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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Software appliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_appliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_without_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_without_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mounting without burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_without_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Live CD</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="قرص حي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص حي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="লাইভ সিডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাইভ সিডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Жив диск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жив диск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_aut%C3%B2nom" title="CD autònom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CD autònom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-cd" title="Live-cd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Live-cd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-System" title="Live-System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Live-System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="لوح زنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوح زنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C_CD" title="라이브 CD – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이브 CD" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveCD" title="LiveCD – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="LiveCD" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="लाइव सीडी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाइव सीडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="תקליטור אתחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליטור אתחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_live" title="Sistema live – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sistema live" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveCD" title="LiveCD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="LiveCD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="ലൈവ് സിഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൈവ് സിഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-cd" title="Live-cd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Live-cd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveDistro" title="LiveDistro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="LiveDistro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-CD" title="Live-CD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Live-CD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நேரலை குறுந்தகடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேரலை குறுந்தகடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canl%C4%B1_sistem" title="Canlı sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canlı sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo_gani" title="Sistemo gani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemo gani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Live CD" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215552#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Live_CD" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Live_CD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Live CD (disambiguation)">Live CD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png/220px-Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png/330px-Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png/440px-Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu OS">Ubuntu</a> 23.04 system running from a live DVD image, with the <a href="/wiki/Gnome_(desktop_environment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnome (desktop environment)">GNOME 40</a> desktop environment</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>live CD</b> (also <b>live DVD</b>, <b>live disc</b>, or <b>live operating system</b>) is a complete <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">bootable</a> computer installation including <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> which runs directly from a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> or similar storage device into a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk drive. A live CD allows users to run an <a href="/wiki/Computer_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer operating system">operating system</a> for any purpose without installing it or making any changes to the computer's configuration. Live CDs can run on a computer without <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">secondary storage</a>, such as a hard disk drive, or with a corrupted hard disk drive or file system, allowing <a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">data recovery</a>. </p><p>As CD and DVD drives have been steadily phased-out, live CDs have become less popular, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">live USBs</a>, which are equivalent systems written onto <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a>, which have the added benefit of having writeable storage. The functionality of a live CD is also available with an <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">external hard disk drive</a> connected by USB. Many live CDs offer the option of <a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistence</a> by writing files to a hard drive or USB flash drive. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> make <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO images</a> available for burning to CD or DVD. While open source operating systems can be used for free, some commercial software, such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a> requires a license to use. Many live CDs are used for data recovery, <a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">computer forensics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disk_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk imaging">disk imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recovery_disc" title="Recovery disc">system recovery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> removal. The <a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails operating system</a> is aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity of its users, allowing them to work with sensitive documents without leaving a record on a computer's hard drive.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png/220px-Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png/330px-Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png/440px-Ubuntu_23.04_install_screen.