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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_uniforms_on_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_uniforms_on_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Effects of uniforms on students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_uniforms_on_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_rulings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_rulings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laws and rulings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws_and_rulings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laws and rulings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_rulings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_lawsuits_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_lawsuits_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Examples of lawsuits in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_lawsuits_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canady_v._Bossier_Parish_School_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canady_v._Bossier_Parish_School_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span><i>Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canady_v._Bossier_Parish_School_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littlefield_v._Forney_Independent_School_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littlefield_v._Forney_Independent_School_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span><i>Littlefield v. Forney Independent School District</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Littlefield_v._Forney_Independent_School_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacobs_v._Clark_County_School_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobs_v._Clark_County_School_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span><i>Jacobs v. Clark County School District</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobs_v._Clark_County_School_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frudden_v._Washoe_County_School_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frudden_v._Washoe_County_School_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span><i>Frudden v. Washoe County School District</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frudden_v._Washoe_County_School_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_implications_of_school_uniforms_on_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_implications_of_school_uniforms_on_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social implications of school uniforms on gender</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_implications_of_school_uniforms_on_gender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social implications of school uniforms on gender subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_implications_of_school_uniforms_on_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perceptions_of_masculinity_and_femininity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptions_of_masculinity_and_femininity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Perceptions of masculinity and femininity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptions_of_masculinity_and_femininity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexualization_of_girls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexualization_of_girls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sexualization of girls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexualization_of_girls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Positives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Negatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">School uniform</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skooluniform" title="Skooluniform – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skooluniform" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="زي مدرسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زي مدرسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Դպրոցական Տարազները – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դպրոցական Տարազները" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99kt%C9%99b_uniformas%C4%B1" title="Məktəb uniforması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məktəb uniforması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="স্কুল ইউনিফর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কুল ইউনিফর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dk-h%C4%81u_ch%C3%A8-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Ha̍k-hāu chè-ho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ha̍k-hāu chè-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="स्कूल ड्रेस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्कूल ड्रेस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwisg_ysgol" title="Gwisg ysgol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwisg ysgol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuluniform" title="Schuluniform – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schuluniform" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Μαθητική στολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαθητική στολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_escolar" title="Uniforme escolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uniforme escolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerneja_uniformo" title="Lerneja uniformo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lerneja uniformo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87" title="یونیفرم مدرسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونیفرم مدرسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_scolaire" title="Uniforme scolaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uniforme scolaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EB%B3%B5" title="교복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="विद्यालय गणवेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्यालय गणवेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seragam_sekolah" title="Seragam sekolah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seragam sekolah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_scolastica" title="Uniforme scolastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uniforme scolastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooluniform" title="Schooluniform – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schooluniform" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D" title="学校制服 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="学校制服" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoleuniform" title="Skoleuniform – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skoleuniform" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktab_formasi" title="Maktab formasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maktab formasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundurek_szkolny" title="Mundurek szkolny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mundurek szkolny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_escolar" title="Uniforme escolar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uniforme escolar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Школьная форма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Школьная форма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforma_shkollore" title="Uniforma shkollore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uniforma shkollore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="School uniform" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0olska_uniforma" title="Šolska uniforma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šolska uniforma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Школска униформа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Школска униформа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulupuku" title="Koulupuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulupuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoluniform" title="Skoluniform – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skoluniform" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="பள்ளிச் சீருடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பள்ளிச் சீருடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="స్కూల్ యూనిఫామ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్కూల్ యూనిఫామ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="เครื่องแบบนักเรียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องแบบนักเรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okul_%C3%BCniformas%C4%B1" title="Okul üniforması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okul üniforması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шкільна форма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкільна форма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="اسکول یونیفارم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکول یونیفارم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_ph%E1%BB%A5c_h%E1%BB%8Dc_sinh" title="Đồng phục học sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng phục học sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:School_uniform" title="Talk:School uniform">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Students in school uniforms</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School,_Singapore,_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School%2C_Singapore%2C_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg/142px-Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School%2C_Singapore%2C_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School%2C_Singapore%2C_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg/213px-Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School%2C_Singapore%2C_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School%2C_Singapore%2C_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg/284px-Students_of_Nan_Hua_High_School%2C_Singapore%2C_in_the_school_hall_-_20060127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg/142px-Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg/213px-Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg/284px-Khmer_Public_Schools_uniform.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg/142px-Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg/213px-Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg/284px-Schoolchildren_Emerge_from_Classes_-_Kabale_-_Southwestern_Rwanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg/142px-Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg/213px-Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg/284px-Col%C3%A9gio_Soibada_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg/112px-Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg/168px-Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg/224px-Semporna_Sabah_School-girls-at-Kg-Simunul-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg/172px-Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg/258px-Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg/344px-Indian_schoolgirls_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="2278" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>school uniform</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Students">students</a> primarily for a <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a> or otherwise an <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are common in <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> in various countries. </p><p>An example of a uniform would be requiring <a href="/wiki/Button-down_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Button-down shirt">button-down shirts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pants">trousers</a> for boys and <a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">blouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">pleated</a> <a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">skirts</a> for girls, with both wearing <a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">blazers</a>. A uniform can even be as simple as requiring collared shirts, or restricting colour choices and limiting items students are allowed to wear. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniform">Uniform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uniform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png/220px-Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png/330px-Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png/440px-Three_vocational_school_students_in_Indonesia_won_2nd_place_after_a_quiz_match_at_school2023.JP.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Three <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">students in Indonesia</a> wearing uniforms</figcaption></figure> <p>Although often used interchangeably, there is an important difference between <a href="/wiki/Dress_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress codes">dress codes</a> and school uniforms: according to scholars such as Nathan Joseph, clothing can only be considered a uniform when it "(a) serves as a group emblem, (b) certifies an institution's legitimacy by revealing individual's relative positions and (c) suppresses individuality."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress code</a> is much less restrictive, and focuses "on promoting modesty and discouraging anti-social fashion statements", according to Marian Wilde.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of a dress code would be not allowing ripped clothing, no logos or limiting the amount of skin that can be shown. </p><p>School uniforms are clothes that are usually used for school, each level of school has a different uniform. Each educational unit has its own distinctive school uniform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karenko_girls_high.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Karenko_girls_high.jpg/220px-Karenko_girls_high.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Karenko_girls_high.jpg/330px-Karenko_girls_high.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Karenko_girls_high.jpg/440px-Karenko_girls_high.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Schoolgirls in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese Taiwan</a>, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>It is difficult to trace the origins of the uniform as there is no comprehensive written history, but rather a variety of known influences. School uniforms are believed to be a practice which dates to the 16th century in the United Kingdom. It is believed that the <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a> School in England in 1552 was the first school to use a school uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students were given a uniform that most notably consisted of a long blue coat and yellow, knee-high socks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An almost identical uniform is still worn by students attending the school today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest documented proof of institutionalized use of a standard academic dress dates back to 1222 when the then Archbishop of Canterbury ordered the wearing of the cappa clausa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This monastic and academic practice evolved into collegiate uniforms in England, particularly in charity schools where uniform dress was often provided for poor children. Universities, primary schools and secondary schools used uniforms as a marker of class and status.