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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Class system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_raids:_780s–850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_raids:_780s–850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viking raids: 780s–850</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viking_raids:_780s–850-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viking raids: 780s–850 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viking_raids:_780s–850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_runestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_runestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>England runestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_runestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_the_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_the_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Connection to the slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_the_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasure_hoards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasure_hoards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Treasure hoards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasure_hoards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_and_Danelaw:_865–954" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_and_Danelaw:_865–954"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Invasion and Danelaw: 865–954</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion_and_Danelaw:_865–954-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Invasion and Danelaw: 865–954 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion_and_Danelaw:_865–954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion:_980–1042" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stamford Bridge: 1066</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stamford_Bridge:_1066-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Written records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Archaeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk_aktivitet_p%C3%A5_De_Britiske_%C3%98er" title="Nordisk aktivitet på De Britiske Øer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordisk aktivitet på De Britiske Øer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasiones_vikingas_en_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlanda" title="Invasiones vikingas en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasiones vikingas en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings_dans_les_%C3%AEles_Britanniques" title="Vikings dans les îles Britanniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vikings dans les îles Britanniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ativia_nordica_en_la_Isolas_Brites" title="Ativia nordica en la Isolas Brites – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ativia nordica en la Isolas Brites" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiviti_Norse_di_British_Isles" title="Aktiviti Norse di British Isles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of Viking expansion</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnutcoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cnutcoin.jpg/300px-Cnutcoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Cnutcoin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">King Cnut</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Viking activity in the British Isles</b> occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the 8th to the 11th centuries CE, when <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a> travelled to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> to raid, conquer, settle and trade. They are generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards_1991._p._09_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_1991._p._09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some scholars debate whether the term Viking<sup id="cite_ref-ety1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ety1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represented all Scandinavian settlers or just those who used violence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the early medieval period, Scandinavian kingdoms had developed trade links reaching as far as southern Europe and the Mediterranean, giving them access to foreign imports, such as silver, gold, bronze, and spices. These trade links also extended westwards into Ireland and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair_2003._pp._56–57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair_2003._pp._56–57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last decade of the eighth century, Viking raiders sacked several Christian monasteries in northern Britain, and over the next three centuries they launched increasingly large scale invasions and settled in many areas, especially in eastern Britain and Ireland, the islands north and west of Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_of_local_ethnic_groups">Background of local ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background of local ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Viking activity in the British Isles">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Viking+activity+in+the+British+Isles%22">"Viking activity in the British Isles"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Viking+activity+in+the+British+Isles%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Viking+activity+in+the+British+Isles%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Viking+activity+in+the+British+Isles%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Viking+activity+in+the+British+Isles%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Viking+activity+in+the+British+Isles%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the Early Medieval period, the islands of Ireland and Britain were each culturally, linguistically, and religiously divided among various peoples. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illas_Britanicas_(v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Illas_Britanicas_%28v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX%29.png/220px-Illas_Britanicas_%28v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Illas_Britanicas_%28v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX%29.png/330px-Illas_Britanicas_%28v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Illas_Britanicas_%28v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX%29.png/440px-Illas_Britanicas_%28v%C3%A8rs_la_fin_dau_s%C3%A8gle_IX%29.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> (yellow) and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (green) in the 9th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_religion">Language and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The languages of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> descended from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> inhabitants of Europe. In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and parts of western <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, people spoke an early form of Celtic <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and south-west Scotland, the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a> were spoken (their modern descendants include <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>). </p><p>The Picts, who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a>, lived in the area north of the Forth and Clyde rivers, which now constitutes a large portion of modern-day Scotland. Due to the scarcity of writing in Pictish, which survives only in <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, views differ as to whether Pictish was a Celtic language like those spoken further south, or perhaps even a non-Indo-European language like <a href="/wiki/Basque_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Language">Basque</a>. However, most inscriptions and place-names hint towards the Picts being Celtic in language and culture. </p><p>Much of southern Britain had become the various kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> migrants from continental Europe had settled during the fifth century CE, bringing with them their own <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>), polytheistic religion and cultural practices. </p><p>Many peoples of Britain and Ireland had already converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> from their older, pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religions, including the distinct polytheistic religion (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a>) practiced by the Anglo-Saxons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_of_ethnic_groups">Distribution of ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution of ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In northern Britain, in the area roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland, lived three distinct ethnic groups in their own respective kingdoms: the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pictish cultural group dominated the majority of Scotland, with major populations concentrated between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">River Dee</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scots</a>, according to written sources, constituted a tribal group which had crossed to Britain from <a href="/wiki/Dalriada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalriada">Dalriada</a> in the north of Ireland during the late-fifth century. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern Britons lived in the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Old North</a>, in parts of what have become southern Scotland and northern England, and, by the seventh or eighth centuries, these had apparently come under the political control of Anglo-Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-ninth century, Anglo-Saxon England comprised four separate and independent kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, the last of which was the strongest military power.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_system">Class system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Class system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between half a million and a million people lived in England at this time, with society being rigidly hierarchical. The class system had a king and his <a href="/wiki/Ealdormen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdormen">ealdormen</a> at the top, under whom ranked the <a href="/wiki/Thegns" class="mw-redirect" title="Thegns">thegns</a> (or landholders), and then the various categories of agricultural workers below them. Beneath all of these was a class of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">slaves</a>, who may have made up as much as a quarter of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards13_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the populace lived in the countryside, although a few large towns had developed, notably <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, which became centres of royal and ecclesiastical administration. There were also a number of trading ports, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamwic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamwic">Hamwic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, which engaged in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards13_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_raids:_780s–850"><span id="Viking_raids:_780s.E2.80.93850"></span>Viking raids: 780s–850</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viking raids: 780s–850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the final decade of the eighth century, Viking raiders attacked a series of Christian monasteries in the British Isles. Here, these monasteries had often been positioned on small islands and in other remote coastal areas so that the monks could live in seclusion, devoting themselves to worship without the interference of other elements of society. At the same time, it made them isolated and unprotected targets for attack by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair63_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair63-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Lo, it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land, and never before has such a terror appeared as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold the church of St Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a> on the sacking of Lindisfarne.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The first known account of a Viking raid in Anglo-Saxon England comes from 789, when three ships from <a href="/wiki/Hordaland" title="Hordaland">Hordaland</a> (in modern Norway) landed in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Isle of Portland</a> on the southern coast of Wessex. When approached by <a href="/wiki/Beaduheard" title="Beaduheard">Beaduheard</a>, the royal <a href="/wiki/Reeve_(England)" title="Reeve (England)">reeve</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>, whose job it was to identify all foreign merchants entering the kingdom, they killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards16_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were almost certainly unrecorded earlier raids. In a document dating to 792, King <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a> of Mercia set out privileges granted to monasteries and churches in Kent, but he excluded military service "against seaborne pirates with migrating fleets", showing that Viking raids were already an established problem. In a letter of 790–92 to King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I_of_Northumbria" title="Æthelred I of Northumbria">Æthelred I</a> of Northumbria, <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> berated English people for copying the fashions of pagans who menaced them with terror. This shows that there were already close contacts between the two peoples, and the Vikings would have been well informed about their targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman202193–96_([httpsesawyerlibcamacukcharter134html_S_134])_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman202193–96_([httpsesawyerlibcamacukcharter134html_S_134])-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next recorded attack against the Anglo-Saxons came the following year, in 793, when the monastery at <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, an island off England's eastern coast, was sacked by a Viking raiding party on 8 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards16_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, they sacked the nearby <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair55_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair55-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 795, they once again attacked, this time raiding <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a> off Scotland's west coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair55_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair55-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This monastery was attacked again in 802 and 806, when 68 people living there were killed. After this devastation, the monastic community at Iona abandoned the site and fled to <a href="/wiki/Kells,_County_Meath" title="Kells, County Meath">Kells</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first decade of the ninth century, Viking raiders began to attack coastal districts of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 835, the first major Viking raid in southern England took place and was directed against the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_839" title="Battle of 839">battle in 839</a>, Vikings inflicted heavy defeats against the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a>, the King of the Picts, his brother Bran and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Boanta" title="Áed mac Boanta">Aed son of Boanta</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_runestones">England runestones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England runestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viking activity in the British Isles is located in Southwest Scandinavia"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles is located in Southwest Scandinavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg/300px-South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg/450px-South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg/600px-South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="462" 