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Installation from Ubuntu 23.04 live CD</figcaption></figure> <p>All computers except the earliest digital computers are built with some form of minimal built-in loader, which loads a program or succession of programs from a storage medium, which then operate the computer. Initially a read-only medium such as punched tape or punched cards was used for initial program load. With the introduction of inexpensive read-write storage, read-write <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> and hard disks were used as <a href="/wiki/Boot_disk" title="Boot disk">boot media</a>. </p><p>After the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, it was adapted for use as a medium for storing and distributing large amounts of computer data. This data may also include application and operating-system software, sometimes packaged and archived in compressed formats. Later, it was seen to be convenient and useful to boot the computer directly from compact disc, often with a minimal working system to install a full system onto a hard drive. While there are read-write optical discs, either mass-produced read-only discs or write-once discs were used for this purpose. </p><p>The first Compact Disc drives on personal computers were generally much too slow to run complex operating systems; computers were not designed to boot from an <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a>. When operating systems came to be distributed on compact discs, either a <a href="/wiki/Boot_floppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot floppy">boot floppy</a> or the CD itself would boot specifically, and only, to install onto a hard drive. Early examples of operating systems which could be booted directly from CD-ROM are the <a href="/wiki/Towns_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns OS">FM Towns OS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Desktop-VMS distribution of <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>, both of which were first released in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux">Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg/220px-Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg/330px-Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg/440px-Lgx_yggdrasil_fall_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>CD-ROM of the LGX Yggdrasil Linux distribution release "Fall 1993"</figcaption></figure> <p>Although early developers and users of distributions built on top of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> could take advantage of cheap optical disks and rapidly declining prices of CD drives for personal computers, the <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> CDs or "distros" were generally treated as a collection of installation packages that would first need to be permanently installed to hard disks on the target machine. </p><p>However, in the case of these distributions built on top of the Linux kernel, the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> operating system was meeting resistance in the consumer market because of the perceived difficulty, effort, and risk involved in installing an additional partition on the hard disk, in parallel with an existing operating system installation. </p><p>The term "live CD" was coined because, after typical PC RAM was large enough and 52x speed CD drives and CD burners were widespread among PC owners, it finally became convenient and practical to boot the kernel and run <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a>, a window manager and GUI applications directly from a CD without disturbing the OS on the hard disk. </p><p>This was a new and different situation for Linux than other operating systems, because the updates/upgrades were being released so quickly, different distributions and versions were being offered online, and especially because users were burning their own CDs. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based 'Live CD' was <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasil Linux">Yggdrasil Linux</a> first released in beta form 1992~1993 (ceased production in 1995), though in practice its functionality was hampered due to the low throughput of contemporary CD-ROM drives. <a href="/wiki/DemoLinux" title="DemoLinux">DemoLinux</a>, released in 1998, was the first Linux distribution specially designed as a live CD. The <a href="/wiki/Linuxcare" title="Linuxcare">Linuxcare</a> <a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">bootable business card</a>, first released in 1999, was the first Live CD to focus on system administration, and the first to be distributed in the bootable business card form factor. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Finnix" title="Finnix">Finnix</a> (first released in 2000) is the oldest Live CD still in production. <a href="/wiki/Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>-derived Linux distribution, was released in 2003, and found popularity as both a <a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">rescue disk</a> system and as a primary distribution in its own right. </p><p>Since 2003, the popularity of live CDs has increased substantially, partly due to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux-live.org/">Linux Live scripts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remastersys" title="Remastersys">remastersys</a>, which made it very easy to build customized live systems. Most of the popular <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> now include a live CD variant, which in some cases is also the preferred installation medium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png/230px-Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png/345px-Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png/460px-Trisquel_11_Live_CD.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Live CD of <a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a> 11.0</figcaption></figure> <p>Live CDs are made for many different uses. Some are designed to demonstrate or "test drive" a particular operating system (usually Linux or another <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open source</a> operating system). Software can be tested, or run for a particular single use, without interfering with system setup. Data on a system which is not functioning normally due to operating system and software issues can be made available; for example, data can be recovered from a machine with an active virus infection without the virus process being active and causing more damage, and the virus can be removed with its defences against removal bypassed. </p><p>Although some live CDs can load into memory to free the optical drive for other uses, loading the data from a CD-ROM is still slower than a typical hard drive boot, so this is rarely the default with large live CD images, but for smaller live CD images loading the filesystem directly into RAM can provide a significant performance boost, as RAM is much faster than a hard drive, and uses less power.