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although school uniforms can often be considered <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conservative" class="extiw" title="wikt:conservative">conservative</a> and old-fashioned, uniforms in recent years have changed as societal dress codes have changed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg/170px-Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg/255px-Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg/340px-Literacy_or_illiteracy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="6336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> schoolboy in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> wearing a school uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a movement toward using uniforms in <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state schools</a> began when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> addressed it in the 1996 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a>, saying: "If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1998 approximately 25% of all U.S. public elementary, middle and junior high schools had adopted a uniform policy or were considering a policy, and two-thirds were implemented between 1995 and 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York City's then-new schools chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Crew" title="Rudy Crew">Rudy Crew</a>, made it clear that he would not follow Clinton's idea.<sup id="cite_ref-RudyCrew.NYTMarch96_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudyCrew.NYTMarch96-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an abundance of theories and <a href="/wiki/Empirical_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical studies">empirical studies</a> looking at school uniforms, making statements about their effectiveness. These theories and studies elaborate on the benefits and also the shortcomings of uniform policies. The issue of <a href="/wiki/Nature_vs._nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature vs. nurture">nature vs. nurture</a> comes into play, as uniforms affect the perceptions of <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>, over-simplify issues of gender classification, and attempt to suppress students' sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniforms bring a variety of pros, cons, and major legal implications and controversies. </p><p>There are two main empirical findings that are most often cited in the political rhetoric surrounding the uniform debate. One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Unified_School_District" title="Long Beach Unified School District">Long Beach Unified School District</a>, is most often cited in support of school uniforms and their effectiveness whereas <i>Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement</i> is the most frequently cited research in opposition to the implementation of school uniform policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_uniforms_on_students">Effects of uniforms on students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of uniforms on students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uwabaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Uwabaki.jpg/220px-Uwabaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Uwabaki.jpg/330px-Uwabaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Uwabaki.jpg/440px-Uwabaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>In many Japanese schools, students take off their outdoor shoes and wear <i><a href="/wiki/Uwabaki" title="Uwabaki">uwabaki</a></i>, an indoor soft slipper.</figcaption></figure> <p>The case study of the Long Beach Unified School District was the study of the first large, urban school in the United States to implement a uniform policy. In 1994, mandatory school uniforms were implemented for the districts elementary and middle schools as a strategy to address the students' behavior issues. The district simultaneously implemented a longitudinal study to research the effects of the uniforms on student behavior. The study attributed favorable student behavioral changes and a significant drop in school discipline issues to the mandatory uniform policy. Wearing school uniforms was associated with fewer absences and truancies and fewer referrals to the office for behavior problems. Suspensions and expulsions were reduced by 28% (elementary) and 36% (middle school), crime and vandalism by 74% (elementary) and 18% (middle school). However the school district also added other security measures such as security guards, and metal detectors so the success cannot be solely attributed to the uniforms. The district later removed the uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-nmu.edu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmu.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg/220px-Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg/330px-Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg/440px-Mr._Shake_Amargosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian primary school students with their teacher</figcaption></figure> <p>Other research found that uniforms were not an effective deterrent to decrease truancy, did not decrease behavior problems, decrease substance use, and in fact may be associated with poorer student achievement relative to students not required to wear school uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunsma,_David_L._1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunsma,_David_L._1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunsma stated that despite the inconclusiveness of the effects of uniforms, they became more common because "this is an issue of children's rights, of social control, and one related to increasing racial, class and gender inequalities in our schools."<sup id="cite_ref-Northen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_rulings">Laws and rulings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Laws and rulings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png/220px-Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png/330px-Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png/440px-Thai_students_and_Singaporean_Students.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A group picture of <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> students (uniforms with dark blue shorts) and <a href="/wiki/Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean">Singaporean</a> students (uniforms with cyan skirts and shorts) in front of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As uniforms have become more normalised, there have also been an increasing number of lawsuits brought against school districts. According to David Brunsma, one in four public elementary schools and one in eight public middle and high schools in the United States have policies dictating what a student wears to school.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school code within states' constitutions typically asserts that it allows the board of school directors to make reasonable rules and regulations as they see fit in managing the school's affairs. As of 2008, there are currently 23 states that allow school districts to mandate school uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional objections usually brought upon school districts tend to fall into one of the following two categories: (1) a violation of the students' <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> right to free expression (2) a violation of parents' right to raise their children without government interference. Although up until this point, The Supreme Court has not ruled on a case involving school uniforms directly, in the 1968 decision <a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a>, the Court ruled that upon entering school, students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internationally, there are differing views of school uniforms. In the Australian state of Queensland, Ombudsman Fred Albietz ruled in 1998 that state schools may not require uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> abolished the requirement of school uniforms in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, technically a state school may not permanently exclude students for "breaching school uniform policy", under a policy promulgated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a> but students not wearing the correct uniform are asked to go home and change. In Scotland, some <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">local councils</a> (that have responsibility for delivering state education) do not insist on students wearing a uniform as a precondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey abolished mandatory uniforms in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_lawsuits_in_the_United_States">Examples of lawsuits in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples of lawsuits in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canady_v._Bossier_Parish_School_Board"><i>Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Canady v. <a href="/wiki/Bossier_Parish_School_Board" title="Bossier Parish School Board">Bossier Parish School Board</a></i> lawsuit in 2000, a Louisiana district court ruled in favour of the school board because it did not see how the free speech rights of the students were being violated due to the school board's uniform policy. Even though the plaintiff appealed the decision, the Fifth Circuit Court also ruled in favour of the school board after implementing a four-step system that is still used today. Firstly, a school board has to have the right to set up a policy. Secondly, the policy must be determined to support a fundamental interest of the board as a whole. Thirdly, the guidelines cannot have been set for the purpose of censorship. Finally, the limits on student expression cannot be greater than the interest of the board. As long as these four policies are in place, then no constitutional violation can be claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Littlefield_v._Forney_Independent_School_District"><i>Littlefield v. Forney Independent School District</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Littlefield v. Forney Independent School District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Forney_Independent_School_District" title="Forney Independent School District">Forney Independent School District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forney,_Texas" title="Forney, Texas">Forney, Texas</a> in 2001, the school board decided to implement a school uniform policy allowing the students to wear a <a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo shirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford shirt">oxford shirt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">blouse</a> in four possible colours, and blue or <a href="/wiki/Khaki#Tones_of_khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> trousers or shirts, a skirt or jumper. While there was some flexibility with shoes, certain types were prohibited along with any sort of baggy clothes. The parents of the Littlefield family requested that their son be exempt from the policy, but were denied. In response, the Littlefields filed a lawsuit against the school district, under the pretenses that this uniform mandate infringed on their rights as parents to control how they brought up their children and their education. They even went as far as to cite an infringement on religious freedom, claiming that opting out of the uniforms on the grounds of religion allowed the school to rank the validity of certain religions. Before trial, the District Court dismissed the case, so the family appealed. Ultimately, the Fifth Circuit Court ruled that the students' rights were not being violated even though the claims presented were valid. They ruled that school rules derived from the education would override the parents' right to control their children's upbringing in this specific situation. As far as the religious freedom violation accusations, the court ruled that the policy did not have a religious goal, and thus did not infringe on religious freedom rights.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacobs_v._Clark_County_School_District"><i>Jacobs v. Clark County School District</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jacobs v. Clark County School District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, Liberty High School, a school of the <a href="/wiki/Clark_County_School_District" title="Clark County School District">Clark County School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a>, implemented a uniform policy of khakis and red, white or blue polo shirts. A junior by the name of Kimberly Jacobs was suspended a total of five times because she wore a religious shirt to school and got cited for uniform violations. Her family sued the Clark County School District under the claims that her First Amendment rights were being infringed upon and that the uniform policy was causing students to be deprived of <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. The plaintiff's requests were for injunctive relief, the expunging of suspensions from Jacob's school record and awarding of damages. The injunction was granted to the family meaning that the school could no longer discipline her for breaking the uniform policy. At this ruling, the school district appealed. The next court ruled on the side of the school district as it determined that the uniform policy was in fact neutral and constitutional, and it dismissed the claims of the plaintiff.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frudden_v._Washoe_County_School_District"><i>Frudden v. Washoe County School District</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Frudden v. Washoe County School District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, a Nevada public elementary school of the <a href="/wiki/Washoe_County_School_District" title="Washoe County School District">Washoe County School District</a> decided to add the school's motto, <i>Tomorrow's Leaders</i> embroidered in small letters on the shirt. In response, Mary and John Frudden, parents of a student sued the school district on the basis of it violating the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>. The court ultimately dismissed the case filed by the Fruddens over the uniforms. However, the family appealed, and two years later, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals heard the case. The court ruled to reverse the previous decision of dismissing the case, and also questioned the apparent policy for students that were part of a nationally recognised group such as Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts who were able to wear the uniforms in place of the school ones on regular meeting days. The 9th circuit panel ruled that the school had not provided enough evidence for why it instituted this policy, and that the family was never given a chance to argue.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_implications_of_school_uniforms_on_gender">Social implications of school uniforms on gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social implications of school uniforms on gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg/180px-School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg/270px-School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg/360px-School_girls_in_Bhaktapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Schoolgirls in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Some school uniform policies (e.g. Vietnam) include trousers for girls.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_(4609862997).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_%284609862997%29.jpg/220px-Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_%284609862997%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_%284609862997%29.jpg/330px-Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_%284609862997%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_%284609862997%29.jpg/440px-Schoolgirls_Leaving_the_Qutb_Minar_-_New_Delhi_%284609862997%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>School girls in parts of South Asia can choose between skirts or <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">shalwar kameez</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several positive and negative social implications of uniforms on both the students wearing them and society as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptions_of_masculinity_and_femininity">Perceptions of masculinity and femininity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Perceptions of masculinity and femininity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the criticisms of uniforms is that it imposes standards of masculinity and femininity from a young age. Uniforms are considered a form of discipline that schools use to control student behavior and often promote conventional gendered dress.