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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_union_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_union_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Trade union disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_union_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s:_Post-Cold_War_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s:_Post-Cold_War_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>1990s: Post-Cold War restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s:_Post-Cold_War_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s:_Coping_with_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s:_Coping_with_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>2000s: Coping with the Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s:_Coping_with_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s:_Disinformation,_discord_and_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s:_Disinformation,_discord_and_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>2010s: Disinformation, discord and division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s:_Disinformation,_discord_and_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personnel awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security mission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security_mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security mission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LCSA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LCSA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>LCSA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LCSA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CESG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CESG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>CESG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CESG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_key_encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_key_encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Public key encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_key_encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>NCSC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Technical_Language_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Technical_Language_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Joint Technical Language Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Technical_Language_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legal basis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_basis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal basis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oversight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oversight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Oversight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oversight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Abuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveillance_of_parliamentarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_of_parliamentarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Surveillance of parliamentarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_of_parliamentarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_legal_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_legal_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Constitutional legal case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_legal_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stations_and_former_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stations_and_former_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Stations and former stations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stations_and_former_stations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stations and former stations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stations_and_former_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Overseas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Former</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Overseas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GCHQ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المقر الرئيس للاتصالات الحكومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المقر الرئيس للاتصالات الحكومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" title="Government Code and Cypher School – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Government Code and Cypher School" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsusside_Peakorter" title="Valitsusside Peakorter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsusside Peakorter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GCHQ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ستاد ارتباطات دولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاد ارتباطات دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80" title="정부통신본부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정부통신본부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladino_sredi%C5%A1te_za_komunikacije_(UK)" title="Vladino središte za komunikacije (UK) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vladino središte za komunikacije (UK)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מטה התקשורת הממשלתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטה התקשורת הממשלתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praesidium_Communicationis_Gubernativum_(Britanniarum_Regnum)" title="Praesidium Communicationis Gubernativum (Britanniarum Regnum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praesidium Communicationis Gubernativum (Britanniarum Regnum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%A8" title="政府通信本部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政府通信本部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Центр правительственной связи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центр правительственной связи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavni_komunikacioni_%C5%A1tab" title="Državni komunikacioni štab – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Državni komunikacioni štab" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GCHQ" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Government Communications Headquarters" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GCHQ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Центр урядового зв'язку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центр урядового зв'язку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%80%BB%E9%83%A8" title="政府通信总部 – Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=GCHQ&params=51_53_58_N_2_07_28_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°53′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°07′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.89944°N 2.12444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.89944; -2.12444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British signals intelligence agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/HM_Government_Communications_Centre" title="HM Government Communications Centre">HM Government Communications Centre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Government Communications Headquarters</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GCHQ_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/GCHQ_logo.svg/220px-GCHQ_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/GCHQ_logo.svg/330px-GCHQ_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/GCHQ_logo.svg/440px-GCHQ_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_of_GCHQ,_Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire,_England_24May2017_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/220px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/330px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/440px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a> from above in 2017</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919-11-01</span>)</span> (as <a href="#Government_Code_and_Cypher_School_(GC&CS)">Government Code and Cypher School</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/MI1b" class="mw-redirect" title="MI1b">MI1b</a> (Army)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/NID25" class="mw-redirect" title="NID25">NID25</a> (Royal Navy)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government">His Majesty's Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a><br />Hubble Road<br /><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, England<br />United Kingdom<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=GCHQ&params=51_53_58_N_2_07_28_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°53′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°07′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.89944°N 2.12444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.89944; -2.12444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">7,181<sup id="cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Single_Intelligence_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Intelligence Account">Single Intelligence Account</a> (£3.711 billion in 2021–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Keast-Butler" title="Anne Keast-Butler">Anne Keast-Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the Government Communications Headquarters">Director of GCHQ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Composite Signals Organisation</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gchq.gov.uk/">www<wbr />.gchq<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220798#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Government Communications Headquarters</b> (<b>GCHQ</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security</a> organisation responsible for providing <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT) and <a href="/wiki/Information_assurance" title="Information assurance">information assurance</a> (IA) to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">armed forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily based at "<a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a>" in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, GCHQ is the responsibility of the country's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> (Foreign Secretary), but it is not a part of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> and its director ranks as a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary_(UK)" title="Permanent secretary (UK)">Permanent Secretary</a>. </p><p>GCHQ was originally established after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> as the <b>Government Code and Cypher School</b> (<b>GC&CS</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was known under that name until 1946. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> it was located at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, where it was responsible for breaking the German <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma codes</a>. There are two main components of GCHQ, the Composite Signals Organisation (CSO), which is responsible for gathering information, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a> (NCSC), which is responsible for securing the UK's own communications. The Joint Technical Language Service (JTLS) is a small department and cross-government resource responsible for mainly technical language support and translation and interpreting services across government departments. It is co-located with GCHQ for administrative purposes. </p><p>In 2013, GCHQ received considerable media attention when the former <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> contractor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> revealed that the agency was in the process of collecting all online and telephone data in the UK via the <a href="/wiki/Tempora" title="Tempora">Tempora</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowden's revelations began a spate of ongoing <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">disclosures of global surveillance</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> newspaper was forced to destroy computer hard drives with the files Snowden had given them because of the threats of a lawsuit under the Official Secrets Act.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i> reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives related to the location of a "beyond top secret" GCHQ internet monitoring base in <a href="/wiki/Seeb,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeb, Oman">Seeb</a>, Oman, and the close involvement of <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc" title="Cable & Wireless plc">Cable & Wireless</a> in intercepting internet communications.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GCHQ is led by the Director of GCHQ, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Keast-Butler" title="Anne Keast-Butler">Anne Keast-Butler</a>, and a Corporate Board, made up of executive and non-executive directors. Reporting to the Corporate Board are:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leong_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leong-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sigint missions: comprising maths and <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>, IT and computer systems, linguistics and translation, and the intelligence analysis unit</li> <li>Enterprise: comprising applied research and emerging technologies, corporate knowledge and information systems, commercial supplier relationships, and <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biometrics</a></li> <li>Corporate management: enterprise resource planning, <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, internal audit, and architecture</li> <li>National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC).<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Government_Code_and_Cypher_School"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Second World War activities of GC&CS referred to as 'Ultra'</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had separate signals intelligence agencies, <a href="/wiki/MI1b" class="mw-redirect" title="MI1b">MI1b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">NID25</a> (initially known as Room 40) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, the Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, chaired by <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, recommended that a peacetime codebreaking agency should be created, a task which was given to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Intelligence Division (UK)">Director of Naval Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair" title="Hugh Sinclair">Hugh Sinclair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson44_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair merged staff from NID25 and MI1b into the new organisation, which initially consisted of around 25–30 officers and a similar number of clerical staff.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was titled the "Government Code and Cypher School" (GC&CS), a cover-name which was chosen by Victor Forbes of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Denniston" title="Alastair Denniston">Alastair Denniston</a>, who had been a member of NID25, was appointed as its operational head.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson44_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially under the control of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> and located in Watergate House, Adelphi, London.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson44_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its public function was "to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision", but also had a secret directive to "study the methods of cypher communications used by foreign powers".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GC&CS officially formed on 1 November 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced its first decrypt prior to that date, on 19 October.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson44_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allidina-Visram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allidina-Visram.jpg/220px-Allidina-Visram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allidina-Visram.jpg/330px-Allidina-Visram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allidina-Visram.jpg/440px-Allidina-Visram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Allidina Visram school in Mombasa, pictured above in 2006, was the location of the British "Kilindini" codebreaking outpost during World War II.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Second World War, GC&CS was a relatively small department. By 1922, the main focus of GC&CS was on diplomatic traffic, with "no service traffic ever worth circulating"<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so, at the initiative of Lord Curzon, it was transferred from the Admiralty to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GC&CS came under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair" title="Hugh Sinclair">Hugh Sinclair</a>, who by 1923 was both the Chief of <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SIS</a> and Director of GC&CS.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson44_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, both organisations were co-located on different floors of Broadway Buildings, opposite <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Park">St. James's Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson44_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messages decrypted by GC&CS were distributed in blue-jacketed files that became known as "BJs".