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Histoire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="VIOLONCELLE, en bref, Styles musicaux" href="/encyclopedie/violoncelle-en-bref/2-styles-musicaux/"> 2. Styles musicaux </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="VIOLONCELLE, en bref, 艗uvres majeures" href="/encyclopedie/violoncelle-en-bref/3-oeuvres-majeures/"> 3. 艗uvres majeures </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="VIOLONCELLE, en bref, Modes de jeu" href="/encyclopedie/violoncelle-en-bref/4-modes-de-jeu/"> 4. Modes de jeu </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>VIOLONCELLE, en bref</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifi茅 le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yDI00084_0"><i class="anchor" id="yDI00084_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH990025" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Pablo Casals en 1937" href="/media/pablo-casals-en-1937-ph990025/"><img id="PH990025" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/e/csm_ph990025_4e8670d23f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pablo Casals en 1937 - cr茅dits : Erich Auerbach/ Getty Images" data-description="Le violoncelliste espagnol Pablo Casals (1876-1973) enregistrant le concerto de Dvor谩k 脿 Prague, en 1937." data-copyright="Erich Auerbach/ Getty Images" width="668" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pablo Casals en 1937 </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Auerbach/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Instrument 脿 cordes 脿 archet, accord茅 une octave au-dessous de l'alto, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Instrument grave de la famille des violons (par opposition 脿 celle des violes), il fait son apparition au xvi e 聽si猫cle, quelques dizaines d'ann茅es apr猫s les premiers violons聽: basses de viola da braccio construites 脿 Brescia par le luthier Gasparo de Salo et par son 茅l猫ve Paolo Maggini, 脿 Cr茅mone par la dynastie des Amati et par leur disciple Antonio Stradivari. L'appellation elle-m..." title="Article : VIOLONCELLE" href="/encyclopedie/violoncelle/">violoncelle</a> ne reproduit pas, comme ce dernier, les exactes proportions du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="芦聽Or les beaut茅s et les gentillesses que l'on pratique dessus sont en si grand nombre que l'on le peut pr茅f茅rer 脿 tous les autres instruments, car les coups de son archet sont parfois si ravissants, que l'on n'a point de plus grand m茅contentement que d'en entendre la fin, particuli猫rement lorsqu'ils sont m锚l茅s des tremblements et des flattements de la main gauche, qui contraignent les ..." title="Article : VIOLON" href="/encyclopedie/violon/">violon</a>. Si le dessin de la table est identique, le manche est plus trapu, les 茅clisses plus larges et le chevalet plus haut. Ces diff茅rences de proportion ne sont pas le fait du hasard, mais le fruit de longues recherches qui ont eu pour but de concilier les exigences de l'acoustique et les possibilit茅s physiques des instrumentistes.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE050436" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Violoncelle" href="/media/violoncelle-de050436/"><img id="DE050436" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_de050436_a3536ae119.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Violoncelle - cr茅dits : 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" data-description="Violoncelle" data-copyright="脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" width="1908" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Violoncelle </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France) </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE050403" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Archets" href="/media/archets-de050403/"><img id="DE050403" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/c/csm_de050403_1d5abd797b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Archets - cr茅dits : 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" data-description="Archets" data-copyright="脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" width="2000" height="848" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Archets </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France) </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>Sonnant 脿 l'octave grave de l'alto, le violoncelle aurait d没 avoir des cordes deux fois plus longues. Mais cette logique ne pouvait s'appliquer car cela aurait entra卯n茅 des pressions excessives et des 茅carts de doigts d茅mesur茅s. La limitation de la longueur des cordes est compens茅e par une architecture diff茅rente de la caisse afin d'obtenir la hauteur des sons pr茅vus.</p><p>L'茅tendue du violoncelle est de trois octaves et une quinte.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yDI00084_1"><i class="anchor" id="yDI00084_1"></i><h2>Histoire</h2><p> L'histoire du violoncelle, dont l'anc锚tre le plus direct est le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Instrument 脿 cordes et 脿 archet qui fut usit茅 en Europe au Moyen 脗ge. Le rebec appartient 脿 la famille des vi猫les et provient tr猫s certainement du rab膩b arabe. Ce dernier instrument, fort r茅pandu dans les pays musulmans (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Inde musulmane), mais dont il existe diverses formes en Extr锚me-Orient (Indon茅sie, Siam, Indochine...), poss猫de un cheviller renvers茅 qui..." title="Article : REBEC, instrument de musique" href="/encyclopedie/rebec-instrument-de-musique/">rebec</a>, est parall猫le 脿 celle des autres instruments de la famille des violons聽: violon, alto et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Instrument 脿 cordes et 脿 archet, appartenant 脿 la famille des violons, dont elle 茅pouse globalement la forme聽; mais, comme elle ne descend pas de la viola da braccio , la contrebasse appartient par son origine 脿 la famille des violes聽; c'est donc une basse de viole , qui fut modifi茅e lorsqu'elle entra dans la famille des violons. Cet instrument appara卯t au xvii e si猫cle, bien qu'on n..." title="Article : CONTREBASSE" href="/encyclopedie/contrebasse/">contrebasse</a>. Le violoncelle appara卯t au tout d茅but du <span class="pc">xvi</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle en Italie, o霉 il conna卯tra une grande vari茅t茅 de d茅nominations聽: <em>basso di viola</em>, <em>bass viol de braccio</em>, <em>bassetto di viola</em>, <em>basso viola da brazzo</em>, <em>viola</em>, <em>viola da braccio</em>, <em>violone basso</em>, <em>violonzino</em>...