CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"55bd78b2-1aa1-4cff-898d-a952d7e1a201","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.","wgTitle":"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.","wgCurRevisionId":1277019836,"wgRevisionId":1277019836,"wgArticleId":291132,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2020","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Webarchive template wayback links","Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.","1888 births","1969 deaths","20th-century American businesspeople","20th-century American diplomats","20th-century American politicians","20th-century Roman Catholics","Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom","American bankers" ,"American businesspeople in shipping","American chief executives of financial services companies","American drink distillers","American film producers","American film production company founders","American film studio executives","American financial analysts","American financiers","American investors","American manufacturing businesspeople","American people of British descent","American people of English descent","American people of Irish descent","American people of Scottish descent","American people of Scotch-Irish descent","American philanthropists","American businesspeople in real estate","American retail chief executives","American Roman Catholics","American steel industry businesspeople","American stock traders","Antisemitism in Massachusetts","Bethlehem Steel people","Boston Latin School alumni","Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)","Businesspeople from Boston","Catholic politicians from Massachusetts","Fathers of presidents of the United States", "Federal Maritime Commission members","Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel","Harvard University alumni","Irish-American history","Kennedy family","Knights of Malta","Massachusetts Democrats","American anti-communists","Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","Politicians from Boston","Delta Upsilon members"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.","wgRelevantArticleId":291132,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q313696","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr."> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr."> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Joseph_P_Kennedy_Sr rootpage-Joseph_P_Kennedy_Sr skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Business career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early ventures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wall_Street_and_stock_market_investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_Street_and_stock_market_investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wall Street and stock market investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_Street_and_stock_market_investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1929_Wall_Street_Crash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_Wall_Street_Crash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1929 Wall Street Crash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_Wall_Street_Crash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hollywood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollywood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Hollywood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollywood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquor_importing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquor_importing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Liquor importing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquor_importing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Real estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SEC_Chairman_(1934–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SEC_Chairman_(1934–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>SEC Chairman (1934–1935)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SEC_Chairman_(1934–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairman_of_U.S._Maritime_Commission_(1937–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairman_of_U.S._Maritime_Commission_(1937–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chairman of U.S. Maritime Commission (1937–1938)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairman_of_U.S._Maritime_Commission_(1937–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Father_Charles_Coughlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Father_Charles_Coughlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relationship with Father Charles Coughlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Father_Charles_Coughlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom_(1938–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom_(1938–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1938–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom_(1938–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>High society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeasement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeasement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Appeasement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeasement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-British_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-British_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Anti-British sentiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-British_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Isolationism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_Senator_Joseph_McCarthy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_Senator_Joseph_McCarthy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Alliance with Senator Joseph McCarthy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_Senator_Joseph_McCarthy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_sons'_political_careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_sons'_political_careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Involvement in sons' political careers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_sons'_political_careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Marriage and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobotomy_of_Rosemary_Kennedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobotomy_of_Rosemary_Kennedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lobotomy of Rosemary Kennedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobotomy_of_Rosemary_Kennedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8" title="جوزيف كينيدي الأب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف كينيدي الأب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Patrik_Kennedi" title="Cozef Patrik Kennedi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Patrik Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جوزف کندی سینیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف کندی سینیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" title="Joseph Kennedy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr." data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" title="Joseph Kennedy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%85" title="Τζόζεφ Πάτρικ Κέννεντυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόζεφ Πάτρικ Κέννεντυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جوزف کندی سینیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف کندی سینیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr." data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_P._%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94" title="조지프 P. 케네디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 P. 케네디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Ջոզեֆ Պատրիկ Քենեդի Ավագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոզեֆ Պատրիկ Քենեդի Ավագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="ג'וזף קנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף קנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="چوزيف كينيدى الاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوزيف كينيدى الاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жозеф Патрик Кеннеди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жозеф Патрик Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy sr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy sr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BBP%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ジョセフ・P・ケネディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョセフ・P・ケネディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Кеннеди, Джозеф Патрик (старший) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кеннеди, Джозеф Патрик (старший)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" title="Joseph Kennedy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Джозеф Патрік Кеннеді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Патрік Кеннеді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="老约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA" title="老約瑟夫甘迺迪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="老約瑟夫甘迺迪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="老约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313696#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr."><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr."><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&oldid=1277019836" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&id=1277019836&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJoseph_P._Kennedy_Sr."><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJoseph_P._Kennedy_Sr."><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313696" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American businessman and politician (1888–1969)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Joseph Kennedy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Joseph Kennedy (disambiguation)">Joseph Kennedy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr._1938_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kennedy in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">44th <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 8, 1938 – October 22, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Worth_Bingham" title="Robert Worth Bingham">Robert Worth Bingham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant" title="John Gilbert Winant">John Gilbert Winant</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission" title="United States Maritime Commission">U.S. Maritime Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 14, 1937 – February 19, 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emory_S._Land" title="Emory S. Land">Emory S. Land</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Chair of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 30, 1934 – September 23, 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James M. Landis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-09-06</span>)</span>September 6, 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 18, 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-11-18)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Holyhood_Cemetery" title="Holyhood Cemetery">Holyhood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1914)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Edward</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a></li><li>Mary Augusta Hickey</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Businessman</li><li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">Philanthropist</a></li><li>Politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.'s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg/128px-Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg/192px-Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg/256px-Joseph_P_Kennedy_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.</b> (September 6, 1888 – November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He is known for his own political prominence as well as that of his children and was a patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a>, which included President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, attorney general and senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, and longtime senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>. </p><p>Kennedy was born into a political family in <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a>, Massachusetts. He made a large fortune as a stock and commodity market investor, and later rolled over his proceeds by dedicating a substantial amount of his wealth into investment-grade real estate and a wide range of privately controlled businesses across the United States. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> he was an assistant <a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">general manager</a> of a Boston area <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a> shipyard; through that position he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, who was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In the 1920s Kennedy made huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> studios; several acquisitions were ultimately merged into <a href="/wiki/Radio-Keith-Orpheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio-Keith-Orpheum">Radio-Keith-Orpheum</a> (RKO) studios. Kennedy increased his fortune with distribution rights for <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>. He owned the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a>. </p><p>Kennedy was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish Catholic</a> community. President Roosevelt appointed Kennedy to be the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC), which he led from 1934 to 1935. Kennedy later directed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission" title="United States Maritime Commission">United States Maritime Commission</a>. Kennedy served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom</a> from 1938 to late 1940. With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in September 1939, Kennedy was pessimistic about Britain's ability to survive attacks from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> in November 1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States]." After a controversy regarding this statement, Kennedy resigned his position. </p><p>Kennedy was married to <a href="/wiki/Rose_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Fitzgerald">Rose Fitzgerald</a>; the couple had nine children. During his later life he was heavily involved in the political careers of his sons. Three of Kennedy's sons attained distinguished political positions: John served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts and as the 35th president of the United States, Robert as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. attorney general</a> and as a U.S. senator from New York, and Ted as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPBostonLatin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Waist high portrait of man in his teens wearing a suit, leaning to his left so his right shoulder is cut off" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/JPBostonLatin.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's yearbook photo from <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. was born on September 6, 1888, at 151 Meridian Street in <a href="/wiki/East_Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="East Boston, Massachusetts">East Boston</a>, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy was the elder son of Mary Augusta (née Hickey) Kennedy and businessman and politician <a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy attended <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, where he excelled at <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> and was elected class president<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before graduating in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy then attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, where he gained admittance to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club" title="Hasty Pudding Club">Hasty Pudding Club</a> but was not invited to join the <a href="/wiki/Porcellian_Club" title="Porcellian Club">Porcellian Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy graduated in 1912<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a bachelor's degree in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy set his future sights on embarking on a business career upon his graduation from Harvard. During his mid to late 20s, he made a large fortune as an active commodity and stock investor; he then reinvested much of his proceeds into film studios, real estate, and shipping lines. Although Kennedy never built a significant business from scratch, his timing as both buyer and seller was excellent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various criminals, such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Costello" title="Frank Costello">Frank Costello</a>, have boasted they worked with Kennedy in mysterious <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a> operations during <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his father was in the whisky importation business, scholars dismiss the claims. The most recent and most thorough biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Nasaw" title="David Nasaw">David Nasaw</a> asserts that no credible evidence has been found to link Kennedy to bootlegging activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw,_pp._79–81_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw,_pp._79–81-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> magazine published its first list of the <a href="/wiki/Wealthiest_Americans_(1957)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealthiest Americans (1957)">richest people in the United States</a> in 1957, it placed Kennedy in the $200–400 million group, which is equivalent to roughly 3.2 billion dollars in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_ventures">Early ventures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early ventures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Young man in his twenties in a suit, seated and looking back toward the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg/240px-Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg/360px-Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg/480px-Josephpatrickkennedysr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy in 1914, aged 25, when he claimed to be America's youngest bank president.