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Happel,_Alison_2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Happel,_Alison_2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boys often are required to wear trousers, belts, and closed-toe shoes and have their shirts tucked in at all times. They are also often required to have their hair cut short. Some critics allege that this uniform is associated with the dress of a professional business man, which, they claim, gives boys at a young age the impression that masculinity is gained through business success.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For girls, many uniforms promote femininity by requiring girls to wear skirts. Skirts are seen by some critics as a symbol of femininity because they restrict movement and force certain ways of sitting and playing.<sup id="cite_ref-Happel,_Alison_2013_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Happel,_Alison_2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniforms that include an <a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">apron</a> for girls may suggest that the appropriate feminine societal role is a primarily domestic one. Some girls' school uniforms have been criticized as having an uncomfortable design, which prevents girls from freedom of movement and exposes girls to cold during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>School uniforms are embedded with gender symbolism. Schools that require students to wear a formal uniform almost universally provide trousers for boys and skirts or dresses for girls<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Skirts differentiate the female from the male, thereby confirming traditional gender identities for students who must wear the correct attire corresponding to their sex. Skirts and dresses demand a particular type of feminine gender performance, whereas trousers demand a particular masculine gender performance. By forcing students to wear attire that corresponds with their sex inherently assigns the ways a student must perform their gender. This causes controversy when a student does not want to identify with a gender that does not align with their sex. There are rarely guidelines that allow for students to dress according to their performed gender, but almost always according to their sex assigned at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-deakin.edu.au_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deakin.edu.au-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexualization_of_girls">Sexualization of girls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sexualization of girls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_%2823%29.jpg/220px-09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_%2823%29.jpg/330px-09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_%2823%29.jpg/440px-09%EC%9B%94_26%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%98_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_MUCON_Showcase_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> all-girls band group wearing uniform-like costumes during a performance, 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Around <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle or junior school</a>, students begin going through puberty. Uniforms can be seen as a way to restrict the sexualization of girls by taking the focus away from sexuality and focus it on academics in a school setting for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the desire to prevent overtly sexualized clothing through uniforms can fail. As an example, miniskirts have been very popular in Japan, where they are common parts of school uniforms and came to be worn within the <a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal">Kogal</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The pleasure our culture derives from gazing at girls who look feminine conflicts with girls' freedom to run around unselfconsciously and to develop their gross motor talents as boys are encouraged to do" (Collins et al. 1996, p. 170). Schoolgirl uniforms are used in costumes in the context of <a href="/wiki/Uniform_fetishism#Schoolgirl_uniform" title="Uniform fetishism">"Sexy Schoolgirl"</a> and are sold on costume sites year round. The idea of the female school uniform has become sexual and in Britain a new survey from Plan International UK found that a third of girls have been sexually harassed while wearing their school uniform. School uniforms can encourage harassment as children, as some cultures can define the "schoolgirl look" as sexual. Children as young as 8 years old report being victims of, or witnesses to, harassment. Two-thirds of the children questioned in the survey said they have experienced "unwanted sexual attention" in public, and 35 per cent said they have been touched, groped or grabbed without their consent. These experiences teach girls that being harassed by men is just a part of growing up. The perception of schoolgirl uniforms allows for men to harass girls at a young age, causing girls to self-objectify their bodies from the beginning of their schooling experience.<sup id="cite_ref-deakin.edu.au_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deakin.edu.au-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Pro_and_con_list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pro_and_con_lists" title="Wikipedia:Pro and con lists">pro and con list</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit">rewriting it</a> into consolidated sections based on topics.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escuela_Lenin(estudiantes).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Escuela_Lenin%28estudiantes%29.JPG/220px-Escuela_Lenin%28estudiantes%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Escuela_Lenin%28estudiantes%29.JPG/330px-Escuela_Lenin%28estudiantes%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Escuela_Lenin%28estudiantes%29.JPG/440px-Escuela_Lenin%28estudiantes%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cuban high-school girls, 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_(31699754891).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_%2831699754891%29.jpg/220px-12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_%2831699754891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_%2831699754891%29.jpg/330px-12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_%2831699754891%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_%2831699754891%29.jpg/440px-12.23_%E3%80%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%8D%E7%9C%9F%E8%81%BD%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3_%2831699754891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Pupils in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg/220px-Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg/330px-Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg/440px-Pitas_Sabah_StudentsPrimarySchools-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Primary school boy and girl in Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <p>In some cultures, the topic of school uniforms has sparked a multitude of controversies and debates over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debates concerning the constitutionality and economic feasibility of uniforms also contribute to the controversy. </p><p>In the United States, the implementation of school uniforms began following ten years of research indicating the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">private schools</a>. Some state-school reformers cited this research to support policies linked to private and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a> success. Some public-school administrators hence began implementing uniform policies to improve the overall school environment and academic achievement of the students. This is based on the assumption that uniforms are the direct cause of behavioral and academic outcome changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunsma,_David_L._1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunsma,_David_L._1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, within the Catholic school literature, school uniforms have never been acknowledged as a primary factor in producing a Catholic school effect.