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Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.219%;left:87.894%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#U_344" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sö_160" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.377%;left:81.668%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sö_166" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.378%;left:81.885%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sö_207" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Ög_104" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.985%;left:72.701%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Ög_Fv1950;341" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.178%;left:65.725%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sm_5" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.398%;left:62.594%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sm_27" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.075%;left:62.527%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sm_29" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.792%;left:66.521%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sm_77" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.654%;left:67.834%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sm_101" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.481%;left:69.25%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Sm_104" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.542%;left:56.929%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Vg_20" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.019%;left:59.032%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#Vg_187" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.653%;left:63.528%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#DR_337" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.386%;left:35.437%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#DR_6" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.873%;left:22.742%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England_Runestones#N_184" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><img alt="Viking activity in the British Isles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.212%;left:42.73%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oslo"><img alt="Oslo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/11px-City_locator_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/17px-City_locator_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/22px-City_locator_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div>Oslo</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.402%;left:53.849%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Copenhagen"><img alt="Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/11px-City_locator_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/17px-City_locator_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/22px-City_locator_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div>Copenhagen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.178%;left:87.633%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stockholm"><img alt="Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/11px-City_locator_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/17px-City_locator_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/City_locator_2.svg/22px-City_locator_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div style="background-color:#ffffff">Stockholm</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South-West_Scandinavia_location_map.svg" title="File:South-West Scandinavia location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of the geographic distribution of the England Runestones in southern Scandinavia and northernmost Germany (modern administrative borders and cities are shown)</div></div></div> <p>The <b>England runestones</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Englandsstenarna</i>) is a group of about 30 <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> in Sweden which refer to <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> voyages to England.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison199_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison199-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They constitute one of the largest groups of runestones that mention voyages to other countries, and they are comparable in number only to the approximately 30 <a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a> and the 26 <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jansson34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jansson34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the latter refer to a Viking expedition to the Middle East. They were engraved in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Saxon rulers paid large sums, <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegelds</a>, to Vikings, who mostly came from Denmark and Sweden who arrived to the English shores during the 990s and the first decades of the 11th century. Some runestones relate of these Danegelds, such as the Yttergärde runestone, <a href="#U_344">U 344</a>, which tells of <a href="/wiki/Ulf_of_Borresta" title="Ulf of Borresta">Ulf of Borresta</a> who received the danegeld three times, and the last one he received from <a href="/wiki/Canute_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Canute the Great">Canute the Great</a>. Canute sent home most of the Vikings who had helped him conquer England, but he kept a strong bodyguard, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingali%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Þingalið">Þingalið</a>, and its members are also mentioned on several runestones.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison198_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison198-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of the runestones, 27, were raised in modern-day Sweden and 17 in the oldest Swedish provinces around lake <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a>. Modern-day Denmark has no such runestones, but there is a runestone in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> which mentions <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. There is also a runestone in Norway and a Swedish one in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a>, Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Vikings, such as Guðvér, did not only attack England, but also <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, as reported by the Grinda Runestone <a href="#Sö_166">Sö 166</a> in Södermanland:<sup id="cite_ref-harrison199_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison199-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>Grjótgarðr (and) Einriði, the sons</dd> <dd>made (the stone) in memory of (their) able father.</dd> <dd>Guðvér was in the west;</dd> <dd>divided (up) payment in England;</dd> <dd>manfully attacked</dd> <dd>townships in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison199_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison199-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rundatasö166_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rundatasö166-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_the_slave_trade">Connection to the slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Connection to the slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave trade">Dublin slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Andalus slave trade">Al-Andalus slave trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Slavery in the Muslim world</a> provided a great market for the slaves captured by the vikings in Europe. Islamic law banned Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, and there was a big market for non-Muslim slaves on Islamic territory, where European slaves were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">saqaliba</a></i>; these slaves were likely both Pagan Slavic, Finnic and Baltic Eastern Europeans <sup id="cite_ref-jjk35_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jjk35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Christian Western Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People taken captive during the viking raids in Western Europe could be sold to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Moorish Spain</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave trade">Dublin slave trade</a><sup id="cite_ref-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or transported to <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> or <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nn%C3%B6" title="Brännö">Brännö</a> and from there via the <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver <i><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, which have been found in <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wollin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed <a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">via the Khazar Kaghanate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but from the early 10th century onward it went <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">via Volga Bulgaria</a> and from there by caravan to <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid slave trade">Samanid slave market</a> in Central Asia and finally via Iran to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">the Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the major routes of the viking slave