica" title="Ingegneria ottica – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria ottica" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="光工学 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="광학공학 – koreya" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ എഞ്ചിനീയറിംഗ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ എഞ്ചിനീയറിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_optik" title="Kejuruteraan optik – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_%C3%B3ptica" title="Engenharia óptica – portuqal" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuqal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhinyeriyang_optikal" title="Inhinyeriyang optikal – taqaloq" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhinyeriyang optikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="taqaloq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Optik mühendisliği – türk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптична техніка – ukrayna" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптична техніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrayna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریاتی ہندسیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریاتی ہندسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9_thu%E1%BA%ADt_quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Kĩ thuật quang học – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kĩ thuật quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程 – çin" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光学工程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="çin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光學工程 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學工程" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q640621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillərarası keçidləri redaktə et" class="wbc-editpage">Keçidləri redaktə et</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad fəzaları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi&action=edit" title="Səhifənin vikimətnini redaktə et [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Vikimətni redaktə et</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi&action=history" title="Bu səhifənin keçmiş nüsxələri. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alətlər</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">yan panelə köçür</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gizlə</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Daha çox seçim" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Fəaliyyətlər </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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</div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, azad ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="az" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_(no_annotation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_%28no_annotation%29.jpg/220px-The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_%28no_annotation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_%28no_annotation%29.jpg/330px-The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_%28no_annotation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_%28no_annotation%29.jpg/440px-The_optical_system_of_the_ELT_showing_the_location_of_the_mirrors_%28no_annotation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>ELT-nin optik sistemində güzgülərin yeri.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Optika mühəndisliyi</b> və ya <b>optotexnika</b> — <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1q" title="İşıq">işığın</a> yaranması, ötürülməsi, manipulyasiyası, aşkarlanması və istifadəsi ilə əlaqəli fiziki hadisələri və texnologiyaları əhatə edən mühəndislik sahəsi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optika mühəndisləri müxtəlif problemləri çözmək və işığı məqsədli şəkildə yönləndirən cihazları layihələndirmək və yaratmaq üçün <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optika</a> elmini tətbiq edirlər.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onlar <a href="/wiki/Linza" title="Linza">linzalar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskoplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskoplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazer" title="Lazer">lazerlər</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detektor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detektor (səhifə mövcud deyil)">detektorlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optik_kommunikasiya" title="Fiber-optik kommunikasiya">lifli optik rabitə</a> və optik disk sistemləri (məsələn, <a href="/wiki/CD" title="CD">CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>) kimi işığın xassələrinə əsaslanan optik cihazları layihələndirir və idarə edirlər.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Optika mühəndisləri lazerli spekl-interferometr kimi cihazlarla mikrorəqsləri, refraktometrik cihazlarla maddələrin xassələrini və s. ölçmək üçün optik üsullardan istifadə edirlər.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanoölçmə və nanopozisiya maşınları optika mühəndisləri tərəfindən layihələndirilmiş cihazlardır. Bu maşınlar nanometr dəqiqliyinə malikdir və buna görə də bu miqyaslı məhsulların istehsalında istifadə olunurlar.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="İstinadlar"><span id=".C4.B0stinadlar"></span>İstinadlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="İstinadlar bölməsini redaktə et" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaktə</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölmənin mənbə kodunu redaktə et: İstinadlar"><span>vikimətni redaktə et</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6982878">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann17027/">"ESO Awards ELT Sensor Contract to Teledyne e2v"</a>. www.eso.org <span class="ref-info">(ingilis)</span>. <small>2019-04-03 tarixində <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204126/https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann17027/">arxivləşdirilib</a></small><span class="reference-accessdate">. <small>İstifadə tarixi: <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></small></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eso.org&rft.atitle=ESO+Awards+ELT+Sensor+Contract+to+Teledyne+e2v&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fannouncements%2Fann17027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faz.wikipedia.org%3AOptika+m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4913744">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/5954/chapter/3">Read "Harnessing Light: Optical Science and Engineering for the 21st Century" at NAP.edu</a> <span class="ref-info">(ingilis)</span>. 