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunsma,_David_L._1998_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunsma,_David_L._1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another area of controversy regarding school uniform and dress code policies revolve around the issue of gender. Nowadays, more teenagers are more frequently "dressing to articulate, or confound gender identity and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>", which brings about "responses from school officials that ranged from indifferences to applause to bans".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg/220px-Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg/330px-Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg/440px-Centro_de_Estudiantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>School girls of Argentina</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positives">Positives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Positives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_(14503685759).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_%2814503685759%29.jpg/220px-Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_%2814503685759%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_%2814503685759%29.jpg/330px-Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_%2814503685759%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_%2814503685759%29.jpg/440px-Pupils_from_Raynes_Park_High_School_in_south-west_London_receive_a_-ShapetheFuture_competition_runners-up_certificate_from_Justine_Greening_%2814503685759%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Students in school uniform in the UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg/220px-Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg/330px-Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg/440px-Hurso_Ethiopia_choir_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian school children</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_school_students,_SAS_Pudong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/High_school_students%2C_SAS_Pudong.jpg/220px-High_school_students%2C_SAS_Pudong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/High_school_students%2C_SAS_Pudong.jpg/330px-High_school_students%2C_SAS_Pudong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/High_school_students%2C_SAS_Pudong.jpg/440px-High_school_students%2C_SAS_Pudong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">Students</a> of different nationalities at an <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, 2017. The school does not have a uniform.</figcaption></figure> <p>Advocates of uniforms have proposed several reasons supporting their implementation and claiming their success in schools. Advocates believe that uniforms affect student safety by decreasing student victimization, gang activity, and fights.<sup id="cite_ref-faculty.unlv.edu_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faculty.unlv.edu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been no concrete evidence of this, and studies by Ohio State University and others showed that uniforms did not increase test scores, grades, or focus. However, attendance increased by less than half of a day. The students felt even less of a sense of belonging at a school with uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-OSUStudy_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSUStudy-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kathleen Wade conducted an experiment to see if bullying and gang presence was higher in uniform or non-uniform schools. The research was done with multiple schools where she gave a questionnaire to both students and faculty to see if there was a significant difference. Her results showed that bullying and gang presence significantly decreases with students wearing school uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Differentiating strangers from students in school buildings</li></ul> <p>For example, in the first year of the mandatory uniform policy in Long Beach, California, officials reported that fighting in schools decreased by more than 50%, assault and battery by 34%, sex offenses by 74%, and robbery by 66%.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the district also added other safety measures like security guards so the success cannot be attributed to the uniforms solely. </p><p>Advocates also believe that uniforms increase student learning and positive attitudes toward school through: </p> <ul><li>Enhanced learning environments</li> <li>Heightened school pride</li> <li>Increased student achievement</li> <li>High levels of preparedness</li> <li>Conformity to organizational goals</li></ul> <p>Currently, pros of school uniforms center around how uniforms affect school environments. Advocates say that uniforms may create a safe learning environment for students to help them focus on school work and can lead them to great academic accomplishments. Students who wear school uniforms may not feel anxious or nervous about peer pressure in buying new clothes to fit in or being teased by other classmates.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents have found a significant positive impact on school climate, safety, and students' self-perception from the implementation of uniforms. </p><p>However, though modern studies and tests prove uniforms did not increase test scores, behavior, bullying, focus and attendance barely increased.<sup id="cite_ref-OSUStudy_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSUStudy-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negatives">Negatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Negatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opposing side of uniforms has claimed their ineffectiveness using a variety of justifications, a variety of which have research supporting them. Some of the cons to school uniforms include the following legal, financial, and questionable effectiveness concerns:<sup id="cite_ref-faculty.unlv.edu_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faculty.unlv.edu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary concern with school uniforms or strict dress codes is that it limits the ability of students to express themselves. While in countries where uniforms are the norm it simply isn't the case. Clothing is viewed as a means of expression – making all students wear the same clothes or limit them to what they can wear can disrupt their sense of identity. One of the main controversies focuses on dress code policies versus freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This establishes that students cannot wear the latest trends or clothes that the school finds that interrupt the learning environment. However, students can wear clothing that express their religion. "Both the Constitution and most state laws protect students' rights to wear religious attire... such as the wearing of a turban, yarmulke, or headscarf."<sup id="cite_ref-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another negative aspect of school uniforms is that the policy can be sexist. Boys and girls are often not disciplined in the same ways when it comes to dress codes. Girls are more commonly disciplined for certain articles of clothing that are prohibited because they "distract" boys. "Transgender students have been sent home for wearing clothing different from what's expected of their legalness, while others have been excluded from yearbooks."