trade, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slave trade between the Vikings and the Muslims in Central Asia is known to have functioned from at least between 786 and 1009, as large quantities of silver coins from the Samanid Empire have been found in Scandinavia from these years. People taken captive by the Vikings during their raids in Western Europe were likely sold in Islamic Central Asia, a slave trade which was so lucrative that it may have contributed to the Viking raids in Western Europe, which was used by the vikings as a slave supply source for their slave trade with the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasure_hoards">Treasure hoards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treasure hoards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Hoards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoards">hoards</a> of treasure were buried in England at this time. Some of these may have been deposited by Anglo-Saxons attempting to hide their wealth from Viking raiders, and others by the Viking raiders as a way of protecting their looted treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards16_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of these hoards, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> (historically part of <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>) in 1862, contained 250 coins, three silver ingots, and part of a fourth as well as four pieces of hack silver in a linen bag. Archaeologists interpret this as loot collected by a member of the Viking army. By dating the artefacts, archaeologists estimated that this hoard had been buried in 872, when the army wintered in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards16_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins themselves came from a wide range of different kingdoms, with Wessex, Mercian, and East Anglian examples found alongside foreign imports from <a href="/wiki/Carolingian-dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian-dynasty">Carolingian-dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and from the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards16_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all such Viking hoards in England contain coins, however: for example, at <a href="/wiki/Bowes_Moor" title="Bowes Moor">Bowes Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, 19 silver ingots were discovered, whilst at Orton Scar, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, a silver neck-ring and <a href="/wiki/Penannular_brooch" class="mw-redirect" title="Penannular brooch">penannular brooch</a> were uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards17_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Peter Hunter Blair believed that the success of the Viking raids and the "complete unpreparedness of Britain to meet such attacks" became major factors in the subsequent Viking invasions and colonisation of large parts of the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair63_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair63-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_and_Danelaw:_865–954"><span id="Invasion_and_Danelaw:_865.E2.80.93954"></span>Invasion and Danelaw: 865–954</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Invasion and Danelaw: 865–954"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 865, the Viking attitude towards the British Isles changed, as they began to see it as a place for potential colonisation rather than simply a place to raid. As a result of this, larger armies began arriving on Britain's shores, with the intention of conquering land and constructing settlements there.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Viking settlers would have appeared visibly different from the Anglo-Saxon populace, wearing Scandinavian styles of jewellery, and probably also wearing their own peculiar styles of clothing. Viking and Anglo-Saxon men also had different hairstyles: Viking men's hair was shaved at the back and left shaggy on the front, whilst the Anglo-Saxons typically wore their hair long.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Scandinavian York</a></div> <div 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invasions of England"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_invasions_of_England3664" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:91%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Viking invasions of England</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:96%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Hingston Down</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> (865–78)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Alcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Edington/Ethandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Cynwit</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a> (886–954)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farnham" title="Battle of Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold%27s_Revolt" title="Æthelwold's Revolt">Æthelwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Cnut#Conquest_of_England" title="Cnut">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–16)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Revolt_of_1065" title="Northumbrian Revolt of 1065">Northumbrian Revolt of 1065</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Viking armies captured York, the major city in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a>, in 866.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counterattacks concluded in a decisive defeat for Anglo-Saxon forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">York on 21 March 867</a>, and the deaths of Northumbrian leaders <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osberht_of_Northumbria" title="Osberht of Northumbria">Osberht</a>. </p><p>Other Anglo-Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands and surrendered land to Viking settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-starkey51_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starkey51-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many areas in eastern and northern England—including all but the <a href="/wiki/Bernicia#Rump_of_Northumbria,_866_–_973" title="Bernicia">northernmost parts of Northumbria</a>—came under the direct rule of Viking leaders or their puppet kings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Great_Army_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/England_Great_Army_map.svg/220px-England_Great_Army_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/England_Great_Army_map.svg/330px-England_Great_Army_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/England_Great_Army_map.svg/440px-England_Great_Army_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Great Heathen Army battles</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred of Wessex</a>, who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings, died in 871 and was succeeded on the throne of Wessex by his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Viking king of Northumbria, <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarrson" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfdan Ragnarrson">Halfdan Ragnarrson</a> (Old English: <i>Healfdene</i>)—one of the leaders of the Viking Great Army (known to the Anglo-Saxons as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a>)—surrendered his lands to a second wave of Viking invaders in 876. In the next four years, Vikings gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Alfred continued his conflict with the invading forces but was driven back into <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> in the south-west of his kingdom in 878, where he was forced to take refuge in the marshes of <a href="/wiki/Athelney" title="Athelney">Athelney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_878.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/220px-England_878.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/330px-England_878.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/440px-England_878.