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, GC&CS was successfully reading Soviet Union diplomatic cyphers. However, in May 1927, during a row over clandestine Soviet support for the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">General Strike</a> and the distribution of subversive propaganda, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> made details from the decrypts public.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Second World War, GC&CS was based largely at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>, working on understanding the German <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_cipher" title="Lorenz cipher">Lorenz ciphers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, GC&CS was working on the diplomatic codes and ciphers of 26 countries, tackling over 150 diplomatic cryptosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior staff included <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Denniston" title="Alastair Denniston">Alastair Denniston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Strachey" title="Oliver Strachey">Oliver Strachey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilly_Knox" title="Dilly Knox">Dilly Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tiltman" title="John Tiltman">John Tiltman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Travis" title="Edward Travis">Edward Travis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fetterlein" title="Ernst Fetterlein">Ernst Fetterlein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Cooper_(cryptographer)" title="Josh Cooper (cryptographer)">Josh Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Michie" title="Donald Michie">Donald Michie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Welchman" title="Gordon Welchman">Gordon Welchman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Clarke" title="Joan Clarke">Joan Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tutte" class="mw-redirect" title="William Tutte">William Tutte</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._J._Good" title="I. J. Good">I. J. (Jack) Good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi" title="Peter Calvocoressi">Peter Calvocoressi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Foss" title="Hugh Foss">Hugh Foss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1943 British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement, <a href="/wiki/1943_BRUSA_Agreement" title="1943 BRUSA Agreement">BRUSA</a>, connected the signal intercept networks of the GC&CS and the US <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equipment used to break enemy codes included the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colossus consisted of ten networked computers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An outstation in the Far East, the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Combined_Bureau" title="Far East Combined Bureau">Far East Combined Bureau</a>, was set up in Hong Kong in 1935 and moved to Singapore in 1939. Subsequently, with the Japanese advance down the Malay Peninsula, the Army and RAF codebreakers went to the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Experimental_Centre" title="Wireless Experimental Centre">Wireless Experimental Centre</a> in Delhi, India. The Navy codebreakers in FECB went to <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, Ceylon, then to <a href="/wiki/Kilindini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilindini">Kilindini</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Second_World_War">Post Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GC&CS was renamed the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in June 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organisation was at first based in <a href="/wiki/RAF_Eastcote" title="RAF Eastcote">Eastcote</a> in northwest London, then in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved to the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, setting up two sites at <a href="/wiki/Oakley,_Gloucestershire" title="Oakley, Gloucestershire">Oakley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benhall,_Cheltenham" title="Benhall, Cheltenham">Benhall</a>. One of the major reasons for selecting Cheltenham was that the town had been the location of the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Services_of_Supply" title="United States Army Services of Supply">United States Army Services of Supply</a> for the European Theater during the War, which built up a telecommunications infrastructure in the region to carry out its logistics tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, US and British intelligence have shared information as part of the <a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a>. The principal aspect of this is that GCHQ and its US equivalent, the National Security Agency (NSA), share technologies, infrastructure and information.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferris_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GCHQ ran many <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT) monitoring stations abroad. During the early <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> provided a global network of ground stations which were a major contribution to the UKUSA Agreement; the US regarded <a href="/wiki/RAF_Little_Sai_Wan" title="RAF Little Sai Wan">RAF Little Sai Wan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> as the most valuable of these. The monitoring stations were largely run by inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Great_Britain#After_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Great Britain">National Service</a> recruits, but when this ended in the early 1960s, the increased cost of civilian employees caused budgetary problems. In 1965 a Foreign Office review found that 11,500 staff were involved in SIGINT collection (8,000 GCHQ staff and 3,500 military personnel), exceeding the size of the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service">Diplomatic Service</a>. Reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez War">Suez War</a> led to the eviction of GCHQ from several of its best foreign SIGINT collection sites, including the new <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Combined_Bureau" title="Far East Combined Bureau">Perkar, Ceylon site</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Habbaniya" title="RAF Habbaniya">RAF Habbaniya</a>, Iraq. The staff largely moved to tented encampments on military bases in Cyprus, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Base Area">Sovereign Base Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aldrich-2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldrich-2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Scarborough" title="GCHQ Scarborough">GCHQ Scarborough</a> intercepted radio communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions and used that to establish where they were heading. A copy of the report was sent directly to the White House Situation Room, providing initial indications of Soviet intentions with regards the US naval blockade of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_(journalist)" title="Duncan Campbell (journalist)">Duncan Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hosenball" title="Mark Hosenball">Mark Hosenball</a> revealed the existence of GCHQ in 1976 in an article for <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a></i>; as a result, Hosenball was deported from the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GCHQ had a very low profile in the media until 1983 when the trial of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Prime" title="Geoffrey Prime">Geoffrey Prime</a>, a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> mole within it, created considerable media interest.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_union_disputes">Trade union disputes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trade union disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Civil_Service_Unions_v_Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service">Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/GCHQ_trade_union_ban" title="GCHQ trade union ban">GCHQ trade union ban</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NUCPS_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NUCPS_banner.jpg/220px-NUCPS_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NUCPS_banner.jpg/330px-NUCPS_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NUCPS_banner.jpg/440px-NUCPS_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7198" data-file-height="4421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NUCPS" class="mw-redirect" title="NUCPS">NUCPS</a> banner on march in <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a> 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984, GCHQ was the centre of a political row when, in the wake of strikes which affected Sigint collection, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> prohibited its employees from belonging to a trade union, asserting that membership of a union was in conflict with <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government offered £1,000 to each employee who agreed to give up their right to union membership. Following the breakdown of talks and the failure to negotiate a no-strike agreement, a number of mass national one-day strikes were held to protest against this decision, believed by some to be the first step to wider bans on trade unions. Appeals to British courts and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights" title="European Commission of Human Rights">European Commission of Human Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were unsuccessful. An appeal to the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> resulted in a decision that the government's actions were in violation of <a href="/wiki/ILO_Convention_87" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO Convention 87">Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A no-strike agreement was eventually negotiated and the ban lifted by the incoming <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government in 1997, with the Government Communications Group of the <a href="/wiki/Public_and_Commercial_Services_Union" title="Public and Commercial Services Union">Public and Commercial Services Union</a> (PCS) being formed to represent interested employees at all grades.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferris_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, a group of 14 former GCHQ employees, who had been dismissed after refusing to give up their union membership, were offered re-employment, which three of them accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal case <i><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Civil_Service_Unions_v_Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service">Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service</a></i> is significant beyond the dispute, and even beyond trade union law, in that it held for the first time that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> is generally subject to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>, although the House of Lords ruled in favour of the Crown in this instance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Cold_War">Post Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s:_Post-Cold_War_restructuring">1990s: Post-Cold War restructuring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1990s: Post-Cold War restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act 1994</a> formalised the activities of the intelligence agencies for the first time, defining their purpose, and the British Parliament's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence and Security Committee">Intelligence and Security Committee</a> was given a remit to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the three intelligence agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-ISC_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objectives of GCHQ were defined as working as "in the interests of national security, with particular reference to the defence and foreign policies of His Majesty's government; in the interests of the economic wellbeing of the United Kingdom; and in support of the prevention and the detection of serious crime".<sup id="cite_ref-InTel94_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InTel94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the introduction of the Intelligence Agency Act in late 1993, the former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jim_Callaghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Callaghan">Jim Callaghan</a> had described GCHQ as a "full-blown bureaucracy", adding that future bodies created to provide oversight of the intelligence agencies should "investigate whether all the functions that GCHQ carries out today are still necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-Dec93Hans_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dec93Hans-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1993 civil servant <a href="/wiki/Michael_Quinlan_(civil_servant)" title="Michael Quinlan (civil servant)">Michael Quinlan</a> advised a deep review of the work of GCHQ following the conclusion of his "Review of Intelligence Requirements and Resources", which had imposed a 3% cut on the agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_493_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_493-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Chief Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Jonathan Aitken</a>, subsequently held face to face discussions with the intelligence agency directors to assess further savings in the wake of Quinlan's review. Aldrich (2010) suggests that Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Adye" title="John Adye">John Adye</a>, the then Director of GCHQ performed badly in meetings with Aitken, leading Aitken to conclude that GCHQ was "suffering from out-of-date methods of management and out-of-date methods for assessing priorities".<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_494_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_494-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GCHQ's budget was £850 million in 1993, (£2.19 billion as of 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to £125 million for the Security Service and SIS (MI5 and MI6). In December 1994 the businessman Roger Hurn was commissioned to begin a review of GCHQ, which was concluded in March 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_495_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_495-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurn's report recommended a cut of £100  million in GCHQ's budget; such a large reduction had not been suffered by any British intelligence agency since the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_495_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_495-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The J Division of GCHQ, which had collected SIGINT on Russia, disappeared as a result of the cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_495_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_495-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cuts had been mostly reversed by 2000 in the wake of threats from <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">violent non-state actors</a>, and risks from increased terrorism, organised crime and illegal access to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_505_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_505-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Omand" title="David Omand">David Omand</a> became the Director of GCHQ in 1996, and greatly restructured the agency in the face of new and changing targets and rapid technological change.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_496_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_496-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omand introduced the concept of "Sinews" (or "SIGINT New Systems") which allowed more flexible working methods, avoiding overlaps in work by creating fourteen domains, each with a well-defined working scope.