CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pythagoras - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0aa2d047-2ead-465c-bc7b-54c4222730b4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pythagoras","wgTitle":"Pythagoras","wgCurRevisionId":1256117311,"wgRevisionId":1256117311,"wgArticleId":23275,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from June 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use American English from February 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with hCards", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1: long volume value","Pages using Sister project links with default search","CS1 maint: overridden setting","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Pythagoras","570s BC births","490s BC deaths","6th-century BC mathematicians","6th-century BC Greek philosophers","5th-century BC mathematicians","5th-century BC Greek philosophers","Ancient Greek geometers","Ancient Greek metaphysicians","Ancient Greek music theorists","Ancient Greek philosophers of mind","Ancient Greek political refugees","Ancient Greek shamans","Ancient occultists","Ancient Samians","Pythagoreans","Founders of religions","Numerologists","Pythagoreans of Magna Graecia","6th-century BC religious leaders","5th-century BC religious leaders"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Pythagoras","wgRelevantArticleId":23275,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10261","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg/1200px-Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1736"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg/800px-Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1157"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg/640px-Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="926"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pythagoras - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pythagoras rootpage-Pythagoras skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pythagoras" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pythagoras" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pythagoras" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pythagoras" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Biographical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputed_travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputed_travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reputed travels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputed_travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Greek_teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Greek_teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Alleged Greek teachers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Greek_teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Croton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Croton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 In Croton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Croton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_friends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_friends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Family and friends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_friends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Teachings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Teachings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metempsychosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metempsychosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Metempsychosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metempsychosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mysticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Numerology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pythagoreanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pythagoreanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pythagoreanism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pythagoreanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pythagoreanism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pythagoreanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communal_lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Communal lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibitions_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibitions_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prohibitions and regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibitions_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributed_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributed_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Attributed discoveries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attributed_discoveries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attributed discoveries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attributed_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 In mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 In music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 In astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_influence_in_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_influence_in_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later influence in antiquity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_influence_in_antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later influence in antiquity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_influence_in_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_Greek_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Greek_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 On Greek philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Greek_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 On art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 In early Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_after_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_after_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Influence after antiquity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_after_antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence after antiquity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_after_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 In the Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_modern_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_modern_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 On modern science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_modern_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_vegetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_vegetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 On vegetarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_vegetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Western_esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Western_esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 On Western esotericism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Western_esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 On literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Classical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Modern secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pythagoras</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 157 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" > 157 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_von_Samos" title="Pythagoras von Samos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pythagoras von Samos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B3%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ፓይታጎረስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓይታጎረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पाइथागोरस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فيثاغورس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيثاغورس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pitagoras" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="পাইথেগাৰাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাইথেগাৰাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1gores" title="Pitágores – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pitágores" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पाइथागोरस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifaqor" title="Pifaqor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pifaqor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فیثاغورس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیثاغورس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পিথাগোরাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিথাগোরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Піфагор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піфагор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пітагор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітагор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाइथागोरस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Питагор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питагор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕའེ་ཐ་གྷོ་ར་ཟི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕའེ་ཐ་གྷོ་ར་ཟི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gores" title="Pitàgores – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pitàgores" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoru" title="Pitagoru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pitagoru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%DD%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پيطاݣوراس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پيطاݣوراس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πυθαγόρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυθαγόρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pitágoras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoro" title="Pitagoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pitagoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1gora" title="Pitágora – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pitágora" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pitagoras" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فیثاغورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیثاغورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagore" title="Pythagore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pythagore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytagoras" title="Pytagoras – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pytagoras" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADot%C3%A1gar%C3%A1s" title="Píotágarás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Píotágarás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythag%C3%B3ras" title="Pythagóras – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pythagóras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pitágoras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E9%81%94%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="畢達哥拉斯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="畢達哥拉斯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8" title="પાયથાગોરસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાયથાગોરસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%83%80%EA%B3%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="피타고라스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피타고라스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Պյութագորաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պյութագորաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाइथागोरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoro" title="Pitagoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pitagoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পিথাগোরাস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পিথাগোরাস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BD%C3%BEag%C3%B3ras" title="Pýþagóras – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pýþagóras" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="פיתגורס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיתגורס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorus" title="Pythagorus – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pythagorus" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೈಥಾಗರಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೈಥಾಗರಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pitagoras" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პითაგორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პითაგორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagore" title="Pythagore – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pythagore" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEtagoras" title="Pîtagoras – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîtagoras" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Пифагор (философ) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пифагор (философ)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagors" title="Pitagors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pitagors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_vu_Samos" title="Pythagoras vu Samos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pythagoras vu Samos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pitagoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payisoggolaasi" title="Payisoggolaasi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Payisoggolaasi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCthagorasz" title="Püthagorasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Püthagorasz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पाइथागोरस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Питагора – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Питагора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitag%C3%B4ra" title="Pitagôra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pitagôra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പൈതഗോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൈതഗോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पायथागोरस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पायथागोरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პითაგორა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პითაგორა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بيثاجوراس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيثاجوراس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پیتاگوراس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیتاگوراس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pitágoras" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုက်သာဂိုးရပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုက်သာဂိုးရပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाइथागोरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ピタゴラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピタゴラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%8A%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%90%DF%99" title="ߔߌߕߊߜ߭ߐߙ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߌߕߊߜ߭ߐߙ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytagoras" title="Pytagoras – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pytagoras" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytagoras" title="Pytagoras – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pytagoras" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitag%C3%B2ras" title="Pitagòras – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pitagòras" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paayitaagoras" title="Paayitaagoras – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Paayitaagoras" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifagor" title="Pifagor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pifagor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪਾਈਥਾਗੋਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਈਥਾਗੋਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="فيثاغورث – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فيثاغورث" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پيتاګورس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پيتاګورس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gora" title="Pitàgora – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pitàgora" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pitagoras" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pitágoras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifagor" title="Pifagor – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pifagor" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithaquras" title="Pithaquras – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pithaquras" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83)" title="पितागोरः (यवनदार्शनिकः) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पितागोरः (यवनदार्शनिकः)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="فیثاغورث – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فیثاغورث" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gura" title="Pitàgura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pitàgura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="පයිතගරස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පයිතගරස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A6%D9%BF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پئٿاگورس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پئٿاگورس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytagoras_zo_Samosu" title="Pytagoras zo Samosu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pytagoras zo Samosu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pitagoras" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پیتاگۆرس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتاگۆرس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Питагора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питагора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pitagora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பித்தாகரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பித்தாகரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitaguras" title="Pitaguras – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Pitaguras" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пифагор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="పైథాగరస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పైథాగరస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="พีทาโกรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พีทาโกรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Фисоғурис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фисоғурис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisagor" title="Pisagor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pisagor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifagor" title="Pifagor – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pifagor" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Піфагор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піфагор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="فیثاغورث – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فیثاغورث" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCthagoras" title="Püthagoras – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Püthagoras" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毕达哥拉斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1" title="פיטאגאראס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיטאגאראס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pythagoras" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E9%81%94%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="畢達哥拉斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="畢達哥拉斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisagor" title="Pisagor – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pisagor" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97taguors" title="Pėtaguors – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėtaguors" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毕达哥拉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pythagoras" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pythagoras" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pythagoras" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&oldid=1256117311" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pythagoras&id=1256117311&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPythagoras">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPythagoras">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pythagoras&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pythagoras" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pythagoras" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pythagoras" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10261" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek philosopher (c. 570 – c. 495 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here. For the Samian statuary, see <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(sculptor)" title="Pythagoras (sculptor)">Pythagoras (sculptor)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pythagoras (disambiguation)">Pythagoras (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pythagoras</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum,_Colosseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marble bust of a man with a long, pointed beard, wearing a tainia, a kind of ancient Greek headcovering in this case resembling a turban. The face is somewhat gaunt and has prominent, but thin, eyebrows, which seem halfway fixed into a scowl. The ends of his mustache are long a trail halfway down the length of his beard to about where the bottom of his chin would be if we could see it. None of the hair on his head is visible, since it is completely covered by the tainia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg/220px-Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg/330px-Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg/440px-Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="4140" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bust of Pythagoras of Samos in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 570 BC <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 495 BC (aged around 75) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">either <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Music theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Communalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">Musica universalis</a></li></ul></div> Attributed ideas: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_zone" title="Geographical zone">Five climatic zones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic solids">Five regular solids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">Proportions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Sphericity of the Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Pythagoras of Samos<a href="#cite_note-spelling-2">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Πυθαγόρας; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 570 – c. 495 BC)<a href="#cite_note-date-3">[b]</a> was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, and the eponymous founder of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>. His political and religious teachings were well known in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> and influenced the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and, through them, the <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">West</a> in general. Knowledge of his life is clouded by legend; modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that, around 530 BC, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a> in southern Italy, where he founded a school in which initiates were sworn to secrecy and lived a communal, <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> lifestyle. In antiquity, Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic solids">five regular solids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">Theory of Proportions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">sphericity of the Earth</a>, and the identity of the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">morning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">evening stars</a> as the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher ("lover of wisdom")<a href="#cite_note-philosopher-4">[c]</a> and that he was the first to divide the globe into <a href="/wiki/Geographical_zone" title="Geographical zone">five climatic zones</a>. Classical historians debate whether Pythagoras made these discoveries, and many of the accomplishments credited to him likely originated earlier or were made by his colleagues or successors. Some accounts mention that the philosophy associated with Pythagoras was related to mathematics and that numbers were important, but it is debated to what extent, if at all, he actually contributed to mathematics or <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>. The teaching most securely identified with Pythagoras is the "transmigration of souls" or <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>, which holds that every <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> is <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a> and, upon death, <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">enters into a new body</a>. He may have also devised the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">musica universalis</a>, which holds that the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">planets</a> move according to <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">equations</a> and thus resonate to produce an inaudible symphony of music. Scholars debate whether Pythagoras developed the <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerological</a> and musical teachings attributed to him, or if those teachings were developed by his later followers, particularly <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus of Croton</a>. Following Croton's decisive victory over <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> in around 510 BC, Pythagoras's followers came into conflict with supporters of <a href="/wiki/Greek_democracy" title="Greek democracy">democracy</a>, and Pythagorean meeting houses were burned. Pythagoras may have been killed during this persecution, or he may have escaped to <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a> and died there. Pythagoras influenced Plato, whose <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">dialogues</a>, especially his <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, exhibit Pythagorean teachings. Pythagorean ideas on mathematical perfection also impacted <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek art</a>. His teachings underwent a major revival in the first century BC among <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a>, coinciding with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a>. Pythagoras continued to be regarded as a great philosopher throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and his philosophy had a major impact on scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. Pythagorean symbolism was also used throughout early modern <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">European esotericism</a>, and his teachings as portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> would later influence the modern vegetarian movement. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographical_sources">Biographical sources</h2></div> No authentic writings of Pythagoras have survived,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010796-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20084-7">[4]</a> and almost nothing is known for certain about his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20083–5-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201521–23-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200329-10">[7]</a> The earliest sources on Pythagoras's life are brief, ambiguous, and often <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20084-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985299-12">[9]</a> The earliest source on Pythagoras's teachings is a satirical poem probably written after his death by the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes_of_Colophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophanes of Colophon">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> (c. 570 – c. 478 BC), who had been one of his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200562-14">[11]</a> In the poem, Xenophanes describes Pythagoras interceding on behalf of a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> that is being beaten, professing to recognize in its cries the voice of a departed friend.<a href="#cite_note-Xenophanes-15">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985299-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200331-16">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon of Croton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> c. 450 BC), a doctor who lived in Croton at around the same time Pythagoras lived there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612-13">[10]</a> incorporates many Pythagorean teachings into his writings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612–13-17">[13]</a> and alludes to having possibly known Pythagoras personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612–13-17">[13]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclitus of Ephesus">Heraclitus of Ephesus</a> (fl. c. 500 BC), who was born across a few miles of sea away from Samos and may have lived within Pythagoras's lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613-18">[14]</a> mocked Pythagoras as a clever charlatan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613-18">[14]</a> remarking that "Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchus, practiced inquiry more than any other man, and selecting from these writings he manufactured a wisdom for himself—much learning, artful knavery."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613-18">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/220px-Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/330px-Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/440px-Pythagoras_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Fictionalized portrait of Pythagoras from a 17th-century engraving</figcaption></figure> The Greek poets <a href="/wiki/Ion_of_Chios" title="Ion of Chios">Ion of Chios</a> (c. 480 – c. 421 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Empedocles_of_Acragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Empedocles of Acragas">Empedocles of Acragas</a> (c. 493 – c. 432 BC) both express admiration for Pythagoras in their poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200614–15-19">[15]</a> The first concise description of Pythagoras comes from the historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodotus of Halicarnassus">Herodotus of Halicarnassus</a> (c. 484 – c. 420 BC),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">[16]</a> who describes him as one of the greatest Greek teachers<a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-21">[e]</a> and states that Pythagoras taught his followers how to attain <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">[16]</a> The accuracy of the works of Herodotus is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarincola200159-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts20112-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks199858-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsheriLloydCorcella2007-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2004156-26">[21]</a> The writings attributed to the Pythagorean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus of Croton</a> (c. 470 – c. 385 BC) are the earliest texts to describe the numerological and musical theories that were later ascribed to Pythagoras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200688-27">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorician</a> <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> (c. 436 – c. 338 BC) was the first to describe Pythagoras as having visited Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (c. 384 – c. 322 BC) wrote a treatise On the Pythagoreans, which no longer exists.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> Some of it may be preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a>. Aristotle's disciples <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> (who all lived in the 3rd century BC) also wrote on the same subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109-29">[24]</a> Most of the major sources on Pythagoras's life are from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Roman_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Roman period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a> by which point, according to the German classicist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a>, "the history of Pythagoreanism was already ... the laborious reconstruction of something lost and gone."