<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg/220px-Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg/330px-Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg/440px-Chaptal_vers_1880_PF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Schoolboys in France, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Uniforms also generally disadvantage students, especially girls, in freedom of movement and comfort. The research was conducted on an Australian independent private school and its uniform. Comfort-wise, for boys, the blazer was too hot/cold and uncomfortable. For girls, the light coloured cotton school dress was restrictive, see-through, hot, uncomfortable, and impractical. Furthermore, the stockings were often cold, grey woolen kilt was too heavy and restrictive of movement, and the wind could cause it to reveal more than the girls wanted. When playing and moving around, for boys, the school tie was a choking hazard, and the trousers had no stretch. For girls, the dress/skirt caused modesty issues (e.g. hard to swing on monkey bars/run around while keeping her privacy, hence stop being active), and the kilts were too big and heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research on how school uniforms and school dress codes influence the student can be inconclusive. "In the U.S., over half of public schools have a dress code, which frequently outline gender-specific policies."<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Legal concerns <ul><li>Focus on the supposition that requiring a uniform violates children's individual rights (Thomas, 1994; Virginia State Dep’t of Edu, 1992)</li> <li>Mandatory uniform policies are being considered largely for urban school districts, and, hence are being forced on a predominantly minority and poor student population (Thomas, 1994)</li></ul></li> <li>No effect on social status <ul><li>Many students felt the school uniform policy had little impact on the social dynamic of the school and students found ways to express individuality by making minor alterations to the school uniform (Da Costa, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Some parents and students interviewed in a research about the social aspect of school uniforms said that uniforms were a violation of their rights and freedom. "Like adults, children's freedom to choose or to act is also circumscribed by the community – massively so by schools, with their high density, constant supervision and evaluation, lack of privacy, and the obligatory nature of their activities." (Bodine, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></li> <li>Financial concerns <ul><li>Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> have voiced concerns about the cost of uniforms, specifically that some disadvantaged parents are unable to afford them (Gursky, 1996)</li></ul></li> <li>Questionable effectiveness of those policies <ul><li>Strongest opponents of uniform policies charge that no empirical evidence exists to support the numerous and varied claims of uniform proponents (LaPorte, Holoman, & Alleyne, 1992)</li> <li>School uniforms suppress students' individuality by mandating standardization of appearance and removing student expression (Joseph, 1986<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>While uniform policies have been linked to school climate, safety, and student self-perception, there is no evidence to indicate that a uniform policy increases academic achievement (Wade & Stafford, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Students that do not wear uniforms can be just as successful as students who do wear school uniforms. The amount of effort and participation a student does during class determines their academic success, regardless of what they are wearing. Students who wear school uniforms does not grant them academic achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marian Wilde,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additional opponent arguments include that school uniforms: </p> <ul><li>Are simply a Band-Aid on the issue of school violence</li> <li>Make students a target for bullies from other schools</li> <li>Are an unfair additional expense for parents who pay taxes for a free public education</li> <li>Are difficult to enforce in state/public (government) schools</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrunsma2004" class="citation book cs1">Brunsma, David L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53951257"><i>The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education : a symbolic crusade</i></a>. Lanham, Md.: ScarecrowEducation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57886-125-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57886-125-X"><bdi>1-57886-125-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53951257">53951257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+school+uniform+movement+and+what+it+tells+us+about+American+education+%3A+a+symbolic+crusade&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=ScarecrowEducation&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53951257&rft.isbn=1-57886-125-X&rft.aulast=Brunsma&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53951257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1986" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Nathan (1986). <i>Uniforms and nonuniforms: communication through clothing</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313251959" title="Special:BookSources/0313251959"><bdi>0313251959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+and+nonuniforms%3A+communication+through+clothing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0313251959&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde" class="citation web cs1">Wilde, Marian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatschools.org/find-a-school/defining-your-ideal/121-school-uniforms.gs?page=2">"Do Uniforms Make Schools Better"</a>. <i>GreatSchools.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GreatSchools.net&rft.atitle=Do+Uniforms+Make+Schools+Better&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatschools.org%2Ffind-a-school%2Fdefining-your-ideal%2F121-school-uniforms.gs%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, Jenny (5 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-29047752">"School uniforms: A history of 'rebellion and conformity'."</a> BBC News. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christs-hospital.org.uk/about-ch/history-of-the-uniform/">"History of the Uniform"</a>. <i>www.christs-hospital.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christs-hospital.org.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Uniform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christs-hospital.org.uk%2Fabout-ch%2Fhistory-of-the-uniform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Brunsma" class="citation book cs1">David L. Brunsma. "A Brief History of School Uniforms and Dress Codes". <i>The School Uniform Movement and What It Tells About American Education</i>. pp. 3 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+School+Uniforms+and+Dress+Codes&rft.btitle=The+School+Uniform+Movement+and+What+It+Tells+About+American+Education&rft.pages=3+ff&rft.au=David+L.+Brunsma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunsma2004" class="citation book cs1">Brunsma, David L. (2004). <i>The School Uniform Movement and What it Tells Us about American Education : a Symbolic Crusade</i>. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: ScarecrowEducation. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157886125X" title="Special:BookSources/157886125X"><bdi>157886125X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+Uniform+Movement+and+What+it+Tells+Us+about+American+Education+%3A+a+Symbolic+Crusade&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=ScarecrowEducation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=157886125X&rft.aulast=Brunsma&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonRae1990" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alexander; Rae, John (19 February 1990). <i>Blazers, Badges and Boaters: Pictorial History of School Uniform</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906619254" title="Special:BookSources/0906619254"><bdi>0906619254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blazers%2C+Badges+and+Boaters%3A+Pictorial+History+of+School+Uniform&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990-02-19&rft.isbn=0906619254&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Rae%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutelle2003" class="citation journal cs1">Boutelle, Marsha (2003). "UNIFORMS: Are They A Good Fit?". <i>Educational Digest</i>. <b>73</b> (6): 34–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Digest&rft.atitle=UNIFORMS%3A+Are+They+A+Good+Fit%3F&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=34-37&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Boutelle&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeStafford2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Kathleen; Stafford, Mary (August 2003). "Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions". <i>Education and Urban Society</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 399–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013124503255002">10.1177/0013124503255002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145149716">145149716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+and+Urban+Society&rft.atitle=Public+School+Uniforms%3A+Effect+on+Perceptions+of+Gang+Presence%2C+School+Climate%2C+and+Student+Self-Perceptions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-420&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0013124503255002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145149716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RudyCrew.NYTMarch96-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RudyCrew.NYTMarch96_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1996" class="citation news cs1">Kershaw, Sarah (30 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/30/nyregion/crew-will-not-pursue-school-uniform-rule.html">"Crew Will Not Pursue School Uniform Rule"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Crew+Will+Not+Pursue+School+Uniform+Rule&rft.date=1996-03-30&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F03%2F30%2Fnyregion%2Fcrew-will-not-pursue-school-uniform-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Tynan and Lisa Godson, eds., <i>Uniform: Clothing and Discipline in the Modern World</i> (London: Bloomsbury, 2019), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350045576" title="Special:BookSources/9781350045576">9781350045576</a>; Todd A. DeMitchell and Richard Fossey, <i>The Challenges of Mandating School Uniforms in the Public Schools: Free Speech, Research, and Policy</i> (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475809350" title="Special:BookSources/9781475809350">9781475809350</a>; Esan Regmi, <i>Stories of Intersex People from Nepal</i> (Kathmandu: [n.p.], 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmu.edu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nmu.edu_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, Joshua B. "Effects of a School Uniform Policy on an Urban School District." Northern Michigan University. N.p., 1 August 2011. Web. 19 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/GradPapers/Projects/Reed_Joshua_MP.pdf">https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/GradPapers/Projects/Reed_Joshua_MP.pdf</a> Wade, K. K., & Stafford, M. E. (2003). Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions. Education and Urban Society, 35(4), 399–420. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124503255002">http://doi.org/10.1177/0013124503255002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunsma,_David_L._1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunsma,_David_L._1998_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunsma,_David_L._1998_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunsma,_David_L._1998_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunsma, David L.; Rockquemore, Kerry A. 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Education and Urban Society, 35(4), 399–420. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124503255002">http://doi.org/10.1177/0013124503255002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCui,_Y.,_Fang,_X.,_&_Zhou,_H2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cui, Y., Fang, X., & Zhou, H (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F301%2F1%2F012122">"Green design and sustainable development of school uniforms"</a>. <i>IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</i>. <b>301</b> (1): 012122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS&E..301a2122C">2018MS&E..301a2122C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F301%2F1%2F012122">10.1088/1757-899X/301/1/012122</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169699231">169699231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Materials+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Green+design+and+sustainable+development+of+school+uniforms&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012122&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169699231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F301%2F1%2F012122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MS%26E..301a2122C&rft.au=Cui%2C+Y.%2C+Fang%2C+X.%2C+%26+Zhou%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1757-899X%252F301%252F1%252F012122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-School_Dress_Codes_-_FindLaw_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.findlaw.com/student-rights/school-dress-codes.html">"School Dress Codes - FindLaw"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+School+Dress+Codes+Are+Sexist&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2015%2F10%2Fschool-dress-codes-are-problematic%2F410962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://girlsuniformagenda.org/2017/06/14/research-girls-school-uniforms-clear-discriminate/">"Research on school uniforms - it's clear, they disadvantage girls"</a>. <i>Girls' Uniform Agenda</i>. 14 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Girls%27+Uniform+Agenda&rft.atitle=Research+on+school+uniforms+-+it%27s+clear%2C+they+disadvantage+girls&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgirlsuniformagenda.org%2F2017%2F06%2F14%2Fresearch-girls-school-uniforms-clear-discriminate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DaCosta, K. (2006). Dress code blues: An exploration of urban students' reactions to a public High School uniform policy. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(1), 49-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodine, A. (2003). School uniforms and discourses on childhood. Childhood, 10(1), 43-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph, Nathan. Uniforms and Nonuniforms: Communication through Clothing. Greenwood Press, New York, NY, 1986. ProQuest. Web. 18 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Kathleen Kiley, and Mary E. Stafford. "Public School Uniforms. Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions." Education and Urban Society 35.4 (2003): 399-420. ProQuest. Web. 18 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunsma2006" class="citation book cs1">Brunsma, David (2006). <i>Uniforms in public schools: A decade of research and debate</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+in+public+schools%3A+A+decade+of+research+and+debate&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Brunsma&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde2006" class="citation web cs1">Wilde, Marian (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427130140/http://www.btuonline.com/pdfs/Education%20News%20PDFs/uniformdebate.pdf">"The Debate Over Dress Codes and Uniforms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boward Teachers' Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btuonline.com/pdfs/Education%20News%20PDFs/uniformdebate.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Debate+Over+Dress+Codes+and+Uniforms&rft.pub=Boward+Teachers%27+Union&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btuonline.com%2Fpdfs%2FEducation%2520News%2520PDFs%2Funiformdebate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_uniform&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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