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>England in 878</figcaption></figure> <p>Alfred regrouped his military forces and defeated the armies of the Viking monarch of East Anglia, <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (May 878). Sometime after the Battle of Edington, a treaty was agreed that set out the lasting peace terms between the two kings that included the boundaries of each of their kingdoms. It is known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a>. The treaty is one of the few existing documents<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Alfred's reign and survives in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College, Cambridge</a>, Manuscript 383, and in a Latin compilation, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Quadripartitus" title="Quadripartitus">Quadripartitus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1996417–418_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1996417–418-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsser1983311_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsser1983311-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas to the north and east became known as the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> because it was under Viking political influence, whilst those areas to the south and west remained under Anglo-Saxon dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred's government set about constructing a series of defended towns or <i><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a></i>, began the construction of a navy, and organised a militia system (the <i><a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a></i>), whereby half of his peasant army remained on active service at any one time.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation and conscription system known as the <a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage" title="Burghal Hidage">Burghal Hidage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horspool102_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horspool102-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 892 a new Viking army, with 250 ships, established itself in <a href="/wiki/Appledore,_Kent" title="Appledore, Kent">Appledore, Kent</a> and another army of 80 ships soon afterwards in <a href="/wiki/Milton_Regis" title="Milton Regis">Milton Regis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Sawyer_58–59_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Sawyer_58–59-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army then launched a continuous series of attacks on Wessex. However, due in part to the efforts of Alfred and his army, the kingdom's new defences proved to be a success, and the Viking invaders were met with a determined resistance and made less of an impact than they had hoped. By 896, the invaders dispersed—instead settling in East Anglia and Northumbria, with some instead sailing to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards20_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Sawyer_58–59_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Sawyer_58–59-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfred's policy of opposing the Viking settlers continued under his daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Ealdorman_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred, Ealdorman of Mercia">Æthelred, Ealdorman of Mercia</a>, and also under her brother, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (reigned 899–924). When Edward died in July 924, his son Æthelstan became king. In 927, he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 934, he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him, but Æthelstan's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings, and, in 937, they invaded England. Æthelstan defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a>, a victory which gave him great prestige both in the British Isles and on the Continent and led to the collapse of Viking power in northern Britain. After his death in 939, the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards22_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards22-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward's son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund</a> became king of the English in 939. However, when Edmund was killed in a brawl, his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> of Wessex took over as king. Then in 947 the Northumbrians rejected Eadred and made the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (Eirik Haraldsson) their king. Eadred responded by invading and ravaging Northumbria. When the Saxons headed back south, Eric Bloodaxe's army caught up with some them at <a href="/wiki/Castleford" title="Castleford">Castleford</a> and made 'great slaughter<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>'. Eadred threatened to destroy Northumbria in revenge, so the Northumbrians turned their back on Eric and acknowledged Eadred as their king. The Northumbrians then had another change of heart and accepted <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Sihtricsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Sihtricsson">Olaf Sihtricsson</a> as their ruler, only to have Eric Bloodaxe remove him and become <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jórvík">king of the Northumbrians</a> again. Then, in 954, Eric Bloodaxe was expelled<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the second and final time by Eadred. Bloodaxe was the last Norse king of Northumbria.<sup id="cite_ref-Panton135_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panton135-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_invasion:_980–1042"><span id="Second_invasion:_980.E2.80.931042"></span>Second invasion: 980–1042</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second invasion: 980–1042"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knutrike.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Knutrike.png/220px-Knutrike.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Knutrike.png/330px-Knutrike.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Knutrike.png/440px-Knutrike.png 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>'s domains, in red.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_2">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the reign of Wessex King <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar the Peaceful</a>, England came to be further politically unified, with Edgar coming to be recognised as the king of all England by both Anglo-Saxon and Viking populations living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards24_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards24-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the reigns of his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>, who was murdered in 978, and then <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>, the political strength of the English monarchy waned, and, in 980, raiders from Scandinavia resumed attacks against England.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards24_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards24-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English government decided that the only way of dealing with these attackers was to pay them <a href="/wiki/Protection_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection money">protection money</a>, and so, in 991, they gave them £10,000. This fee did not prove to be enough, and, over the next decade, the English kingdom was forced to pay the Viking attackers increasingly large sums of money.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards24_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards24-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many English began to demand that a more hostile approach be taken against the Vikings, and so, on <a href="/wiki/Brice_of_Tours#Feast_day" title="Brice of Tours">St Brice's Day</a> in 1002, King Æthelred proclaimed that all Danes living in England would be executed. It would come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/St._Brice%27s_Day_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Brice's Day massacre">St. Brice's Day massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards24_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards24-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news of the massacre reached King <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> in Denmark. It is believed that Sweyn's sister <a href="/wiki/Gunhilde" title="Gunhilde">Gunhilde</a> could have been among the victims, which prompted Sweyn to raid England the following year, when Exeter was burned down. Hampshire, Wiltshire, Wilton, and Salisbury also fell victim to the Viking revenge attack.