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kennedy's first job after graduating from Harvard was a position as a state-employed bank examiner, where the job allowed him to learn a great deal about the banking industry. In 1913, the Columbia Trust Bank, in which his father held a significant share, was under threat of takeover. Kennedy borrowed $45,000 (equivalent to $1.4 million in 2024) from family and friends and bought back control. At the age of 25, he was rewarded by being elected the bank's president. Kennedy told the press he was "the youngest" bank president in America.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1917, Kennedy was elected to the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Electric Company, New England's leading public utility at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy emerged as an astute businessman who possessed an eye for <a href="/wiki/Value_investing" title="Value investing">value</a>, both with regard to his shrewd entrepreneurial acumen and savvy investment foresight. For example, as an active <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investor" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate investor">real estate investor</a>, he turned a handsome profit from his privately controlled ownership of Old Colony Realty Associates, Inc., an investment company which bought distressed real estate throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he was skeptical of American involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy sought to participate in wartime production as an assistant general manager of <a href="/wiki/Fore_River_Shipyard" title="Fore River Shipyard">Fore River</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy, Massachusetts</a>. There, he oversaw the production of transports and warships.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this job, he became acquainted with Assistant Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wall_Street_and_stock_market_investments">Wall Street and stock market investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wall Street and stock market investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Kennedy joined <a href="/wiki/Hayden,_Stone_%26_Co." title="Hayden, Stone & Co.">Hayden, Stone & Co.</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Brokerage_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokerage firm">stock brokerage firm</a> with offices in Boston and New York, where he became an expert dealing in the unregulated <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> of the day, engaging in tactics that were later considered to be <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation">market manipulation</a> violations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He happened to be on the corner of Wall and Broad Streets at the moment of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing" title="Wall Street bombing">Wall Street bombing</a> on September 16, 1920, and was thrown to the ground by the force of the blast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, he established his own investment company.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy subsequently became a multi-millionaire as a result of taking "<a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">short</a>" positions following the 1929 stock market crash.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy was enlisted in 1924 to help stabilize the stock of <a href="/wiki/John_D._Hertz" title="John D. Hertz">John D. Hertz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Cab_Company" title="Yellow Cab Company">Yellow Cab Company</a>, a taxi cab operator, against a <a href="/wiki/Bear_raid" title="Bear raid">bear raid</a>; afterward, Hertz suspected Kennedy of carrying out such a raid against the stock himself.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, he helped establish a "stock pool" that bought large quantities of stock in <a href="/wiki/Libbey-Owens-Ford" title="Libbey-Owens-Ford">Libbey-Owens-Ford</a> (LOF), an auto-glass manufacturer, and <a href="/wiki/Wash_trade" title="Wash trade">wash-traded</a> huge volumes of stock among themselves while promoting the outright fraud that their company was related to <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a>, a glassmaker that made bottles which presumably would have profited from the imminent repeal of Prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1929_Wall_Street_Crash">1929 Wall Street Crash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1929 Wall Street Crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy later claimed he understood that the rampant stock speculation <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">of the late 1920s would lead to a market crash</a>. It is said that he knew it was time to get out of the market when he received stock tips from a shoe-shine boy, but no evidence has been found of the anecdote and the first known version of the same tale was associated to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baruch" title="Bernard Baruch">Bernard Baruch</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy survived the crash "because he possessed a passion for facts, a complete lack of sentiment and a marvelous sense of timing".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Kennedy shrewdly increased his wealth by devoting most of it into investment-grade real estate. In 1929, Kennedy's fortune was estimated to be $4 million (equivalent to $73.2 million in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1935, his wealth had increased to $180 million (equivalent to $4.13 billion in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also acquired enough capital to establish million-dollar <a href="/wiki/Trust_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust funds">trust funds</a> for each of his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investments">Investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hollywood">Hollywood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hollywood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_(May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kennedy_%28May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald%29.jpg/220px-Kennedy_%28May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kennedy_%28May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald%29.jpg/330px-Kennedy_%28May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kennedy_%28May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald%29.jpg/440px-Kennedy_%28May_1928_Exhibitors_Herald%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>Studio photo of Kennedy as part of trade paper advertisement promoting <a href="/wiki/Film_Booking_Offices_of_America" title="Film Booking Offices of America">Film Booking Offices of America</a>'s forthcoming attractions, May 1928</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lobby card for Sadie Thompson with head high portrait of woman in her thirties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg/240px-Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg/360px-Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg/480px-Sadiethompsonlobbycard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy, along with fifteen others, signed a telegram warning that the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Thompson_(film)" title="Sadie Thompson (film)">Sadie Thompson</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a> would jeopardize the ability of the film industry to censor itself. Swanson needed financing for her film production company, and Kennedy began a three-year affair with her when he met her for lunch in New York after the film's release.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kennedy generated windfall profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Film_studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Film studios">film studios</a>. He began with film distribution in New England, buying first <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but quickly moved on to industry-wide arrangements and production.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still at Hayden, Stone & Co., Kennedy boasted to a colleague, "Look at that bunch of pants pressers in Hollywood making themselves millionaires. I could take the whole business away from them."<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_23_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One small studio, <a href="/wiki/Film_Booking_Offices_of_America" title="Film Booking Offices of America">Film Booking Offices of America</a> (or FBO), specialized in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a> produced cheaply. Its owner was in financial trouble, and asked Kennedy to help find a new owner. Kennedy formed his own group of investors and bought it for $1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1926, Kennedy moved to Hollywood to focus on running film studios.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, film studios were permitted to own exhibition companies, which were necessary to get their films on local screens. With that in mind, he bought controlling shares in <a href="/wiki/Keith-Albee-Orpheum" title="Keith-Albee-Orpheum">Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corporation</a> (KAO), which had more than 700 <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> theaters across the United States that had begun showing movies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1928, he formally merged his film companies FBO and KAO to form <a href="/wiki/Radio-Keith-Orpheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio-Keith-Orpheum">Radio-Keith-Orpheum</a> (RKO)<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_J._Whalen_1964_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_J._Whalen_1964-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made a large amount of money in the process. Kennedy had no interest in vaudeville; he just wanted the theaters, which he planned to convert to movie houses for the film booking interests he ran in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the developer of <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a>, a sound system for the new "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkies</a>", RCA needed to forge a connection with Hollywood to sell its product. At the same time Kennedy knew that he needed to compete in the new market of sound films and to do so he would have to have access to a technology that was not proprietary.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keen to buy the <a href="/wiki/Pantages_Theatre_(Hollywood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)">Pantages Theatre</a> chain, which had 63 profitable theaters, Kennedy made an offer of $8 million (equivalent to $146.5 million in 2024). It was declined. He then stopped distributing his movies to Pantages. Still, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pantages" title="Alexander Pantages">Alexander Pantages</a> declined to sell.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Pantages was later charged and tried for rape, his reputation took a battering, and he accepted Kennedy's revised offer of $3.5 million (equivalent to $64.1 million in 2024). Pantages, who claimed that Kennedy had "set him up", was later found not guilty at a second trial. The girl who had accused Pantages of rape, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Pringle" title="Eunice Pringle">Eunice Pringle</a>, confessed on her deathbed that Kennedy was the mastermind of the plot to frame Pantages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many estimate that Kennedy made over $5 million (equivalent to $91.6 million in 2024) from his investments in Hollywood. During his three-year affair with film star <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he arranged the financing for her films <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_of_Sunya" title="The Love of Sunya">The Love of Sunya</a></i> (1927) and the ill-fated <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Kelly" title="Queen Kelly">Queen Kelly</a></i> (1928). The duo also used Hollywood's famous "body sculptor", masseuse <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_of_Hollywood" title="Sylvia of Hollywood">Sylvia of Hollywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their relationship ended when Swanson discovered that an expensive gift from Kennedy had actually been charged to her account.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquor_importing">Liquor importing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liquor importing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As soon as it became legal to do so, Kennedy ventured into liquor importing. One of his shipping ventures he was involved in was the importation of large shipments of high-priced Scotch where he earned a handsome profit in the process. Various contradictory "bootlegging" stories surrounding Kennedy have circulated but historians have not accepted them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw,_pp._79–81_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw,_pp._79–81-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the Franklin Roosevelt administration in March 1933, Kennedy and future Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> founded Somerset Importers, a business entity that acted as the exclusive American agent for <a href="/wiki/Haig_(whisky)" title="Haig (whisky)">Haig & Haig</a> Scotch, <a href="/wiki/Gordon%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon's">Gordon's</a> Dry Gin and <a href="/wiki/Dewar%27s" title="Dewar's">Dewar's</a> Scotch. Kennedy kept his Somerset company for years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from <a href="/wiki/Schenley_Industries" title="Schenley Industries">Schenley Industries</a>, a Canadian distillery and liquor company.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_J._Whalen_1964_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_J._Whalen_1964-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he possessed substantial investments in various shipping lines that imported significant shipments of liquor, Kennedy himself drank little alcohol. He so disapproved of what he considered a <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Irish_people#Alcoholism" title="Stereotypes of Irish people">stereotypical Irish vice</a> that he offered his sons $1,000 not to drink until they turned 21.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Real_estate">Real estate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Real estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy reinvested the proceeds he made from liquor importing into various residential and commercial real estate ventures, much of it concentrated in New York City, and the <a href="/wiki/Hialeah_Park_Race_Track" title="Hialeah Park Race Track">Hialeah Park Race Track</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important purchase of his real estate investment career was marked by the land acquisition of the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a> (the world's largest building at the time), which gave his family an important base in that city and an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish-American</a> political leadership there to lay the groundwork for realizing his sons' future political ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Merchandise Mart's revenues became a principal source of wealth that formed much of the Kennedy family's private fortune, including being a source of funding for financing his sons' future political campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Langton_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SEC_Chairman_(1934–1935)"><span id="SEC_Chairman_.281934.E2.80.931935.29"></span>SEC Chairman (1934–1935)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SEC Chairman (1934–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg/180px-Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg/270px-Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg/360px-Joseph_P._Kennedy-TIME-1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy on <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine cover, 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, Kennedy supported <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in his bid for the presidency. This was his first major involvement in a national political campaign, and he donated, lent, and raised a substantial amount of money for the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Congress established the independent <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) to end irresponsible market manipulations and dissemination of false information about securities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's brain trust drew up a list of recommended candidates for the SEC chairmanship. Kennedy headed the list, which stated he was "the best bet for Chairman because of executive ability, knowledge of habits and customs of business to be regulated and ability to moderate different points of view on Commission."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy sought out the best lawyers available, giving him a hard-driving team with a mission for reform. They included <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a>, both of whom were later named to the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SEC had four missions. First was to restore investor confidence in the securities market, which had collapsed on account of its questionability, and the external threats supposedly posed by anti-business elements in the Roosevelt administration. Second, the SEC had to get rid of penny-ante swindles based on false information, fraudulent devices, and <a href="/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme" title="Get-rich-quick scheme">get-rich-quick schemes</a>. Thirdly, and much more important than the frauds, the SEC had to end the million-dollar maneuvers in major corporations, whereby insiders with access to high-quality information about the company knew when to buy or sell their own securities. A crackdown on insider trading was essential. Finally, the SEC had to set up a complex system of registration for all securities sold in America, with a clear set of rules, deadlines and guidelines that all companies had to follow. The main challenge faced by the young lawyers was drafting precise rules. The SEC succeeded in its four missions, as Kennedy reassured the American business community that they would no longer be deceived and taken advantage of by Wall Street. He trumpeted for ordinary investors to return to the market and enable the economy to grow again.