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_496_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_496-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenure of Omand also saw the construction of a modern new headquarters, intended to consolidate the two old sites at Oakley and Benhall into a single, more open-plan work environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_496_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_496-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located on a 176-acre site in Benhall, it would be the largest building constructed for secret intelligence operations outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_9_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferris_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operations at GCHQ's <a href="/wiki/Chung_Hom_Kok" title="Chung Hom Kok">Chung Hom Kok</a> listening station in Hong Kong ended in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_475_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_475-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GCHQ's Hong Kong operations were extremely important to their relationship with the NSA, who contributed investment and equipment to the station. In anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transfer of Hong Kong to the Chinese government</a> in 1997, the Hong Kong stations operations were moved to <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Satellite_Communications_Station" title="Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station">Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West2012_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operations that used GCHQ's intelligence-gathering capabilities in the 1990s included the monitoring of communications of Iraqi soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republican</a> terrorists and the <a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a>, of the various factions involved in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, and of the criminal <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Noye" title="Kenneth Noye">Kenneth Noye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_505_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_505-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2012_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_473_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_473-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s GCHQ began to assist in the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">cybercrime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_489_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_489-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s:_Coping_with_the_Internet">2000s: Coping with the Internet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2000s: Coping with the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></div> <p>At the end of 2003, GCHQ moved in to its new building. Built on a circular plan around a large central courtyard, it quickly became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">the Doughnut</a>. At the time, it was one of the largest public-sector building projects in Europe, with an estimated cost of £337 million. The new building, which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Gensler" title="Gensler">Gensler</a> and constructed by <a href="/wiki/Carillion" title="Carillion">Carillion</a>, became the base for all of GCHQ's <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public spotlight fell on GCHQ in late 2003 and early 2004 following the sacking of <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Gun" title="Katharine Gun">Katharine Gun</a> after she leaked to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> a confidential email from agents at the United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> addressed to GCHQ officers about the wiretapping of UN delegates in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 Iraq war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GCHQ gains its intelligence by monitoring a wide variety of communications and other electronic signals. For this, a number of stations have been established in the UK and overseas. The listening stations are at Cheltenham itself, <a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Bude" title="GCHQ Bude">Bude</a>, <a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Scarborough" title="GCHQ Scarborough">Scarborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, and with the United States at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Menwith_Hill" title="RAF Menwith Hill">RAF Menwith Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ayios_Nikolaos_Station" title="Ayios Nikolaos Station">Ayios Nikolaos Station</a> in Cyprus is run by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> for GCHQ.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010, GCHQ was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence and Security Committee">Intelligence and Security Committee</a> for problems with its IT security practices and failing to meet its targets for work targeted against cyber attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As revealed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, GCHQ spied on foreign politicians visiting the <a href="/wiki/2009_G-20_London_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 G-20 London Summit">2009 G-20 London Summit</a> by eavesdropping phonecalls and emails and monitoring their computers, and in some cases even ongoing after the summit via <a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">keystroke logging</a> that had been undertaken during the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Edward Snowden, at that time GCHQ had two principal umbrella programs for collecting communications: </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mastering_the_Internet" title="Mastering the Internet">Mastering the Internet</a>" (MTI) for Internet traffic, which is extracted from fibre-optic cables and can be searched by using the <a href="/wiki/Tempora" title="Tempora">Tempora</a> computer system.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Global_Telecoms_Exploitation" title="Global Telecoms Exploitation">Global Telecoms Exploitation</a>" (GTE) for telephone traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-bump_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bump-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>GCHQ has also had access to the US internet monitoring programme <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a> from at least as far back as June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PRISM is said to give the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> and FBI easy access to the systems of nine of the world's top internet companies, including Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple, Yahoo, and Skype.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2013, GCHQ realised that public attitudes to Sigint had changed and its former unquestioned secrecy was no longer appropriate or acceptable. The growing use of the Internet, together with its inherent insecurities, meant that the communications traffic of private citizens were becoming inextricably mixed with those of their targets and openness in the handling of this issue was becoming essential to their credibility as an organisation. The Internet had become a "cyber commons", with its dominance creating a "second age of Sigint". GCHQ transformed itself accordingly, including greatly expanded Public Relations and Legal departments, and adopting public education in cyber security as an important part of its remit.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s:_Disinformation,_discord_and_division"><span id="2010s:_Disinformation.2C_discord_and_division"></span>2010s: Disinformation, discord and division</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010s: Disinformation, discord and division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2014, <i>The Guardian</i>, based on documents provided by Snowden, revealed that GCHQ had indiscriminately collected 1.8 million private Yahoo webcam images from users across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month NBC and <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>, based on documents released by Snowden, revealed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Threat_Research_Intelligence_Group" title="Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group">Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group</a> and the Computer Network Exploitation units within GCHQ. Their mission was cyber operations based on "dirty tricks" to shut down enemy communications, discredit, and plant misinformation on enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-NBCFeb14_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCFeb14-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These operations were 5% of all GCHQ operations according to a conference slideshow presented by the GCHQ.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcslideshow22_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcslideshow22-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after becoming Director of GCHQ in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hannigan" title="Robert Hannigan">Robert Hannigan</a> wrote an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Internet_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet surveillance">internet surveillance</a>, stating that "however much [large US technology companies] may dislike it, they have become the command and control networks of choice for terrorists and criminals" and that GCHQ and its sister agencies "cannot tackle these challenges at scale without greater support from the private sector", arguing that most internet users "would be comfortable with a better and more sustainable relationship between the [intelligence] agencies and the tech companies". Since the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">2013 global surveillance disclosures</a>, large US technology companies have improved security and become less co-operative with foreign intelligence agencies, including those of the UK, generally requiring a US court order before disclosing data.<sup id="cite_ref-ft-20141103rh_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-20141103rh-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ft-20141103_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-20141103-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the head of the UK technology industry group <a href="/wiki/TechUK" class="mw-redirect" title="TechUK">techUK</a> rejected these claims, stating that they understood the issues but that disclosure obligations "must be based upon a clear and transparent legal framework and effective oversight rather than, as suggested, a deal between the industry and government".<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20141104_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20141104-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, documents obtained by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i> from US <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> revealed that GCHQ had carried out a mass-surveillance operation, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Karma_Police_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma Police (surveillance program)">KARMA POLICE</a>, since about 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Karma_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karma-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation swept up the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol address">IP address</a> of Internet users visiting websites, and was established with no public scrutiny or oversight. KARMA POLICE is a powerful spying tool in conjunction with other GCHQ programs because IP addresses could be cross-referenced with other data.<sup id="cite_ref-Karma_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karma-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the program, according to the documents, was "either (a) a web browsing profile for every visible user on the internet, or (b) a user profile for every visible website on the internet."<sup id="cite_ref-Karma_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karma-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, GCHQ admitted for the first time in court that it conducts computer hacking.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, US Press Secretary <a href="/wiki/Sean_Spicer" title="Sean Spicer">Sean Spicer</a> made allegations that GCHQ had conducted surveillance on US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. These unfounded claims were based on statements made during an opinion piece in a FOX media segment.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US government formally apologised for the unfounded allegations and promised they would not be repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British intelligence did gather information relating to Russian <a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials_and_spies" class="mw-redirect" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies">contacts made by Trump's campaign team</a> in the run-up to his election, which were passed on to US intelligence agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 October 2018, GCHQ joined <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel_awards">Personnel awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personnel awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GCHQ personnel are recognised annually by <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> (formerly the Prince of Wales) at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Intelligence_Community_Awards" title="Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards">Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> alongside members of the <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a> (MI5), and <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6).<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awards and citations are given to teams within the agencies as well as individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer2016_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_mission"><span class="anchor" id="Security_Mission"></span><span class="anchor" id="London_Communications_Security_Agency"></span>Security mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Security mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as a mission to gather intelligence, GCHQ has for a long time had a corresponding mission to assist in the protection of the British government's own communications. When the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) was created in 1919, its overt task was providing security advice.<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GC&CS's Security section was located in <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_College,_Oxford" title="Mansfield College, Oxford">Mansfield College, Oxford</a> during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1946, GC&CS became GCHQ, and the now GCHQ Security section moved from Oxford to join the rest of the organisation at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Eastcote" title="RAF Eastcote">Eastcote</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LCSA">LCSA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: LCSA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1952 to 1954, the intelligence mission of GCHQ relocated to Cheltenham; the Security section remained at Eastcote,<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in March 1954 became a separate, independent organisation: the <b>London Communications Security Agency</b> (LCSA),<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in 1958 was renamed to the <b>London Communications-Electronic Security Agency</b> (LCESA).<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1965, GPO and MOD units merged with LCESA to become the <b>Communications-Electronic Security Department</b> (CESD).<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CESG">CESG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: CESG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1969, CESD was merged into GCHQ and becoming <b>Communications-Electronic Security Group</b> (<b>CESG</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977 CESG relocated from Eastcote to Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CESG continued as the UK National Technical Authority for <a href="/wiki/Information_assurance" title="Information assurance">information assurance</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>. CESG did not manufacture security equipment, but worked with industry to ensure the availability of suitable products and services, while GCHQ itself funded research into such areas, for example to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Quantum_Computation" title="Centre for Quantum Computation">Centre for Quantum Computation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn_Institute_for_Mathematical_Research" title="Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research">Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, CESG ran a number of assurance schemes such as CHECK, <a href="/wiki/CESG_Listed_Adviser_Scheme" title="CESG Listed Adviser Scheme">CLAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Product_Assurance" title="Commercial Product Assurance">Commercial Product Assurance</a> (CPA) and CESG Assisted Products Service (CAPS).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_key_encryption">Public key encryption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public key encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970 the concept for <a href="/wiki/Public-key_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-key encryption">public-key encryption</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure" title="Public key infrastructure">public key infrastructure</a>) was developed and proven by GCHQ's <a href="/wiki/James_H._Ellis" title="James H. Ellis">James H. Ellis</a>. Ellis lacked the <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> skills required to build a workable system. In 1974 GCHQ mathematician <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Cocks" title="Clifford Cocks">Clifford Cocks</a> had developed a workable public key cryptography algorithm and a workable PKI system. Cocks's system was not available in the public domain until it was <a href="/wiki/Declassified" class="mw-redirect" title="Declassified">declassified</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1997 broader public key cryptography commercial technologies had been independently developed and had become well established, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Email_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Email security">email security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> (a fundamental <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> security component) etc.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably in 1977 the <a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA</a> algorithm had been developed (equivalent to Cocks's system) and by 1997 was extremely well established.