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109-29">[24]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Historical_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical biography">ancient biographies</a> of Pythagoras have survived from late antiquity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200329-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a> all of which are filled primarily with myths and legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200329-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129-31">[26]</a> The earliest and most respectable of these is the one from <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129-31">[26]</a> The two later biographies were written by the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129-31">[26]</a> and were partially intended as polemics against the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Christianity">rise of Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129-31">[26]</a> The later sources are much lengthier than the earlier ones,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a> and even more fantastic in their descriptions of Pythagoras's achievements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129-31">[26]</a> Porphyry and Iamblichus used material from the lost writings of Aristotle's disciples (Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, and Heraclides)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109-29">[24]</a> and material taken from these sources is generally considered to be the most reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109-29">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is not a single detail in the life of Pythagoras that stands uncontradicted. But it is possible, from a more or less critical selection of the data, to construct a plausible account.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a>, 1972<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106-32">[27]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHdt._4297§95-33">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>, and other early writers agree that Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">[29]</a> and that he was born on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200812-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny20049-36">[31]</a> According to these biographers, Pythagoras's father was not born on the island, although he got naturalized there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200812-35">[30]</a> but according to <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> he was a native of the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200811-37">[32]</a> He is said to have been a gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§1,_§10-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200621-40">[35]</a> but his ancestry is disputed and unclear.<a href="#cite_note-ancestry-41">[f]</a> His mother was a native of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, descending from a <a href="/wiki/Geomori_(Samos)" title="Geomori (Samos)">geomoroi</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200815-42">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>, gives her name as Pythaïs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaub2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodm7DgAAQBAJpgPA122_122]-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> tells the story that the Pythia prophesied to her while she was pregnant with him that she would give birth to a man supremely beautiful, wise, and beneficial to humankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559-45">[39]</a> As to the date of his birth, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> stated that Pythagoras left Samos in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>, at the age of 40, which would give a date of birth around 570 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§9-46">[40]</a> Pythagoras's name led him to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythian</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> (Pūthíā); <a href="/wiki/Aristippus_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristippus of Cyrene">Aristippus of Cyrene</a> in the 4th century BC explained his name by saying, "He spoke [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀγορεύω">ἀγορεύω</a>, agoreúō] the truth no less than did the Pythian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Πυθία">πυθικός</a> puthikós]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559-45">[39]</a> During Pythagoras's formative years, Samos was a thriving cultural hub known for its feats of advanced architectural engineering, including the building of the <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a>, and for its riotous festival culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200545–47-47">[41]</a> It was a major center of trade in the Aegean where traders brought goods from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611-5">[2]</a> According to Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier, these traders almost certainly brought with them Near Eastern ideas and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611-5">[2]</a> Pythagoras's early life also coincided with the flowering of early Ionian <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200544–45-48">[42]</a> He was a contemporary of the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a>, and the historian <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a>, all of whom lived in <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, across the sea from Samos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200544–45-48">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputed_travels">Reputed travels</h3></div> Pythagoras is traditionally thought to have received most of his education in the Near East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057-49">[43]</a> Modern scholarship has shown that the culture of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> was heavily influenced by those of <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057-49">[43]</a> Like many other important Greek thinkers, Pythagoras was said to have studied in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057–8-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201522–23-51">[45]</a> By the time of Isocrates in the fourth century BC, Pythagoras's reputed studies in Egypt were already taken as fact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559-45">[39]</a> The writer <a href="/wiki/Antiphon_(writer)" title="Antiphon (writer)">Antiphon</a>, who may have lived during the Hellenistic Era, claimed in his lost work On Men of Outstanding Merit, used as a source by Porphyry, that Pythagoras learned to speak <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a> himself, that he studied with the Egyptian priests at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Diospolis</a> (Thebes), and that he was the only foreigner ever to be granted the privilege of taking part in their worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§6-52">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Platonist">Middle Platonist</a> biographer <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (c. 46 – c. 120 AD) writes in his treatise <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">On Isis and Osiris</a> that, during his visit to Egypt, Pythagoras received instruction from the Egyptian priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oenuphis_of_Heliopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oenuphis of Heliopolis (page does not exist)">Oenuphis of Heliopolis</a> (meanwhile <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> received lectures from a <a href="/wiki/Sonchis_of_Sais" title="Sonchis of Sais">Sonchis of Sais</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Iside_et_Osiride25§354e-53">[47]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian theologian">Christian theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (c. 150 – c. 215 AD), "Pythagoras was a disciple of Sonchis, an Egyptian archprophet, as well as a Plato of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sechnuphis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sechnuphis (page does not exist)">Sechnuphis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress200383-54">[48]</a> Some ancient writers claimed that Pythagoras learned geometry and the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a> from the Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057–8-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> Other ancient writers, however, claimed that Pythagoras had learned these teachings from the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> or even from <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.1,_§1.3-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> Diogenes Laërtius asserts that Pythagoras later visited <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, where he went to the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Cave of Ida</a> with <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII1.1,_1.3-58">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> are reputed to have taught Pythagoras <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> to have taught him astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> By the third century BC, Pythagoras was already reported to have studied under the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> Contradicting all these reports, the novelist <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Diogenes" title="Antonius Diogenes">Antonius Diogenes</a>, writing in the second century BC, reports that Pythagoras discovered all his doctrines himself by <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">interpreting dreams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> The third-century AD <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> claims that, in addition to the Egyptians, Pythagoras also studied under sages or <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosophist">gymnosophists</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> Iamblichus expands this list even further by claiming that Pythagoras also studied with the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Greek_teachers">Alleged Greek teachers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust of a somewhat elderly and rather tired-looking man with a short, curly beard, vaguely similar to Greek busts of Homer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Pythagoras in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, showing him as a "tired-looking older man"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze bust of a man with a short, curly beard wearing a tainia, which resembles a turban. Short curls hang out from underneath the tainia. The face is much broader than the other busts and the neck much fatter. The brow ridges are very prominent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg/170px-Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg/255px-Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg/340px-Archytas_of_Tarentum_MAN_Napoli_Inv5607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze bust of a philosopher wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tainia_(costume)" title="Tainia (costume)">tainia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, possibly a fictional bust of Pythagoras<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2005163-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Ancient sources also record Pythagoras having studied under a variety of native Greek thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> Some identify Hermodamas of Samos as a possible tutor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> Hermodamas represented the indigenous Samian <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsodic</a> tradition and his father Creophylos was said to have been the host of his rival poet <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> Others credit <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias of Priene</a>, Thales,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§9-61">[55]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> (a pupil of Thales).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§9-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§2-62">[56]</a> Other traditions claim the mythic bard <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> as Pythagoras's teacher, thus representing the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic Mysteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> The Neoplatonists wrote of a "sacred discourse" Pythagoras had written on the gods in the <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> dialect, which they believed had been dictated to Pythagoras by the Orphic priest Aglaophamus upon his initiation to the orphic Mysteries at <a href="/wiki/Leibethra" title="Leibethra">Leibethra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">[51]</a> Iamblichus credited Orpheus with having been the model for Pythagoras's manner of speech, his spiritual attitude, and his manner of worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058–9-63">[57]</a> Iamblichus describes Pythagoreanism as a synthesis of everything Pythagoras had learned from Orpheus, from the Egyptian priests, from the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, and from other religious and philosophical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058–9-63">[57]</a> Riedweg states that, although these stories are fanciful, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely influenced by Orphism to a noteworthy extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> Of the various Greek sages claimed to have taught Pythagoras, <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a> is mentioned most often.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> Similar miracle stories were told about both Pythagoras and Pherecydes, including one in which the hero predicts a shipwreck, one in which he predicts the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, and one in which he drinks from a well and predicts an earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Paradoxographus" title="Apollonius Paradoxographus">Apollonius Paradoxographus</a>, a paradoxographer who may have lived in the second century BC, identified Pythagoras's <a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">thaumaturgic</a> ideas as a result of Pherecydes's influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> Another story, which may be traced to the Neopythagorean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a>, tells that, when Pherecydes was old and dying on the island of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, Pythagoras returned to care for him and pay his respects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duris_of_Samos" title="Duris of Samos">Duris</a>, the historian and <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> of Samos, is reported to have patriotically boasted of an epitaph supposedly penned by Pherecydes which declared that Pythagoras's wisdom exceeded his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> On the grounds of all these references connecting Pythagoras with Pherecydes, Riedweg concludes that there may well be some historical foundation to the tradition that Pherecydes was Pythagoras's teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> Pythagoras and Pherecydes also appear to have shared similar views on the soul and the teaching of metempsychosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">[58]</a> Before 520 BC, on one of his visits to Egypt or Greece, Pythagoras might have met <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales of Miletus</a>, who would have been around fifty-four years older than him. Thales was a philosopher, scientist, mathematician, and engineer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach201144-66">[60]</a> also known for a <a href="/wiki/Thales%27_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales' Theorem">special case</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">inscribed angle theorem</a>. Pythagoras's birthplace, the island of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, is situated in the Northeast <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> not far from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20122,_16-67">[61]</a> Diogenes Laërtius cites a statement from <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> (fourth century BC) stating that Pythagoras learned most of his <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> doctrines from the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Delphic priestess</a> <a href="/wiki/Themistoclea" title="Themistoclea">Themistoclea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.1,_§1.8-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe198711-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone200922-70">[64]</a> Porphyry agrees with this assertion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§41-71">[65]</a> but calls the priestess Aristoclea (Aristokleia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage198448-72">[66]</a> Ancient authorities furthermore note the similarities between the religious and <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> peculiarities of Pythagoras with the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Cretan mysteries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Delphic oracle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Croton">In Croton</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pythagoras is located in Italy"><img alt="Pythagoras is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.754%;left:85.368%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Croton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.094%;left:82.92%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Metapontum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.223%;left:80.209%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sybaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.319%;left:86.305%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tarentum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.393%;left:57.703%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Acragas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Acragas</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" title="File:Italy provincial location map 2016.