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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الطلائعيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الطلائعيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologiya" title="Protistologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Protistologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пратысталогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратысталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistoloogia" title="Protistoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Protistoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistolog%C3%ADa" title="Protistología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protistología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آغازی‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آغازی‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologie" title="Protistologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protistologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%83%9D%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="원생생물학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원생생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologija" title="Protistologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protistologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologia" title="Protistologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protistologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პროტისტოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტისტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologia" title="Protistologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protistologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologia" title="Protistologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protistologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Протистология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протистология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistologija" title="Protistologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Protistologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Протистологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протистологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên sinh vật học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên sinh vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="原生生物學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原生生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Protistology" title="Special:EditPage/Protistology">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Protistology%22">"Protistology"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Protistology%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Protistology%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Protistology%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Protistology%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Protistology%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90db90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_simple_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DNA_simple_horizontal.svg/150px-DNA_simple_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DNA_simple_horizontal.svg/225px-DNA_simple_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DNA_simple_horizontal.svg/300px-DNA_simple_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #e7f4e7;background-color:light-dark(#e7f4e7,black); color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;font-family:inherit;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Glossary</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Key components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree"> Phylogeny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Properties of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)"> Domains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdoms</a> of life</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukarya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">Animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">Plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protists">Protists</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" 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style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_sciences" title="Biomedical sciences">Biomedical sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)"> Pharming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-Biology" title="Template:TopicTOC-Biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-Biology" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-Biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-Biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-Biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Protistology</b> is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protists">protists</a>, a highly diverse group of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism#Eukaryotes" title="Microorganism">eukaryotic</a> organisms. All eukaryotes apart from animals, plants and fungi are considered protists.<sup id="cite_ref-Geisen_et_al_2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisen_et_al_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its field of study therefore overlaps with the more traditional disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">phycology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoology">protozoology</a>, just as protists embrace mostly <a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a> organisms described as <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, some organisms regarded previously as primitive <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> ("animal" motile protists lacking chloroplasts).<sup id="cite_ref-Geisen_et_al_2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisen_et_al_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic group">paraphyletic group</a> with very diverse morphologies and lifestyles. Their sizes range from unicellular <a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Picoeukaryotes">picoeukaryotes</a> only a few micrometres in diameter to multicellular <a href="/wiki/Marine_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine algae">marine algae</a> several metres long.<sup id="cite_ref-Geisen_et_al_2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisen_et_al_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protistology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the study of protists has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>. Since the beginning, the study of protists has been intimately linked to developments in <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a>, which have allowed important advances in the understanding of these organisms due to their generally microscopic nature. Among the pioneers was <a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton van Leeuwenhoek">Anton van Leeuwenhoek</a>, who observed a variety of free-living protists and in 1674 named them “very little <a href="/wiki/Animalcule" title="Animalcule">animalcules</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Flagellates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Flagellates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a> studies on the Infusoria were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dujardin" title="Félix Dujardin">Félix Dujardin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Protozoology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoology">protozoology</a>" has become dated as understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the eukaryotes has improved, and is frequently replaced by the term "protistology". For example, the Society of Protozoologists, founded in 1947, was renamed International Society of Protistologists in 2005. However, the older term is retained in some cases (e.g., the Polish journal <i>Acta Protozoologica</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals_and_societies">Journals and societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protistology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journals and societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dedicated academic journals include:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Protistenkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiv für Protistenkunde">Archiv für Protistenkunde</a></i>, 1902-1998, Germany (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Protist_(journal)" title="Protist (journal)">Protist</a></i>, 1998-);<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archives_de_la_Societe_Russe_de_Protistologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archives de la Societe Russe de Protistologie (page does not exist)">Archives de la Societe Russe de Protistologie</a></i>, 1922-1928, Russia;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Protozoology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Protozoology (page does not exist)">Journal of Protozoology</a></i>, 1954-1993, USA (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Eukaryotic_Microbiology" title="Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</a></i>, 1993-);<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acta_Protozoologica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acta Protozoologica (page does not exist)">Acta Protozoologica</a></i>, 1963-, Poland;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protistologica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protistologica (page does not exist)">Protistologica</a></i>, 1968-1987, France (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Protistology" title="European Journal of Protistology">European Journal of Protistology</a></i>, 1987-);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Journal_of_Protozoology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Journal of Protozoology (page does not exist)">Japanese Journal of Protozoology</a></i>, 1968-2017, Japan (renamed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Protistology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Protistology (page does not exist)">Journal of Protistology</a></i>, 2018-);<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Protistology</i>, 1999-, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other less specialized journals, important to protistology before the appearance of the more specialized: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</a></i>, 1666-, France;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science">Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science</a></i>, 1853-1966, UK (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cell_Science" title="Journal of Cell Science">Journal of Cell Science</a></i>, 1966-);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_mikroskopische_Anatomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie">Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie</a></i>, 1865-1923, Germany;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Microscopical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Microscopical Society">Transactions of the Microscopical Society</a></i>, 1841-1869, UK (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Microscopy" title="Journal of Microscopy">Journal of Microscopy</a></i>, 1869-);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Microscopical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society">Transactions of the American Microscopical Society</a></i>, 1880-1994, USA (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate Biology">Invertebrate Biology</a></i>, 1995-);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Instituto_Oswaldo_Cruz" title="Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz">Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</a></i>, 1909-, Brazil.</li></ul> <p>Some societies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Protozoloogists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Protozoloogists (page does not exist)">Society of Protozoloogists</a>, 1947-2005, USA (renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_of_Protistologists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society of Protistologists (page does not exist)">International Society of Protistologists</a>, 2005-), with many affiliates;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Evolutionary_Protistology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (page does not exist)">International Society for Evolutionary Protistology</a>, 1975, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protistology UK (previously British Society for Protist Biology)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Society of Protistologists (previously the Society of Protozoologists)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_protistologists_(sorted_by_alphabetical_order_of_surnames)"><span id="Notable_protistologists_.28sorted_by_alphabetical_order_of_surnames.29"></span>Notable protistologists (sorted by alphabetical order of surnames)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protistology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable protistologists (sorted by alphabetical order of surnames)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of protistology was idealized by Haeckel, but its widespread recognition is more recent. In fact, many of the researchers cited below considered themselves as protozoologists, phycologists, mycologists, microbiologists, microscopists, parasitologists, limnologists, biologists, naturalists, zoologists, botanists, etc., but made significant contributions to the field. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Agardh" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Agardh">Carl Agardh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(naturalist)" title="William Archer (naturalist)">William Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_de_Bary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton de Bary">Anton de Bary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C4%9Bla%C5%99" title="Karl Bělař">Karl Bělař</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold C. Bold">Harold C. Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Braun" title="Alexander Braun">Alexander Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_B%C3%BCtschli" title="Otto Bütschli">Otto Bütschli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marius_Chadefaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marius Chadefaud (page does not exist)">Marius Chadefaud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Шадфо, Мариус">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Chagas" title="Carlos Chagas">Carlos Chagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chatton" title="Édouard Chatton">Édouard Chatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyge_Ahrengot_Christensen" title="Tyge Ahrengot Christensen">Tyge Ahrengot Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tsenkovsky" title="Lev Tsenkovsky">Lev Tsenkovsky (Cienkowski)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">Herbert Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dangeard" title="Pierre Dangeard">Pierre Dangeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Delage" title="Yves Delage">Yves Delage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Moriz_Diesing" title="Karl Moriz Diesing">Karl Moriz Diesing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Dobell" title="Clifford Dobell">Clifford Dobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Theodor_Doflein" title="Franz Theodor Doflein">Franz Theodor Doflein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Dogiel" title="Valentin Dogiel">Valentin Dogiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dujardin" title="Félix Dujardin">Félix Dujardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.G._Ehrenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Ehrenberg">C.G. Ehrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanu%C5%A1_Ettl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanuš Ettl (page does not exist)">Hanuš Ettl</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanu%C5%A1_Ettl" class="extiw" title="de:Hanuš Ettl">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faur%C3%A9-Fremiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauré-Fremiet">Fauré-Fremiet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Foissner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Foissner (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Foissner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Foissner" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Foissner">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohuslav_Fott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohuslav Fott (page does not exist)">Bohuslav Fott</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Fott" class="extiw" title="es:Bohuslav Fott">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Eugen_Fritsch" title="Felix Eugen Fritsch">Felix Eugen Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Gibson" title="Wendy Gibson">Wendy Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_%C3%89douard_Gourdan_de_Fromentel" title="Louis Édouard Gourdan de Fromentel">Édouard de Fromentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Grass%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Paul Grassé">Pierre-Paul Grassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battista_Grassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battista Grassi">Battista Grassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Grell" title="Karl Gottlieb Grell">Karl Gottlieb Grell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Gruber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Gruber (page does not exist)">August Gruber</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Gruber" class="extiw" title="de:August Gruber">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hartmann" title="Max Hartmann">Max Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_H%C3%A9rouard" title="Edgard Hérouard">Edgard Hérouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hertwig" title="Richard Hertwig">Richard Hertwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_M._Honigberg" title="Bronislaw M. Honigberg">Bronislaw M. Honigberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Huber-Pestalozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Huber-Pestalozzi (page does not exist)">Gottfried Huber-Pestalozzi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Huber-Pestalozzi" class="extiw" title="de:Gottfried Huber-Pestalozzi">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kahl" title="Alfred Kahl">Alfred Kahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_John_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick John Keeling">Patrick John Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Klebs" title="Georg Klebs">Georg Klebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atwood_Kofoid" title="Charles Atwood Kofoid">C. A. Kofoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kom%C3%A1rek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiří Komárek (page does not exist)">Jiří Komárek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kom%C3%A1rek" class="extiw" title="cs:Jiří Komárek">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing" title="Friedrich Traugott Kützing">Friedrich Traugott Kützing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Frank_Leedale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Frank Leedale (page does not exist)">Gordon Frank Leedale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Frank_Leedale" class="extiw" title="fr:Gordon Frank Leedale">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Urbain-Eug%C3%A8ne_L%C3%A9ger" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Urbain-Eugène Léger">Louis-Urbain-Eugène Léger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Urbain-Eug%C3%A8ne_L%C3%A9ger" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis-Urbain-Eugène Léger">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmermann" title="Ernst Lemmermann">Ernst Lemmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Leuckart" title="Rudolf Leuckart">Rudolf Leuckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Lindau" title="Gustav Lindau">Gustav Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_R._Loeblich_Jr" title="Alfred R. Loeblich Jr">Alfred R. Loeblich Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Lwoff">André Lwoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Maupas" title="Émile Maupas">Émile Maupas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Melkonian" title="Michael Melkonian">Michael Melkonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mereschkowski" title="Konstantin Mereschkowski">Konstantin Mereschkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Migula" title="Walter Migula">Walter Migula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alfred_Minchin" title="Edward Alfred Minchin">Edward Alfred Minchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98jvind_Moestrup" title="Øjvind Moestrup">Øjvind Moestrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O.F._M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="O.F. Müller">O.F. Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_N%C3%A4geli" title="Carl Nägeli">Carl Nägeli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Neubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Neubert (page does not exist)">Hermann Neubert</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Neubert" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Neubert">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_d%27Orbigny" title="Alcide d'Orbigny">Alcide d'Orbigny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_Shepherd_Olive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindsay Shepherd Olive (page does not exist)">Lindsay Shepherd Olive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Shepherd_Olive" class="extiw" title="de:Lindsay Shepherd Olive">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Pascher" title="Adolf Pascher">Adolf Pascher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Patterson" title="David J. Patterson">David J. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Penard" title="Eugène Penard">Eugène Penard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Perty" title="Maximilian Perty">Maximilian Perty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Poche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Poche (page does not exist)">Franz Poche</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Poche" class="extiw" title="fr:Franz Poche">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Pringsheim_Jr." title="Ernst Pringsheim Jr.">Ernst Pringsheim Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pritchard" title="Andrew Pritchard">Andrew Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_von_Prowazek" title="Stanislaus von Prowazek">S. von Prowazek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Ludwig_Rabenhorst" title="Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst">Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Reichenow" title="Eduard Reichenow">Eduard Reichenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Robertson" title="Muriel Robertson">Muriel Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs" title="Julius von Sachs">Julius von Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Saville-Kent" title="William Saville-Kent">William Saville-Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_Arthur_Schaeffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa Arthur Schaeffer (page does not exist)">Asa Arthur Schaeffer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Arthur_Schaeffer" class="extiw" title="de:Asa Arthur Schaeffer">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schaudinn" title="Fritz Schaudinn">Fritz Schaudinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schr%C3%B6ter" title="Joseph Schröter">Joseph Schröter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schultze" title="Max Schultze">Max Schultze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eilhard_Schulze" title="Franz Eilhard Schulze">F. E. Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shevyakov" title="Vladimir Shevyakov">Vladimir Shevyakov (Schewiakoff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._von_Siebold" class="mw-redirect" title="C. von Siebold">C. von Siebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Silva" title="Paul Silva">P.C. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leonhards_Skuja" title="Heinrich Leonhards Skuja">Heinrich Leonhards Skuja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bor%C3%ADs_Skvortsov_(Skvortzov)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borís Skvortsov (Skvortzov) (page does not exist)">Borís Skvortsov (Skvortzov)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Skvortsov" class="extiw" title="es:Borís Skvortsov">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Morgan_Smith" title="Gilbert Morgan Smith">Gilbert Morgan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroeber_Sparrow" title="Frederick Kroeber Sparrow">Frederick Kroeber Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Stein">Friedrich von Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Ni%C3%B1a_Tappan_Loeblich" title="Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich">Helen Tappan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandar_Walkanow_(Valkanov)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandar Walkanow (Valkanov) (page does not exist)">Alexandar Walkanow (Valkanov)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandar_Walkanow" class="extiw" title="de:Alexandar Walkanow">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Morley_Wenyon" title="Charles Morley Wenyon">C. M. Wenyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stephen_West" title="George Stephen West">George Stephen West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)" title="Robert Whittaker (ecologist)">Robert Whittaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Winter" title="Heinrich Georg Winter">Heinrich Georg Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Zacharias" title="Otto Zacharias">Otto Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zopf" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf">Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protistology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geisen_et_al_2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geisen_et_al_2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geisen_et_al_2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geisen_et_al_2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeisenMitchellAdlauthors2018" class="citation journal cs1">Geisen, Stefan; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protistology%2C+an+international+journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotistology.ifmo.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protozoa.uga.edu/artman/publish/article_37.shtml">"New President's Address"</a>. <i>protozoa.uga.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=protozoa.uga.edu&rft.atitle=New+President%27s+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotozoa.uga.edu%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_37.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, F. J. R. 'M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.02587-0">"The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</i>. <b>53</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1707–</span>1714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.02587-0">10.1099/ijs.0.02587-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14657097">14657097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+collapse+of+the+two-kingdom+system%2C+the+rise+of+protistology+and+the+founding+of+the+International+Society+for+Evolutionary+Protistology+%28ISEP%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1707-%3C%2Fspan%3E1714&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fijs.0.02587-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14657097&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=F.+J.+R.+%27M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fijs.0.02587-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.protistology.org.uk/">"Welcome to Protistology UK!"</a>. <i>Protistology UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Protistology+UK&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Protistology+UK%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.protistology.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protistologists.org/">"International Society of Protistologists"</a>. <i>International Society of Protistologists</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Society+of+Protistologists&rft.atitle=International+Society+of+Protistologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprotistologists.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protistology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microbiology:_Protistology:_Protists108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protist_structures" title="Template:Protist structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protist_structures" title="Template talk:Protist structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protist_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protist structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbiology:_Protistology:_Protists108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protistology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Mastigophora/Flagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">Sarcodina/Amoeboids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testate_amoebae" title="Testate amoebae">Testate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliozoa" title="Heliozoa">Heliozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa#Taxonomy" title="Apicomplexa">Sporozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptogam" title="Cryptogam">Cryptogams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallophyte" title="Thallophyte">Thallophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus#Fungus-like_organisms" title="Fungus">Fungus-like organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">Slime molds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes#Ambiregnal_protists" title="Nomenclature codes">Ambiregnal protists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Chloroplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>": <a href="/wiki/Phycoplast" title="Phycoplast">Phycoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum#Types" title="Flagellum">Flagellar apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophytes</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanelle">Cyanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycobilisome" title="Phycobilisome">Phycobilisomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Red algae</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_connection" title="Pit connection">Pit connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycobilisome" title="Phycobilisome">Phycobilisomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><a href="/wiki/Hacrobia" title="Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cryptomonad" title="Cryptomonad">Cryptophyta</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastigoneme" title="Mastigoneme">Mastigoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">Periplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyte</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">Coccolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte#Characteristics" title="Haptophyte">Haptonema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold">General:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastigoneme" title="Mastigoneme">Mastigoneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatoms</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">Brown algae</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_(algae)" title="Lamina (algae)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatocyst" title="Pneumatocyst">Pneumatocyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold">General:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolate#Characteristics" title="Alveolate"> Alveoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichocyst" title="Trichocyst">Trichocyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinokaryon" title="Dinokaryon">Dinokaryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinocyst" title="Dinocyst">Dinocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca" title="Theca">Theca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliates</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_(biology)" title="Cirrus (biology)">Cirrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macronucleus" title="Macronucleus">Macronucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronucleus" title="Micronucleus">Micronucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexans</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhoptry" title="Rhoptry">Rhoptry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microneme" title="Microneme">Microneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(225,204,252);"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phytomyxea84" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(225,204,252);"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Phytomyxea" title="Phytomyxea">Phytomyxea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear division">Cruciform division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0E68C;"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0E68C;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kinetoplastida" title="Kinetoplastida">Kinetoplastids</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetoplast" title="Kinetoplast">Kinetoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosome" title="Glycosome">Glycosome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0E68C;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Euglenid" title="Euglenid">Euglenoidea</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">Periplast/pellicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC8A0;"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dictyostelids:88" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC8A0;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Dictyostelid" title="Dictyostelid">Dictyostelids</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocyst" title="Macrocyst">Macrocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorocarp" title="Sorocarp">Sorocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">Opisthokonta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Choanoflagellates:92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D3D3A4;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellates</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Collar of microvilli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisationsstufe" class="extiw" title="de:Organisationsstufe">Levels of<br />organization</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">Unicellular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Monadoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">Amoeboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccoid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coccoid (disambiguation)">Coccoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeboflagellate" title="Amoeboflagellate">Amoeboflagellate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">Colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">s.s.</a> <ul><li>Colonial flagellated</li> <li>Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid</li> <li>Sarcinoid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenobium_(morphology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenobium (morphology)">Coenobial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Filamentous/trichal/<a href="/wiki/Hyphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphal">hyphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenchymatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenchymatous">Parenchymatous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoparenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoparenchyma">Pseudoparenchymatous</a>/plektenchymatic</li> <li>Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinucleated" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinucleated">Multinucleated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syncytial" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncytial">Syncytial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenocytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenocytic">Coenocytic</a> <ul><li>Siphonous</li> <li>Siphonocladous</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">Multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">s.s.</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissular</a>/histonal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall#Other_cell_coverings" title="Cell wall">Cell surface<br />structures</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Simple cell membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">Mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_(biology)" title="Lorica (biology)">Lorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca" title="Theca">Theca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">Periplast/pellicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Locomotion</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopodia" title="Pseudopodia">Pseudopodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding_motility" title="Gliding motility">Gliding motility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Mitochondria</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Nucleus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleomorph" title="Nucleomorph">Nucleomorph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinucleate" title="Multinucleate">Multinucleate cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_(life_cycle)" title="Plasmodium (life cycle)">Plasmodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaryon" title="Dikaryon">Dikaryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterokaryon" title="Heterokaryon">Heterokaryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis in protists</a> <ul><li>Open</li> <li>Closed</li> <li>Orthomitosis</li> <li>Pleuromitosis</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis#Occurrence_in_eukaryotic_life_cycles" title="Meiosis">Meiosis in protists</a> <ul><li>Gametic</li> <li>Zygotic</li> <li>Sporic</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytostome" title="Cytostome">Cytostome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_(bacteriology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria (bacteriology)">Fimbriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusome" title="Extrusome">Extrusome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractile_vacuole" title="Contractile vacuole">Contractile vacuole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenoid" title="Pyrenoid">Pyrenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axostyle" title="Axostyle">Axostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastigont_system" title="Mastigont system">Mastigont system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology and<br />physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_biogeography" title="Microbial biogeography">Microbial biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourens_Baas_Becking#Baas_Becking_hypothesis" title="Lourens Baas Becking">Baas-Becking hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Development</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilization#Fertilization_in_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">Fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nutrition: <a href="/wiki/Autotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotrophy">Autotrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phototrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototrophy">Phototrophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophy">Heterotrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagotrophy">Phagotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotrophy" title="Osmotrophy">Osmotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saprotrophic_nutrition" title="Saprotrophic nutrition">Saprotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotrophy">Biotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotrophy">Necrotrophy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixotrophy">Mixotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxotrophy" title="Auxotrophy">Auxotrophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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