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NCSC">NCSC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: NCSC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a> was established under GCHQ but located in London, as the UK's authority on cybersecurity. It absorbed and replaced CESG as well as activities that had previously existed outside GCHQ: the Centre for Cyber Assessment (CCA), Computer Emergency Response Team UK (CERT UK) and the cyber-related responsibilities of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Protection_of_National_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure">Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure</a> (CPNI).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joint_Technical_Language_Service">Joint Technical Language Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Joint Technical Language Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Joint Technical Language Service (JTLS) was established in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawing on members of the small Ministry of Defence technical language team and others, initially to provide standard English translations for organisational expressions in any foreign language, discover the correct English equivalents of technical terms in foreign languages and discover the correct expansions of abbreviations in any language.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remit of the JTLS has expanded in the ensuing years to cover technical language support and interpreting and translation services across the UK Government and to local public sector services in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> and surrounding counties. The JTLS also produces and publishes foreign language working aids under <a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">crown copyright</a> and conducts research into machine translation and on-line dictionaries and glossaries. The JTLS is co-located with GCHQ for administrative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relationships">International relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></div> <p>GCHQ operates in partnership with equivalent agencies worldwide in a number of bi-lateral and multi-lateral relationships. The principal of these is with the United States (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>), Canada (<a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">Communications Security Establishment</a>), Australia (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">Australian Signals Directorate</a>) and New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau">Government Communications Security Bureau</a>), through the mechanism of the <a href="/wiki/UK-US_Security_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="UK-US Security Agreement">UK-US Security Agreement</a>, a broad intelligence-sharing agreement encompassing a range of intelligence collection methods. Relationships are alleged to include shared collection methods, such as the system described in the popular media as <a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a>, as well as analysed product.<sup id="cite_ref-EP_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legal basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act 1994</a></div> <p>GCHQ's legal basis is established by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act 1994</a> Section 3 as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(1) There shall continue to be a Government Communications Headquarters under the authority of the Secretary of State; and, subject to subsection (2) below, its functions shall be—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(a) to monitor or interfere with electromagnetic, acoustic and other emissions and any equipment producing such emissions and to obtain and provide information derived from or related to such emissions or equipment and from encrypted material; and</li><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(b) to provide advice and assistance about—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(i) languages, including terminology used for technical matters, and</li><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(ii) cryptography and other matters relating to the protection of information and other material, to the armed forces of the Crown, to Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom or to a Northern Ireland Department or to any other organisation which is determined for the purposes of this section in such manner as may be specified by the Prime Minister.</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(2) The functions referred to in subsection (1)(a) above shall be exercisable only—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(a) in the interests of national security, with particular reference to the defence and foreign policies of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom; or</li><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(b) in the interests of the economic well-being of the United Kingdom in relation to the actions or intentions of persons outside the British Islands; or</li><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(c) in support of the prevention or detection of serious crime.</li></ul></div></li><li style="margin-left:1.5em;text-indent:-1.5em">(3) In this Act, the expression "GCHQ" refers to the Government Communications Headquarters and to any unit or part of a unit of the armed forces of the Crown which is for the time being required by the Secretary of State to assist the Government Communications Headquarters in carrying out its functions.<sup id="cite_ref-InTel94_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InTel94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></blockquote> <p>Activities that involve interception of communications are permitted under the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a>; this kind of interception can only be carried out after a warrant has been issued by a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> requires the intelligence agencies, including GCHQ, to respect citizens' rights as described in the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GCHQlaw_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCHQlaw-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-refBBC20141205_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refBBC20141205-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oversight">Oversight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oversight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> nominates cross-party <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Members of Parliament</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence and Security Committee">Intelligence and Security Committee</a>. The remit of the Committee includes oversight of intelligence and security activities and reports are made directly to Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-ISC_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its functions were increased under the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Security_Act_2013" title="Justice and Security Act 2013">Justice and Security Act 2013</a> to provide for further access and investigatory powers.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judicial oversight of GCHQ's conduct is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK also has an independent <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Commissioner" title="Intelligence Services Commissioner">Intelligence Services Commissioner</a> and Interception of Communications Commissioner, both of whom are former senior judges.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Investigatory Powers Tribunal ruled in December 2014 that GCHQ does not breach the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention of Human Rights">European Convention of Human Rights</a>, and that its activities are compliant with Articles 8 (right to privacy) and 10 (freedom of expression) of the European Convention of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-refBBC20141205_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refBBC20141205-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Tribunal stated in February 2015 that one particular aspect, the data-sharing arrangement that allowed UK Intelligence services to request data from the US surveillance programmes <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">Prism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upstream_collection" title="Upstream collection">Upstream</a>, had been in contravention of human rights law prior to this until two paragraphs of additional information, providing details about the procedures and safeguards, were disclosed to the public in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the IPT ruled that the legislative framework in the United Kingdom does not permit <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> and that while GCHQ collects and analyses data in bulk, it does not practice mass surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-refBBC20141205_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refBBC20141205-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complements independent reports by the Interception of Communications Commissioner,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a special report made by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament; although several shortcomings and potential improvements to both oversight and the legislative framework were highlighted.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuses">Abuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Abuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the inherent secrecy around much of GCHQ's work, investigations carried out by the UK government after the Snowden disclosures have admitted various abuses by the security services. A report by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence and Security Committee">Intelligence and Security Committee</a> (ISC) in 2015 revealed that a small number of staff at UK intelligence agencies had been found to misuse their surveillance powers, in one case leading to the dismissal of a member of staff at GCHQ, although there were no laws in place at the time to make these abuses a criminal offence.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, a ruling by the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a> found that GCHQ acted unlawfully in conducting surveillance on two human rights organisations. The closed hearing found the government in breach of its internal surveillance policies in accessing and retaining the communications of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Resources_Centre" title="Legal Resources Centre">Legal Resources Centre</a> in South Africa. This was only the second time in the IPT's history that it had made a positive determination in favour of applicants after a closed session.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At another IPT case in 2015, GCHQ conceded that "from January 2010, the regime for the interception/obtaining, analysis, use, disclosure and destruction of legally privileged material has not been in accordance with the law for the purposes of Article 8(2) of the European convention on human rights and was accordingly unlawful".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This admission was made in connection with a case brought against them by <a href="/wiki/Abdelhakim_Belhaj" title="Abdelhakim Belhaj">Abdelhakim Belhaj</a>, a Libyan opponent of the former Gaddafi regime, and his wife Fatima Bouchard. The couple accused British ministers and officials of participating in their unlawful abduction, kidnapping and removal to Libya in March 2004, while Gaddafi was still in power.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 May 2021, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that the GCHQ is guilty of violating data privacy rules through their bulk interception of communications, and does not provide sufficient protections for confidential journalistic material because it gathers communications in bulk.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surveillance_of_parliamentarians">Surveillance of parliamentarians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Surveillance of parliamentarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015 there was a complaint by <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a> that British intelligence services, including GCHQ, had been spying on MPs allegedly "in defiance of laws prohibiting it."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then-<a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, had told Parliament in 2014 that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Obviously, the <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Doctrine" title="Wilson Doctrine">Wilson Doctrine</a> applies to parliamentarians. It does not absolutely exclude the use of these powers against parliamentarians, but it sets certain requirements for those powers to be used in relation to a parliamentarian. It is not the case that parliamentarians are excluded and nobody else in the country is, but there is a certain set of rules and protocols that have to be met if there is a requirement to use any of these powers against a parliamentarian.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a> investigated the complaint, and ruled that contrary to the allegation, there was no law that gave the communications of Parliament any special protection.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPo_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wilson Doctrine merely acts as a <a href="/wiki/Political_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Political convention">political convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_legal_case">Constitutional legal case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Constitutional legal case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A controversial GCHQ case determined the scope of judicial review of prerogative powers (the Crown's residual powers under common law). This was <i><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Civil_Service_Unions_v_Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service">Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service</a></i> [1985] AC 374 (often known simply as the "GCHQ case"). In this case, a prerogative Order in Council had been used by the prime minister (who is the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Minister for the Civil Service">Minister for the Civil Service</a>) to ban trade union activities by civil servants working at GCHQ. This order was issued without consultation. The House of Lords had to decide whether this was reviewable by <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>. It was held that executive action is not immune from judicial review simply because it uses powers derived from common law rather than statute (thus the prerogative is reviewable).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the Government Communications Headquarters">Director of the Government Communications Headquarters</a></div> <p>The following is a list of the heads and operational heads of GCHQ and GC&CS: </p> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair" title="Hugh Sinclair">Hugh Sinclair</a> (1919–1939) (founder)</li> <li>Cmdr <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Denniston" title="Alastair Denniston">Alastair Denniston</a> (1921–February 1942) (operational head)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Travis" title="Edward Travis">Edward Travis</a> (February 1942 – 1952)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Eric_Malcolm_Jones" title="Eric Malcolm Jones">Eric Jones</a> (April 1952 – 1960)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Clive_Loehnis" title="Clive Loehnis">Clive Loehnis</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hooper" title="Leonard Hooper">Leonard Hooper</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bonsall" title="Arthur Bonsall">Arthur Bonsall</a> (1973–1978)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Brian_Tovey" title="Brian Tovey">Brian John Maynard Tovey</a> (1978–1983)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marychurch" title="Peter Marychurch">Peter Marychurch</a> (1983–1989)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Adye" title="John Adye">John Anthony Adye</a> (1989–1996)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Omand" title="David Omand">David Omand</a> (1996 –1997)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Tebbit" title="Kevin Tebbit">Kevin Tebbit</a> (1998)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Richards_(diplomat)" title="Francis Richards (diplomat)">Francis Richards</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Pepper_(intelligence_official)" title="David Pepper (intelligence official)">David Pepper</a> (2003–2008)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Iain_Lobban" title="Iain Lobban">Iain Lobban</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hannigan" title="Robert Hannigan">Robert Hannigan</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Fleming" title="Jeremy Fleming">Jeremy Fleming</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Keast-Butler" title="Anne Keast-Butler">Anne Keast-Butler</a> (2023–Present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stations_and_former_stations">Stations and former stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stations and former stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are stations and former stations that have operated since the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Bude" title="GCHQ Bude">GCHQ Bude</a>, Cornwall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">GCHQ Cheltenham</a>, Gloucestershire (headquarters)</li> <li>GCHQ London</li> <li>GCHQ Manchester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Scarborough" title="GCHQ Scarborough">GCHQ Scarborough</a>, North Yorkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Digby" title="RAF Digby">RAF Digby</a>, Lincolnshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Menwith_Hill" title="RAF Menwith Hill">RAF Menwith Hill</a>, North Yorkshire</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas">Overseas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Overseas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">GCHQ Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayios_Nikolaos_Station" title="Ayios Nikolaos Station">GCHQ Cyprus</a></li> <li>GCHQ <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former">Former</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Former"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brora_Y_Station" title="Brora Y Station">GCHQ Brora</a>, Sutherland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Hall" title="Woodhead Hall">GCHQ Cheadle</a>, Staffordshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Culmhead" title="RAF Culmhead">GCHQ Culmhead</a>, Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawklaw_Y_Station" title="Hawklaw Y Station">GCHQ Hawklaw</a>, Fife</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas_2">Overseas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Overseas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>GCHQ <a href="/wiki/RAF_Little_Sai_Wan" title="RAF Little Sai Wan">RAF Little Sai Wan</a></li> <li>GCHQ <a href="/wiki/Chung_Hom_Kok" title="Chung Hom Kok">Chung Hom Kok</a> (KITTIWAKE)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the historical drama film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_Game" title="The Imitation Game">The Imitation Game</a></i> (2014) <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> portrays <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> in his efforts to break the Enigma code while employed by the Government Code and Cypher School.