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's reforming work as SEC Chairman was widely praised on all sides, as investors realized the SEC was protecting their interests. He resigned from the SEC in September 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairman_of_U.S._Maritime_Commission_(1937–1938)"><span id="Chairman_of_U.S._Maritime_Commission_.281937.E2.80.931938.29"></span>Chairman of U.S. Maritime Commission (1937–1938)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chairman of U.S. Maritime Commission (1937–1938)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, Roosevelt sought Kennedy's help on the campaign, and Kennedy responded with his book <i>I'm for Roosevelt</i>, which he had published and made sure was widely distributed. The book presented arguments for why businessmen should support Roosevelt and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, told from the perspective of Kennedy's own personal endorsement. The book had significant impact in the business community and after his re-election, Roosevelt appointed Kennedy as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission" title="United States Maritime Commission">United States Maritime Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which built on his wartime experience in running a major shipyard. Kennedy spent only ten months at the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Father_Charles_Coughlin">Relationship with Father Charles Coughlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relationship with Father Charles Coughlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish Canadian</a> priest near <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, became the most prominent Roman Catholic spokesman on political and financial issues in the 1930s, with a radio audience that reached millions every week. Having been a strong supporter of Roosevelt since 1932, in 1934 Coughlin broke with the president, who became a bitter opponent and a target of Coughlin's weekly anti-communist, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a>, far-right, anti–Federal Reserve and isolationist radio talks. Roosevelt sent Kennedy and other prominent Irish Catholics to try to tone down Coughlin.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coughlin swung his support to <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> in 1935, and then to <a href="/wiki/William_Lemke" title="William Lemke">William Lemke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union Party</a> in 1936. Kennedy strongly supported the New Deal (Father Coughlin believed that the New Deal did not go far enough, and thought that Franklin Roosevelt was a tool of the rich) and reportedly believed as early as 1933 that Coughlin was "becoming a very dangerous proposition" as an opponent of Roosevelt and "an out and out demagogue". In 1936, Kennedy worked with Roosevelt, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a> and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>) to shut Coughlin down.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Coughlin returned to the air in 1940, Kennedy continued to battle against his influence among Irish Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his public disputes with Coughlin, it has also been acknowledged that Kennedy would also accompany Coughlin whenever the priest visited Roosevelt at Hyde Park.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A historian with <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a> also stated that Coughlin was a friend of Kennedy as well.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedyfailure_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedyfailure-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Post">Boston Post</a></i> article of August 16, 1936, Coughlin referred to Kennedy as the "shining star among the dim 'knights' in the [Roosevelt] Administration".<sup id="cite_ref-Maier2009_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maier2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom_(1938–1940)"><span id="Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom_.281938.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1938–1940)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1938–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg/220px-Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg/330px-Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg/440px-Joseph_Kennedy_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador Joseph Kennedy with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in London, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1938, Roosevelt appointed Kennedy as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom#Ambassadors_(1893–present)" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">United States ambassador to the Court of St James's</a> (United Kingdom). Kennedy hoped to succeed Roosevelt in the White House,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telling a British reporter in late 1939 that he was confident that Roosevelt would "fall" in <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> (that year's presidential election).<sup id="cite_ref-kennedyfailure_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedyfailure-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy and his family retreated to the countryside during the bombings of London by German aircraft in World War II. In so doing, he damaged his reputation with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move prompted <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a> to say, "I thought my daffodils were yellow until I met Joe Kennedy".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy developed a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Defeatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeatist">defeatist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_society">High society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: High society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to the U.S. National Archives:</p><blockquote><p>In London, the American Ambassador and his wife soared to the heights of British society. In the spring of 1938...the couple luxuriated in the warmth of English hospitality, hobnobbing with aristocrats and royalty at the many balls, dinners, regattas, and derbies of the season. The highlight was surely the April weekend that they spent at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, guests of King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While getting dressed for an evening at Windsor Castle soon after he arrived, Kennedy paused in momentary reflection and remarked to his wife, "Well, Rose, this is a helluva long way from East Boston, isn't it?"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 6, 1944, Kennedy's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen</a>, married <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William "Billy" Cavendish</a>, Marquess of Hartington, the elder son of the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a>. The union was disapproved by Rose Kennedy due to Hartington being an Anglican. Unable to reconcile their religious backgrounds, Hartington and Kathleen were married in a civil ceremony. Hartington, a major in the <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>, was killed in action in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appeasement">Appeasement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appeasement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy rejected the belief of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> that any compromise with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was impossible. Instead, he supported Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>'s policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>. Throughout 1938, while the Nazi persecution of the Jews in Germany intensified, Kennedy attempted to arrange a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Nazi bombing of British cities</a> began in September 1940, Kennedy once again sought a personal meeting with Hitler without the approval of the U.<span class="nowrap"> </span>S. Department of State, in order to "bring about a better understanding between the United States and Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-Hersh_63_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hersh_63-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-British_sentiment">Anti-British sentiment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-British sentiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When war came in September 1939, Kennedy's public support for American neutrality conflicted with Roosevelt's increasing efforts to provide aid to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States]",<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Sunday_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Sunday Globe">Boston Sunday Globe</a></i> of November 10, 1940. With German troops having overrun <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and with daily bombings of Great Britain, Kennedy unambiguously and repeatedly stated that the war was not about saving democracy from National Socialism (Nazism) or from Fascism. In an interview with two newspaper journalists, <a href="/wiki/Louis_M._Lyons" title="Louis M. Lyons">Louis M. Lyons</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, and Ralph Coghlan of the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i>, Kennedy said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's all a question of what we do with the next six months. The whole reason for aiding England is to give us time ... As long as she is in there, we have time to prepare. It isn't that [Britain is] fighting for democracy. That's the bunk. She's fighting for self-preservation, just as we will if it comes to us. ... I know more about the European situation than anybody else, and it's up to me to see that the country gets it.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isolationism">Isolationism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Isolationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy's views became inconsistent and increasingly <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a>. British <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood,_1st_Baron_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood IV</a>, who had himself opposed the British government's earlier appeasement policy, said of Kennedy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have a rich man, untrained in diplomacy, unlearned in history and politics, who is a great publicity seeker and who apparently is ambitious to be the first Catholic president of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Harvey Klemmer, who served as one of Kennedy's embassy aides, Kennedy habitually referred to Jews as "<a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">kikes</a> or sheenies". Kennedy allegedly told Klemmer that "[some] individual Jews are all right, Harvey, but as a race they stink. They spoil everything they touch."<sup id="cite_ref-Hersh_63_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hersh_63-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Klemmer returned from a trip to Germany and reported the pattern of vandalism and assaults on Jews by Nazis, Kennedy responded, "Well, they brought it on themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 13, 1938, Kennedy met in London with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen">Herbert von Dirksen</a>, the German ambassador to the United Kingdom, who claimed upon his return to Berlin that Kennedy had told him that "it was not so much the fact that we want to get rid of the Jews that was so harmful to us, but rather the loud clamor with which we accompanied this purpose. [Kennedy] himself fully understood our Jewish policy."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's main concern with such violent acts against German Jews as <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> was that they generated bad publicity in the West for the Nazi regime, a concern that he communicated in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy had a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor">Viscountess Astor</a>, and their correspondence is replete with anti-Semitic statements.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Edward Renehan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As fiercely anti-Communist as they were anti-Semitic, Kennedy and Astor looked upon Adolf Hitler as a welcome solution to both of these "world problems" (Nancy's phrase). ... . Kennedy replied that he expected the "Jew media" in the United States to become a problem, that "Jewish pundits in New York and Los Angeles" were already making noises contrived to "set a match to the fuse of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By August 1940, Kennedy worried that a third term for President Roosevelt would mean war. Biographer Laurence Leamer in <i>The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963</i> reports: "Joe believed that Roosevelt, Churchill, the Jews, and their allies would manipulate America into approaching <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Kennedy supported Roosevelt's third term in return for Roosevelt's promise to support <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy Jr.">Joseph Kennedy Jr.</a> in a run for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even during the darkest months of World War II, Kennedy remained "more wary of" prominent American Jews, such as Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, than he was of Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy told the reporter Joe Dinneen: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is true that I have a low opinion of some Jews in public office and in private life. That does not mean that I. ... believe they should be wiped off the face of the Earth. ... Jews who take an unfair advantage of the fact that theirs is a persecuted race do not help much. ... Publicizing unjust attacks upon the Jews may help to cure the injustice, but continually publicizing the whole problem only serves to keep it alive in the public mind.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From late 1939 onwards, Kennedy began to suspect that Roosevelt and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> were excluding him from decision-making and communiqués pertinent to his ambassadorial duties. Roosevelt had started to communicate in secret with Winston Churchill (at this time First Lord of the Admiralty, later Prime Minister).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1940, Roosevelt also sent personal representatives (under Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Sumner_Welles" title="Sumner Welles">Sumner Welles</a>, and General William Donovan) on fact-finding missions to London and other European capitals, without advising Kennedy beforehand, thereby causing the ambassador great embarrassment and annoyance.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Kennedy was, for much of 1940, determined to resign his post, although Roosevelt insisted he remain in London. In late October 1940, Roosevelt invited Kennedy to return to Washington for a pre-election consultation, Kennedy used this visit to announce his resignation. Kennedy agreed to make a nationwide radio speech to advocate Roosevelt's reelection. Roosevelt was pleased with the speech because, Nasaw says, it "rallied reluctant Irish Catholic voters to his side, buttressed his claims that he was not going to take the nation into war, and emphasized that he alone had the experience to lead the nation in these difficult times." Kennedy finally submitted his resignation at the White House on December 1, 1940, but agreed to remain Ambassador until a successor was chosen in early 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the rest of the war, relations between Kennedy and the Roosevelt administration remained tense, especially when Joe Jr., a Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 Democratic National Convention</a>, vocally opposed Roosevelt's unprecedented nomination for a third term, which began in 1941. Kennedy may have wanted to run for president himself in 1940 or later. Having effectively removed himself from the national stage, Joe Sr. spent World War II on the sidelines. Kennedy stayed active in the smaller venues of rallying Irish-American and Roman Catholic Democrats to vote for Roosevelt's re-election for a fourth term in <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>. Kennedy claimed to be eager to help the war effort, but as a result of his previous gaffes, he was neither trusted nor invited to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliances">Alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy used his wealth and connections to build a national network of supporters that became the base for his sons' political careers. He especially concentrated on Irish-American communities in large cities, particularly Boston, New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh and several New Jersey cities.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy also used <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a> of <i>The New York Times</i>, America's most influential political columnist, for decades as a paid speechwriter and political advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A political conservative (John F. Kennedy once described his father as being to "the right of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-Leuchtenburg2001_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenburg2001-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy supported <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, who had entered Congress with John in 1947. In 1960, Joe Kennedy approached Nixon, praised his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism">anti-Communism</a>, and said "Dick, if my boy can't make it, I'm for you" for the presidential election that year.