<sup id="cite_ref-Brickner000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brickner000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experienced users of the operating system may also use a live CD to determine whether and to what extent a particular operating system or version is compatible with a particular hardware configuration and certain peripherals, or as a way to know beforehand which computer or peripheral will work before buying.<sup id="cite_ref-Brickner000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brickner000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A live CD can be used to troubleshoot hardware, especially when a hard drive fails, and more generally as a <a href="/wiki/Recovery_disc" title="Recovery disc">recovery disc</a> in case of problems. Some live CDs can save user-created files in a Windows partition, a USB drive, a network drive, or other accessible media. Live backup CDs can create an image of drives, and back up files, without problems due to open files and inconsistent sets. </p><p>A few additional uses include: </p> <ul><li>installing a <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> to a hard drive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">computer forensics</a></li> <li>Virus scanning and Malware removal<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>system repair and <a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">restoration</a></li> <li>testing new versions of software</li> <li>listing & testing hardware<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_kiosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet kiosk">Internet kiosks</a> and public computers, which can be brought back to their original state by a reboot</li> <li>high security/non-invasive environment for a guest</li> <li>cracking, stealing, and changing passwords</li> <li>network security testing</li> <li>being the primary or backup operating system for any computer</li> <li>quick and simple clustering of computers<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>playing video games or running applications that require a different operating system</li> <li>providing a secure server platform where crucial files cannot be permanently altered</li> <li>providing a secure, reliable platform for the performance of high-vulnerability tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet banking">internet banking</a>;</li> <li>Bypassing <a href="/wiki/Parental_controls" title="Parental controls">parental controls</a> and other restrictions</li></ul> <p>Several live CDs are dedicated to specific type of applications according to the requirements of thematic user communities. These CDs are tailored to the needs of the applications in subject including general knowledge, tutorial, specifications and trial data too. </p><p>Some of these topics covers sub topics, e.g. IT administration breaks down to firewall, rescue, security, etc. type of live CDs. In some cases a particular Live DVD covers more than one topic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_appliances">Software appliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Software appliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedora_38_live_CD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fedora_38_live_CD.png/220px-Fedora_38_live_CD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fedora_38_live_CD.png/330px-Fedora_38_live_CD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fedora_38_live_CD.png/440px-Fedora_38_live_CD.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Live CD of <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a> 38</figcaption></figure> <p>Packaging a <a href="/wiki/Software_appliance" title="Software appliance">software appliance</a> as an installable live CD, or live ISO, can often be beneficial as a single image can run on both real hardware and on most types of virtual machines. </p><p>This allows developers to avoid the complexities involved in supporting multiple incompatible <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> images formats and focus on the lowest common denominator instead. </p><p>Typically after booting the machine from the live CD, the appliance either runs in non-persistent demo mode or installs itself, at the user's request, to an available storage device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_without_burning">Mounting without burning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mounting without burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vbox160debian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vbox160debian.jpg/220px-Vbox160debian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vbox160debian.jpg/330px-Vbox160debian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vbox160debian.jpg/440px-Vbox160debian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Virtual <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> machine configuration in <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> with live image file (<i>6.3-Release-i386-bootonly.iso</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The files on a live CD <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO image</a> can be accessed in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Disk_image_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk image emulator">disk image emulator</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Daemon_Tools" title="Daemon Tools">Daemon Tools</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> variants by mounting a <a href="/wiki/Loop_device" title="Loop device">loop device</a>. Later versions of Windows (i.e. Windows 8 and later), and software available for earlier versions, allow an ISO to be mounted as a volume. </p><p>After mounting the live CD's filesystem, software on the live CD can be run directly, without booting it, by <a href="/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot">chrooting</a> into the mounted filesystem. </p><p>A live CD ISO image can also be mounted by <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Machine">Virtual Machine</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> and <a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a> or can be converted to a <a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a> using <a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_tools_to_create_Live_USB_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tools to create Live USB systems">Special tools</a> can automate this process.