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200364–65_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200364–65-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweyn continued his raid in England and in 1004 his Viking army looted East Anglia, plundered Thetford and sacked Norwich, before he once again returned to Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200366–67_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200366–67-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further raids took place in 1006–1007 then Sweyn was paid over 10 000 pounds of silver to leave, and, in 1009–1012, <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> led a Viking invasion into England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1013, <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> launched a full-scale invasion of England, after a few months of claiming submission over England and a successful attack on London, Æthelred fled to Normandy, leading Sweyn to take the English throne. Sweyn died five weeks later and Æthelred returned, driving out Sweyn’s son <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a>. but, in 1015, Cnut returned with a fleet of 200 ships, launching a <a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">hard-fought campaign</a> that would last for over a year. After his victory over English forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a>, Cnut and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a> agreed to divide England between them, Cnut the north and Edmund the south; whoever outlived the other becomes king of all England. Cnut became king of England upon Edmund’s death on the 30th of November, and was crowned later in 1017, subsequently ruling over both the Danish and English kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards28_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards28-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Cnut's death in 1035, the two kingdoms were once more declared independent and remained so, apart from a short period from 1040 to 1042 when Cnut's son <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> ascended the English throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards28_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards28-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stamford_Bridge:_1066">Stamford Bridge: 1066</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stamford Bridge: 1066"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_(1870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%281870%29.jpg/220px-Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%281870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%281870%29.jpg/330px-Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%281870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%281870%29.jpg/440px-Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%281870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Stamford Bridge</i> (1870), Peter Nicolai Arbo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a>, King of Norway, led an invasion of England in 1066 with 300 longships and 10,000 soldiers, attempting to seize the English throne during the succession dispute following the death of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>. He met initial success, defeating the outnumbered forces mustered by the earldoms of Northumbria and Mercia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a>. Whilst basking in his victory and occupying Northumbria in preparation for the advance south, Harald's army was surprised by a similarly sized force led by King Harold Godwinson, which had managed to force march all the way there from London in a week. The invasion was repulsed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a>, and Hardrada was killed along with most of his men. Whilst the Viking attempt was unsuccessful, the near simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman invasion</a> was successful in the south at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>. Hardrada's invasion and defeat has been described as the end of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_records">Written records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Written records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a> about the year 1100</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeologists James Graham-Campbell and Colleen E. Batey noted that there was a lack of historical sources discussing the earliest Viking encounters with the British Isles, which would have most probably been amongst the northern island groups, those closest to Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Annals">Irish Annals</a></i> provide us with accounts of much Viking activity during the 9th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair64_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair64-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/England_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="England Runestones">England Runestones</a>, concentrated in Sweden, give accounts of the voyages from the Viking perspective. </p><p>The Viking raids that affected Anglo-Saxon England were primarily documented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, a collection of annals initially written in the late ninth century, most probably in the Kingdom of Wessex during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>. The <i>Chronicle</i> is, however, a biased source, acting as a piece of "wartime propaganda" written on behalf of the Anglo-Saxon forces against their Viking opponents, and, in many cases, greatly exaggerates the size of the Viking fleets and armies, thereby making any Anglo-Saxon victories against them seem more heroic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_evidence">Archaeological evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archaeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Viking settlers in the British Isles left remains of their <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> behind, which <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> have been able to <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavate</a> and interpret during the 20th and 21st centuries. Such Viking evidence in Britain consists primarily of Viking burials undertaken in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles, the Isle of Man, Ireland, and the north-west of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair64_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair64-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">James Graham-Campbell</a> and Colleen E. Batey remarked that it was on the Isle of Man where Norse archaeology was "remarkably rich in quality and quantity".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Julian_D._Richards" title="Julian D. Richards">Julian D. Richards</a> commented, Scandinavians in Anglo-Saxon England "can be elusive to the archaeologist" because many of their houses and graves are indistinguishable from those of the other populations living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_1991._p._09_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_1991._p._09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, historian Peter Hunter Blair noted that, in Britain, the archaeological evidence for Viking invasion and settlement was "very slight compared with the corresponding evidence for the Anglo-Saxon invasions" of the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair64_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair64-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">History of Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Category:Scandinavian Scotland">Category:Scandinavian Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ety1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ety1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>Viking</i> is a historical revival; it was not used in Middle English, but it was revived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>vikingr</i> "freebooter, sea-rover, pirate, Viking", which usually is explained as meaning properly "one who came from the fjords" from <i>vik</i> "creek, inlet, small bay" (cf. Old English <i>wic</i>, Middle High German <i>wich</i> "bay", and the second element in Reykjavik). But Old English <i>wicing</i> and Old Frisian <i>wizing</i> are almost 300 years older, and probably derive from <i>wic</i> "village, camp" (temporary camps were a feature of the Viking raids), related to Latin <i>vicus</i> "village, habitation".<sup id="cite_ref-ety_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham-Campbell and Batey suggest that "true Vikings [are] those who took part in Viking raids [...]. A Viking base, is thus a base from which Vikings went raiding, but a Norse settlement in Scotland is a settlement occupied by people of Scandinavian origin".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are only three surviving documents from the Anglo-Saxon period that can be described as peace treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010325_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010325-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Worcester MSS D for 948 CE says: "And when the king [Eadred] was on his way home, the raiding army [Eric Bloodaxe], which was in York, overtook the king's army at Castleford and a great slaughter was made there."