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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures, Corp.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Great_Seal_of_California.svg/180px-Great_Seal_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Great_Seal_of_California.svg/270px-Great_Seal_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Great_Seal_of_California.svg/360px-Great_Seal_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1079" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Courts of Appeal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Art Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures, Corp. </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">January 31, 1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990-01-31</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_A._Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey A. Schneider (page does not exist)">Harvey A. Schneider</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Buchwald v. Paramount</b></i> (1990), <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/c/Cal.%20App.%20LEXIS/1990/634/">1990 Cal. App. LEXIS 634</a></span>, was a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a> lawsuit filed and decided in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in which humorist and writer <a href="/wiki/Art_Buchwald" title="Art Buchwald">Art Buchwald</a> alleged that <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> stole his script idea and turned it into the 1988 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America" title="Coming to America">Coming to America</a></i>. Buchwald won the lawsuit and was awarded damages, and then accepted a settlement from Paramount before any appeal took place. </p><p>The decision was important mainly for the court's determination in the damages phase of the trial that Paramount used "<a href="/wiki/Unconscionable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscionable">unconscionable</a>" means of determining how much to pay authors, which is widely called "<a href="/wiki/Hollywood_accounting" title="Hollywood accounting">Hollywood accounting</a>." Paramount claimed, and provided accounting evidence to support the claim, that despite the movie's $288 million in revenues, it had earned no <a href="/wiki/Net_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Net profit">net profit</a>, according to the definition of "net profit" in Buchwald's contract, and hence Buchwald was owed nothing. The court agreed with Buchwald's argument that this was "unconscionable" and therefore invalid. Fearing a loss if it appealed, and the subsequent implications of the unconscionability decision across all its other contracts, Paramount settled for $900,000.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was the subject of a 1992 book, <i>Fatal Subtraction: The Inside Story of Buchwald v. Paramount</i> by Pierce O'Donnell, the lawyer who represented Buchwald, and <i>Los Angeles Times</i> reporter <a href="/wiki/Dennis_McDougal" title="Dennis McDougal">Dennis McDougal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, Buchwald wrote a <a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">screen treatment</a> titled "It's a Crude, Crude World" (later renamed "King for a Day") that was pitched to <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a>, with the intention of starring <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a>, who was under contract to Paramount at the time. According to the court documents, the synopsis for "King for a Day" was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A rich, educated, arrogant, extravagant, despotic African potentate comes to America for a state visit. After being taken on a grand tour of the United States, the potentate arrives at the White House. A gaffe in remarks made by the President infuriates the African leader. His sexual desires are rebuffed by a black woman State Department officer assigned to him. She is requested by the President to continue to serve as the potentate's United States escort. While in the United States, the potentate is <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposed</a>, deserted by his entourage and left destitute. He ends up in the Washington ghetto, is stripped of his clothes, and befriended by a black lady. The potentate experiences a number of incidents in the ghetto, and obtains employment as a waiter. In order to avoid extradition, he marries the black lady who befriended him, becomes the emperor of the ghetto and lives happily ever after.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Paramount <a href="/wiki/Option_(films)" class="mw-redirect" title="Option (films)">optioned</a> the treatment in early 1983 and commissioned several unsuccessful scripts from several screenwriters. <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a> was considered as the director from time to time. After two years of <a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">development hell</a>, Paramount decided to abandon the project in March 1985. </p><p>In May 1986, Paramount's rival <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> optioned Buchwald's treatment. </p><p>In the summer of 1987, Paramount began to develop a movie that was credited as being based on a story by Eddie Murphy, and which was to be directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a>. The story outline was similar to Buchwald's story idea, and to the failed Paramount scripts that had been based on it. </p><p>In January 1988, Warner Bros. canceled their version of Buchwald's project, citing the Paramount project. </p><p>When the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America" title="Coming to America">Coming to America</a></i> was released by Paramount in 1988, Eddie Murphy was given sole story credit. Buchwald was not paid, or even credited as the story writer. Buchwald sued Paramount for breach of contract, as his contract with Paramount stated that he would be paid a certain amount if his treatment were made into a film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision">Decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The California Superior Court decided in 1990 that Buchwald had demonstrated by a <a href="/wiki/Preponderance_of_the_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Preponderance of the evidence">preponderance of the evidence</a> that his story treatment and Paramount's unsuccessful scripts based on the treatment were "similar" to that of the <i>Coming to America</i> movie. Together with the evidence that Murphy and Landis previously had access to Buchwald's treatment, the court determined that the movie's story was indeed "based upon" Buchwald's treatment. Since Paramount never paid Buchwald, as the option agreement specified would occur if a movie based on his treatment were ever released, Paramount did indeed breach the contract. </p><p>In the second phase of the trial in which the court determined the appropriate amount of damages to be paid to Buchwald, Paramount testified that despite the movie's $288 million in ticket sales, it had spent so much money on the movie's development and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> that, according to the formula specified in Buchwald's contract, Paramount had made no "net profit". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Plaintiffs have challenged as unconscionable a number of provisions of Paramount's net profit formula. The challenged provisions include: 15 percent overhead on Murphy and Landis participation; 15 percent overhead on Eddie Murphy Productions operational allowance; 10 percent advertising overhead; 15 percent overhead; interest on negative cost balance without credit for distribution fees; interest on overhead; interest on profit participation payments; the interest rate not being in proportion to actual cost of funds; exclusion of 80 percent of video cassette receipts from gross receipts; distribution fee on video royalties; charging as distribution costs residuals on 20 percent video royalties; charges for services and facilities in excess of actual costs; no credit to production cost for reusable items retained or sold; charging taxes offset by income tax credit; charging interest in addition to distribution fees; 15 percent overhead in addition to distribution fees; and 10 percent advertising overhead in addition to distribution fees.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The court then found that the formula was "unconscionable" and that Buchwald therefore could pursue a separate <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> lawsuit against the company. </p><p>Fearing a loss on appeal and, presumably, a wave of lawsuits by authors claiming they, too, had been wronged by the unconscionable net profit formula, Paramount settled with Buchwald and his producing partner for $900,000.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the settlement, the "unconscionability" decision was vacated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This Sections <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Buchwald_v._Paramount" title="Special:EditPage/Buchwald v. Paramount">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this Sections. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Buchwald+v.+Paramount%22">"Buchwald v. Paramount"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Buchwald+v.+Paramount%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Buchwald+v.+Paramount%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Buchwald+v.+Paramount%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Buchwald+v.+Paramount%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Buchwald+v.+Paramount%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The net profit formula in authors' contracts does not correspond to the net profit formula of <a href="/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally accepted accounting principles">generally accepted accounting principles</a> that the movie studios use when creating their <a href="/wiki/Financial_statements" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial statements">financial statements</a> that are reported to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> and to the investing public. What the court described as an "unconscionable" formula in Buchwald's contract effectively double-counts many costs borne by the movie studio.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some commentators have claimed this lawsuit was a watershed that would affect Hollywood's payments to anyone who enjoyed "profit participation" by forcing a change to the net profit formulas. However, a ruling by the California Superior Court in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batfilm_Productions_v._Warner_Bros.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batfilm Productions v. Warner Bros. (page does not exist)">Batfilm Productions v. Warner Bros.</a></i> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">1989 <i>Batman</i></a> movie stated that a similar formula was not unconscionable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, there has been no review of this type of claim by an appellate court, meaning that the superior courts cannot look to an appellate court's decision for guidance. </p><p>Still, the case has caused nearly all studios and production companies to be more careful about how they handle scripts since they do not want to inspire a similar case if they accidentally use a plot element from work that comes without prior agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned that "similarities" between future script drafts and movies could cause lawsuits, nearly all studios and production companies now return unsolicited scripts to their authors unopened.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_from_John_Landis">Response from John Landis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Response from John Landis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the retrospective interviews included on the 2007 DVD release of <i>Coming to America</i>, John Landis and screenwriters Barry Blaustein and <a href="/wiki/David_Sheffield" title="David Sheffield">David Sheffield</a> make no mention of Art Buchwald's lawsuit, and maintain that the film's story originated with Eddie Murphy, with Blaustein and Sheffield writing the screenplay from Murphy's 25-page treatment. In an interview filmed around the time of the film's theatrical release, and included on the DVD, Murphy himself claims that he came up with the idea for the movie while on tour. </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulia_D%27Agnolo_Vallan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulia D'Agnolo Vallan (page does not exist)">Giulia D'Agnolo Vallan</a>'s 2008 book <i>John Landis</i>, Landis is quoted as saying that Art Buchwald's case against Paramount was "without merit,"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going on to state the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I preface this by saying that I don't know Art Buchwald, and I have nothing against him. I should point out that for all of the media attention to that case, no one ever mentions Barry Blaustein and David Sheffield, the men who actually wrote the script! Every movie I have been involved with that was a big hit had people suing the studio saying it was their idea. We live in a very litigious society. You can sue anybody for anything here.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Landis also provided the following response as to why Buchwald's lawsuit received more attention in the press than other similar lawsuits: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, because it was Art Buchwald! He is an old <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> media darling. The other lawsuits came from less famous people. I remember on <i><a href="/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Animal_House" class="mw-redirect" title="National Lampoon's Animal House">Animal House</a></i>, there were four or five lawsuits. And Universal just settled them, as that was cheaper than fighting and even prevailing! Art Buchwald is not only East Coast, he's also a newspaperman. The press is going to take his side. The irony of that case is that the only people that his lawsuit benefited were Eddie Murphy and me because it forced Paramount to open their books.