<sup id="cite_ref-kakutani19960524_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kakutani19960524-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alliance_with_Senator_Joseph_McCarthy">Alliance with Senator Joseph McCarthy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alliance with Senator Joseph McCarthy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy's close ties with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> of Wisconsin strengthened his family's position among Irish Catholics, but weakened it among liberals who strongly opposed McCarthy. Even before McCarthy became famous in 1950, Kennedy had forged close ties with the Republican Senator. Kennedy often brought him to his home in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>, as a weekend house guest in the late 1940s. McCarthy at one point dated his daughter <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Kennedy">Patricia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_O_2005-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When McCarthy became a dominant voice of anti-Communism starting in 1950, Kennedy contributed thousands of dollars to McCarthy, and became one of his major supporters. In the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952 U.S. Senate race in Massachusetts</a>, Kennedy apparently worked a deal so that McCarthy, a Republican, would not make campaign speeches for the Republican ticket in Massachusetts. In return, Congressman John F. Kennedy, running for the Senate seat, would not give any anti-McCarthy speeches that his liberal supporters wanted to hear.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_O_2005-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Kennedy's urging in 1953, McCarthy hired his 27-year-old son, Robert F. Kennedy, as a senior staff member of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Senate's investigations subcommittee</a>, which McCarthy chaired. In 1954, when the Senate was threatening to condemn McCarthy, Senator John Kennedy faced a dilemma. "How could I demand that Joe McCarthy be censured for things he did when my own brother was on his staff?" asked John.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_O_2005-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1954, Robert and McCarthy's chief aide <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Roy Cohn</a> had fallen out with each other, and Robert no longer worked for McCarthy. John had a speech drafted calling for the censure of McCarthy, but never delivered it. When the Senate voted to censure McCarthy on December 2, 1954, Senator Kennedy was in a hospital and never indicated how he would cast his vote. Joe Kennedy strongly supported McCarthy to the end.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_O_2005-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_sons'_political_careers"><span id="Involvement_in_sons.27_political_careers"></span>Involvement in sons' political careers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Involvement in sons' political careers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy's connections and influence were turned into political capital for the political campaigns of his sons: John, Robert, and Ted. Kennedy was influential in creating <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Administration" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">John's cabinet</a>, which included Robert as <a href="/wiki/U.S._attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. attorney general">U.S. attorney general</a>, although he had never argued or tried a case.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of four fathers (the other three being <a href="/wiki/George_Tryon_Harding" title="George Tryon Harding">George Tryon Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fillmore" title="Nathaniel Fillmore">Nathaniel Fillmore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>) to live through the entire presidency of a son.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy had been consigned to the political shadows after his remarks during World War II ("Democracy is finished"), and he remained an intensely controversial figure among U.S. citizens because of his suspect business credentials, his Roman Catholicism, his opposition to Roosevelt's foreign policy, and his support for Joseph McCarthy. Although his own ambitions to achieve the U.S. presidency were thwarted, Kennedy held out great hope for his eldest son, Joe Jr., to seek the presidency. However, Joe Jr., who had become a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> bomber pilot, was killed over the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in August 1944 while undertaking <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aphrodite" title="Operation Aphrodite">Operation Anvil</a>. After grieving over his dead son, Joe Sr. turned his attention to his second son, John, for a run for political office.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 7, 1914, Kennedy married <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Time_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eldest daughter of Boston Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the private chapel of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_O%27Connell" title="William Henry O'Connell">William Henry O'Connell</a> in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a two-week honeymoon, the couple settled at <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">83 Beals Street</a> in the Boston suburb of <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph and Rose Kennedy had nine children:<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph Jr.</a> (1915–1944), <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John</a>, called "Jack" (1917–1963), <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rose Marie</a>, called "Rosemary" (1918–2005), <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen</a>, called "Kick" (1920–1948), <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a> (1921–2009), <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia</a> (1924–2006), <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a>, called "Bobby" (1925–1968), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean</a> (1928–2020), and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Edward</a>, called "Ted" (1932–2009). Three of the Kennedys' sons attained distinguished political positions: John F. Kennedy served as a U.S. representative from Massachusetts (1947–1953), a U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960), and as 35th president of the United States (1961–1963); Robert F. Kennedy served as U.S. attorney general (1961–1964) and as a U.S. senator from New York (1965–1968); and Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1962–2009). One of the Kennedys' daughters, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> for disabled people,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a>, served as U.S. ambassador to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Kennedy's business success expanded, he and his family lived in increasing prosperity in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington, D.C.</a>, London, as well as the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>. Their two permanent homes were located in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy engaged in numerous extramarital relationships,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including relationships with actresses <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Time_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with his secretary, Janet DesRosiers Fontaine.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also managed Swanson's personal and business affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013205_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013205-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013237_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013237-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobotomy_of_Rosemary_Kennedy">Lobotomy of Rosemary Kennedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lobotomy of Rosemary Kennedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy#Lobotomy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy § Lobotomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Family portrait taken outside with children surrounding their parents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/240px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/360px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/480px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>The Kennedy family at their <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>, 1931. Rosemary Kennedy is seated on the far right.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Rosemary Kennedy was 23 years old, doctors told Joseph Kennedy Sr. that a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">psychosurgery</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a> would help calm her mood swings and stop her occasional violent outbursts.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Accounts of Rosemary's life indicated that she was intellectually disabled,<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some have raised questions about the Kennedys' accounts of the nature and scope of her disability.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Rosemary's erratic behavior frustrated her parents; her father was especially worried that she would shame and embarrass the family and damage his political career and that of his other children.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy requested that surgeons perform a lobotomy on <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary</a>. The lobotomy took place in November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy did not inform his wife about the procedure until after it was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_W._Watts" title="James W. Watts">James W. Watts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_II" title="Walter Jackson Freeman II">Walter Freeman</a> (both of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington University School of Medicine">George Washington University School of Medicine</a>) performed the surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lobotomy was a disaster,<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Rosemary Kennedy permanently incapacitated.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mental capacity diminished to that of a two-year-old child; she could not walk or speak intelligibly and was <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">incontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the lobotomy, Rosemary was immediately institutionalized.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, she was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson, Wisconsin">Jefferson, Wisconsin</a>, where she lived for the rest of her life on the grounds of the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children (formerly known as "St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth").<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy did not visit his daughter at the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter,</i> author Kate Clifford Larson stated that Rosemary's lobotomy was hidden from the family for twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, after Kennedy suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> that left him unable to speak, his children were made aware of Rosemary's location.<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lobotomy did not become public knowledge until 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on January 7, 2005, at the age of 86.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bertram_S._Brown" title="Bertram S. Brown">Bertram S. Brown</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> who was previously an aide to President Kennedy, told a Kennedy biographer that Kennedy referred to Rosemary as mentally retarded rather than mentally ill in order to protect his son John's reputation for a presidential run. Brown added that the family's "lack of support for mental illness" was "part of a lifelong family denial of what was really so".<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shorter,_Edward_32–33_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter,_Edward_32–33-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murawski_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murawski-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr.jpg/220px-Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr.jpg/330px-Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr.jpg/440px-Birthday_Party_for_Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy (center) and family members sit at a table during his 75th birthday celebration in his home in Hyannis Port, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 19, 1961, at the age of 73, Kennedy suffered a stroke. He survived but was left paralyzed on his right side. Thereafter, he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>, which severely affected his ability to speak. He remained mentally alert, regained certain functions with therapy, and began walking with a cane. His speech also showed some improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-People:_May_22,_1964_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People:_May_22,_1964-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy began to experience excessive muscular weakness, which eventually required him to use a wheelchair. In 1964, Kennedy was taken to <a href="/wiki/The_Institutes_for_the_Achievement_of_Human_Potential" title="The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential">The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential</a> in Philadelphia, a medical and rehabilitative center for those who have experienced brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-People:_May_22,_1964_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People:_May_22,_1964-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy's son Robert was assassinated on June 5, 1968, while <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">running for president</a>. He died the following morning at the age of forty-two.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of Robert's death, Kennedy made his last public appearance when he, his wife, and son Ted made a filmed message to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died at home in Hyannis Port the following year on November 18, 1969, two days before what would have been Robert's 44th birthday. He was 81 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had outlived four of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at <a href="/wiki/Holyhood_Cemetery" title="Holyhood Cemetery">Holyhood Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a>, Massachusetts. Kennedy's widow Rose is buried next to him following her death in 1995 at age 104, as is their daughter Rosemary in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/generations-kennedy-family/">"Generations of the Kennedy Family | American Experience | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Generations+of+the+Kennedy+Family+%26%23124%3B+American+Experience+%26%23124%3B+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgenerations-kennedy-family%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-P-Kennedy">"Joseph Kennedy | Biography, Facts, & Family"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. September 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Joseph+Kennedy+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Family&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJoseph-P-Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilty2000" class="citation book cs1">Hilty, James (April 4, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QpECR5E7_0C&q=joseph+kennedy+boston+latin+class+president&pg=PA11"><i>Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector</i></a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566397667" title="Special:BookSources/9781566397667"><bdi>9781566397667</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+Brother+Protector&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000-04-04&rft.isbn=9781566397667&rft.aulast=Hilty&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QpECR5E7_0C%26q%3Djoseph%2Bkennedy%2Bboston%2Blatin%2Bclass%2Bpresident%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonHalus2014" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William E.; Halus, Eugene J. Jr. (November 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujm2BQAAQBAJ&q=joseph+p.+kennedy+sr.+graduate+harvard+1912&pg=PA118"><i>Irish Americans: The History and Culture of a People: The History and Culture of a People</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610694674" title="Special:BookSources/9781610694674"><bdi>9781610694674</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Americans%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+People%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+People&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.isbn=9781610694674&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Halus%2C+Eugene+J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dujm2BQAAQBAJ%26q%3Djoseph%2Bp.%2Bkennedy%2Bsr.%2Bgraduate%2Bharvard%2B1912%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eonline.com/news/1046837/how-the-kennedy-dynasty-has-endured-in-the-wake-of-so-much-scandal-and-tragedy">"All the Tragedy That Has Led to Belief in a Kennedy Curse"</a>. <i>E! Online</i>. August 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E%21+Online&rft.atitle=All+the+Tragedy+That+Has+Led+to+Belief+in+a+Kennedy+Curse&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eonline.com%2Fnews%2F1046837%2Fhow-the-kennedy-dynasty-has-endured-in-the-wake-of-so-much-scandal-and-tragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nasaw, <i>The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy</i> (2012) pp. 168–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2010" class="citation news cs1">Okrent, Daniel (April 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/04/26/the-kennedy-bootlegging-myth.html">"The Biggest Kennedy Myth"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Biggest+Kennedy+Myth&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F04%2F26%2Fthe-kennedy-bootlegging-myth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw,_pp._79–81-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw,_pp._79–81_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw,_pp._79–81_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amortization.org/inflation/amount.php?year=1957&amount=300000000#:~:text=%24300%2C000%2C000%20in%201957%20%3D%20%243%2C226%2C054%2C347.82%20in%202023">"What is $300,000,000 in 1957 worth in 2023?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%24300%2C000%2C000+in+1957+worth+in+2023%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amortization.org%2Finflation%2Famount.php%3Fyear%3D1957%26amount%3D300000000%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%2524300%252C000%252C000%2520in%25201957%2520%253D%2520%25243%252C226%252C054%252C347.82%2520in%25202023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1957" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, Richard Austin (November 1, 1957). "The Fifty-Million-Dollar Man". <i>Fortune</i>. sidebar: "America's Biggest Fortunes".