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GCHQ have set a number of cryptic online challenges to the public, used to attract interest and for recruitment, starting in late 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response to the 2004 challenge was described as "excellent",<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the challenge set in 2015 had over 600,000 attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also published the <i>GCHQ Puzzle Book</i> in 2016 which sold more than 300,000 copies, with the proceeds going to charity. A second book was published in October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GCHQ appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> 2019 special "<a href="/wiki/Resolution_(Doctor_Who)" title="Resolution (Doctor Who)">Resolution</a>" where the <a href="/wiki/Dalek_variants#Reconnaissance_Scout_Daleks" title="Dalek variants">Reconnaissance Scout Dalek</a> storms the facility and exterminates the staff in order to use the organisation's resources to summon a <a href="/wiki/Dalek" title="Dalek">Dalek</a> fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GCHQ is the setting of the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky One</a> sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(British_TV_series)" title="Intelligence (British TV series)">Intelligence</a></i>, featuring <a href="/wiki/David_Schwimmer" title="David Schwimmer">David Schwimmer</a> as an incompetent American <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> officer liaising with GCHQ's Cyber Crimes unit.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, intelligence and security expert John Ferris published <a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Enigma" title="Behind the Enigma"><i>Behind the Enigma: The Authorised History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency</i>.</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GCHQ is the setting of the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Undeclared_War" title="The Undeclared War">The Undeclared War</a></i>. Set in the near future, it depicts a work experience student at the government agency during a cyberattack on the UK and the implications.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GCHQ units: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Operations_Cell" title="Joint Operations Cell">Joint Operations Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a></li></ul> <p>GCHQ specifics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capenhurst" title="Capenhurst">Capenhurst</a> – said to be home to a GCHQ monitoring site in the 1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander">Hugh Alexander</a> – head of the cryptanalysis division at GCHQ from 1949 to 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Socialist" title="Operation Socialist">Operation Socialist</a>, a 2010–2013 operation in Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon_(satellite)" title="Zircon (satellite)">Zircon</a>, the cancelled 1980s GCHQ satellite project</li></ul> <p>UK agencies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Forces_Intelligence_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Forces Intelligence Group">Joint Forces Intelligence Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_cyber_security_community" title="UK cyber security community">UK cyber security community</a></li></ul> <p>Elsewhere: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence_by_alliances,_nations_and_industries" title="Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries">Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> – equivalent United States organisation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ISC-Annual-Report-2021%E2%80%932022.pdf">"Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament "Annual Report 2021–2022"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223172331/https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ISC-Annual-Report-2021%E2%80%932022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+Security+Committee+of+Parliament+%22Annual+Report+2021%E2%80%932022%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisc.independent.gov.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F12%2FISC-Annual-Report-2021%25E2%2580%25932022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gchq.gov.uk/who_we_are/Pages/Welcome-to-GCHQ.aspx">GCHQ – Welcome to GCHQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022234355/http://www.gchq.gov.uk/who_we_are/Pages/Welcome-to-GCHQ.aspx">Archived</a> 22 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 7 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Headrick, Daniel R. (1991) <i>The invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics 1851-1945</i>, Oxford UP p219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-06/24/gchq-tempora-101">"A simple guide to GCHQ's internet surveillance programme Tempora"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. 24 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515020741/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-06/24/gchq-tempora-101">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=A+simple+guide+to+GCHQ%27s+internet+surveillance+programme+Tempora&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2013-06%2F24%2Fgchq-tempora-101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2013" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/20/nsa-snowden-files-drives-destroyed-london">"NSA files: why the Guardian in London destroyed hard drives of leaked files"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204030346/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/20/nsa-snowden-files-drives-destroyed-london">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=NSA+files%3A+why+the+Guardian+in+London+destroyed+hard+drives+of+leaked+files&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Faug%2F20%2Fnsa-snowden-files-drives-destroyed-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_(journalist,_born_1944)" title="Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944)">Campbell, Duncan</a> (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/03/revealed_beyond_top_secret_british_intelligence_middleeast_internet_spy_base">"Revealed: GCHQ's beyond top secret middle eastern internet spy base"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625063147/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/03/revealed_beyond_top_secret_british_intelligence_middleeast_internet_spy_base/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+GCHQ%27s+beyond+top+secret+middle+eastern+internet+spy+base&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2014%2F06%2F03%2Frevealed_beyond_top_secret_british_intelligence_middleeast_internet_spy_base&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, 2010, p. 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leong-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leong_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(secondary) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeong2007" class="citation book cs1">Leong, Angela (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnEk6zmoR0MC&pg=PA87"><i>The Disruption of International Organised Crime: An Analysis of Legal and Non-Legal Strategies</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7066-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-7066-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disruption+of+International+Organised+Crime%3A+An+Analysis+of+Legal+and+Non-Legal+Strategies&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7066-7&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnEk6zmoR0MC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferris-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferris (2020)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2011" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Paul (2011). <i>Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War I</i>. Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3408-2"><bdi>978-0-7110-3408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Room+40%3A+The+Codebreakers+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3408-2&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 1997, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson44-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson44_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson44_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson44_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson44_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson44_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson44_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 1997, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 1997, p. 45 and Kahn, 1991, p. 82; these sources give different numbers for the initial size of the GC&CS staff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacksey2003" class="citation book cs1">Macksey, Kenneth (2003). <i>The Searchers: How Radio Interception Changed the Course of Both World Wars</i>. Cassell Military. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36545-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36545-9"><bdi>0-304-36545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Searchers%3A+How+Radio+Interception+Changed+the+Course+of+Both+World+Wars&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-304-36545-9&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 2001, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, 1991, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-and-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-and_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenniston1986" class="citation journal cs1">Denniston, Alastair G. (1986). "The Government Code and Cypher School Between the Wars". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684528608431841">10.1080/02684528608431841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Government+Code+and+Cypher+School+Between+the+Wars&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684528608431841&rft.aulast=Denniston&rft.aufirst=Alastair+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 2001, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 2001, pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, 2010, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2006" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Paul (2006). <i>Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret</i>. Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-331-2"><bdi>978-1-84354-331-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+Bletchley+Park%27s+Greatest+Secret&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-331-2&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2001" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, David (2001). "Most Helpful and Cooperative: GC&CS and the Development of American Diplomatic Cryptanalysis, 1941–1942". In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph (eds.). <i>Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer</i>. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593049105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593049105"><bdi>978-0593049105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Most+Helpful+and+Cooperative%3A+GC%26CS+and+the+Development+of+American+Diplomatic+Cryptanalysis%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.btitle=Action+This+Day%3A+Bletchley+Park+from+the+Breaking+of+the+Enigma+Code+to+the+Birth+of+the+Modern+Computer&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0593049105&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskineSmith2011" class="citation cs2">Erskine, Ralph; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(newspaper_reporter)" title="Michael Smith (newspaper reporter)">Smith, Michael</a>, eds. (2011), <i>The Bletchley Park Codebreakers</i>, Biteback Publishing Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-078-0"><bdi>978-1-84954-078-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bletchley+Park+Codebreakers&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84954-078-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35491822">"How the British and Americans started listening in"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402082849/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35491822">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+the+British+and+Americans+started+listening+in&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35491822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56284453">"Diary reveals birth of secret UK-US spy pact that grew into Five Eyes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402082850/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56284453">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Diary+reveals+birth+of+secret+UK-US+spy+pact+that+grew+into+Five+Eyes&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-56284453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreneel2000" class="citation cs2">Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iacr.org/archive/eurocrypt2000/1807/18070423-new.pdf">"Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings</i>, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1807, Springer, p. 417, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45539-6_29">10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540675174" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540675174"><bdi>978-3540675174</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120221724/http://www.iacr.org/archive/eurocrypt2000/1807/18070423-new.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colossus+and+the+German+Lorenz+Cipher+%E2%80%93+Code+Breaking+in+WW+II&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Cryptology+-+EUROCRYPT+2000%3A+International+Conference+on+the+Theory+and+Application+of+Cryptographic+Techniques+Bruges%2C+Belgium+May+14-18%2C+2000%2C+Proceedings&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-45539-6_29&rft.isbn=978-3540675174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iacr.org%2Farchive%2Feurocrypt2000%2F1807%2F18070423-new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum2024" class="citation news cs1">McCallum, Shiona (17 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67997406">"Unseen images of code breaking computer that helped win WW2"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Unseen+images+of+code+breaking+computer+that+helped+win+WW2&rft.date=2024-01-17&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=Shiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-67997406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515123737/http://www.coastweek.com/codes.htm">"Mombasa was base for high-level UK espionage operation"</a>. Coastweek. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mombasa+was+base+for+high-level+UK+espionage+operation&rft.pub=Coastweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastweek.com%2Fcodes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael (1998). <i>Station X</i>. Channel 4 books. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-41929-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-41929-3"><bdi>0-330-41929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Station+X&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Channel+4+books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-330-41929-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005175413/http://www.gchq.gov.uk/about/moving5.html">"History of GCHQ Cheltenham"</a>. <i>GCHQ website 'About Us' pages</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gchq.gov.uk/about/moving5.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCHQ+website+%27About+Us%27+pages&rft.atitle=History+of+GCHQ+Cheltenham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gchq.