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandriva2010eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mandriva2010eng.png/220px-Mandriva2010eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mandriva2010eng.png/330px-Mandriva2010eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mandriva2010eng.png/440px-Mandriva2010eng.png 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Live CD of <a href="/wiki/Mandriva_Linux" title="Mandriva Linux">Mandriva</a> 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>During live CD initialization, a user typically may resort to using one or more boot codes to change the booting behavior. These vary from distribution to distribution but can most often be accessed upon first boot screen by one of the <a href="/wiki/Function_key" title="Function key">function keys</a>. </p><p>Some live CDs come with an installation utility launchable from a desktop icon that can optionally install the system on a <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drive</a> or <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a>. Most live CDs can access the information on internal and/or external hard drives, <a href="/wiki/Diskette" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskette">diskettes</a> and USB flash drives. </p><p>Live CDs are usually distributed on <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a> media, requiring either copying to rewriteable media (i.e. a hard drive or CD writer) or complete <a href="/wiki/Remaster_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remaster (software)">remastering</a> to install additional software; however, there are exceptions. If <a href="/wiki/Puppy_Linux" title="Puppy Linux">Puppy Linux</a> is recorded to an open <a href="/wiki/Multisession" class="mw-redirect" title="Multisession">multisession</a> medium, changes made during use (such as files created, programs installed, and preferences customised) are written in a new session to the boot medium<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> persisting through subsequent boots. </p><p>The term "Live CD" came to be used for any CD containing operating system and software which could be run without installation on the host computer. Operating systems which can be used live include <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amithlon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amithlon (page does not exist)">Amithlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/AROS" class="mw-redirect" title="AROS">AROS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> installation and repair discs, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MINIX_3" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX 3">MINIX 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeleniX" title="BeleniX">BeleniX</a> and others based on <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>. There are maintenance versions of Microsoft Windows bootable from CD such as <a href="/wiki/BartPE" title="BartPE">BartPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Windows PE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics_and_Recovery_Toolset" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset">Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset</a> (DaRT), previously known as Emergency Repair Disk Commander (ERD Commander). </p><p>The first personal computer operating system on a CD to support "live" operations might have been the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>, which could be booted from CD on an <a href="/wiki/Amiga_CDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga CDTV">Amiga CDTV</a> in 1990.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Earlier examples of live OS are of course the operating systems used from floppy, and most widely spread is <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png/220px-Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png/330px-Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png/440px-Gentoo-10.0-livedvd.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Live CD of <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike previous operating systems on optical media, though, Linux and OS/2 "live CDs" were specifically designed to run without installation onto other media like a hard disk drive. The live CD concept was meant to promote Linux and showcase the abilities of the free, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open source</a> operating system on conventional personal computers with Microsoft Windows already installed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a>, a bootable Compact Disc generally conforms to the <a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a> specification, introduced in 1994. Many Linux based live CDs use a compressed filesystem image, often with the <a href="/wiki/Cloop" title="Cloop">cloop</a> compressed loopback driver, or <a href="/wiki/Squashfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Squashfs">squashfs</a> compressed filesystem, generally doubling effective storage capacity, although slowing application start up<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The resulting environment can be quite rich: typical <a href="/wiki/Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a> systems include around 1,200 separate software packages. Live CDs have a reputation for supporting advanced <a href="/wiki/Auto-configuration" title="Auto-configuration">auto-configuration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plug-and-play" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-and-play">plug-and-play</a> functionality. This came out of necessity to avoid requiring the user to configure the system each time it boots and to make it easily usable by those who are new to the operating system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A read-only <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>, such as on a CD-ROM has the drawback of being unable to save any current working data. For this reason, a read-only file system is often merged with a temporary writable file system in the form of a <a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disk</a>. Often the default Linux <a href="/wiki/File_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="File directory">directories</a> "<code>/home</code>" (containing users' personal files and <a href="/wiki/Configuration_file" title="Configuration file">configuration files</a>) and "<code>/var</code>" (containing variable <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a>) are kept in ramdisk, because the system updates them frequently. Puppy Linux and some other live CDs allow a configuration and added files to be written and used in later sessions. </p><p>In modern live CDs, a read-only file system is merged with a <a href="/wiki/RAM_drive" title="RAM drive">RAM drive</a> using <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(human-computer_interaction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (human-computer interaction)">transparent</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/AuFS" class="mw-redirect" title="AuFS">AuFS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">EWF</a>. Boot