1998. <a href="/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99mli_obyektin_identifikatoru" title="Rəqəmli obyektin identifikatoru">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F5954">10.17226/5954</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:KitabM%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99ri/978-0-309-05991-6" title="Xüsusi:KitabMənbələri/978-0-309-05991-6"><bdi>978-0-309-05991-6</bdi></a>. <small>2021-11-17 tarixində <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117081320/https://www.nap.edu/read/5954/chapter/3">arxivləşdirilib</a></small><span class="reference-accessdate">. <small>İstifadə tarixi: <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></small></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22Harnessing+Light%3A+Optical+Science+and+Engineering+for+the+21st+Century%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F5954&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05991-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F5954%2Fchapter%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faz.wikipedia.org%3AOptika+m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4913744"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synopsys.com/optical-solutions/learn/gentle-intro-to-optical-design.html">"An Introduction to Optical Design | Synopsys"</a>. www.synopsys.com <span class="ref-info">(ingilis)</span>. <small>2021-04-10 tarixində <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410183058/https://www.synopsys.com/optical-solutions/learn/gentle-intro-to-optical-design.html">arxivləşdirilib</a></small><span class="reference-accessdate">. <small>İstifadə tarixi: <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></small></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.synopsys.com&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Optical+Design+%7C+Synopsys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synopsys.com%2Foptical-solutions%2Flearn%2Fgentle-intro-to-optical-design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faz.wikipedia.org%3AOptika+m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4913744"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Walker, Bruce</i> <i>H</i> (1998). <i>Optical Engineering Fundamentals</i>. SPIE Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:KitabM%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99ri/978-0-8194-2764-9" title="Xüsusi:KitabMənbələri/978-0-8194-2764-9">978-0-8194-2764-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Walker, Bruce H (1998). Optical Engineering Fundamentals, SPIE Press</i>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:KitabM%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99ri/978-0-8194-2764-9" title="Xüsusi:KitabMənbələri/978-0-8194-2764-9">978-0-8194-2764-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manske E. (2019) Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machines. In: Gao W. (eds) Metrology. Precision Manufacturing. Springer, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-4938-5_2">10.1007/978-981-10-4938-5_2</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Əlavə_oxu_üçün"><span id=".C6.8Flav.C9.99_oxu_.C3.BC.C3.A7.C3.BCn"></span>Əlavə oxu üçün</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Əlavə oxu üçün bölməsini redaktə et" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaktə</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi&action=edit&section=2" title="Bölmənin mənbə kodunu redaktə et: Əlavə oxu üçün"><span>vikimətni redaktə et</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Driggers, Ronald G. (ed.) (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering.</i> New York: Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:KitabM%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99ri/978-0-8247-0940-2" title="Xüsusi:KitabMənbələri/978-0-8247-0940-2">978-0-8247-0940-2</a></li> <li>Bruce H. Walker, Historical Review, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:KitabM%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99ri/978-0-8194-7877-1" title="Xüsusi:KitabMənbələri/978-0-8194-7877-1">978-0-8194-7877-1</a> <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1117%2F3.818136.ch2">10.1117/3.818136.ch2</a></li> <li>FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang (1997) <i>Introduction to Optical Engineering</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="extiw" title="en:Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:KitabM%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99ri/0-521-57493-5" title="Xüsusi:KitabMənbələri/0-521-57493-5">0-521-57493-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spie.org/x867.xml?WT.svl=mddp13">Optical Engineering</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="extiw" title="en:International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=0091-3286&qt=results_page">0091–3286</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Mənbə — "<a dir="ltr" href="https://az.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optika_mühəndisliyi&oldid=7574776">https://az.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optika_mühəndisliyi&oldid=7574776</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi:Kateqoriyalar" title="Xüsusi:Kateqoriyalar">Kateqoriyalar</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kateqoriya:Optika" title="Kateqoriya:Optika">Optika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kateqoriya:M%C3%BCh%C9%99ndislik" title="Kateqoriya:Mühəndislik">Mühəndislik</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Bu səhifə sonuncu dəfə 17:53, 13 aprel 2024 tarixində redaktə edilib.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mətn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.az">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike lisenziyası</a> altındadır, bəzi hallarda əlavə şərtlər tətbiq oluna bilər. 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