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fmoving5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDormon2013" class="citation web cs1">Dormon, Bob (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2013/05/24/geeks_guide_gchq/?page=1">"INSIDE GCHQ: Welcome to Cheltenham's cottage industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906130613/https://www.theregister.com/2013/05/24/geeks_guide_gchq/?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=INSIDE+GCHQ%3A+Welcome+to+Cheltenham%27s+cottage+industry&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Dormon&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2013%2F05%2F24%2Fgeeks_guide_gchq%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Craig (16 October 2007). <i>Dirty Diplomacy</i>. Scribner. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416548010" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416548010"><bdi>978-1416548010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Diplomacy&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.isbn=978-1416548010&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aldrich-2011-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aldrich-2011_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2011" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Richard J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9i5bt1-7HYC"><i>GCHQ</i></a>. London: Harper Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>118, 153, 155, <span class="nowrap">160–</span>162, <span class="nowrap">227–</span>228, 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007312-665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007312-665"><bdi>978-0-007312-665</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404131620/https://books.google.com/books?id=l9i5bt1-7HYC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GCHQ&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E118%2C+153%2C+155%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E162%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E228%2C+475&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-007312-665&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9i5bt1-7HYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorera2019" class="citation news cs1">Corera, Gordon (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50098955">"Scarborough's Cuban missile crisis role revealed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205204023/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50098955">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scarborough%27s+Cuban+missile+crisis+role+revealed&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.aulast=Corera&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-50098955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_CampbellMark_Hosenball1976" class="citation magazine cs1">Duncan Campbell; Mark Hosenball (21 May 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duncancampbell.org/PDF/1976-may-time-out-the-eavesdroppers.pdf">"The Eavesdroppers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Time Out</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152620/http://www.duncancampbell.org/PDF/1976-may-time-out-the-eavesdroppers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Out&rft.atitle=The+Eavesdroppers&rft.date=1976-05-21&rft.au=Duncan+Campbell&rft.au=Mark+Hosenball&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duncancampbell.org%2FPDF%2F1976-may-time-out-the-eavesdroppers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Court ruling, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniset.ca/other/css/hosenball.html">R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Hosenball</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521131820/http://www.uniset.ca/other/css/hosenball.html">Archived</a> 21 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", [1977] 1 W.L.R. 766; [1977] 3 All E.R. 452. Lord Denning presiding judge, 29 March 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, 2010, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=664551&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649">"EComHR Inadmissibility decision of EComHR on application no. 11603/85"</a>. 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604022433/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=664551&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EComHR+Inadmissibility+decision+of+EComHR+on+application+no.+11603%2F85&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmiskp.echr.coe.int%2Ftkp197%2Fview.asp%3Faction%3Dhtml%26documentId%3D664551%26portal%3Dhbkm%26source%3Dexternalbydocnumber%26table%3DF69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=664551&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649">"EComHR Inadmissibility decision of EComHR on application no. 11603/85 – The Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604022433/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=664551&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EComHR+Inadmissibility+decision+of+EComHR+on+application+no.+11603%2F85+%E2%80%93+The+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmiskp.echr.coe.int%2Ftkp197%2Fview.asp%3Faction%3Dhtml%26documentId%3D664551%26portal%3Dhbkm%26source%3Dexternalbydocnumber%26table%3DF69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span> para. IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509054114/http://www.gchq.gov.uk/recruitment/union.html">"Union representation"</a>. <i>GCHQ website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gchq.gov.uk/recruitment/union.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCHQ+website&rft.atitle=Union+representation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gchq.gov.uk%2Frecruitment%2Funion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/627574.stm">"Sacked GCHQ workers win compensation"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 February 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901074152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/627574.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sacked+GCHQ+workers+win+compensation&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F627574.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGaughey2019" class="citation book cs1">McGaughey, Ewan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnx7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA323">"8: Trade Unions"</a>. <i>A Casebook on Labour Law</i>. Hart. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84946-931-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84946-931-9"><bdi>978-1-84946-931-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Trade+Unions&rft.btitle=A+Casebook+on+Labour+Law&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Hart&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-84946-931-9&rft.aulast=McGaughey&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnx7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISC-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isc.independent.gov.uk/">"ISC – About"</a>. Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225070246/http://isc.independent.gov.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISC+%E2%80%93+About&rft.pub=Intelligence+and+Security+Committee+of+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisc.independent.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InTel94-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InTel94_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InTel94_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/section/3">"Intelligence Services Act 1994"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202105208/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/section/3">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Services+Act+1994&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1994%2F13%2Fsection%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dec93Hans-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dec93Hans_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1993/dec/09/intelligence-services-bill-hl">"Hansard: December 1993 Intelligence Services Bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 9 December 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319035248/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1993/dec/09/intelligence-services-bill-hl">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Hansard%3A+December+1993+Intelligence+Services+Bill&rft.date=1993-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1993%2Fdec%2F09%2Fintelligence-services-bill-hl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_493-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_493_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_494-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_494_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_495-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_495_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_495_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_495_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_505-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_505_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_505_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 505</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_496-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_496_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_496_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_496_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_9-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_9_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_475-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_475_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2012-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West2012_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2012_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_West2012" class="citation book cs1">Nigel West (31 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maJbZGwK4BAC&pg=PR27"><i>Historical Dictionary of Signals Intelligence</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7391-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-7391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Signals+Intelligence&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7391-9&rft.au=Nigel+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaJbZGwK4BAC%26pg%3DPR27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_473-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_473_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich,_2010,_489-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich,_2010,_489_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2010">Aldrich 2010</a>, p. 489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/931773.stm">"Carillion set for growth"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 September 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227151049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/931773.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Carillion+set+for+growth&rft.date=2000-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F931773.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, 2010, p. 521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_(journalist)" title="Duncan Campbell (journalist)">Campbell, Duncan</a> (1981). "Phone tappers and the state". <i>New Statesman</i>: 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Phone+tappers+and+the+state&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, 2010, p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworlduk.com/management/government-law/public-sector/news/index.cfm?newsid=19344">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cavalier' GCHQ online spy centre loses 35 laptops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerworld UK">Computerworld UK</a>. 12 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729004038/http://www.computerworlduk.com/management/government-law/public-sector/news/index.cfm?newsid=19344">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Cavalier%27+GCHQ+online+spy+centre+loses+35+laptops&rft.pub=Computerworld+UK&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworlduk.com%2Fmanagement%2Fgovernment-law%2Fpublic-sector%2Fnews%2Findex.cfm%3Fnewsid%3D19344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Guardian</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/16/gchq-intercepted-communications-g20-summits">GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians' communications at G20 summits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018004108/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/16/gchq-intercepted-communications-g20-summits">Archived</a> 18 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bump-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bump_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Bump2013" class="citation web cs1">Philip Bump (21 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105045/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/uk-tempora-program/66490/">"The UK Tempora Program Captures Vast Amounts of Data – and Shares with NSA"</a>. The Atlantic Wire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/uk-tempora-program/66490/">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK+Tempora+Program+Captures+Vast+Amounts+of+Data+%E2%80%93+and+Shares+with+NSA&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Wire&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.au=Philip+Bump&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlanticwire.com%2Fnational%2F2013%2F06%2Fuk-tempora-program%2F66490%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/20130717_ISC_statement_GCHQ.pdf">"Statement on GCHQ's Alleged Interception of Communications under the US PRISM Programme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. 17 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419142038/https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/20130717_ISC_statement_GCHQ.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+GCHQ%27s+Alleged+Interception+of+Communications+under+the+US+PRISM+Programme&rft.pub=Intelligence+and+Security+Committee+of+Parliament&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisc.independent.gov.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2F20130717_ISC_statement_GCHQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-22860964">"Scale and significance of NSA snooping claims"</a>. BBC. 11 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617020056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-22860964">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scale+and+significance+of+NSA+snooping+claims&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-22860964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferris (2020), Chapters 14 and 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermanBall2014" class="citation news cs1">Ackerman, Spencer; Ball, James (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/gchq-nsa-webcam-images-internet-yahoo">"Optic Nerve: millions of Yahoo webcam images intercepted by GCHQ"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923234026/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/gchq-nsa-webcam-images-internet-yahoo">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Optic+Nerve%3A+millions+of+Yahoo+webcam+images+intercepted+by+GCHQ&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Ball%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fgchq-nsa-webcam-images-internet-yahoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBCFeb14-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBCFeb14_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091">"Snowden Docs: British Spies Used Sex and 'Dirty Tricks'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 7 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207161642/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Snowden+Docs%3A+British+Spies+Used+Sex+and+%27Dirty+Tricks%27&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Finvestigations%2Fsnowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcslideshow22-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbcslideshow22_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112222153/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/snowden_cyber_offensive2_nbc_document.pdf">"The Snowden Files: British Spies Used Sex and 'Dirty' Tricks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NBC News Investigations</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News+Investigations&rft.atitle=The+Snowden+Files%3A+British+Spies+Used+Sex+and+%27Dirty%27+Tricks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsnbcmedia.msn.com%2Fi%2Fmsnbc%2Fsections%2Fnews%2Fsnowden_cyber_offensive2_nbc_document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft-20141103rh-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ft-20141103rh_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Hannigan2014" class="citation news cs1">Robert Hannigan (3 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c89b6c58-6342-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0.html">"The web is a terrorist's command-and-control network of choice"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c89b6c58-6342-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0.html">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+web+is+a+terrorist%27s+command-and-control+network+of+choice&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.au=Robert+Hannigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fc89b6c58-6342-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft-20141103-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ft-20141103_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Jones_and_Murad_Ahmed2014" class="citation news cs1">Sam Jones and Murad Ahmed (3 November 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4a35c0b2-636e-11e4-9a79-00144feabdc0.html">"Tech groups aid terror, says UK spy chief"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4a35c0b2-636e-11e4-9a79-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Tech+groups+aid+terror%2C+says+UK+spy+chief&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.au=Sam+Jones+and+Murad+Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F4a35c0b2-636e-11e4-9a79-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-20141104-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20141104_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Barrett2014" class="citation news cs1">David Barrett (4 November 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11208999/Tech-giants-reject-GCHQ-boss-Robert-Hannigans-call-for-deal-with-government.html">"Tech giants reject GCHQ boss Robert Hannigan's call for deal with government"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11208999/Tech-giants-reject-GCHQ-boss-Robert-Hannigans-call-for-deal-with-government.