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=The+Fifty-Million-Dollar+Man&rft.pages=sidebar%3A+%22America%27s+Biggest+Fortunes%22&rft.date=1957-11-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Kennedy_-_JFK_Library_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/joseph-p-kennedy">"Joseph P. Kennedy - JFK Library"</a>. <i>www.jfklibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jfklibrary.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+-+JFK+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Fjoseph-p-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2003" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Robert (2003). <i>An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917 - 1963</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Life%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+1917+-+1963&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-rise-to-prominence-john-f-kennedy-s-patriarchal-lineage.htm">"A Rise to Prominence: John F. Kennedy's Paternal Lineage"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=A+Rise+to+Prominence%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%27s+Paternal+Lineage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fa-rise-to-prominence-john-f-kennedy-s-patriarchal-lineage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2021" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2021). <i>JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956</i>. Random House. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+Coming+of+Age+in+the+American+Century%2C+1917-1956&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beverly Gage, <i>The Day Wall Street Exploded</i>, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernuth2018" class="citation web cs1">Bernuth, Lauren Von (March 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182623/https://medium.com/citizen-truth/joseph-kennedy-how-he-built-the-kennedy-family-fortune-through-insider-trading-85fb362af368">"Joseph Kennedy & How He Built The Kennedy Family Fortune Through Insider Trading"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/citizen-truth/joseph-kennedy-how-he-built-the-kennedy-family-fortune-through-insider-trading-85fb362af368">the original</a> on October 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Kennedy+%26+How+He+Built+The+Kennedy+Family+Fortune+Through+Insider+Trading&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Bernuth&rft.aufirst=Lauren+Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fcitizen-truth%2Fjoseph-kennedy-how-he-built-the-kennedy-family-fortune-through-insider-trading-85fb362af368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Ron. <i>The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance</i>. Grove Atlantic. p. 307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Morgan%3A+An+American+Banking+Dynasty+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Finance&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Grove+Atlantic&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald2021" class="citation book cs1">Ronald, Susan (2021). <i>The Ambassador: Joseph P. Kennedy at the Court of St. James's 1938-1940</i>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambassador%3A+Joseph+P.+Kennedy+at+the+Court+of+St.+James%27s+1938-1940&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ronald&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiller2020" class="citation book cs1">Shiller, Robert J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdPgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691212074" title="Special:BookSources/9780691212074"><bdi>9780691212074</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Economics%3A+How+Stories+Go+Viral+and+Drive+Major+Economic+Events&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780691212074&rft.aulast=Shiller&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdPgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215132139/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837295,00.html">"Essay: The Merits of Speculation"</a>, <i>Time</i>, September 22, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 92, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2003" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Robert (2003). <i>An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917 - 1963</i>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Life%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+1917+-+1963&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Black, Conrad (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896563">"The Peculiar Life of Joseph Kennedy"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i>. No. 122. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896563">42896563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=The+Peculiar+Life+of+Joseph+Kennedy&rft.issue=122&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42896563%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42896563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_23-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_23_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beauchamp, Cari (2009) <i>Joseph Kennedy Presents: His Hollywood Years</i> p. 23, Knopf, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4000-1">978-1-4000-4000-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1987). <i>The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys</i>. St. Martin's Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">345–</span>46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fitzgeralds+and+the+Kennedys&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_J._Whalen_1964-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_J._Whalen_1964_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_J._Whalen_1964_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Whalen, <i>The Founding Father</i>, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupert2012" class="citation book cs1">Haupert, Michael J. (2012). <i>Entertainment Industry: A Reference Handbook</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertainment+Industry%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Haupert&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnger1984" class="citation book cs1">Anger, Kenneth (1984). <i>Hollywood Babylon II</i>. New York: E. P. Dutton, Inc. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Babylon+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Anger&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2010" class="citation book cs1">Beauchamp, Cari (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=af34NLTZZWcC&q=eunice+pringle+pantages&pg=PA297"><i>Joseph P. Kennedy Presents: His Hollywood Years</i></a>. Vintage Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">297–</span>298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47522-0"><bdi>978-0-307-47522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Presents%3A+His+Hollywood+Years&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-47522-0&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Cari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daf34NLTZZWcC%26q%3Deunice%2Bpringle%2Bpantages%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp,_Cari_2009_p_263-5_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beauchamp, Cari (2009) <i>Joseph Kennedy Presents: His Hollywood Years</i> pp. 263–5, Knopf, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4000-1">978-1-4000-4000-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos2023" class="citation web cs1">Roos, Dave (April 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/joseph-kennedy-wealth-alcohol-prohibition">"How Joseph Kennedy Made His Fortune (Hint: It Wasn't Bootlegging)"</a>. <i>History.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=How+Joseph+Kennedy+Made+His+Fortune+%28Hint%3A+It+Wasn%27t+Bootlegging%29&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fjoseph-kennedy-wealth-alcohol-prohibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm%3Fid%3D56C8AB41-DA67-46E5-8153-CBD870671268">"Smashing Mythology: Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. and Bootlegging"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Smashing+Mythology%3A+Joseph+Patrick+Kennedy+Sr.+and+Bootlegging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmedia%2Fvideo%2Fview.htm%253Fid%253D56C8AB41-DA67-46E5-8153-CBD870671268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/kennedy-wealth/">"The Kennedy Wealth"</a>. <i>PBS American Experience</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+American+Experience&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Wealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fkennedy-wealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEgEAAAAMBAJ&q=Joe+Kennedy+real+estate&pg=PA70"><i>How Joe Kennedy Made His Millons</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>. January 25, 1963. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Joe+Kennedy+Made+His+Millons&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Life&rft.date=1963-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEgEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DJoe%2BKennedy%2Breal%2Bestate%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1945/07/22/archives/big-mart-bought-by-joseph-kennedy-chicagos-merchandise-block-is.html">"Big 'Mart' Bought by Joseph Kennedy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 22, 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Big+%27Mart%27+Bought+by+Joseph+Kennedy&rft.date=1945-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1945%2F07%2F22%2Farchives%2Fbig-mart-bought-by-joseph-kennedy-chicagos-merchandise-block-is.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langton-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langton_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Langton, "End of the house that Joe built". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i> via the <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>, March 22, 1998: A10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Nunzio2011" class="citation book cs1">Di Nunzio, Mario R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rfPy7eXTEkC&pg=PA55"><i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Third American Revolution</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313392832" title="Special:BookSources/9780313392832"><bdi>9780313392832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+and+the+Third+American+Revolution&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313392832&rft.aulast=Di+Nunzio&rft.aufirst=Mario+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rfPy7eXTEkC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nassau, <i>The Patriarch</i>, pp. 219–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/joseph-p-kennedy">"Joseph P. Kennedy – JFK Library"</a>. <i>www.jfklibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jfklibrary.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+%E2%80%93+JFK+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Fjoseph-p-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sechistorical.org/">"Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society"</a>. <i>www.sechistorical.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sechistorical.org&rft.atitle=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sechistorical.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer 93; Brinkley 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maier pp. 103–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith pp. 122, 171, 379, 502; Alan Brinkley, <i>Voices of Protest</i> (1984) p. 127; Michael Kazin, <i>The Populist Persuasion</i> (1995) pp. 109, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoEllen_M_Vinyard2011" class="citation book cs1">JoEllen M Vinyard (June 7, 2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightinmichigans0000viny"><i>Right in Michigan's Grassroots: From the KKK to the Michigan Militia</i></a></span>. University of Michigan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightinmichigans0000viny/page/148">148</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2018</span>. <q>kennedy coughlin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+in+Michigan%27s+Grassroots%3A+From+the+KKK+to+the+Michigan+Militia&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.au=JoEllen+M+Vinyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightinmichigans0000viny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedyfailure-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedyfailure_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedyfailure_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/697">"Joseph Kennedy and the Jews"</a> Edward Renehan, Jr., History News Network, accessed July 21, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maier2009-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maier2009_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2009" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Thomas (March 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17F5wKC_rtgC&pg=PT498"><i>The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings: A Five-Generation History of the Ultimate Irish-Catholic Family</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. 498–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4016-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-4016-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedys%3A+America%27s+Emerald+Kings%3A+A+Five-Generation+History+of+the+Ultimate+Irish-Catholic+Family&rft.pages=498-&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-4016-1&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17F5wKC_rtgC%26pg%3DPT498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1992" class="citation web cs1">Whitehead, Philip (October 11, 1992). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-bootleg-politician-he-could-have-anything-he-wanted-except-the-thing-he-wanted-most-so-joe-1556722.html">"The bootleg politician: He could have anything he wanted, except the thing he wanted most. So Joe Kennedy used his money and the vast influence it bought to promote the next generation. But how had he made the fortune that bought the presidency?"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-bootleg-politician-he-could-have-anything-he-wanted-except-the-thing-he-wanted-most-so-joe-1556722.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+bootleg+politician%3A+He+could+have+anything+he+wanted%2C+except+the+thing+he+wanted+most.+So+Joe+Kennedy+used+his+money+and+the+vast+influence+it+bought+to+promote+the+next+generation.+But+how+had+he+made+the+fortune+that+bought+the+presidency%3F&rft.date=1992-10-11&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fthe-bootleg-politician-he-could-have-anything-he-wanted-except-the-thing-he-wanted-most-so-joe-1556722.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2020" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Graham M. (April 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQLoDwAAQBAJ&q=%22joseph+kennedy%22+moved+country+blitz&pg=PA158"><i>The Secret US Plan to Overthrow the British Empire: War Plan Red</i></a>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526712059" title="Special:BookSources/9781526712059"><bdi>9781526712059</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+US+Plan+to+Overthrow+the+British+Empire%3A+War+Plan+Red&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.isbn=9781526712059&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Graham+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQLoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522joseph%2Bkennedy%2522%2Bmoved%2Bcountry%2Bblitz%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2014" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Thomas (October 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm2BAwAAQBAJ&q=%22I+thought+my+daffodils+were+yellow+until+I+met+Joe+Kennedy.%22&pg=PT257"><i>When Lions Roar: The Churchills and the Kennedys</i></a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307956811" title="Special:BookSources/9780307956811"><bdi>9780307956811</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Lions+Roar%3A+The+Churchills+and+the+Kennedys&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.isbn=9780307956811&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPm2BAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522I%2Bthought%2Bmy%2Bdaffodils%2Bwere%2Byellow%2Buntil%2BI%2Bmet%2BJoe%2BKennedy.%2522%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2019" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Blaine T. (October 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJelDwAAQBAJ&q=%22joseph+kennedy%22+british+reputation+defeatist&pg=PA31"><i>Mighty Endeavor: The American Nation and World War II</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538114919" title="Special:BookSources/9781538114919"><bdi>9781538114919</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mighty+Endeavor%3A+The+American+Nation+and+World+War+II&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.isbn=9781538114919&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Blaine+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJelDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522joseph%2Bkennedy%2522%2Bbritish%2Breputation%2Bdefeatist%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=20"><i>Eyewitness."</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, pp. 564–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hersh 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hersh_63-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hersh_63_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hersh_63_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hersh 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdr.blogs.archives.gov/2013/11/22/the-roosevelts-and-the-kennedys/">"The Roosevelts and the Kennedys"</a>. <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</i>. November 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Roosevelts+and+the+Kennedys&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdr.blogs.archives.gov%2F2013%2F11%2F22%2Fthe-roosevelts-and-the-kennedys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Boston Sunday Globe</i>, November 10, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1993" class="citation book cs1">Davis, John H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngbia3tOBQIC&pg=PA94"><i>The Kennedys: Dynasty and Disaster</i></a>. S.P.I. Books. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56171-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56171-060-7"><bdi>978-1-56171-060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedys%3A+Dynasty+and+Disaster&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=S.P.I.+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56171-060-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dngbia3tOBQIC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hersh 64; Renehan 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renehan 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renehan 26–27; Leamer 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renehan, "Joseph Kennedy and the Jews".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, Thomas. <i>The New Dealers' War: F.D.R. And The War Within World War II</i>, Basic Books, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renehan 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2021" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2021). <i>JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956</i>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+Coming+of+Age+in+the+American+Century%2C+1917-1956&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Smith, ed., <i>Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy</i>, pp. 408–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, pp. 492–96, quote p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer pp. 152–53; William E. Leuchtenburg, <i>In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush</i> (2001) pp. 68–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer pp 313, 434; Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. <i>American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley -- His Battle for Chicago and the Nation</i> (2001) p. 250; Timothy J. Meagher. <i>The Columbia Guide to Irish American History</i> (2005) p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leuchtenburg2001-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leuchtenburg2001_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Edward_Leuchtenburg2001" class="citation book cs1">William Edward Leuchtenburg (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inshadowoffdrfro00leuc_0"><i>In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inshadowoffdrfro00leuc_0/page/80">80</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8737-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8737-4"><bdi>0-8014-8737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+FDR%3A+From+Harry+Truman+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-8737-4&rft.au=William+Edward+Leuchtenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finshadowoffdrfro00leuc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kakutani19960524-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kakutani19960524_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani,_Michiko1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Kakutani, Michiko</a> (May 24, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/24/books/books-of-the-times-kennedy-and-nixon-an-uneasy-relationship.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Kennedy and Nixon: An Uneasy Relationship"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kennedy+and+Nixon%3A+An+Uneasy+Relationship&rft.date=1996-05-24&rft.au=Kakutani%2C+Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F05%2F24%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-of-the-times-kennedy-and-nixon-an-uneasy-relationship.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_O_2005-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_O_2005_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael O'Brien, <i>John F. Kennedy: A Biography</i> (2005), 250–54, 274–79, 396–400; Thomas C. Reeves, <i>The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy</i> (1982), 442–3; Maier, <i>The Kennedys</i> 270–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171329/http://www.presidentsparents.com/parents-at-the-inaugurations.html">"Parents at the Inaugurations – Presidents' Parents"</a>. Presidentsparents.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidentsparents.com/parents-at-the-inaugurations.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parents+at+the+Inaugurations+%E2%80%93+Presidents%27+Parents&rft.pub=Presidentsparents.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentsparents.com%2Fparents-at-the-inaugurations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2012" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Cari (January 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/12/kennedy-200412">"Two Sons, One Destiny"</a>. <i>The Hive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hive&rft.atitle=Two+Sons%2C+One+Destiny&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Cari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F12%2Fkennedy-200412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Graham, James (October 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3462557/kennedy-wedding/">"The Wedding That Changed American History"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Wedding+That+Changed+American+History&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3462557%2Fkennedy-wedding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCosta-Klipa2017" class="citation web cs1">DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (May 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/history/2017/05/17/meet-honey-fitz-the-pixielike-mayor-of-boston-and-jfks-grandfather">"Meet Honey Fitz: The 'pixie like' mayor of Boston (and JFK's grandfather)"</a>. <i>Boston.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston.com&rft.atitle=Meet+Honey+Fitz%3A+The+%27pixie+like%27+mayor+of+Boston+%28and+JFK%27s+grandfather%29&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.aulast=DeCosta-Klipa&rft.aufirst=Nik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fhistory%2F2017%2F05%2F17%2Fmeet-honey-fitz-the-pixielike-mayor-of-boston-and-jfks-grandfather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy">"Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy"</a>. <i>John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Rose+Fitzgerald+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frose-fitzgerald-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasaw, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/eunice-kennedy-shrivers-death-leaves-2-living-kennedy-siblings">"Eunice Kennedy Shriver's Death Leaves 2 Living Kennedy Siblings"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. March 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Eunice+Kennedy+Shriver%27s+Death+Leaves+2+Living+Kennedy+Siblings&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Feunice-kennedy-shrivers-death-leaves-2-living-kennedy-siblings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaranauckas2009" class="citation news cs1">Baranauckas, Carla (August 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/us/12shriver.html">"Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Influential Founder of Special Olympics, Dies at 88"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eunice+Kennedy+Shriver%2C+Influential+Founder+of+Special+Olympics%2C+Dies+at+88&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.aulast=Baranauckas&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F12%2Fus%2F12shriver.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/last-surviving-kennedy-child-writes-about-growing-up-a-kennedy">"Last living sibling of John F. Kennedy celebrates her 91st birthday"</a>. <i>IrishCentral.com</i>. February 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Last+living+sibling+of+John+F.+Kennedy+celebrates+her+91st+birthday&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2Flast-surviving-kennedy-child-writes-about-growing-up-a-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/ROFKPP">"Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Personal Papers"</a>. <i>John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Rose+Fitzgerald+Kennedy+Personal+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fasset-viewer%2Farchives%2FROFKPP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jeffery K. (2010). <i>Bad Blood: Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy, and the Tumultuous 1960s</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452084435" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452084435"><bdi>978-1452084435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+Blood%3A+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%2C+Robert+F.+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Tumultuous+1960s&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1452084435&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeil2016" class="citation news cs1">Heil, Emily (July 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/07/11/new-kick-kennedy-bio-recounts-her-fathers-affairs-with-hollywood-actresses/">"New Kick Kennedy bio recounts her father's affairs with Hollywood actresses"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Kick+Kennedy+bio+recounts+her+father%27s+affairs+with+Hollywood+actresses&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Heil&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Freliable-source%2Fwp%2F2016%2F07%2F11%2Fnew-kick-kennedy-bio-recounts-her-fathers-affairs-with-hollywood-actresses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-02-14-bk-42841-story.html">"Kennedy and Swanson, as if We Didn't Know: AND JOE The Star-Crossed Love Affair of Gloria Swanson and Joe Kennedy by Axel Madsen (William Morrow/Arbor House: $18.95; 328 pp., illustrated)"</a>. February 14, 1988 – via Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kennedy+and+Swanson%2C+as+if+We+Didn%27t+Know%3A+AND+JOE+The+Star-Crossed+Love+Affair+of+Gloria+Swanson+and+Joe+Kennedy+by+Axel+Madsen+%28William+Morrow%2FArbor+House%3A+%2418.95%3B+328+pp.%2C+illustrated%29&rft.date=1988-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-02-14-bk-42841-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2009" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Cari (February 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/03/dietrich-kennedy200903">"It Happened at the Hotel du Cap"</a>. <i>The Hive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hive&rft.atitle=It+Happened+at+the+Hotel+du+Cap&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Cari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F03%2Fdietrich-kennedy200903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosenball1997" class="citation web cs1">Hosenball, Mark (October 5, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/jfk-marilyn-hoax-174044">"The JFK–Marilyn Hoax"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+JFK%E2%80%93Marilyn+Hoax&rft.date=1997-10-05&rft.aulast=Hosenball&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fjfk-marilyn-hoax-174044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013205-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013205_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelsch2013">Welsch 2013</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013237-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsch2013237_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelsch2013">Welsch 2013</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2002" class="citation book cs1">Block, Jennie Weiss (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq7lwuQVQ4sC&q=rosemary+kennedy+violent+outbursts&pg=PA56"><i>Copious hosting: a theology of access for people with disabilities</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826413499" title="Special:BookSources/9780826413499"><bdi>9780826413499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copious+hosting%3A+a+theology+of+access+for+people+with+disabilities&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780826413499&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Jennie+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq7lwuQVQ4sC%26q%3Drosemary%2Bkennedy%2Bviolent%2Boutbursts%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/article/rosemary-kennedy-timothy-shriver-fully-alive">"Rosemary Kennedy: The Truth About Her Lobotomy"</a>. <i>People</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy%3A+The+Truth+About+Her+Lobotomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Farticle%2Frosemary-kennedy-timothy-shriver-fully-alive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2018" class="citation web cs1">McNeil, Liz (September 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/politics/untold-story-of-rosemary-kennedy-and-her-disastrous-lobotomy/">"The Untold Story of JFK's Sister, Rosemary Kennedy, and Her Disastrous Lobotomy"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Story+of+JFK%27s+Sister%2C+Rosemary+Kennedy%2C+and+Her+Disastrous+Lobotomy&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fpolitics%2Funtold-story-of-rosemary-kennedy-and-her-disastrous-lobotomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2015" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Meryl (October 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/books/review/rosemary-the-hidden-kennedy-daughter-by-kate-clifford-larson.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter,' by Kate Clifford Larson"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Rosemary%3A+The+Hidden+Kennedy+Daughter%2C%27+by+Kate+Clifford+Larson&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Meryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Frosemary-the-hidden-kennedy-daughter-by-kate-clifford-larson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-exiled-kennedy-486688.html">"The exiled Kennedy"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. January 15, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-exiled-kennedy-486688.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+exiled+Kennedy&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fthe-exiled-kennedy-486688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2018" class="citation web cs1">McNeil, Liz (September 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/politics/letters-jfk-sister-rosemary-kennedy-lobotomy/">"Unseen Letters from JFK's Sister Rosemary, Who Underwent a Lobotomy, Reveal Depth of Her 'Loss'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Unseen+Letters+from+JFK%27s+Sister+Rosemary%2C+Who+Underwent+a+Lobotomy%2C+Reveal+Depth+of+Her+%27Loss%27&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fpolitics%2Fletters-jfk-sister-rosemary-kennedy-lobotomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2005" class="citation news cs1">Cornwell, Rupert (January 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rosemary-kennedy-6155200.html">"Obituaries: Rosemary Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rosemary-kennedy-6155200.html">the original</a></span> on June 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Rosemary+Kennedy&rft.date=2005-01-10&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Frosemary-kennedy-6155200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, Ronald, <i>The Sins of the Father</i>, Warner Books, 1996, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2009" class="citation web cs1">Henley, Jon (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/13/eunice-kennedy-shriver-rosemary-kennedy">"The Forgotten Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Kennedy&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Faug%2F13%2Feunice-kennedy-shriver-rosemary-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer, p. 412, and caption to photo of the house facing p. 650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierHorowitz1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Collier_(political_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Collier (political author)">Collier, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz, David</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedysamerica00coll/page/116"><i>The Kennedys</i></a>. Summit Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedysamerica00coll/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44793-9"><bdi>978-0-671-44793-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedys&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44793-9&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkennedysamerica00coll%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-people.com-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-people.com_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-people.com_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2015" class="citation web cs1">McNeil, Liz (September 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/books/why-rosemary-kennedys-siblings-didnt-see-her-after-her-lobotomy/">"Why Rosemary Kennedy's Siblings Didn't See Her for 20 Years After Her Lobotomy"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Why+Rosemary+Kennedy%27s+Siblings+Didn%27t+See+Her+for+20+Years+After+Her+Lobotomy&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fbooks%2Fwhy-rosemary-kennedys-siblings-didnt-see-her-after-her-lobotomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Dowd2020" class="citation web cs1">O'Dowd, Niall (November 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/niallodowd/sad-dreadful-life-Rosemary-Kennedy-revealed.html">"Remembering the sad and dreadful life of Rosemary Kennedy"</a>. <i>IrishCentral.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+sad+and+dreadful+life+of+Rosemary+Kennedy&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft.aulast=O%27Dowd&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fopinion%2Fniallodowd%2Fsad-dreadful-life-Rosemary-Kennedy-revealed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480698/Sister-of-President-John-F-Kennedy-dies.html">"Sister of President John F Kennedy dies"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. January 8, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480698/Sister-of-President-John-F-Kennedy-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sister+of+President+John+F+Kennedy+dies&rft.date=2005-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1480698%2FSister-of-President-John-F-Kennedy-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shorter,_Edward_32–33-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shorter,_Edward_32–33_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorter,_Edward2000" class="citation book cs1">Shorter, Edward (2000). <i>The Kennedy Family and the History of Mental Retardation</i>. Temple University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566397839" title="Special:BookSources/1566397839"><bdi>1566397839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Family+and+the+History+of+Mental+Retardation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1566397839&rft.au=Shorter%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murawski-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murawski_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurawski,_Wendy_W.Spencer,_Sally2011" class="citation book cs1">Murawski, Wendy W.; Spencer, Sally (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZiP_G3QK1cC&pg=PA3"><i>Collaborate, Communicate, and Differentiate!: How to Increase Student Learning in Today's Diverse Schools</i></a>. Corwin Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412981842" title="Special:BookSources/9781412981842"><bdi>9781412981842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collaborate%2C+Communicate%2C+and+Differentiate%21%3A+How+to+Increase+Student+Learning+in+Today%27s+Diverse+Schools&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Corwin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412981842&rft.au=Murawski%2C+Wendy+W.