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of Italy showing locations associated with Pythagoras</div></div></div> Porphyry repeats an account from <a href="/wiki/Antiphon_(writer)" title="Antiphon (writer)">Antiphon</a>, who reported that, while he was still on Samos, Pythagoras founded a school known as the "semicircle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364-76">[70]</a> Here, Samians debated matters of public concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364-76">[70]</a> Supposedly, the school became so renowned that the brightest minds in all of Greece came to Samos to hear Pythagoras teach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a> Pythagoras himself dwelled in a secret cave, where he studied in private and occasionally held discourses with a few of his close friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364-76">[70]</a> Christoph Riedweg, a German scholar of early Pythagoreanism, states that it is entirely possible Pythagoras may have taught on Samos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a> but cautions that Antiphon's account, which makes reference to a specific building that was still in use during his own time, appears to be motivated by Samian patriotic interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a> Around 530 BC, when Pythagoras was about forty years old, he left Samos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20085-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201522-79">[73]</a> His later admirers claimed that he left because he disagreed with the <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a> in Samos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511-77">[71]</a> Riedweg notes that this explanation closely aligns with Nicomachus's emphasis on Pythagoras's purported love of freedom, but that Pythagoras's enemies portrayed him as having a proclivity towards tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511-77">[71]</a> Other accounts claim that Pythagoras left Samos because he was so overburdened with public duties in Samos, because of the high estimation in which he was held by his fellow-citizens.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> He arrived in the Greek colony of Croton (today's <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>) in what was then <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201522-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vogel196621ff-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511–12-83">[77]</a> All sources agree that Pythagoras was charismatic and quickly acquired great political influence in his new environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vogel1966148–150-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200512–13-85">[79]</a> He served as an advisor to the elites in Croton and gave them frequent advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200512–18-86">[80]</a> Later biographers tell fantastical stories of the effects of his eloquent speeches in leading the people of Croton to abandon their luxurious and corrupt way of life and devote themselves to the purer system which he came to introduce.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200513–18-88">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_friends">Family and friends</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_the_greatest_nations;_a_comprehensive_history,_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present,_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities,_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_(14783288925).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration showing Pythagoras teaching a class of women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814783288925%29.jpg/310px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814783288925%29.jpg/465px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814783288925%29.jpg/620px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from 1913 showing Pythagoras teaching a class of women. Many prominent members of his school were women<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20018-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131-90">[84]</a> and some modern scholars think that he may have believed that women should be taught philosophy as well as men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi-91">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858-92">[86]</a> and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married <a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a>, a lady of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and the daughter of Pythenax<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> and had several children with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named <a href="/wiki/Telauges" title="Telauges">Telauges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> and a daughter named Myia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> who "took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> Iamblichus mentions none of these children<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> The wrestler <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a> was said to have been a close associate of Pythagoras<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20055–6,_59,_73-95">[89]</a> and was credited with having saved the philosopher's life when a roof was about to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20055–6,_59,_73-95">[89]</a> This association may have been the result of confusion with a different man named Pythagoras, who was an athletics trainer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">[69]</a> Diogenes Laërtius records Milo's wife's name as Myia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> Iamblichus mentions Theano as the wife of Brontinus of Croton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> Diogenes Laërtius states that the same Theano was Pythagoras's pupil<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> and that Pythagoras's wife Theano was her daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> Diogenes Laërtius also records that works supposedly written by Theano were still extant during his own lifetime<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> and quotes several opinions attributed to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> These writings are now known to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphica">pseudepigraphical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> Pythagoras's emphasis on dedication and asceticism are credited with aiding in Croton's decisive victory over the neighboring colony of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> in 510 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016–7-96">[90]</a> After the victory, some prominent citizens of Croton proposed a <a href="/wiki/Greek_democracy" title="Greek democracy">democratic constitution</a>, which the Pythagoreans rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016–7-96">[90]</a> The supporters of democracy, headed by <a href="/wiki/Cylon_of_Croton" title="Cylon of Croton">Cylon</a> and Ninon, the former of whom is said to have been irritated by his exclusion from Pythagoras's brotherhood, roused the populace against them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519-97">[91]</a> Followers of Cylon and Ninon attacked the Pythagoreans during one of their meetings, either in the house of Milo or in some other meeting-place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20017-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20-99">[93]</a> Accounts of the attack are often contradictory and many probably confused it with the later anti-Pythagorean rebellions, such as the one in Metapontum in 454 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr419§583a-100">[94]</a> The building was apparently set on fire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20017-98">[92]</a> and many of the assembled members perished;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20017-98">[92]</a> only the younger and more active members managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Sources disagree regarding whether Pythagoras was present when the attack occurred and, if he was, whether or not he managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20-99">[93]</a> In some accounts, Pythagoras was not at the meeting when the Pythagoreans were attacked because he was on Delos tending to the dying Pherecydes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20-99">[93]</a> According to another account from Dicaearchus, Pythagoras was at the meeting and managed to escape,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a> leading a small group of followers to the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Locris</a>, where they pleaded for sanctuary, but were denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a> They reached the city of <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a>, where they took shelter in the temple of the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> and died there of starvation after forty days without food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20017-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1989278-103">[97]</a> Another tale recorded by Porphyry claims that, as Pythagoras's enemies were burning the house, his devoted students laid down on the ground to make a path for him to escape by walking over their bodies across the flames like a bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a> Pythagoras managed to escape, but was so despondent at the deaths of his beloved students that he committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a> A different legend reported by both Diogenes Laërtius and Iamblichus states that Pythagoras almost managed to escape, but that he came to a fava bean field and refused to run through it, since doing so would violate his teachings, so he stopped instead and was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimoons1998225–228-104">[98]</a> This story seems to have originated from the writer Neanthes, who told it about later Pythagoreans, not about Pythagoras himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scene from Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras as a balding, bearded man writing in a book with a quill. He is dressed in a long-sleeved tunic with a cloak spread across his legs as he kneels to write, using his left thigh to support the book. In front of him, a boy with long hair presents him with a chalk board showing a diagrammatic representation of a lyre above the symbol of the tetractys. Averroes, shown as a stereotypical Middle Easterner with a mustache and wearing a turban, peers over his left shoulder while another bearded, balding philosopher in classical garb, probably Anaxagoras, peers over his right shoulder, taking notes into a much smaller notepad. A very feminine looking figure with long hair stands behind the boy, dressed in a white cloak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg/290px-Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg/435px-Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg/580px-Cropped_image_of_Pythagoras_from_Raphael%27s_School_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s fresco <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a>, Pythagoras is shown writing in a book as a young man presents him with a tablet showing a <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrammatic</a> representation of a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> above a drawing of the sacred <a href="/wiki/Tetractys" title="Tetractys">tetractys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200566-105">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> Although the exact details of Pythagoras's teachings are uncertain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106–109-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015–6-107">[101]</a> it is possible to reconstruct a general outline of his main ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106–109-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20019–11-108">[102]</a> Aristotle writes at length about the teachings of the Pythagoreans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200331-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert197229–30-109">[103]</a> but without mentioning Pythagoras directly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200331-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert197229–30-109">[103]</a> One of Pythagoras's main doctrines appears to have been <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20085-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200111-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012232-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985300–301-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201524–25-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31-114">[108]</a> the belief that all <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> are immortal and that, after death, a soul is transferred into a new body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200111-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201524–25-113">[107]</a> This teaching is referenced by Xenophanes, Ion of Chios, and Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200111-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> Nothing whatsoever, however, is known about the nature or mechanism by which Pythagoras believed metempsychosis to occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201525-116">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> alludes in one of his poems that Pythagoras may have claimed to possess the ability to recall his former incarnations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200112-117">[111]</a> Diogenes Laërtius reports an account from <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> that Pythagoras told people that he had lived four previous lives that he could remember in detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.3–§1.5-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013164–167-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> The first of these lives was as <a href="/wiki/Aethalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethalides">Aethalides</a> the son of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, who granted him the ability to remember all his past incarnations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013164–165-121">[115]</a> Next, he was incarnated as <a href="/wiki/Euphorbus" title="Euphorbus">Euphorbus</a>, a minor hero from the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> briefly mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013165–166-122">[116]</a> He then became the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167-123">[117]</a> who recognized the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167-123">[117]</a> His final incarnation was as Pyrrhus, a fisherman from <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167-123">[117]</a> One of his past lives, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a>, was as a beautiful courtesan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012232-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysticism">Mysticism</h3></div> Another belief attributed to Pythagoras was that of the "<a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">harmony of the spheres</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529–30-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201538–39-126">[120]</a> which maintained that the planets and stars move according to mathematical equations, which correspond to musical notes and thus produce an inaudible symphony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529–30-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201538–39-126">[120]</a> According to Porphyry, Pythagoras taught that the seven <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a> were actually the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">seven planets</a> singing together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530-127">[121]</a> In his philosophical dialogue <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> has his literary double say: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Pythagoras was asked [why humans exist], he said, "to observe the heavens", and he used to claim that he himself was an observer of nature, and it was for the sake of this that he had passed over into life.