loaders like syslinux can boot ISO files from USB memory devices. </p><p>Live CDs have to be able to detect and use a wide variety of hardware (including <a href="/wiki/Network_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network card">network cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic card">graphic cards</a> etc.) in realtime, often using facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotplug_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotplug (software) (page does not exist)">hotplug</a>, hal, udisk etc.. which are a common part of all distributions based on <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> 2.6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot_disk" title="Boot disk">Boot disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions#Live_media" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions#Live media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_Live_DVD" title="GIS Live DVD">GIS Live DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_live_CDs" title="List of live CDs">List of live CDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_remastering_software" title="List of remastering software">List of remastering software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-booting_diskette" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-booting diskette">Self-booting diskette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_appliance" title="Software appliance">Software appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTimm2014" class="citation web cs1">Timm, Trevor (2 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressfreedomfoundation.org/blog/2014/04/help-support-little-known-privacy-tool-has-been-critical-journalists-reporting-nsa">"Help Support the Little-Known Privacy Tool That Has Been Critical to Journalists Reporting on the NSA"</a>. <i>Freedom of the Press Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720192050/https://pressfreedomfoundation.org/blog/2014/04/help-support-little-known-privacy-tool-has-been-critical-journalists-reporting-nsa">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+Foundation&rft.atitle=Help+Support+the+Little-Known+Privacy+Tool+That+Has+Been+Critical+to+Journalists+Reporting+on+the+NSA&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Timm&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressfreedomfoundation.org%2Fblog%2F2014%2F04%2Fhelp-support-little-known-privacy-tool-has-been-critical-journalists-reporting-nsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Finley, Klint (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/04/tails/">"Out in the Open: Inside the Operating System Edward Snowden Used to Evade the NSA"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419003312/http://www.wired.com/2014/04/tails/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=Out+in+the+Open%3A+Inside+the+Operating+System+Edward+Snowden+Used+to+Evade+the+NSA&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Klint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F04%2Ftails%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiro_Kit" class="citation web cs1">Jiro Kit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/doc.asp?c=968">"Fujitsu FM Towns"</a>. <i>Old-Computers Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516090420/https://old-computers.com/museum/doc.asp?c=968">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00754-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00754-X"><bdi>0-596-00754-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Test+Driving+Linux%3A+From+Windows+to+Linux+in+60+Seconds&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-596-00754-X&rft.aulast=Brickner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftestdrivinglinux0000bric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/14434/scan-a-windows-pc-for-viruses-from-a-ubuntu-live-cd/">"Scan a Windows PC for Viruses from a Ubuntu Live CD"</a>. <i>howtogeek.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214130/https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/14434/scan-a-windows-pc-for-viruses-from-a-ubuntu-live-cd/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=howtogeek.com&rft.atitle=Scan+a+Windows+PC+for+Viruses+from+a+Ubuntu+Live+CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2Fhowto%2F14434%2Fscan-a-windows-pc-for-viruses-from-a-ubuntu-live-cd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214325/http://www.hdt-project.org/">"Home - HDT Project"</a>. <i>HDT Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdt-project.org/">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HDT+Project&rft.atitle=Home+-+HDT+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdt-project.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flashmobcomputing.org/">"FlashMob Computing – FlashMob Computing"</a>. <i>flashmobcomputing.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509120957/http://www.flashmobcomputing.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flashmobcomputing.org&rft.atitle=FlashMob+Computing+%E2%80%93+FlashMob+Computing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flashmobcomputing.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/USB%20Installation%20Media">"USB Installation Media - UNetbootin"</a>. <i>community.ubuntu.com</i>. Ubuntu Community. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030330/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/USB%20Installation%20Media">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=community.ubuntu.com&rft.atitle=USB+Installation+Media+-+UNetbootin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.ubuntu.com%2Fcommunity%2FUSB%2520Installation%2520Media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155121/http://puppylinux.org/wikka/MultiSessionLiveDVD">"How to Create a Multi-session LiveDVD"</a>. <i>Puppy Linux</i>. 26 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puppylinux.org/wikka/MultiSessionLiveDVD">the original</a> on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puppy+Linux&rft.atitle=How+to+Create+a+Multi-session+LiveDVD&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpuppylinux.org%2Fwikka%2FMultiSessionLiveDVD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+CD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_CD&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/cd-roms.html">Bootable CDROM HowTo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux-live.org/">Linux Live scripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netbsd.org/~jschauma/nblivecds.pdf">Pondering Live CDs</a> - A BSD perspective on the concept of Live CDs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirensbootcd.org">Hiren's Boot CD</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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