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leibovitz_v._Paramount_Pictures_Corp." title="Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.">Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Communications,_Inc._v._QVC_Network,_Inc." title="Paramount Communications, Inc. v. QVC Network, Inc.">Paramount Communications, Inc. v. QVC Network, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LAT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWelkosPristin1992" class="citation news cs1">Welkos, Robert W.; Pristin, Terry (March 17, 1992). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-17-me-3895-story.html">"Buchwald, Partner Win $900,000 From Studio"</a></span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729210737/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-17-me-3895-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Did+Art+Buchwald+come+up+with+%E2%80%98Coming+to+America%3F%E2%80%99&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F465247%2Fart-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuchwald+v.+Paramount" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/465247/art-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a/">"Did Art Buchwald come up with 'Coming to America?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. March 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Did+Art+Buchwald+come+up+with+%E2%80%98Coming+to+America%3F%E2%80%99&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F465247%2Fart-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuchwald+v.+Paramount" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/465247/art-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a/">"Did Art Buchwald come up with 'Coming to America?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. March 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Did+Art+Buchwald+come+up+with+%E2%80%98Coming+to+America%3F%E2%80%99&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F465247%2Fart-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuchwald+v.+Paramount" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Landis, cited in <i>John Landis</i> by Giulia D'Agnolo Vallan. (2008, M Press), pp.125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Landis, cited in <i>John Landis</i> by Giulia D'Agnolo Vallan. (2008, M Press), p.126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/465247/art-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a/">"Did Art Buchwald come up with 'Coming to America?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. March 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Did+Art+Buchwald+come+up+with+%E2%80%98Coming+to+America%3F%E2%80%99&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F465247%2Fart-buchwald-coming-2-america-eddie-murphy-john-landis-lawsuit-king-for-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuchwald+v.+Paramount" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchwald_v._Paramount&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonnellMcDougal1992" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, Pierce; McDougal, Dennis (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatalsubtraction00odon_0"><i>Fatal Subtraction: How Hollywood Really Does Business. The Inside Story of Buchwald V. Paramount</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-41686-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-41686-5"><bdi>0-385-41686-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Subtraction%3A+How+Hollywood+Really+Does+Business.+The+Inside+Story+of+Buchwald+V.+Paramount&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-385-41686-5&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Pierce&rft.au=McDougal%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatalsubtraction00odon_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuchwald+v.+Paramount" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1991" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus, Adam (1991). "Buchwald vs Paramount Pictures Corp. And The Future Of Net Profit". <i><a href="/wiki/Cardozo_Arts_%26_Entertainment_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal">Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal</a></i>. <b>9</b>: 545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Arts+%26+Entertainment+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Buchwald+vs+Paramount+Pictures+Corp.+And+The+Future+Of+Net+Profit&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=545&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuchwald+v.+Paramount" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardozoaelj.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/marcus.pdf">On the web</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Coming_to_America" title="Template:Coming to America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coming_to_America" title="Template talk:Coming to America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coming_to_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coming to America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coming_to_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Coming to America</i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America" title="Coming to America">Coming to America</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_2_America" title="Coming 2 America">Coming 2 America</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchwald v. Paramount</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America_(TV_pilot)" title="Coming to America (TV pilot)"><i>Coming to America</i> (1989 TV pilot)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/See_You_Next_Wednesday" title="See You Next Wednesday">See You Next Wednesday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trading_Places" title="Trading Places">Trading Places</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_into_My_Life_(Laura_Branigan_and_Joe_Esposito_song)" title="Come into My Life (Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito song)">"Come into My Life" (Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America_(The_System_song)" title="Coming to America (The System song)">"Coming to America" (The System song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_It_Is_(Mel_and_Kim_song)" title="That's the Way It Is (Mel and Kim song)">"That's the Way It Is" (Mel and Kim song)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign remakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fun,_the_Luck_%26_the_Tycoon" title="The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon">The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Dear_Marthandan" title="My Dear Marthandan">My Dear Marthandan</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_contract_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template talk:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_contract_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States contract law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contract formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance" title="Offer and acceptance">Offer and acceptance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonard_v._Pepsico,_Inc." title="Leonard v. 