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFAristot._Protrepticus">Aristot. Protrepticus</a>, p. 48</cite></div></blockquote> Pythagoras was said to have practiced <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> The earliest mentions of divination by <a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">isopsephy</a> in Greek literature associate it with Pythagoras; he was viewed as the founder of this practice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> According to his biographer, Iamblichus, he taught his method of divination to a Scythian priest of Apollo by the name of <a href="/wiki/Abaris_the_Hyperborean" title="Abaris the Hyperborean">Abaris the Hyperborean</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry199930–31-130">[124]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Abaris stayed with Pythagoras, and was compendiously taught physiology and theology; and instead of divining by the entrails of beasts, he revealed to him the art of prognosticating by numbers, conceiving this to be a method purer, more divine, and more kindred to the celestial numbers of the Gods.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §19.93</cite></div></blockquote> This shouldn't be confused with a simplified version known today as "<a href="/wiki/Numerology#Pythagorean_method" title="Numerology">Pythagorean numerology</a>", involving a variant of an isopsephic technique known – among other names – as pythmenes 'roots'<a href="#cite_note-pythmenes1-131">[125]</a> or 'base numbers',<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> by means of which the base values of letters in a word were mathematically reduced by addition or division, in order to obtain a single value from one to nine for the whole name or word;<a href="#cite_note-pythmenes1-131">[125]</a> these 'roots' or 'base numbers' could then be interpreted with other techniques, such as traditional Pythagorean attributions.<a href="#cite_note-pythmenes2-133">[127]</a> This latter form of numerology flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine era</a>, and was first attested among the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a> of the second century AD.<a href="#cite_note-pythmenes2-133">[127]</a> By that time, isopsephy had developed into several different techniques that were used for a variety of purposes; including divination, doctrinal allegory, and medical prognosis and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pythmenes2-133">[127]</a> In the visits to various places in Greece—<a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlius" title="Phlius">Phlius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, etc.—which are ascribed to him, he usually appears either in his religious or priestly guise, or else as a lawgiver.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerology">Numerology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The so-called Pythagoreans applied themselves to mathematics, and were the first to develop this science; and through studying it they came to believe that its principles are the principles of everything.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFAristot._Met._1">Aristot. Met. 1</a>, 985b</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetractys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the tetractys, an equilateral triangle made up of ten dots, with one dot in the top row, two in the second, three in the third, and four in the bottom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tetractys.svg/220px-Tetractys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tetractys.svg/330px-Tetractys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tetractys.svg/440px-Tetractys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Pythagoras is credited with having devised the <a href="/wiki/Tetractys" title="Tetractys">tetractys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29-136">[130]</a> an important <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">sacred symbol</a> in later Pythagoreanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2-138">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> According to Aristotle, the Pythagoreans used mathematics for solely mystical reasons, devoid of practical application.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467–468-139">[133]</a> They believed that all things were made of numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972265-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200127-141">[135]</a> The number one (the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">monad</a>) represented the origin of all things<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200523-142">[136]</a> and the number two (the <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyad (Greek philosophy)">dyad</a>) represented matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200523-142">[136]</a> The number three was an "ideal number" because it had a beginning, middle, and end<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172-143">[137]</a> and was the smallest number of points that could be used to define a plane triangle, which they revered as a symbol of the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172-143">[137]</a> The number four signified the <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">four seasons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">four elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172-144">[138]</a> The number seven was also sacred because it was the number of planets and the number of strings on a lyre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172-144">[138]</a> and because Apollo's birthday was celebrated on the seventh day of each month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172-144">[138]</a> They believed that <a href="/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)" title="Parity (mathematics)">odd numbers</a> were <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972433-145">[139]</a> that even numbers were <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972433-145">[139]</a> and that the number five represented marriage, because it was the sum of two and three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170-147">[141]</a> Ten was regarded as the "perfect number"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467–468-139">[133]</a> and the Pythagoreans honored it by never gathering in groups larger than ten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161-148">[142]</a> Pythagoras was credited with devising the <a href="/wiki/Tetractys" title="Tetractys">tetractys</a>, the triangular figure of four rows which add up to the perfect number, ten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29-136">[130]</a> The Pythagoreans regarded the tetractys as a symbol of utmost mystical importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529-137">[131]</a> Iamblichus, in his Life of Pythagoras, states that the tetractys was "so admirable, and so divinised by those who understood [it]," that Pythagoras's students would swear oaths by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200566-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§29-149">[143]</a> Andrew Gregory concludes that the tradition linking Pythagoras to the tetractys is probably genuine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528-150">[144]</a> Modern scholars debate whether these numerological teachings were developed by Pythagoras himself or by the later Pythagorean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philolaus_of_Croton" class="mw-redirect" title="Philolaus of Croton">Philolaus of Croton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200687–88-151">[145]</a> In his landmark study Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, Walter Burkert argues that Pythagoras was a charismatic political and religious teacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3-152">[146]</a> but that the number philosophy attributed to him was really an innovation by Philolaus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20013-153">[147]</a> According to Burkert, Pythagoras never dealt with numbers at all, let alone made any noteworthy contribution to mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3-152">[146]</a> Burkert argues that the only mathematics the Pythagoreans ever actually engaged in was simple, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof">proofless</a> <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428–433-154">[148]</a> but that these arithmetic discoveries did contribute significantly to the beginnings of mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972465-155">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_lifestyle">Communal lifestyle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing a group of people dressed in white classical garb standing at the edge of a cliff overlooking the sea watching as the sun rises. The central figure, probably Pythagoras himself, is turned away from our view towards the sunrise. He has long braids and his long beard is partially visible from the side. Both of his arms are raised into the air. The three men closest to him, two on his left and one on his right, are kneeling and making frantic gestures, possibly weeping. Behind them, an older man plays a harp and two women play lyres. A young man without a beard and an middle-aged man with a beard play lyres as well, while another young man plays the aulos. A man in the foreground at the back of the group kneels prayerfully towards the sunrise. In the background, at the far left side of the painting, a woman, a girl, a boy, and a young, naked child watch the Pythagoreans. The woman and the girl are carrying pots, indicating they have been fetching water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/330px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/495px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/660px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Pythagoreans Celebrate the Sunrise (1869) by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Bronnikov" title="Fyodor Bronnikov">Fyodor Bronnikov</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></div> Both <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> state that, above all else, Pythagoras was known as the founder of a new way of life.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1989277-158">[152]</a> The organization Pythagoras founded at Croton was called a "school",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§19-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> but, in many ways, resembled a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531-161">[155]</a> The adherents were bound by a <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vow</a> to Pythagoras and each other, for the purpose of pursuing the <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> observances, and of studying his religious and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> theories.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> The members of the sect <a href="/wiki/Community_ownership" title="Community ownership">shared all their possessions in common</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201365-163">[157]</a> and were devoted to each other to the exclusion of outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201368–69-165">[159]</a> Ancient sources record that the Pythagoreans ate meals in common after the manner of the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">[161]</a> One Pythagorean <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim (literature)">maxim</a> was "koinà tà phílōn" ("All things in common among friends").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201365-163">[157]</a> Both Iamblichus and Porphyry provide detailed accounts of the organization of the school, although the primary interest of both writers is not historical accuracy, but rather to present Pythagoras as a divine figure, sent by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">gods</a> to benefit humankind.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> Iamblichus, in particular, presents the "Pythagorean Way of Life" as a pagan alternative to the Christian monastic communities of his own time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531-161">[155]</a> For Pythagoreans, the highest reward a human could attain was for their soul to join in the life of the gods and thus escape the cycle of reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200152-169">[163]</a> Two groups existed within early Pythagoreanism: the mathematikoi ("learners") and the akousmatikoi ("listeners").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20122,_16-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201531-170">[164]</a> The akousmatikoi are traditionally identified by scholars as "old believers" in mysticism, numerology, and religious teachings;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201531-170">[164]</a> whereas the mathematikoi are traditionally identified as a more intellectual, modernist faction who were more rationalist and scientific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201531-170">[164]</a> Gregory cautions that there was probably not a sharp distinction between them and that many Pythagoreans probably believed the two approaches were compatible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201531-170">[164]</a> The study of mathematics and music may have been connected to the worship of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> The Pythagoreans believed that music was a purification for the soul, just as medicine was a purification for the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530-127">[121]</a> One anecdote of Pythagoras reports that when he encountered some drunken youths trying to break into the home of a virtuous woman, he sang a solemn tune with long <a href="/wiki/Spondee" title="Spondee">spondees</a> and the boys' "raging willfulness" was quelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530-127">[121]</a> The Pythagoreans also placed particular emphasis on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531-161">[155]</a> therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancing</a>, daily morning walks along <a href="/wiki/Scenic_route" title="Scenic route">scenic routes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a> were major components of the Pythagorean lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531-161">[155]</a> Moments of contemplation at the beginning and end of each day were also advised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200533–34-172">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibitions_and_regulations">Prohibitions and regulations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old manuscript illustration showing a cloaked and hooded man labelled "Pythagoras" raising his arms and turning his face away from a fava bean plant, labelled "Fabe."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg/220px-Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg/330px-Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg/440px-Do_Not_Eat_Beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>French manuscript from 1512/1514, showing Pythagoras turning his face away from <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a> in revulsion</figcaption></figure> Pythagorean teachings were known as "symbols" (symbola)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20018-89">[83]</a> and members took a vow of silence that they would not reveal these symbols to non-members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20018-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> Those who did not obey the laws of the community were expelled<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201369-174">[168]</a> and the remaining members would erect <a href="/wiki/Tombstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstone">tombstones</a> for them as though they had died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201369-174">[168]</a> A number of "oral sayings" (akoúsmata) attributed to Pythagoras have survived,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200331-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200564–67-175">[169]</a> dealing with how members of the Pythagorean community should perform sacrifices, how they should honor the gods, how they should "move from here", and how they should be buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200564-176">[170]</a> Many of these sayings emphasize the importance of ritual purity and avoiding defilement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31-114">[108]</a> For instance, a saying which Leonid Zhmud concludes can probably be genuinely traced back to Pythagoras himself forbids his followers from wearing woolen garments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012200-178">[172]</a> Other extant oral sayings forbid Pythagoreans from breaking bread, poking fires with swords, or picking up crumbs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">[161]</a> and teach that a person should always put the right sandal on before the left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">[161]</a> The exact meanings of these sayings, however, are frequently obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565–67-179">[173]</a> Iamblichus preserves Aristotle's descriptions of the original, ritualistic intentions behind a few of these sayings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565–66-180">[174]</a> but these apparently later fell out of fashion, because Porphyry provides markedly different ethical-philosophical interpretations of them:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566–67-181">[175]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pythagorean saying </th> <th>Original ritual purpose according to Aristotle/Iamblichus </th> <th>Porphyry's philosophical interpretation </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Do not take roads traveled by the public."