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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Appendix</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polish pronunciation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> represents Polish pronunciations in Wiktionary entries. </p><p>All <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" class="extiw" title="w:Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/obstruent" class="extiw" title="w:obstruent">obstruents</a> <span class="IPA">/b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʐ, ʑ, dʐ, dʑ/</span> are devoiced (so <span class="IPA">/d/</span> becomes <span class="IPA">/t/</span>, etc.) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="extiw" title="w:Final obstruent devoicing">at the ends of words</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" class="extiw" title="w:Consonant voicing and devoicing">in clusters</a> ending in any unvoiced obstruents <span class="IPA">/p, t, k, f, s, x, ʂ, ɕ, tʂ, tɕ/</span>. The voiceless obstruents are voiced (<span class="IPA">/x/</span> becoming <span class="IPA">[ɣ]</span>, etc.) in clusters ending in any voiced obstruent except <span class="IPA">/v/</span>, and <span class="IPA">/ʐ/</span> (when spelled with ⟨rz⟩), which are themselves devoiced in this case. </p> <table style="background: none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/consonant" title="consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:Polish alphabet">Polish</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">b</span></span> </td> <td>b </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/bardzo#Polish" title="bardzo"><b>b</b>ardzo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>b</b>ike </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɕ</span></span> </td> <td>ś, s(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Ja%C5%9B#Polish" title="Jaś">Ja<b>ś</b></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>sh</b>e </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">d</span></span> </td> <td>d </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/dawno#Polish" title="dawno"><b>d</b>awno</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>d</b>oor </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">d͡z</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dz </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/dzban#Polish" title="dzban"><b>dz</b>ban</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">be<b>ds</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">d͡ʑ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dź, dz(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/dziadek#Polish" title="dziadek"><b>dzi</b>adek</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>j</b>eep<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">d͡ʐ</span></span> <sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dż </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BCakarta#Polish" title="Dżakarta"><b>Dż</b>akarta</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>j</b>ug<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">f</span></span> </td> <td>f </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/foka#Polish" title="foka"><b>f</b>oka</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>f</b>eist </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɡ</span></span> </td> <td>g </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/gra%C4%87#Polish" title="grać"><b>g</b>rać</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>g</b>irl </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">j</span></span> </td> <td>j, i<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/jak#Polish" title="jak"><b>j</b>ak</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>y</b>es </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">k</span></span> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/krowa#Polish" title="krowa"><b>k</b>rowa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">s<b>c</b>am </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">l</span></span> </td> <td>l </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/lampa#Polish" title="lampa"><b>l</b>ampa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>l</b>ilt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɫ</span></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Polish" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> </td> <td>ł </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/%C5%82apa%C4%87#Polish" title="łapać"><b>ł</b>apać</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>l</b>ion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">m</span></span> </td> <td>m </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/morze#Polish" title="morze"><b>m</b>orze</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>m</b>ile </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">n</span></span> </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/nad#Polish" title="nad"><b>n</b>ad</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>N</b>ile </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɲ</span></span> </td> <td>ń, n(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/nie#Polish" title="nie"><b>ni</b>e</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ca<b>ny</b>on </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">p</span></span> </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/policja#Polish" title="policja"><b>p</b>olicja</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">s<b>p</b>ike </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">r</span></span> </td> <td>r </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/r%C3%B3%C5%BCowy#Polish" title="różowy"><b>r</b>óżowy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="usage-label-accent"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English" class="extiw" title="w:General American English">General American</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span>, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flapping" class="extiw" title="w:flapping">flapping</a>: a<b>t</b>om </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">r̝</span></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Polish" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> </td> <td>rz </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/przygl%C4%85da%C4%87#Polish" title="przyglądać"><b>przy</b>glądać</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>R</b>yukyu </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">s</span></span> </td> <td>s </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/smak#Polish" title="smak"><b>s</b>mak</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>s</b>ign </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ʂ</span></span> </td> <td>sz </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/szybko#Polish" title="szybko"><b>sz</b>ybko</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>sh</b>ore<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">t</span></span> </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/tak#Polish" title="tak"><b>t</b>ak</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">s<b>t</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">t͡ɕ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ć, c(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/cierpki#Polish" title="cierpki"><b>ci</b>erpki</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>ch</b>eer<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">t͡s</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/ca%C5%82kiem#Polish" title="całkiem"><b>c</b>ałkiem</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ca<b>ts</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">t͡ʂ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>cz </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/czy#Polish" title="czy"><b>cz</b>y</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>ch</b>ild<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">v</span></span> </td> <td>w </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/warto%C5%9B%C4%87#Polish" title="wartość"><b>w</b>artość</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>v</b>ile </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">w</span></span> </td> <td>ł </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/%C5%82adny#Polish" title="ładny"><b>ł</b>adny</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>w</b>ay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">w̃</span></span> </td> <td>ą, ę<sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowels_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowels-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/k%C4%99s#Polish" title="kęs">k<b>ę</b>s</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">lo<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">x</span></span> </td> <td>ch, h </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/chleb#Polish" title="chleb"><b>ch</b>leb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>h</b>ello </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">z</span></span> </td> <td>z </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/zebra#Polish" title="zebra"><b>z</b>ebra</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>z</b>ebra </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ʑ</span></span> </td> <td>ź, z(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/ziarno#Polish" title="ziarno"><b>zi</b>arno</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2">vi<b>si</b>on, a<b>z</b>ure<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ʐ</span></span> </td> <td>ż, rz </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/rzadko#Polish" title="rzadko"><b>rz</b>adko</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/vowel" title="vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Polish</th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">a</span></span> </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/tam#Polish" title="tam">t<b>a</b>m</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɒ</span></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Polish" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> </td> <td>á </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/produkcyja#Polish" title="produkcyja">produkcyj<b>a</b></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">c<b>au</b>ght </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɛ</span></span> </td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/krem#Polish" title="krem">kr<b>e</b>m</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">b<b>e</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">e</span></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Polish" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> </td> <td>é </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/achtel#Polish" title="achtel">acht<b>e</b>l</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">b<b>ai</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">i</span></span> </td> <td>i<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/piwo#Polish" title="piwo">p<b>i</b>wo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>ea</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɨ</span></span> </td> <td>y </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/my#Polish" title="my">m<b>y</b></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">m<b>i</b>ll </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">ɔ</span></span> </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/rok#Polish" title="rok">r<b>o</b>k</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>o</b>ff </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">o</span></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Polish" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> </td> <td>ó </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/pom%C3%B3c#Polish" title="pomóc">pom<b>ó</b>c</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">s<b>o</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">u</span></span> </td> <td>u, <a href="/wiki/%C3%B3" title="ó">ó</a> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/du%C5%BCy#Polish" title="duży">d<b>u</b>ży</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">b<b>oo</b>t </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Other symbols used for Polish </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stress_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="w:stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></span></span> </td> <td>Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), usually the penultimate syllable of a word. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/secondary_stress" class="extiw" title="w:secondary stress">ˌ</a></span></span> </td> <td>Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="IPA">.</span></span> </td> <td>Syllable break. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Polish_pronunciation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_phonology" class="extiw" title="w:Polish phonology">Wikipedia: Polish phonology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Polish/Polish_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="b:Polish/Polish pronunciation">Wikibooks: Polish pronunciation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Polish_pronunciation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79053813">.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-alpha ol{list-style:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-upper-alpha ol{list-style:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-roman ol{list-style:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-upper-roman ol{list-style:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-greek ol{list-style:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-disc ol{list-style:disc}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-square ol{list-style:square}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-none ol{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .reflist.nobacklinks .mw-cite-backlink,.mw-parser-output .reflist.nobacklinks li>a{display:none}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-xx-small ol{font-size:xx-small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-x-small ol{font-size:x-small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-smaller ol{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-small ol{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-medium ol{font-size:medium}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-large ol{font-size:large}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-larger ol{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-x-large ol{font-size:x-large}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-xx-large ol{font-size:xx-large}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="2"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="3"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="4"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:4}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="5"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:5}</style><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-soften-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-5">1.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-6">1.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">The letter ⟨i⟩, when followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so <i>pies</i> is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an <a href="/wiki/acute_accent" title="acute accent">acute accent</a> on an alvoelar consonant (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩). Thus, <i>się</i>, <i>cios</i> and <i>niania</i> are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants if it is pronounced as a vowel. Thus, <i>zima</i>, <i>ci</i> and <i>dzisiaj</i> are pronounced as if if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-4">2.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-5">2.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Polish contrasts <a href="/wiki/affricate" title="affricate">affricates</a> <span class="IPA">/t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/</span> with stop–fricative clusters: for example, <i>czysta</i> <span class="IPA"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Pl-czysta.ogg" class="internal" title="Pl-czysta.ogg">[ˈt͡ʂɨs.ta]</a></span>, "clean", versus <i>trzysta</i> <span class="IPA"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Pl-trzysta.ogg" class="internal" title="Pl-trzysta.ogg">[ˈtʂɨs.ta]</a></span>, "three hundred".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-3">3.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-4">3.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-5">3.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> Polish makes contrasts between <a href="/wiki/retroflex" title="retroflex">retroflex</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alveolo-palatal_consonants" class="extiw" title="w:alveolo-palatal consonants">alveolo-palatal consonants</a>, both of which sound similar to the English postalveolars <span class="IPA">/ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/</span> The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard" with the front of the tongue raised, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft" with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an "ee" sound to them. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalvowels-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowels_4-0"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"> The letters <i>ą</i> and <i>ę</i> are used to represent <span class="IPA">/ɔw̃/</span> and <span class="IPA">/ɛw̃/</span> before <span class="IPA">/s, z, ʂ, ʐ, x/</span>, and, in case of <i>ą</i>, word-finally.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Polish_pronunciation&oldid=79371173">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Polish_pronunciation&oldid=79371173</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_appendices" title="Category:Polish appendices">Polish appendices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pronunciation_by_language" title="Category:Pronunciation by language">Pronunciation by language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wiktionary_pages_with_shortcuts" title="Category:Wiktionary pages with shortcuts">Wiktionary pages with shortcuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_links_with_redundant_target_parameters" title="Category:Polish links with redundant target parameters">Polish links with redundant target parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 May 2024, at 22:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Definitions and other text are available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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