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searchaux" style="display:none">American historian of science (1933–2024)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Graham" title="Lauren Graham">Lauren Graham</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Loren_Graham" title="Special:EditPage/Loren Graham">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Loren+Graham%22">"Loren Graham"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Loren+Graham%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Loren+Graham%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Loren+Graham%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Loren+Graham%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Loren+Graham%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Loren R. Graham</b> (June 29, 1933 – December 15, 2024) was an American <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historian of science</a>, particularly science in Russia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham was born on June 29, 1933. He earned his B.A. in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> and his M.A. and doctorate degree in history at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham taught and published at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he was a research associate as of 2024. He was a participant in one of the first academic exchange programs between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, studying at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow University</a> in 1960 and 1961. </p><p>He wrote a popular book on Native American history (<i>A Face in the Rock</i>) and a memoir (<i>Moscow Stories</i>) which describes his youth in the United States and his adventures in Russia. He was also a strong supporter of human rights and scholarship. He was a member of the board of trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Soros_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soros Foundation">Soros Foundation</a>. </p><p>For many years he was a member of the Governing Council of the Program on Basic Research and Higher Education, which supports the combining of research and teaching in Russian universities and is financially supported by the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Education (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Science and Education</a>, and local groups in Russia. He was a member of the advisory council of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civilian_Research_%26_Development_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation">U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation</a>, which supports international scientific collaboration. </p><p>For many years he was a member of the board of trustees of the <a href="/wiki/European_University_at_St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="European University at St. Petersburg">European University at St. Petersburg</a> and still served on the board of a body raising money for that university as of 2024. He donated several thousand books from his library to the European University which established a special collection in his name. </p><p>In much of his work in the history of science, Graham demonstrated the influence of social context on science, even its theoretical structure. For example, in his <i>Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union</i> (which was a finalist for a <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>) he delineated the influence of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> on science in Russia — in some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lysenko_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysenko affair">Lysenko Affair</a>, deleterious, but, in other cases, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and origin of life studies, positive. </p><p>In addition to writing on the history of scientific theories, Graham wrote much on the organization of science in Russia and the Soviet Union, including a book on the early history of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a> (<i>The Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party</i>) and a more recent one on the situation of science in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union (<i>Science in the New Russia</i>; co-written with Irina Dezhina). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham's wife <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Graham" title="Patricia Graham">Patricia Graham</a> is a prominent historian of education and a former dean at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Loren Graham died on December 15, 2024, at the age of 91.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996 he received the <a href="/wiki/George_Sarton_Medal" title="George Sarton Medal">George Sarton Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a> and in 2000 he received the Follo Award of the Michigan Historical Society for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan history</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Graham was a member of a number of honorary societies, both American and foreign, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, and the Russian Academy of Natural Science. His books have been published in English, Italian, German, Russian, Spanish, French, Japanese, Greek, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, Korean and Chinese. In 2012, he was awarded a medal by the Russian Academy of Sciences at a ceremony in Moscow for "contributions to the history of science".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Major books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Moscow in May 1963: Education and Cybernetics</i> (with Oliver Caldwell), Washington, 1964</li> <li><i>The Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party, 1927—1932</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1967</li> <li><i>Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union</i>, Alfred Knopf, 1972</li> <li><i>Between Science and Values</i>, Columbia University Press, 1981</li> <li><i>Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1993;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraham1993" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Loren R. (April 26, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_wPpj64GqMC"><i>1994 pbk edition</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521287890" title="Special:BookSources/9780521287890"><bdi>9780521287890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1994+pbk+edition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993-04-26&rft.isbn=9780521287890&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Loren+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_wPpj64GqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoren+Graham" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/history/history-science-and-technology/science-russia-and-soviet-union-short-history?format=PB&isbn=9780521287890">brief description</a>;</li> <li><i>Functions and Uses of Disciplinary Histories</i> (edited with Wolf Lepenies and Peter Weingart), Reidel, 1983</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_(novel)" title="Red Star (novel)">Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></i> (edited with Richard Stites), Indiana University Press, 1984</li> <li><i>Science, Philosophy, and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union</i>, Columbia University Press, 1987</li> <li><i>Science and the Soviet Social Order</i> (edited), <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1990</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_the_Executed_Engineer" title="The Ghost of the Executed Engineer">The Ghost of the Executed Engineer</a></i>, Harvard University Press, 1993</li> <li><i>A Face in the Rock: the Tale of a Grand Island Chippewa</i>], University of California, 1995 <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94046253">94-46253</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559633662" title="Special:BookSources/1559633662">1559633662</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Loren R. (August 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApuzVrLabwUC"><i>1998 pbk edition</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21567-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21567-2"><bdi>978-0-520-21567-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1998+pbk+edition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998-08-10&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21567-2&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Loren+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApuzVrLabwUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoren+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TKsAAAAIAAJ"><i>What Have We Learned about Science and Technology from the Russian Experience?</i></a>, Stanford University Press, 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEd6B7se4fsC"><i>Moscow Stories</i></a>, Indiana University Press, 2006 <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2005022442">2005-22442</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253347165" title="Special:BookSources/0253347165">0253347165</a></li> <li><i>Grand Island and its Families</i> (with Katherine Geffine Carlson) GIA, 2007</li> <li><i>Science in the New Russia: Crisis, Aid, Reform</i> (with Irina Dezhina), Indiana University Press, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QX5Fj6DWEqIC"><i>Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity</i></a>, with Jean-Michel Kantor Harvard University Press, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674032934" title="Special:BookSources/9780674032934">9780674032934</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674032934">brief description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UciqAAAAQBAJ"><i>Lonely Ideas: Can Russia Compete?</i></a> MIT Press, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01979-8">978-0-262-01979-8</a></li> <li><i> Death at the Lighthouse: A Grand Island Riddle</i>, Arbutus Press, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/193392652X" title="Special:BookSources/193392652X">193392652X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUu6CwAAQBAJ"><i>Lysenko's Ghost: Epigenetics and Russia</i></a>, Harvard University Press, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674089051" title="Special:BookSources/9780674089051">9780674089051</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russian-federation/political-science">"What the Reappraisal of Soviet Russia's Top Agricultural Mastermind Says About Putin's Russia"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biographical material and professional details for Loren Graham may be found in: </p> <ul><li>Loren Graham and Jean-Michel Kantor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/isis/2006/97/1">'A Comparison of Two Cultural Approaches to Mathematics'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">ISIS</a> <b>97</b> (2006), pp 56–74. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/501110">'Notes on Contributors'</a> published in the same issue.</li> <li>Loren Graham and Jean-Michel Kantor, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022104401/http://science.org.ge/english.html">Russian Religious Mystics and French Rationalists: Mathematics, 1900—1930'</a>, Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, New Series <b>1 (175)</b>, no. 4 (2007), pp. 44–52.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sts-program.mit.edu/people/emeriti-faculty/loren-graham/">Massachusetts Institute of Technology bio (with photo)</a></li> <li>Mark Kramer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/insights/tribute-loren-graham-1933-2024">'A Tribute to Loren Graham (1933-2024)'</a> // Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, December 18, 2024.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212175822/http://wupa.wustl.edu/record_archive/1998/10-15-98/articles/graham.html">Science historian Loren Graham profile</a>, wupa.wustl.edu; accessed May 24, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/loren-graham-obituary?id=57036320">"Loren Graham Obituary (2024)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legacy.com" title="Legacy.com">Legacy.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington, Massachusetts</a>. December 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacy.com&rft.atitle=Loren+Graham+Obituary+%282024%29&rft.date=2024-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fus%2Fobituaries%2Fname%2Floren-graham-obituary%3Fid%3D57036320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoren+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Loren+Graham&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DLoren%2BGraham%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoren+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKojevnikov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kojevnikov, Alexei (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/1993graham.pdf">"Transformations and Survivals: <i>Science in Russia and the Soviet Union</i> . A Short History. Loren R. Graham"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>261</b> (5126): <span class="nowrap">1336–</span>1338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.261.5126.1336">10.1126/science.261.5126.1336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17731864">17731864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Transformations+and+Survivals%3A+Science+in+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union+.+A+Short+History.+Loren+R.+Graham&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=5126&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1336-%3C%2Fspan%3E1338&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.261.5126.1336&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17731864&rft.aulast=Kojevnikov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.ubc.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F23%2F2019%2F06%2F1993graham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoren+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loren_Graham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2452536/">Loren Graham</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhqbFwjLqzE"><span class="plainlinks">Naming God, Naming Infinity: Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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