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200331-16">[12]</a> </td> <td>"Fear of being defiled by the impure"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td> <td>"with this he forbade following the opinions of the masses, yet to follow the ones of the few and the educated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"and [do] not wear images of the gods on rings"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td> <td>"Fear of defiling them by wearing them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td> <td>"One should not have the teaching and knowledge of the gods quickly at hand and visible [for everyone], nor communicate them to the masses."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"and pour libations for the gods from a drinking cup's handle [the 'ear']"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td> <td>"Efforts to keep the divine and the human strictly separate"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td> <td>"thereby he enigmatically hints that the gods should be honored and praised with music; for it goes through the ears".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">[176]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> New initiates were allegedly not permitted to meet Pythagoras until after they had completed a five-year initiation period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364-76">[70]</a> during which they were required to remain silent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364-76">[70]</a> Sources indicate that Pythagoras himself was unusually progressive in his attitudes towards women<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi-91">[85]</a> and female members of Pythagoras's school appear to have played an active role in its operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20018-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi-91">[85]</a> Iamblichus provides a list of 235 famous Pythagoreans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131-90">[84]</a> seventeen of whom are women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131-90">[84]</a> In later times, many prominent female philosophers contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi–xvii-183">[177]</a> Pythagoreanism also entailed a number of dietary prohibitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> It is more or less agreed that Pythagoras issued a prohibition against the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012137,_200-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">[161]</a> and the meat of non-sacrificial animals such as fish and poultry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012200-178">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">[161]</a> Both of these assumptions, however, have been contradicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200330-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> Pythagorean dietary restrictions may have been motivated by belief in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Esu_Carn540–545,_557–571§993,_§996,_§997-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20019-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410–11-190">[184]</a> Some ancient writers present Pythagoras as enforcing a strictly <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> diet.<a href="#cite_note-vegetarianism-191">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20019-189">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a>, a student of Archytas, writes, "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters."<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235-193">[186]</a> Other authorities contradict this statement.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> Pythagoras allowed the use of all kinds of animal food except the flesh of <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">rams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235-193">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> According to Heraclides Ponticus, Pythagoras ate the meat from sacrifices<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235-193">[186]</a> and established a diet for athletes dependent on meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235-193">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil painting showing, at the far left, a cloaked and hooded Pythagoras emerging from a cave in the woods as a large crowd of adoring followers wait outside to greet him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Salvator_Rosa_-_Pythagoras_Emerging_from_the_Underworld_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption>Pythagoras Emerging from the Underworld (1662) by <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Rosa" title="Salvator Rosa">Salvator Rosa</a></figcaption></figure> Within his own lifetime, Pythagoras was already the subject of elaborate <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20051-197">[190]</a> Aristotle described Pythagoras as a <a href="/wiki/Wonder-worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonder-worker">wonder-worker</a> and somewhat of a supernatural figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530–31-199">[192]</a> In a fragment, Aristotle writes that Pythagoras had a golden thigh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200411-201">[194]</a> which he publicly exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860-202">[195]</a> and showed to <a href="/wiki/Abaris_the_Hyperborean" title="Abaris the Hyperborean">Abaris the Hyperborean</a> as proof of his identity as the "Hyperborean Apollo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> Supposedly, the priest of Apollo gave Pythagoras a magic arrow, which he used to fly over long distances and perform ritual purifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeown2013155-204">[197]</a> He was supposedly once seen at both Metapontum and Croton <a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">at the same time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200411-201">[194]</a> When Pythagoras crossed the river Kosas (the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Basento" title="Basento">Basento</a>), "several witnesses" reported that they heard it greet him by name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972144-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530-200">[193]</a> In Roman times, a legend claimed that Pythagoras was the son of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200810-207">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200411-201">[194]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Muslim tradition</a>, Pythagoras was said to have been initiated by <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes</a> (Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199519–20-208">[201]</a> Pythagoras was said to have dressed all in white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200647-209">[202]</a> He is also said to have borne a golden <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> atop his head<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a> and to have worn <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> after the fashion of the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">[191]</a> Diogenes Laërtius presents Pythagoras as having exercised remarkable <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858–59-210">[203]</a> he was always cheerful,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858–59-210">[203]</a> but "abstained wholly from laughter, and from all such indulgences as jests and idle stories".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">[87]</a> Pythagoras was said to have had extraordinary success in dealing with animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160-211">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860-202">[195]</a> A fragment from Aristotle records that, when a deadly snake bit Pythagoras, he bit it back and killed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeown2013155-204">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530-200">[193]</a> Both Porphyry and Iamblichus report that Pythagoras once persuaded a bull not to eat fava beans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160-211">[204]</a> and that he once convinced a notoriously destructive bear to swear that it would never harm a living thing again, and that the bear kept its word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160-211">[204]</a> Riedweg suggests that Pythagoras may have personally encouraged these legends,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20051-197">[190]</a> but Gregory states that there is no direct evidence of this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201531-170">[164]</a> Anti-Pythagorean legends were also circulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860–61-212">[205]</a> Diogenes Laërtes retells a story told by Hermippus of Samos, which states that Pythagoras had once gone into an underground room, telling everyone that he was descending to the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861-213">[206]</a> He stayed in this room for months, while his mother secretly recorded everything that happened during his absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861-213">[206]</a> After he returned from this room, Pythagoras recounted everything that had happened while he was gone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861-213">[206]</a> convincing everyone that he had really been in the underworld<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861-213">[206]</a> and leading them to trust him with their wives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861-213">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributed_discoveries">Attributed discoveries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mathematics">In mathematics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagorean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram illustrating the Pythagorean theorem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/240px-Pythagorean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/360px-Pythagorean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/480px-Pythagorean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">The Pythagorean theorem</a>: The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (a and b) equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).</figcaption></figure> Although Pythagoras is most famous today for his alleged mathematical discoveries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201521–22-214">[207]</a> classical historians dispute whether he himself ever actually made any significant contributions to the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428–433-154">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3-152">[146]</a> Many mathematical and scientific discoveries were attributed to Pythagoras, including <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">his famous theorem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> as well as discoveries in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">astronomy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> Since at least the first century BC, Pythagoras has commonly been given credit for discovering the Pythagorean theorem,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200132–33-219">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200526–27-220">[213]</a> a theorem in geometry that states that "in a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal [to the sum of] the squares of the two other sides"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">[214]</a>—that is, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ef0a5a4b8ab98870ae5d6d7c7b4dfe3fb6612e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.336ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}}">. According to a popular legend, after he discovered this theorem, Pythagoras sacrificed an ox, or possibly even a whole <a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">hecatomb</a>, to the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428-222">[215]</a> Cicero rejected this story as spurious<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">[214]</a> because of the much more widely held belief that Pythagoras forbade blood sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">[214]</a> Porphyry attempted to explain the story by asserting that the ox was actually made of <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">[214]</a> The Pythagorean theorem was known and used by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indians</a> centuries before Pythagoras,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429,_462-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200132-224">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20086–7-225">[218]</a> but he may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200132-224">[217]</a> Some historians of mathematics have even suggested that he—or his students—may have constructed the first <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof">proof</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200133-227">[220]</a> Burkert rejects this suggestion as implausible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429-226">[219]</a> noting that Pythagoras was never credited with having proved any theorem in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429-226">[219]</a> Furthermore, the manner in which the Babylonians employed Pythagorean numbers implies that they knew that the principle was generally applicable, and knew some kind of proof, which has not yet been found in the (still largely unpublished) <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-babylon-228">[h]</a> Pythagoras's biographers state that he also was the first to identify the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">five regular solids</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2-138">[132]</a> and that he was the first to discover the <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">Theory of Proportions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2-138">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut showing four scenes. In the upper right scene, blacksmiths are pounding with hammers. In the upper left scene, a man labelled "Pitagora" is shown playing different-sized bells and glasses with different amounts of liquid in them. Both the bells and glasses are labelled. In the bottom left scene, "Pitagora" is striking chords of different length laid out across a table, once again, all of which have numbers labels. In the bottom right scene, "Pitagora" and another man labeled "Phylolavs" are shown playing auloi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png/220px-Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png/330px-Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png/440px-Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Late medieval woodcut from <a href="/wiki/Franchinus_Gaffurius" title="Franchinus Gaffurius">Franchino Gafurio</a>'s Theoria musice (1492), showing Pythagoras with bells and other instruments in Pythagorean tuning<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528-150">[144]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_hammers" title="Pythagorean hammers">Pythagorean hammers</a></div> According to legend, Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations when he passed blacksmiths at work one day and heard the sound of their <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_hammers" title="Pythagorean hammers">hammers</a> clanging against the anvils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527–28-229">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201527-230">[222]</a> Thinking that the sounds of the hammers were beautiful and harmonious, except for