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZiP_G3QK1cC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-People:_May_22,_1964-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-People:_May_22,_1964_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-People:_May_22,_1964_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902075512/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871108,00.html">"People: May 22, 1964"</a>, <i>Time</i>, May 22, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/slideshow/rfk-50-years-later-look-back-assassination-bobby-kennedy-n880621">"RFK 50 years later: A look back at the assassination of Bobby Kennedy"</a>. NBC News. June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFK+50+years+later%3A+A+look+back+at+the+assassination+of+Bobby+Kennedy&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fslideshow%2Frfk-50-years-later-look-back-assassination-bobby-kennedy-n880621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6g8V9WsRpU">"Edward & Rose Kennedy thanks the nation following Robert F. Kennedy's assassination"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. June 15, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/_6g8V9WsRpU">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Edward+%26+Rose+Kennedy+thanks+the+nation+following+Robert+F.+Kennedy%27s+assassination&rft.date=1968-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_6g8V9WsRpU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani2012" class="citation news cs1">Kakutani, Michiko (November 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/books/david-nasaws-patriarch-on-joseph-p-kennedy.html">"David Nasaw's 'Patriarch,' on Joseph P. Kennedy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Nasaw%27s+%27Patriarch%2C%27+on+Joseph+P.+Kennedy&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F30%2Fbooks%2Fdavid-nasaws-patriarch-on-joseph-p-kennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, Richard (November 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2012/11/13/joseph-kennedy-biography-book-review/">"Sins of the Father"</a>. <i>BostonMagazine.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BostonMagazine.com&rft.atitle=Sins+of+the+Father&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonmagazine.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F13%2Fjoseph-kennedy-biography-book-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzAndersen2011" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Alex; Andersen, Travis (September 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2011/09/22/friends_family_bid_farewell_to_kara_kennedy_in_washington_brookline/">"Friends, family bid farewell to Kennedy in D.C., Brookline"</a>. <i>Boston.com</i> – via The Boston Globe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston.com&rft.atitle=Friends%2C+family+bid+farewell+to+Kennedy+in+D.C.%2C+Brookline&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Farticles%2F2011%2F09%2F22%2Ffriends_family_bid_farewell_to_kara_kennedy_in_washington_brookline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Brinkley, Alvin. <i>Voices of Protest</i>. Vintage, 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris K.</a> <i>The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga</i>. Simon & Schuster, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Hersh, Seymour</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Camelot" title="The Dark Side of Camelot">The Dark Side of Camelot</a></i>. Back Bay Books, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Kessler, Ronald</a>. <i>The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded</i>. Warner, 1996</li> <li>Leamer, Laurence. <i>The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963</i>. Harper, 2002.</li> <li>Logevall, Fredrik. <i>JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Coming-American-Century-1917-1956/dp/0812997131/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Maier, Thomas. <i>The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings</i>. Basic Books, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nasaw" title="David Nasaw">Nasaw, David</a>. <i>The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy.</i> The Penguin Press, 2012; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Patriarch-Remarkable-Turbulent-Joseph-Kennedy/dp/0143124072/">excerpt</a></li> <li>O'Brien, Michael. <i>John F. Kennedy: A Biography</i>. St Martin's Press, 2005.</li> <li>Renehan, Edward. <i>The Kennedys at War: 1937–1945</i>. Doubleday, 2002.</li> <li>Renehan, Edward. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/697">Joseph Kennedy and the Jews</a>". <i>History News Network</i>. April 29, 2002.</li> <li>Ronald, Susan. <i>The Ambassador: Joseph P. Kennedy at the Court of St. James's 1938-1940</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ambassador-Joseph-Kennedy-Jamess-1938-1940/dp/1250238722/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Schwarz, Ted. <i>Joseph P. Kennedy: The Mogul, the Mob, the Statesman, and the Making of an American Myth</i>. Wiley, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Welsch, Tricia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/26271"><i>Gloria Swanson: Ready for Her Close-Up</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62103-991-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62103-991-4"><bdi>978-1-62103-991-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloria+Swanson%3A+Ready+for+Her+Close-Up&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62103-991-4&rft.aulast=Welsch&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F26271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>Whalen, Richard J. <i>The Founding Father: The Story of Joseph P. Kennedy</i>. The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1964.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smith, Amanda (ed.). <i>Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy</i>. Viking, 2001, the major collection of letters to and from Kennedy</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0448132/">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/peopleevents/p_joe.html">The Kennedys – PBS Special</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306184151/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/peopleevents/p_joe.html">Archived</a> March 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Joseph%20P.%20%28Joe%29%20Kennedy%2C%20Sr.">FBI files on Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/style/features/2009/03/dietrich-kennedy200903">Affair with Marlene Dietrich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box3/folo38.html">Correspondence with the Secretary of State at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/572">"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr.&rft.pub=Find+a+Grave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fmemorial%2F572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009407">Newspaper clippings about Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> </b><br />1934–1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James M. Landis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Worth_Bingham" title="Robert Worth Bingham">Robert Worth Bingham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1938–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Winant" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Winant">John G. Winant</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="Template:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="Template talk:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">United States Securities and Exchange Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">Landis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Frank" title="Jerome Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Eicher" title="Edward C. Eicher">Eicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganson_Purcell" title="Ganson Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Caffrey" title="James J. Caffrey">Caffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_M._Hanrahan" title="Edmond M. Hanrahan">Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_A._McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry A. McDonald (page does not exist)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Cook" title="Donald C. Cook">D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Demmler" title="Ralph H. Demmler">Demmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sinclair_Armstrong" title="J. Sinclair Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Gadsby" title="Edward N. Gadsby">Gadsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Cary" title="William L. Cary">Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_F._Cohen" title="Manuel F. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamer_H._Budge" title="Hamer H. Budge">Budge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Bradford_Cook" title="G. Bradford Cook">B. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Garrett,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Garrett, Jr.">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_M._Hills" title="Roderick M. Hills">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Williams" title="Harold M. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S.R._Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="John S.R. Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sturtevant_Ruder" title="David Sturtevant Ruder">Ruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Breeden" title="Richard C. Breeden">Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Levitt" title="Arthur Levitt">Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pitt" title="Harvey Pitt">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Donaldson" title="William H. Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cox" title="Christopher Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Schapiro" title="Mary Schapiro">Schapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisse_B._Walter" title="Elisse B. Walter">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_White" title="Mary Jo White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Clayton_(attorney)" title="Jay Clayton (attorney)">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gensler" title="Gary Gensler">Gensler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template:US ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template talk:US ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1785–1811)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Pickney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys Extraordinary and <br />Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1815–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Lawrence" title="William Beach Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Welsh_(diplomat)" title="John Welsh (diplomat)">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Phelps" title="Edward John Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassadors Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary to <br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hodges_Choate" title="Joseph Hodges Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan_Harvey" title="George Brinton McClellan Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanson_B._Houghton" title="Alanson B. Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Worth_Bingham" title="Robert Worth Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant" title="John Gilbert Winant">Winant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas" title="Lewis Williams Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sherman_Gifford" title="Walter Sherman Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_W._Aldrich" title="Winthrop W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Annenberg" title="Walter Annenberg">Annenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster_Jr." title="Kingman Brewster Jr.">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Louis_Jr." title="John J. Louis Jr.">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Price_II" title="Charles H. Price II">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Catto_Jr." title="Henry E. Catto Jr.">Catto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_G._H._Seitz" title="Raymond G. H. Seitz">Seitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Lader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stamps_Farish_III" title="William Stamps Farish III">Farish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Tuttle" title="Robert H. Tuttle">Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Susman" title="Louis Susman">Susman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barzun" title="Matthew Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Johnson" title="Woody Johnson">W. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. Hartley">Hartley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy1003" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy1003" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Park" title="Love Park">Love Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy636" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senator from New York, 1965–1968</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">1948 Palestine visit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy#Civil_rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Civil rights</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">Baldwin–Kennedy meeting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark%27s_and_Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_tour_of_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta tour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill home</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/135px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/180px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">1964 U.S. Senate election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boiler_Room_Girls" title="Boiler Room Girls">Boiler Room Girls</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Law Day Address</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">Day of Affirmation Address</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Vietnam_and_at_Home" title="Conflict in Vietnam and at Home">Conflict in Vietnam and at Home</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_remarks_at_the_University_of_Kansas" title="Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_at_Ball_State_University" title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech at Ball State University">Ball State</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">"On the Mindless Menace of Violence"</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)"><i>The Enemy Within</i></a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Justice" title="The Pursuit of Justice"><i>The Pursuit of Justice</i></a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/To_Seek_a_Newer_World" title="To Seek a Newer World"><i>To Seek a Newer World</i></a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)"><i>Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</i></a> (1969)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Grave of Robert F. Kennedy">Gravesite</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_silver_dollar" title="Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar">Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Human Rights Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Journalism Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Center_for_Justice_and_Human_Rights#Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights">Book Award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn Memorial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Community_Schools" title="Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools">Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media" title="Robert F. Kennedy in media">Robert F. Kennedy in media</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment"><i>Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</i></a> (1963 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_Remembered" title="Robert Kennedy Remembered"><i>Robert Kennedy Remembered</i></a> (1968 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">"Abraham, Martin and John"</a> (1968 song)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October"><i>The Missiles of October</i></a> (1974 docudrama)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(1983_miniseries)" title="Kennedy (1983 miniseries)"><i>Kennedy</i></a> (1983 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blood_Feud_(1983_film)" title="Blood Feud (1983 film)"><i>Blood Feud</i></a> (1983 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jack" title="Prince Jack"><i>Prince Jack</i></a> (1985 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_and_His_Times" title="Robert Kennedy and His Times"><i>Robert Kennedy and His Times</i></a> (1985 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hoover_vs._The_Kennedys" title="Hoover vs. The Kennedys"><i>Hoover vs. The Kennedys</i></a> (1987 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)"><i>Thirteen Days</i></a> (2000 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RFK_(film)" title="RFK (film)"><i>RFK</i></a> (2002 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)" title="Bobby (2006 film)"><i>Bobby</i></a> (2006 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RFK_Must_Die" title="RFK Must Die"><i>RFK Must Die</i></a> (2007 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)"><i>The Kennedys</i></a> (2011 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_(film)" title="Ethel (film)"><i>Ethel</i></a> (2012 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film)" title="Killing Kennedy (film)">Killing Kennedy</a></i> (2013 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)"><i>Jackie</i></a> (2016 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Kennedy_for_President" title="Bobby Kennedy for President"><i>Bobby Kennedy for President</i></a> (2018 miniseries)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family,</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Genealogy" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Augusta Kennedy">Mary Augusta Kennedy</a> (grandmother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Robert F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ted_Kennedy432" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template talk:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ted_Kennedy432" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Electoral history of Ted Kennedy">Electoral<br />history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts">1962 (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1964 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1970 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1976 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1982 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2006 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Senator_and_Me" title="My Senator and Me"><i>My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C.