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Megadeth, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contract">Shrinkwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">Clickwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">Browsewrap</a> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Specht_v._Netscape_Communications_Corp." title="Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.">Specht v. Netscape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster_Corp._v._Tickets.com,_Inc." title="Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.">Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_v._Barnes_%26_Noble,_Inc." title="Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.">Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCD,_Inc._v._Zeidenberg" title="ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg">ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Zappos.com,_Inc.,_Customer_Data_Security_Breach_Litigation" title="In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation">In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cartridge_Remanufacturers_Ass%27n_Inc._v._Lexmark_International_Inc." title="Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.">Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Step-Saver_Data_Systems,_Inc._v._Wyse_Technology" title="Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology">Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Baystate_Technologies,_Inc." title="Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.">Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bragg_v._Linden_Research,_Inc." title="Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.">Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consideration_under_American_law" title="Consideration under American law">Consideration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamer_v._Sidway" title="Hamer v. Sidway">Hamer v. Sidway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirksey_v._Kirksey" title="Kirksey v. Kirksey">Kirksey v. Kirksey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_v._Murray" title="Angel v. Murray">Angel v. Murray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Marine_Construction_Co._v._United_States_District_Court" title="Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court">Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salsbury_v._Northwestern_Bell_Telephone_Co." title="Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.">Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substantial_performance" title="Substantial performance">Substantial performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Zehmer" title="Lucy v. Zehmer">Lucy v. Zehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_%26_Youngs,_Inc._v._Kent" title="Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent">Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity</a> & <a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">3rd parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Cicco_v._Schweizer" title="De Cicco v. Schweizer">De Cicco v. Schweizer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_v._Buick_Motor_Co." title="MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.">MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied_warranty" title="Implied warranty">Implied warranty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor">caveat emptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_v._McGee" title="Hawkins v. McGee">Hawkins v. McGee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seixas_and_Seixas_v._Woods" title="Seixas and Seixas v. Woods">Seixas and Seixas v. Woods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henningsen_v._Bloomfield_Motors,_Inc." title="Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.">Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._L._Christian_and_Associates_v._United_States" title="G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States">G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Bridge_Co._v._Hamilton" title="Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton">Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense against formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Amway_Corp." title="Morrison v. Amway Corp.">Morrison v. Amway Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Blockbuster,_Inc." title="Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.">Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._U.S._District_Court_ex_rel_Talk_America" title="Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America">Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McMichael_v._Price" title="McMichael v. Price">McMichael v. Price</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a> (written) & <a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a> (unwritten & informal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffaloe_v._Hart" title="Buffaloe v. Hart">Buffaloe v. Hart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foman_v._Davis" title="Foman v. Davis">Foman v. Davis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscionable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscionable">Unconscionable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Walker-Thomas_Furniture_Co." title="Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.">Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchwald v. Paramount</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelling Contract</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_v._Walker" title="Sherwood v. Walker">Sherwood v. Walker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenawee_County_Board_of_Health_v._Messerly" title="Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly">Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illegality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_v._Martin" title="Stoddard v. Martin">Stoddard v. Martin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCO_Group,_Inc._v._DaimlerChrysler_Corp." title="SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.">SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Spearin" title="United States v. Spearin">United States v. Spearin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helene_Curtis_Industries,_Inc._v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States">Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laidlaw_v._Organ" title="Laidlaw v. Organ">Laidlaw v. Organ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Bolles" title="Smith v. Bolles">Smith v. Bolles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contract</a> obligation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Promissory_estoppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drennan_v._Star_Paving_Co." title="Drennan v. Star Paving Co.">Drennan v. 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