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Bloodaxe was 'driven out' from Northumbria; however, other sources claim that he was also killed.<sup id="cite_ref-pearson131_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson131-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Key99">Keynes 1999</a>. p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_1991._p._09-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_1991._p._09_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_1991._p._09_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ety-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ety_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=viking&searchmode=none">Online Etymology Dictionary.</a> Retrieved 12 January 2020.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907073742/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Viking&searchmode=none">Archived</a> 7 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair_2003._pp._56–57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blair_2003._pp._56–57_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bla99">Blair 2003</a>. pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlair2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Blair, Peter Hunter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eN87VsPaw0C"><i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. Anglo-Saxon studies (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521537773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521537773"><bdi>978-0521537773</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>A variety of evidence, among which some of the objects from Sutton Hoo hold a prominent place, indicates that England lay well within the range of Scandinavia's foreign contacts before the Viking attacks began.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.series=Anglo-Saxon+studies&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521537773&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eN87VsPaw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards13_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards13_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards13_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair63-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair63_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair63_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bla99">Blair 2003</a>. p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards16_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards16_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards16_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards16_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards16_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards16_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman202193–96_([httpsesawyerlibcamacukcharter134html_S_134])-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman202193–96_([httpsesawyerlibcamacukcharter134html_S_134])_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman2021">Jarman 2021</a>, pp. 93–96 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/134.html">S 134</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair55-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair55_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair55_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#Bla99">Blair 2003</a>. p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bla99">Blair 2003</a>. p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bla99">Blair 2003</a>. p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Wright1975" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Wright (1975). <i>Kent through the years</i>. Batsford. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-2881-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-2881-3"><bdi>0-7134-2881-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+through+the+years&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7134-2881-3&rft.au=Christopher+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a>, 839.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison199-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrison199_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison199_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison199_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison & Svensson 2007:199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansson34-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jansson34_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansson 1980:34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison198-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrison198_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison & Svensson 2007:198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rundatasö166-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rundatasö166_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry Sö 166 in <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a> 2.0 for Windows.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jjk35-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jjk35_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 33-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7">https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7</a>. p. 256-257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aroundtheworldineightyyears.com/viking-dublin/">"The Slave Market of Dublin"</a>. 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Market+of+Dublin&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aroundtheworldineightyyears.com%2Fviking-dublin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pargas & Schiel, Damian A.; Juliane (2023). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7">https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards17-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards17_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards20-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards20_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starkey51-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-starkey51_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#star51">Starkey 2004</a>. p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010325-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010325_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavelle2010">Lavelle 2010</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1996417–418-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1996417–418_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitelock1996">Whitelock 1996</a>, pp. 417–418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsser1983311-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsser1983311_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsser1983">Asser 1983</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horspool102-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horspool102_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hors102">Horspool 2006</a>. p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Sawyer_58–59-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Sawyer_58–59_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Sawyer_58–59_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Sawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Peter Sawyer (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.au=Peter+Sawyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards22-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards22_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1991 p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson131-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pearson131_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pea131">Pearson 2012</a>. p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panton135-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panton135_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pan135">Panton 2011</a>. p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards24-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards24_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards24_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards24_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards24_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/St-Brices-Day-Massacre/">"The St Brice's Day Massacre"</a>. <i>Historic UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+UK&rft.atitle=The+St+Brice%27s+Day+Massacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofEngland%2FSt-Brices-Day-Massacre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200364–65-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200364–65_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2003">Howard 2003</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200366–67-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200366–67_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2003">Howard 2003</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards28-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards28_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards28_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/last-of-the-vikings-stamford-bridge-1066.htm">"Last of the Vikings – Stamford Bridge, 1066"</a>. 