</i></a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Compass" title="True Compass"><i>True Compass</i></a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">The Dream Shall Never Die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Family_tree" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett Kennedy</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie Kennedy</a> (second wife, widow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy II</a> (son)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy I</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Ted_Kennedy" title="List of awards and honors received by Ted Kennedy">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Political positions of Ted Kennedy">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Serve_America_Act" title="Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act">Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_incident" title="Chappaquiddick incident">Chappaquiddick incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Kopechne" title="Mary Jo Kopechne">Mary Jo Kopechne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Ireland_(U.S._Congress)" title="Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress)">Friends of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_(film)" title="Chappaquiddick (film)"><i>Chappaquiddick</i> (2018 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ted_Kennedy" title="Category:Ted Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_family97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_family" title="Template:Kennedy family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_family" title="Template talk:Kennedy family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_family97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">I.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P._J._Kennedy_(1858–1929)106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1858–1929)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">II.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr._(1888–1969)114" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1888–1969)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John F. Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eunice Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Patricia Kennedy <i>(m./div.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawford" title="Peter Lawford">Peter Lawford</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert F. Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jean Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Stephen Edward Smith</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy <i>(m./div. 1st)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett</a>; <i>(m. 2nd)</i> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">III.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1917–1963)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Schlossberg" title="Edwin Schlossberg">Edwin Schlossberg</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy" title="Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy">Carolyn Bessette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1921–2009)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Shriver" title="Bobby Shriver">Bobby Shriver</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Shriver" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a> <i>(m./div.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shriver" title="Timothy Shriver">Timothy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Mark Kennedy Shriver">Mark Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shriver" title="Anthony Shriver">Anthony Shriver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1924–2006)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lawford" title="Christopher Lawford">Christopher Lawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1925–1968)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph P. Kennedy II</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> <i>(m./sep.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson_Kennedy" title="Mary Richardson Kennedy">Mary Richardson</a> <i>(m. 3rd)</i> <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Hines" title="Cheryl Hines">Cheryl Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> <i>(m./div.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bailey_(writer)" title="Mark Bailey (writer)">Mark Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1928–2020)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Smith" title="William Kennedy Smith">William Kennedy Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1932–2009)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Kennedy" title="Amy Kennedy">Amy Savell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IV.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Schwarzenegger" title="Katherine Schwarzenegger">Katherine Schwarzenegger</a> <i>(m.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pratt" title="Chris Pratt">Chris Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger" title="Patrick Schwarzenegger">Patrick Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(museum)" title="The Kennedys (museum)">The Kennedys (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)"><i>The Kennedys</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys:_After_Camelot" title="The Kennedys: After Camelot">The Kennedys: After Camelot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kennedy_family" title="Category:Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>m. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313696#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080890824">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9958210">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45119/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxxfK6rkQ3rwTRmJ6Yfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118747002">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79126863">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12530645j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12530645j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620924">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35266219">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090202001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149073143">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97004669">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrx6bv4xdzh6j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631756405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276182405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05455063?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/889265">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118747002.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118747002">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034563105">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581186">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6959st1">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&oldid=1277019836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&oldid=1277019836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Category:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1888_births" title="Category:1888 births">1888 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_deaths" title="Category:1969 deaths">1969 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:20th-century American businesspeople">20th-century American businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_diplomats" title="Category:20th-century American diplomats">20th-century American diplomats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:20th-century American politicians">20th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_bankers" title="Category:American bankers">American bankers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_businesspeople_in_shipping" title="Category:American businesspeople in shipping">American businesspeople in shipping</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives_of_financial_services_companies" title="Category:American chief executives of financial services companies">American chief executives of financial services companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_drink_distillers" title="Category:American drink distillers">American drink distillers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_producers" title="Category:American film producers">American film producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_production_company_founders" title="Category:American film production company founders">American film production company founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_studio_executives" title="Category:American film studio executives">American film studio executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_financial_analysts" title="Category:American financial analysts">American financial analysts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_financiers" title="Category:American financiers">American financiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_investors" title="Category:American investors">American investors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_manufacturing_businesspeople" title="Category:American manufacturing businesspeople">American manufacturing businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_British_descent" title="Category:American people of British descent">American people of British descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_English_descent" title="Category:American people of English descent">American people of English descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Irish descent">American people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scottish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scottish descent">American people of Scottish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent">American people of Scotch-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_philanthropists" title="Category:American philanthropists">American philanthropists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_businesspeople_in_real_estate" title="Category:American businesspeople in real estate">American businesspeople in real estate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_retail_chief_executives" title="Category:American retail chief executives">American retail chief executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:American Roman Catholics">American Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_steel_industry_businesspeople" title="Category:American steel industry businesspeople">American steel industry businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_stock_traders" title="Category:American stock traders">American stock traders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Antisemitism in Massachusetts">Antisemitism in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bethlehem_Steel_people" title="Category:Bethlehem Steel people">Bethlehem Steel people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boston_Latin_School_alumni" title="Category:Boston Latin School alumni">Boston Latin School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Holyhood_Cemetery_(Brookline)" title="Category:Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)">Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Boston" title="Category:Businesspeople from Boston">Businesspeople from Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_politicians_from_Massachusetts" title="Category:Catholic politicians from Massachusetts">Catholic politicians from Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fathers_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Fathers of presidents of the United States">Fathers of presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federal_Maritime_Commission_members" title="Category:Federal Maritime Commission members">Federal Maritime Commission members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration_personnel" title="Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel">Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University_alumni" title="Category:Harvard University alumni">Harvard University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish-American_history" title="Category:Irish-American history">Irish-American history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kennedy_family" title="Category:Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Malta" title="Category:Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Democrats" title="Category:Massachusetts Democrats">Massachusetts Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-communists" title="Category:American anti-communists">American anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="Category:Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Boston" title="Category:Politicians from Boston">Politicians from Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Delta_Upsilon_members" title="Category:Delta Upsilon members">Delta Upsilon members</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2020">Use mdy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 04:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>37 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-955f5c9b8-qnqqq","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.485","walltime":"1.881","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24094,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":335640,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15263,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":398817,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1590.080 1 -total"," 27.83% 442.453 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.86% 363.562 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.93% 221.427 34 Template:Cite_book"," 12.83% 204.063 37 Template:Cite_web"," 7.61% 121.018 3 Template:Inflation-fn"," 7.44% 118.263 10 Template:Navbox"," 6.77% 107.581 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.91% 78.016 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.77% 59.965 6 Template:Inflation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.786","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12970909,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnger1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaranauckas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernuth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlock2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernow\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollierHorowitz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeCosta-Klipa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Nunzio2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaupert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeil2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilty2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosenball1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoEllen_M_Vinyard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakutani,_Michiko1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakutani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzAndersen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogevall2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurawski,_Wendy_W.Spencer,_Sally2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Dowd2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkrent2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoos2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorter,_Edward2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonHalus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelsch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Edward_Leuchtenburg2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 33,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Joseph P. Sr.\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Find a Grave\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatprice\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 6,\n [\"Inflation year\"] = 6,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"John F. Kennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"Kennedy family\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Robert F. Kennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-gov\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"SEC\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Ted Kennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to the UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-955f5c9b8-s8jn6","timestamp":"20250225171246","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q313696","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q313696","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-07T13:23:52Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T04:14:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"American businessman, politician and diplomat (1888\u20131969)"}</script> </body> </html>