</p><p>Il semble que ce soit Andrea Amati (avant 1511-1577), luthier 脿 Cr茅mone, en Lombardie, qui a donn茅 au violoncelle les caract茅ristiques fondamentales qui sont les siennes depuis lors. Cependant, l'instrument est d'abord suspendu au cou de l'interpr猫te, notamment dans les cort猫ges. Puis, au <span class="pc">xvii</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle, l'instrumentiste le tient serr茅 entre les genoux, 脿 la mani猫re de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Instrument 脿 cordes et 脿 archet, appartenant 脿 la famille des violes dont il fut le membre qui eut l'existence la plus longue, avant sa reviviscence au xx e si猫cle. La viola da gamba ( Kniegeige ), comme son nom l'indique, se joue verticalement, pos茅e sur un support ou tenue entre les jambes (viole de 芦聽jambe聽禄). On l'oppose 脿 la viola da spalla , qui s'appuyait sur l'茅paule, et 脿..." title="Article : VIOLE DE GAMBE" href="/encyclopedie/viole-de-gambe/">viole de gambe</a>, ce qui entra卯ne une pression des genoux sur les 茅clisses聽; ces positions peu stables sont plut么t p茅rilleuses et ne facilitent pas une bonne 茅mission du son. Ce n'est qu'au milieu du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle que l'on imaginera de le sur茅lever au moyen d'une pique qui all猫ge en grande partie la pression sur les 茅clisses. Cette pique en bois haussait l'instrument de 15 脿 20聽centim猫tres. Aujourd'hui, il s'agit d'une tige enti猫rement m茅tallique de 30 脿 40聽centim猫tres log茅e 脿 l'int茅rieur de la caisse de r茅sonance et que l'on tire 脿 volont茅, en r茅glant sa longueur au moyen d'une vis lat茅rale de pression.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonn茅s</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus vari茅s, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les 茅crans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicit茅</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">D茅couvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> D茅j脿 abonn茅 ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="DI00084_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">脡crit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="GARRIGUES, Juliette"><a title="Auteur : Juliette GARRIGUES" rel="author" href="/auteurs/juliette-garrigues/"><strong>Juliette GARRIGUES</strong></a> : musicologue, analyste, cheffe de ch艙ur dipl么m茅e du Conservatoire national sup茅rieur de musique de Paris, charg茅e de cours 脿 Columbia University, New York (脡tats-Unis) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : VIOLONCELLE, en bref" href="/carte-mentale/violoncelle-en-bref/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> 脡largissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yDI00084_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Musiques" href="/classification/musiques/"> Musiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Instruments de musique" href="/classification/musiques/instruments-de-musique/"> Instruments de musique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Instruments 脿 cordes"> <a title="Classification : Instruments 脿 cordes" href="/classification/musiques/instruments-de-musique/instruments-a-cordes/"> Instruments 脿 cordes </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yDI00084_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">M茅dias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990025" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Pablo Casals en 1937" href="/media/pablo-casals-en-1937-ph990025/"> <img id="PH990025" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/e/csm_ph990025_4e8670d23f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pablo Casals en 1937 - cr茅dits : Erich Auerbach/ Getty Images" data-description="Le violoncelliste espagnol Pablo Casals (1876-1973) enregistrant le concerto de Dvor谩k 脿 Prague, en 1937." data-copyright="Erich Auerbach/ Getty Images" width="668" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pablo Casals en 1937 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Auerbach/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE050436" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Violoncelle" href="/media/violoncelle-de050436/"> <img id="DE050436" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_de050436_a3536ae119.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Violoncelle - cr茅dits : 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" data-description="Violoncelle" data-copyright="脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" width="1908" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Violoncelle </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France) </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE050403" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Archets" href="/media/archets-de050403/"> <img id="DE050403" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/c/csm_de050403_1d5abd797b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Archets - cr茅dits : 脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" data-description="Archets" data-copyright="脡ditions J.M. Fuzeau (Courlay, France)" width="2000" height="848" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Archets </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 脡ditions J.M. 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