26 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+of+the+Vikings+%E2%80%93+Stamford+Bridge%2C+1066&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Flast-of-the-vikings-stamford-bridge-1066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gra98">Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998</a>. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair64-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair64_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair64_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair64_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bla99">Blair 2003</a>. p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ric91">Richards 1991</a>. p. 15.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsser1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a> (1983). "Life of King Alfred". In Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). <i>Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources</i>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+King+Alfred&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred+%26+Other+Contemporary+Sources&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044409-4&rft.au=Asser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bla03" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Peter Hunter (2003). <i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge and New York City: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53777-3"><bdi>978-0-521-53777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York+City&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53777-3&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cra87" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Barbara E. (1987). <i>Scandinavian Scotland</i>. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1282-8"><bdi>978-0-7185-1282-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Scotland&rft.place=Atlantic+Highlands%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1282-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Barbara+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gra98" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">Graham-Campbell, James</a> & Batey, Colleen E. (1998). <i>Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+in+Scotland%3A+An+Archaeological+Survey&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0641-2&rft.aulast=Graham-Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Batey%2C+Colleen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hors131" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Horspool" title="David Horspool">Horspool, David</a> (2006). <i>Why Alfred Burned the Cakes</i>. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-786-1"><bdi>978-1-86197-786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Alfred+Burned+the+Cakes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-786-1&rft.aulast=Horspool&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXp1yYjq94C&pg=PA64"><i>Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851159287" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851159287"><bdi>978-0851159287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swein+Forkbeard%27s+Invasions+and+the+Danish+Conquest+of+England%2C+991%E2%80%931017&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0851159287&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzXp1yYjq94C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarman2021" class="citation book cs1">Jarman, Cat (2021). <i>River Kings: The Vikings from Scandinavia to the Silk Roads</i>. London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-835311-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-835311-7"><bdi>978-0-00-835311-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Kings%3A+The+Vikings+from+Scandinavia+to+the+Silk+Roads&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-00-835311-7&rft.aulast=Jarman&rft.aufirst=Cat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Key99" class="citation news cs1">Keynes, Simon (1999). Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). "Vikings". <i>The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">460–</span>461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.atitle=Vikings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2010" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2010). <i>Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-569-1"><bdi>978-1-84383-569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred%27s+Wars+Sources+and+Interpretations+of+Anglo-Saxon+Warfare+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydel+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-569-1&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pan135" class="citation book cs1">Panton, Kenneth J. (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy</i>. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5779-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-5779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5779-7&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pea131" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, William (2012). <i>Erik Bloodaxe: His Life and Times: A Royal Viking in His Historical and Geographical Settings</i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4685-8330-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4685-8330-4"><bdi>978-1-4685-8330-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erik+Bloodaxe%3A+His+Life+and+Times%3A+A+Royal+Viking+in+His+Historical+and+Geographical+Settings&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4685-8330-4&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ric91" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_D._Richards" title="Julian D. Richards">Richards, Julian D.</a> (1991). <i>Viking Age England</i>. London: B. T. Batsford and English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6520-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6520-4"><bdi>978-0-7134-6520-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Age+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford+and+English+Heritage&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-6520-4&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Julian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="star51" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, David (2004). <i>The Monarchy of England</i>. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-7678-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-7678-4"><bdi>0-7011-7678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7011-7678-4&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1996). <i>The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum</i>. English Historical Documents. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-43950-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-43950-3"><bdi>0-203-43950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+treaty+between+Alfred+and+Guthrum&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=English+Historical+Documents&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-203-43950-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownham2009" class="citation journal cs1">Downham, Clare (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Hiberno-Norwegians' and 'Anglo-Danes': Anachronistic Ethnicities and Viking Age England". <i>Medieval Scandinavia</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">139–</span>169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Scandinavia&rft.atitle=%27Hiberno-Norwegians%27+and+%27Anglo-Danes%27%3A+Anachronistic+Ethnicities+and+Viking+Age+England&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Downham&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+activity+in+the+British+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings">BBC History – The Vikings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/130px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/195px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/260px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships<br />and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands<br />and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> <br /> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 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