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tech+giants+reject+GCHQ+boss+Robert+Hannigan%27s+call+for+deal+with+government&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft.au=David+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F11208999%2FTech-giants-reject-GCHQ-boss-Robert-Hannigans-call-for-deal-with-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karma-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karma_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karma_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karma_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan Gallager, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2015/09/25/gchq-radio-porn-spies-track-web-users-online-identities/">Profiled: From Radio to Porn, British Spies Track Web Users' Online Identities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910193008/https://theintercept.com/2015/09/25/gchq-radio-porn-spies-track-web-users-online-identities/">Archived</a> 10 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Intercept</i> (25 September 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft, Jane (1 December 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7e9d93b2-9832-11e5-9228-87e603d47bdc.html">UK spy agency GCHQ admits it carries out computer hacking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203223413/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7e9d93b2-9832-11e5-9228-87e603d47bdc.html">Archived</a> 3 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Financial Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, Henry (16 March 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/03/16/sean-spicer-just-suggested-that-obama-used-british-intelligence-to-spy-on-trump-not-so-much/">Sean Spicer just suggested that Obama used British intelligence to spy on Trump. Not so much</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317020548/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/03/16/sean-spicer-just-suggested-that-obama-used-british-intelligence-to-spy-on-trump-not-so-much/">Archived</a> 17 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake, Aaron (16 March 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/03/16/sean-spicers-angry-lonely-defense-of-trumps-wiretapping-claim-annotated/">Sean Spicer's angry, lonely defense of Trump's wiretapping claim, annotated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317053939/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/03/16/sean-spicers-angry-lonely-defense-of-trumps-wiretapping-claim-annotated/">Archived</a> 17 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/17/us-makes-formal-apology-britain-white-house-accuses-gchq-wiretapping/">"US makes formal apology to Britain after White House accuses GCHQ of wiretapping Trump Tower"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 17 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322064105/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/17/us-makes-formal-apology-britain-white-house-accuses-gchq-wiretapping/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=US+makes+formal+apology+to+Britain+after+White+House+accuses+GCHQ+of+wiretapping+Trump+Tower&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F17%2Fus-makes-formal-apology-britain-white-house-accuses-gchq-wiretapping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/17/politics/gchq-trump-wiretap-denial/">"White House apologizes to British government over spying claims"</a>. CNN. 17 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003415/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/17/politics/gchq-trump-wiretap-denial/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=White+House+apologizes+to+British+government+over+spying+claims&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F03%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fgchq-trump-wiretap-denial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/gchq-denies-wiretap-claim-trump-obama">"GCHQ dismisses 'utterly ridiculous' claim it helped wiretap Trump | US news"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 17 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421154146/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/gchq-denies-wiretap-claim-trump-obama">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=GCHQ+dismisses+%27utterly+ridiculous%27+claim+it+helped+wiretap+Trump+%26%23124%3B+US+news&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fmar%2F16%2Fgchq-denies-wiretap-claim-trump-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardingKirchgaessnerHopkins2017" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Hopkins, Nick (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/apr/13/british-spies-first-to-spot-trump-team-links-russia">"British spies were first to spot Trump team's links with Russia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413135157/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/apr/13/british-spies-first-to-spot-trump-team-links-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+spies+were+first+to+spot+Trump+team%27s+links+with+Russia&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Kirchgaessner%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fapr%2F13%2Fbritish-spies-first-to-spot-trump-team-links-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/politics/trump-russia-british-intelligence/index.html?sr=twpol041317trump-russia-british-intelligence0910PMVODtopLink&linkId=36496320">"British intelligence passed Trump associates' communications with Russians on to US counterparts"</a>. CNN. 14 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200602/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/politics/trump-russia-british-intelligence/index.html?sr=twpol041317trump-russia-british-intelligence0910PMVODtopLink&linkId=36496320">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+intelligence+passed+Trump+associates%27+communications+with+Russians+on+to+US+counterparts&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F13%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-russia-british-intelligence%2Findex.html%3Fsr%3Dtwpol041317trump-russia-british-intelligence0910PMVODtopLink%26linkId%3D36496320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/gchq/">"GCHQ (@gchq) • Instagram photos and videos"</a>. <i>www.instagram.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514145303/https://www.instagram.com/gchq/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.instagram.com&rft.atitle=GCHQ+%28%40gchq%29+%E2%80%A2+Instagram+photos+and+videos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fgchq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2018" class="citation web cs1">Weaver, Matthew (31 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/31/gchq-uses-instagram-to-open-up-secret-world-of-espionage-to-public">"GCHQ uses Instagram to 'open up world of espionage' to public"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031234851/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/31/gchq-uses-instagram-to-open-up-secret-world-of-espionage-to-public">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=GCHQ+uses+Instagram+to+%27open+up+world+of+espionage%27+to+public&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Foct%2F31%2Fgchq-uses-instagram-to-open-up-secret-world-of-espionage-to-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayer2016-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayer2016_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayer2016_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2016" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Catherine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpnACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175"><i>Charles: the Heart of a King</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury Publishing</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-5595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-5595-8"><bdi>978-0-7535-5595-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles%3A+the+Heart+of+a+King&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Ebury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-5595-8&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpnACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natarchhistory-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natarchhistory_85-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/osp28.pdf">"Operational Selection Policy OSP8"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612121900/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/osp28.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operational+Selection+Policy+OSP8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Finformation-management%2Fosp28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.bristol.ac.uk/research/heilbronn_institute/">"Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145451/http://www.maths.bristol.ac.uk/research/heilbronn_institute/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cesg.gov.uk/servicecatalogue/Pages/index.aspx">the original</a> on 20 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC. 23 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211054354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/2311201402.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Well I guess what he's talking about is the fact that for certain aspects and certain of the more intrusive measures that our security service and police have available to them – i.e. Intercept, intercepting people's telephones and some other intrusive measures – the decision is taken by the Secretary of State, predominantly me. A significant part of my job is looking at these warrants and signing these warrants. I think it's... Some people argue that should be to judges....I think it's very important that actually those decisions are being taken by somebody who is democratically accountable to the public. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+spy+...+another+fiendishly+difficult+GCHQ+puzzle+book&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.au=Ewen+MacAskill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Faug%2F03%2Fi-spy-another-fiendishly-difficult-gchq-puzzle-book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2019" class="citation web cs1">Bacon, Thomas (2 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/doctor-who-dalek-gchq-response/">"The U.K. Government's GCHQ has issued an official response to the Dalek attack in the Doctor Who New Year Special – no need to panic!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screen_Rant" title="Screen Rant">Screen Rant</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215023706/https://screenrant.com/doctor-who-dalek-gchq-response/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%2FFilm&rft.atitle=%27Resolution%27+Proves+All+the+New+%27Doctor+Who%27+Needed+Was+an+Old+Villain&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft.aulast=Bui&rft.aufirst=Hoai-Tran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slashfilm.com%2Fdoctor-who-resolution-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soglos.com/music/48347/GCHQ-sitcom-Intelligence-starring-David-Schwimmer-airs-on-Sky-One">"GCHQ sitcom Intelligence starring David Schwimmer airs on Sky One"</a>. So Glos. 3 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928165315/https://www.soglos.com/music/48347/GCHQ-sitcom-Intelligence-starring-David-Schwimmer-airs-on-Sky-One">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCHQ+sitcom+Intelligence+starring+David+Schwimmer+airs+on+Sky+One&rft.pub=So+Glos&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soglos.com%2Fmusic%2F48347%2FGCHQ-sitcom-Intelligence-starring-David-Schwimmer-airs-on-Sky-One&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gchq.gov.uk/news/gchq-s-history-told-for-the-first-time-in-behind-the-enigma">"GCHQ's history told for the first time in Behind the Enigma"</a>. <i>www.gchq.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325094002/https://www.gchq.gov.uk/news/gchq-s-history-told-for-the-first-time-in-behind-the-enigma">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gchq.gov.uk&rft.atitle=GCHQ%27s+history+told+for+the+first+time+in+Behind+the+Enigma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gchq.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fgchq-s-history-told-for-the-first-time-in-behind-the-enigma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2022" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Lauren (15 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/undeclared-war-first-look-simon-pegg-exclusive-newsupdate/">"The Undeclared War first look teases tense Simon Pegg and Mark Rylance series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RadioTimes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="RadioTimes.com">RadioTimes.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615145720/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/undeclared-war-first-look-simon-pegg-exclusive-newsupdate/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioTimes.com&rft.atitle=The+Undeclared+War+first+look+teases+tense+Simon+Pegg+and+Mark+Rylance+series&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Ftv%2Fdrama%2Fundeclared-war-first-look-simon-pegg-exclusive-newsupdate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2010" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Richard J. (2010). <i>GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007278473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007278473"><bdi>978-0007278473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GCHQ%3A+The+Uncensored+Story+of+Britain%27s+Most+Secret+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0007278473&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris2020" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, John (2020). <i>Behind the Enigma: The Authorised History of GCHQ</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-0546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-0546-7"><bdi>978-1-5266-0546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Enigma%3A+The+Authorised+History+of+GCHQ&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5266-0546-7&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, John (1997). <i>The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939</i>. HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002ALSXTC">B002ALSXTC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+British+Sigint%3A+1653%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002ALSXTC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1991" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, David (1991). <i>Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes, 1939–1943</i>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395427392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395427392"><bdi>978-0395427392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seizing+the+Enigma%3A+The+Race+to+Break+the+German+U-Boats+Codes%2C+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0395427392&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael (2001). "GC&CS and the First Cold War". In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph (eds.). <i>Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer</i>. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593049105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593049105"><bdi>978-0593049105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GC%26CS+and+the+First+Cold+War&rft.btitle=Action+This+Day%3A+Bletchley+Park+from+the+Breaking+of+the+Enigma+Code+to+the+Birth+of+the+Modern+Computer&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0593049105&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGCHQ" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GCHQ&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmgcc.gov.uk">His Majesty's Government Communications Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310181333/http://www.govcertuk.gov.uk/">GovCertUK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/vigilant/lectures/gchq/">GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-16290383">BBC: A final look at GCHQ's top secret Oakley site in Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2014/11/incenser-or-how-nsa-and-gchq-are.html">INCENSER, or how NSA and GCHQ are tapping internet cables</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct03lr">The Secret History of GCHQ</a> BBC documentary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> (NCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">National Ballistics Intelligence Service</a> (NBIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fraud_Intelligence_Bureau" title="National Fraud Intelligence Bureau">National Fraud Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Specialist_Operations" title="Specialist Operations">Specialist Operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command" title="Counter Terrorism Command">Counter Terrorism Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Policing_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Counter Terrorism Policing Network">National Counter Terrorism Policing Network</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Foreign<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">Defence Intelligence</a> (DI) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Training_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Intelligence Training Group">Joint Intelligence Training Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_Group" title="Joint Support Group">Joint Support Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group" title="Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group">Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Commando_Information_Exploitation_Group" title="30 Commando Information Exploitation Group">30 Commando Information Exploitation Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence<br />assessment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Organisation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Organisation (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Organisation</a> (JIO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Analysis_Centre" title="Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre">Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre</a> (JTAC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and<br />Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a> (JIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Council (United Kingdom)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Adviser (United Kingdom)">National Security Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Security_and_Counter-Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism">Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Strategic Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Intelligence_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Intelligence Account">Single Intelligence Account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)">National Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Review and<br />Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation" title="Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation">Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" title="Investigatory Powers Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MI1" title="MI1">MI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI2" title="MI2">MI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI3" title="MI3">MI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI4" title="MI4">MI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI7" title="MI7">MI7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI8" title="MI8">MI8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI9" title="MI9">MI9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI10" title="MI10">MI10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI11" title="MI11">MI11</a></li> <li>MI12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI14" title="MI14">MI14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI15" title="MI15">MI15</a></li> <li>MI16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI17" title="MI17">MI17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI19" title="MI19">MI19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Department_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Department (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._30_Commando" title="No. 30 Commando">No. 30 Commando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Wireless_Service" title="Diplomatic Wireless Service">Diplomatic Wireless Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Combined_Bureau" title="Far East Combined Bureau">Far East Combined Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Unit" title="Special Reconnaissance Unit">Special Reconnaissance Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Reaction_Force" title="Military Reaction Force">Military Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Template:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office_Main_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building">Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanslope_Park" title="Hanslope Park">Hanslope Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office#Ministers" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Development" title="Minister of State for Development">Minister of State for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Indo-Pacific" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Indo-Pacific">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Minister of State for Overseas Territories, Commonwealth, Energy, Climate and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Middle_East,_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe,_North_America_and_Overseas_Territories" title="Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories">Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Latin_America_and_Caribbean" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Park" title="Wilton Park">Wilton Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental<br />public bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scholarship Commission">Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain%E2%80%93China_Centre" title="Great Britain–China Centre">Great Britain–China Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Aid_Commemoration_Commission" title="Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission">Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Foundation_for_Democracy" title="Westminster Foundation for Democracy">Westminster Foundation for Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_for_Aid_Impact" title="Independent Commission for Aid Impact">Independent Commission for Aid Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_International_Investment" title="British International Investment">British International Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevening_Scholarship" title="Chevening Scholarship">Chevening Scholarship Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCDO_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="FCDO Services">FCDO Services</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government Communications Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">Secret Intelligence Service/MI6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Category:Department of Health and Social Care">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies748" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li> <li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li> <li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Externa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Externa (page does not exist)">SIE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Research_Department_(International)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Research Department (International) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Agence nationale de sécurité">ANS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">DI</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spéciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">INIS</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li> <li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Studies_and_Documentation" title="General Directorate of Studies and Documentation">DGED</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: ANB</li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Palestine)" title="General Intelligence Service (Palestine)">GIS</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Service (Syria)">GIS</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">SIS (<i>MI6</i>)</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_e_Seguran%C3%A7a_de_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência e Segurança de Estado (page does not exist)">SINSE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Information_Branch" title="Information Branch">ISF IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li> <li>Macau: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADcia_Judici%C3%A1ria_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polícia Judiciária (Macau) (page does not exist)">DS</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Territorial_Surveillance" title="General Directorate for Territorial Surveillance">DGST</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PPS</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretar%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Inteligencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (page does not exist)">SNI</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Peru)" title="National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru)">DINI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Service (Syria)">GIS</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_renseignements_(Togo)" title="Agence nationale des renseignements (Togo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Presidency_of_General_Directorate_of_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Presidency of General Directorate of Security (page does not exist)">İB</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (<i>MI5</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A (DHS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ID (HSI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">IB (FBI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">ONSI (DEA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">OSII (ATF)</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a> (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_centrale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction centrale de la sécurité de l'armée (page does not exist)">DCSA</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Militar (page does not exist)">SIM</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligência Estratégica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">DCIM</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau_(Morocco)" title="Deuxième Bureau (Morocco)">DB</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86)" class="extiw" title="ar:الاستخبارات العسكرية (فلسطين)">MIS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_and_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Commission (page does not exist)">AFISC</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">ONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">MIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Intelligence" title="Marine Corps Intelligence">MCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Intelligence" title="Coast Guard Intelligence">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Intelligence_Center" title="National Space Intelligence Center">NSIC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia"><i>Spetssvyaz</i></a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li> <li>UAE: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Centre_for_Geospatial_Data_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (page does not exist)">MaCGDI</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">TsVTI GRU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li> <li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Fiji Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria (page does not exist)">UIF</a></li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Financial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Financial Intelligence (page does not exist)">GDOFI</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a></li> <li>Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>)</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">IB (FBI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">ONSI (DEA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">OSII (ATF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ID (HSI)</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence<br />community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence<br />alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br /> agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Depot (page does not exist)">Western Depot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%82" class="extiw" title="zh:西厂">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal Depot (page does not exist)">Internal Depot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%BB%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:內行廠">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">NBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">DMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Five_Eyes131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Eyes" title="Template:Five Eyes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Five_Eyes" title="Template talk:Five Eyes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_Eyes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five Eyes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Five_Eyes131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agencies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Domestic:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></b></li> <li><i>Foreign:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Domestic:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></b></li> <li><i>Foreign:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Domestic:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></b></li> <li><i>Foreign:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Domestic:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></b></li> <li><i>Foreign:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>:</i> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GCHQ</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Domestic:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></b></li> <li><i>Foreign:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-dhd6q","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.528","walltime":"1.739","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11363,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":386977,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11105,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":449916,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1445.128 1 -total"," 47.30% 683.515 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.02% 318.172 52 Template:Cite_web"," 11.22% 162.089 1 Template:Infobox_government_agency"," 10.81% 156.271 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.03% 144.949 32 Template:Cite_news"," 7.95% 114.902 4 Template:Navbox"," 7.04% 101.723 18 Template:Cite_book"," 6.46% 93.406 1 Template:Inflation-fn"," 5.75% 83.048 1 Template:UK_Intelligence_Agencies"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.898","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9774351,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckermanBall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAldrich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAldrich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBui2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroline_Byrne2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorera2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Barrett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenniston1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDormon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan_CampbellMark_Hosenball1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErskineSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwen_MacAskill2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_Rayner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHM_Government2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardingKirchgaessnerHopkins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Technical_Language_Service1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacksey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCallum2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGaughey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmark1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel_West2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Bump2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreneel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Hannigan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSam_Jones_and_Murad_Ahmed2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Tamblyn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Government_Code_and_Cypher_School\"] = 1,\n [\"London_Communications_Security_Agency\"] = 1,\n [\"Security_Mission\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite BAILII\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Five Eyes\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatprice\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 9,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox government agency\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Signals intelligence agencies\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"UK Intelligence Agencies\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-z7tt6","timestamp":"20250214042237","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"GCHQ","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GCHQ","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q220798","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q220798","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-27T13:32:52Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T20:11:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg","headline":"British intelligence agency"}</script> </body> </html>