one,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528-231">[223]</a> he rushed into the <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> shop and began testing the hammers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528-231">[223]</a> He then realized that the tune played when the hammer struck was directly proportional to the size of the hammer and therefore concluded that music was mathematical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201527-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528-231">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_astronomy">In astronomy</h3></div> In ancient times, Pythagoras and his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides of Elea</a> were both credited with having been the first to teach that the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Earth was spherical</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306-232">[224]</a> the first to divide the globe into <a href="/wiki/Geographical_zone" title="Geographical zone">five climatic zones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306-232">[224]</a> and the first to identify the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">morning star</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">evening star</a> as the same celestial object (now known as <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972307–308-233">[225]</a> Of the two philosophers, Parmenides has a much stronger claim to having been the first<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306–308-234">[226]</a> and the attribution of these discoveries to Pythagoras seems to have possibly originated from a <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphal</a> poem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972307–308-233">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>, who lived in Magna Graecia shortly after Pythagoras and Parmenides, knew that the earth was spherical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200153-235">[227]</a> By the end of the fifth century BC, this fact was universally accepted among Greek intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicks197068-236">[228]</a> The identity of the morning star and evening star was known to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> over a thousand years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangdonFotheringham1928-237">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_influence_in_antiquity">Later influence in antiquity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Greek_philosophy">On Greek philosophy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old manuscript with writing in a thin, fancy script with colored geometric diagrams illustrating the text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg/290px-Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg/435px-Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg/580px-Timaeus_trans_calcidius_med_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>Medieval manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a>'s Latin translation of Plato's <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, which is one of the Platonic dialogues with the most overt Pythagorean influences<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62-238">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus (dialogue)</a></div> Sizeable Pythagorean communities existed in Magna Graecia, <a href="/wiki/Phlius" title="Phlius">Phlius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> during the early fourth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200148–49-239">[231]</a> Around the same time, the Pythagorean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a> was highly influential on the politics of the city of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> in Magna Graecia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139-240">[232]</a> According to later tradition, Archytas was elected as <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> ("general") seven times, even though others were prohibited from serving more than a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139-240">[232]</a> Archytas was also a renowned mathematician and musician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139–43-241">[233]</a> He was a close friend of Plato<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139–40-242">[234]</a> and he is quoted in Plato's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200140,_44–45-243">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato,_RepublicVII,_530d-244">[236]</a> Aristotle states that the philosophy of Plato was heavily dependent on the teachings of the Pythagoreans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAristot._Met._1987a-245">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011-246">[238]</a> Cicero repeats this statement, remarking that Platonem ferunt didicisse Pythagorea omnia ("They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean").<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn" title="Charles H. Kahn">Charles H. Kahn</a>, Plato's middle dialogues, including <a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a>, have a strong "Pythagorean coloring",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200155-248">[240]</a> and his last few dialogues (particularly <a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62-238">[230]</a> are extremely Pythagorean in character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62-238">[230]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a>, Plato's <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> may be partially based on the "tightly organised community of like-minded thinkers" established by Pythagoras at Croton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119-249">[241]</a> Additionally, Plato may have borrowed from Pythagoras the idea that mathematics and abstract thought are a secure basis for philosophy, science, and morality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119-249">[241]</a> Plato and Pythagoras shared a "mystical approach to the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and its place in the material world"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119-249">[241]</a> and both were probably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Orphicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphicism">Orphism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119-249">[241]</a> The historian of philosophy <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a> states that Plato probably borrowed <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_tripartite_theory_of_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's tripartite theory of soul">his tripartite theory of the soul</a> from the Pythagoreans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200337-250">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a>, contends that the influence of Pythagoras on Plato and others was so great that he should be considered the most influential philosopher of all time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200833–37-251">[243]</a> He concludes that "I do not know of any other man who has been as influential as he was in the school of thought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200837-252">[244]</a> A revival of Pythagorean teachings occurred in the first century BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005123–124-253">[245]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonist</a> philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> hailed the rise of a "new" Pythagoreanism in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005124-254">[246]</a> At around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a> became prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125–126-255">[247]</a> The first-century AD philosopher <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> sought to emulate Pythagoras and live by Pythagorean teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125-256">[248]</a> The later first-century Neopythagorean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a> expanded on Pythagorean number philosophy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125-256">[248]</a> and probably understood the soul as a "kind of mathematical harmony".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125-256">[248]</a> The Neopythagorean mathematician and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a> likewise expanded on Pythagorean numerology and music theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125–126-255">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a> interpreted Plato's teachings in light of Pythagorean doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005126–127-257">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_art_and_architecture">On art and architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon,_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing a massive room with a high, domed ceiling. A hole is open at the top of the dome. Columns and statues line the walls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="7045" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, depicted in this eighteenth-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Giovanni Paolo Panini</a>, was built according to Pythagorean teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006166–181-258">[250]</a></figcaption></figure> Greek sculpture sought to represent the permanent reality behind superficial appearances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196863-259">[251]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> sculpture represents life in simple forms, and may have been influenced by the earliest Greek natural philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-form-260">[i]</a> The Greeks generally believed that nature expressed itself in ideal forms and was represented by a type (εἶδος), which was mathematically calculated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862-261">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128-262">[253]</a> When dimensions changed, architects sought to relay permanence through mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862–63-263">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1994166-264">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bowra" title="Maurice Bowra">Maurice Bowra</a> believes that these ideas influenced the theory of Pythagoras and his students, who believed that "all things are numbers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1994166-264">[255]</a> During the sixth century BC, the number philosophy of the Pythagoreans triggered a revolution in Greek sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862–65-265">[256]</a> Greek sculptors and architects attempted to find the mathematical relation (<a href="/wiki/Canon_of_proportions" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon of proportions">canon</a>) behind aesthetic perfection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128-262">[253]</a> Possibly drawing on the ideas of Pythagoras,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128-262">[253]</a> the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos#Canon_of_Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">his Canon</a> that beauty consists in the proportion, not of the elements (materials), but of the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128-262">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-polykleitos-266">[j]</a> In the Greek architectural orders, every element was calculated and constructed by mathematical relations. <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Carpenter" title="Rhys Carpenter">Rhys Carpenter</a> states that the ratio 2:1 was "the generative ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>, and in Hellenistic times an ordinary Doric colonnade, beats out a rhythm of notes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128-262">[253]</a> The oldest known building designed according to Pythagorean teachings is the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006154-267">[257]</a> a subterranean basilica which was built during the reign of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> as a secret place of worship for Pythagoreans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006154–156-268">[258]</a> The basilica was built underground because of the Pythagorean emphasis on secrecy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006157–158-269">[259]</a> and also because of the legend that Pythagoras had sequestered himself in a cave on Samos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006158-270">[260]</a> The basilica's apse is in the east and its atrium in the west out of respect for the rising sun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006158–159-271">[261]</a> It has a narrow entrance leading to a small pool where the initiates could purify themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006159-272">[262]</a> The building is also designed according to Pythagorean numerology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006159–161-273">[263]</a> with each table in the sanctuary providing seats for seven people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161-148">[142]</a> Three aisles lead to a single altar, symbolizing the three parts of the soul approaching the unity of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161-148">[142]</a> The apse depicts a scene of the poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> leaping off the <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Leucadian cliffs</a>, clutching her lyre to her breast, while Apollo stands beneath her, extending his right hand in a gesture of protection,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162-274">[264]</a> symbolizing Pythagorean teachings about the immortality of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162-274">[264]</a> The interior of the sanctuary is almost entirely white because the color white was regarded by Pythagoreans as sacred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162–164-275">[265]</a> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was also built based on Pythagorean numerology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006166–181-258">[250]</a> The temple's circular plan, central axis, hemispherical <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a>, and alignment with the four cardinal directions symbolize Pythagorean views on the order of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006167–168-276">[266]</a> The single <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">oculus</a> at the top of the dome symbolizes the monad and the sun-god Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006168-277">[267]</a> The twenty-eight ribs extending from the oculus symbolize the moon, because twenty-eight was the same number of months on the Pythagorean lunar calendar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006169–170-278">[268]</a> The five coffered rings beneath the ribs represent the marriage of the sun and moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_early_Christianity">In early Christianity</h3></div> Many early Christians had a deep respect for Pythagoras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657–65-279">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (c. 260 – c. 340 AD), bishop of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, praises Pythagoras in his Against Hierokles for his rule of silence, his frugality, his "extraordinary" morality, and his wise teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657-280">[270]</a> In another work, Eusebius compares Pythagoras to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657-280">[270]</a> In one of his letters, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (c. 347 – c. 420 AD) praises Pythagoras for his wisdom<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657-280">[270]</a> and, in another letter, he credits Pythagoras for his belief in the immortality of the soul, which he suggests Christians inherited from him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657–58-281">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430 AD) rejected Pythagoras's teaching of metempsychosis without explicitly naming him, but otherwise expressed admiration for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200658–59-282">[272]</a> In <a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a>, Augustine lauds the fact that Pythagoras was humble enough to call himself a philosophos or "lover of wisdom" rather than a "sage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200659-283">[273]</a> In another passage, Augustine defends Pythagoras's reputation, arguing that Pythagoras certainly never taught the doctrine of metempsychosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200659-283">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_after_antiquity">Influence after antiquity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Middle_Ages">In the Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagore-chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval carving of a man with long hair and a long beard hunched over a musical instrument he is working on" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/220px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/330px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/440px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Pythagoras appears in a relief sculpture on one of the <a href="/wiki/Archivolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivolts">archivolts</a> over the right door of the west portal at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Pythagoras was revered as the founder of mathematics and music, two of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Liberal Arts">Seven Liberal Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> He appears in numerous medieval depictions, in illuminated manuscripts and in the relief sculptures on the portal of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Chartres">Cathedral of Chartres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> The Timaeus was the only dialogue of Plato to survive in Latin translation in western Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> which led <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a> (c. 1080–1160) to declare that Plato was Pythagorean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> A large-scale translation movement emerged during the Abbasid Caliphate, translating many Greek texts into Arabic. Works ascribed to Pythagoras included the "Golden Verses" and snippets of his scientific and mathematical theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1978-285">[275]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] By translating and disseminating Pythagorean texts, Islamic scholars ensured their survival and wider accessibility. This preserved knowledge that might have otherwise been lost through the decline of the Roman Empire and the neglect of classical learning in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg2013-286">[276]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In the 1430s, the Camaldolese friar <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Traversari" title="Ambrose Traversari">Ambrose Traversari</a> translated Diogenes Laërtius's Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers from Greek into Latin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> and, in the 1460s, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> translated Porphyry and Iamblichus's Lives of Pythagoras into Latin as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> thereby allowing them to be read and studied by western scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> In 1494, the Greek Neopythagorean scholar <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lascaris" title="Constantine Lascaris">Constantine Lascaris</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Verses_of_Pythagoras" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Verses of Pythagoras">The Golden Verses of Pythagoras</a>, translated into Latin, with a printed edition of his Grammatica,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53-287">[277]</a> thereby bringing them to a widespread audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53-287">[277]</a> In 1499, he published the first Renaissance biography of Pythagoras in his work Vitae illustrium philosophorum siculorum et calabrorum, issued in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53-287">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_modern_science">On modern science</h3></div> In his preface to his book <a href="/wiki/On_the_Revolution_of_the_Heavenly_Spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres">On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres</a> (1543), <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> cites various Pythagoreans as the most important influences on the development of his <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric model</a> of the universe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001160-288">[278]</a> deliberately omitting mention of <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a>, a non-Pythagorean astronomer who had developed a fully heliocentric model in the fourth century BC, in effort to portray his model as fundamentally Pythagorean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001160-288">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> considered himself to be a Pythagorean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001161–171-289">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008265-290">[280]</a> He believed in the Pythagorean doctrine of musica universalis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008264–274-291">[281]</a> and it was his search for the mathematical equations behind this doctrine that led to his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">laws of planetary motion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008264–274-291">[281]</a> Kepler titled his book on the subject <a href="/wiki/Harmonices_Mundi" title="Harmonices Mundi">Harmonices Mundi</a> (Harmonics of the World), after the Pythagorean teaching that had inspired him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001162-292">[282]</a> Near the conclusion of the book, Kepler describes himself falling asleep to the sound of the heavenly music, "warmed by having drunk a generous draught ... from the cup of Pythagoras."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008274-293">[283]</a> He also called Pythagoras the "grandfather" of all Copernicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1993142-294">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279-295">[285]</a> Though Newton was notorious for rarely giving others credit for their discoveries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279–280-296">[286]</a> he attributed the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Law of Universal Gravitation</a> to Pythagoras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279–280-296">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> believed that a scientist may also be "a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001172-297">[287]</a> The English philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> argued that "In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead195336–37-298">[288]</a> By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are "following the pure Pythagorean tradition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001172-297">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead195336-299">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_vegetarianism">On vegetarianism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_(1618-20);_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing Pythagoras on the far left quizzically stroking his beard as he gazes upon a massive pile of fruits and vegetables. Two followers stand behind him, fully clothed. A man with a greying beard sits at the base of a tree gesturing to the pile of produce. Next to him, a fleshy, nude woman with blonde hair plucks fruits from it. Slightly behind her, two other women, one partially clothed and the other nude but obscured by the tree branch, are also plucking fruits. At the far right end of the painting, two nude, faun-like men with beards and pointed ears hurl more fruits upon the pile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/310px-Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/465px-Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/620px-Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>Pythagoras Advocating Vegetarianism (1618–1630) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> was inspired by Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011192-300">[290]</a> The painting portrays the Pythagoreans with corpulent bodies, indicating a belief that vegetarianism was healthful and nutritious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011192-300">[290]</a></figcaption></figure> A fictionalized portrayal of Pythagoras appears in Book XV of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189-301">[291]</a> in which he delivers a speech imploring his followers to adhere to a strictly vegetarian diet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189–190-302">[292]</a> It was through <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Golding" title="Arthur Golding">Arthur Golding</a>'s 1567 English translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses that Pythagoras was best known to English-speakers throughout the early modern period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189–190-302">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>'s Progress of the Soul discusses the implications of the doctrines expounded in the speech,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">[293]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a> quoted the speech no less than three times in his treatise "Of Cruelty" to voice his moral objections against the mistreatment of animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> references the speech in his play <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008282-304">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> included a translation of the scene with Pythagoras in his 1700 work <a href="/wiki/Fables,_Ancient_and_Modern" title="Fables, Ancient and Modern">Fables, Ancient and Modern</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">[293]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>'s 1726 fable "Pythagoras and the Countryman" reiterates its major themes, linking carnivorism with tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chesterfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chesterfield">Lord Chesterfield</a> records that his conversion to vegetarianism had been motivated by reading Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">[293]</a> Until the word vegetarianism was coined in the 1840s, vegetarians were referred to in English as "Pythagoreans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> wrote an ode entitled "To the Pythagorean Diet",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008294-305">[295]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> adopted the Pythagorean diet himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008294-305">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Western_esotericism">On Western esotericism</h3></div> Early modern <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">European esotericism</a> drew heavily on the teachings of Pythagoras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> The German <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Reuchlin">Johannes Reuchlin</a> (1455–1522) synthesized Pythagoreanism with <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005127–128-306">[296]</a> arguing that Kabbalah and Pythagoreanism were both inspired by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Mosaic</a> tradition<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128-307">[297]</a> and that Pythagoras was therefore a kabbalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128-307">[297]</a> In his dialogue De verbo mirifico (1494), Reuchlin compared the Pythagorean tetractys to the <a href="/wiki/Ineffability" title="Ineffability">ineffable</a> divine name <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005127–128-306">[296]</a> ascribing each of the four letters of the tetragrammaton a symbolic meaning according to Pythagorean mystical teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128-307">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>'s popular and influential three-volume treatise <a href="/wiki/Three_Books_of_Occult_Philosophy" title="Three Books of Occult Philosophy">De Occulta Philosophia</a> cites Pythagoras as a "religious magi"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200230-308">[298]</a> and advances the idea that Pythagoras's mystical numerology operates on a <a href="/wiki/Allegory_in_Renaissance_literature#Three_world_theory" title="Allegory in Renaissance literature">supercelestial</a> level,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200230-308">[298]</a> a religious term used to describe a high heavenly realm used during his time. The <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasons</a> deliberately modeled their society on the community founded by Pythagoras at Croton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005133-309">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a> used Pythagorean symbolism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> as did <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a> (1574–1637),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> who believed his own musical writings to have been inspired by Pythagoras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> was heavily influenced by Pythagorean ideology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman199515-310">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200230-308">[298]</a> particularly the teaching that all things are made of numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman199515-310">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200230-308">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a>, was a strong admirer of Pythagoras<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008284–288-311">[301]</a> and, in his book Pythagoras (1787), he advocated that society should be reformed to be more like Pythagoras's commune at Croton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008287–288-312">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> incorporated Masonic and Pythagorean symbolism into his opera <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008286–287-313">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a>, in his six-volume 1799 biography The Voyages of Pythagoras, declared that all revolutionaries in all time periods are the "heirs of Pythagoras".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008288-314">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_literature">On literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing two small silhouettes standing before a tunnel of innumerably manifold circling angels leading to a bright, beautiful light at the end." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/260px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/390px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/520px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s description of Heaven in his <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a> incorporates Pythagorean numerology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201389-315">[305]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> was fascinated by Pythagorean numerology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201389-315">[305]</a> and based his descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> on Pythagorean numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201389-315">[305]</a> Dante wrote that Pythagoras saw Unity as Good and Plurality as Evil<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201390-316">[306]</a> and, in <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a> XV, 56–57, he declares: "five and six, if understood, ray forth from unity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201390–91-317">[307]</a> The number eleven and its multiples are found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, each book of which has thirty-three <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a>, except for the <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a>, which has thirty-four, the first of which serves as a general introduction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201391-318">[308]</a> Dante describes the ninth and tenth bolgias in the Eighth Circle of Hell as being twenty-two miles and eleven miles respectively,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201391-318">[308]</a> which correspond to the fraction <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠22/7⁠, which was the Pythagorean approximation of <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201391-318">[308]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalists</a> read the ancient Lives of Pythagoras as guides on how to live a model life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186-319">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> was impacted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a>'s translations of Iamblichus's Life of Pythagoras and <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a>'s Pythagoric Sayings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186-319">[309]</a> and his views on nature may have been influenced by the Pythagorean idea of images corresponding to archetypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186-319">[309]</a> The Pythagorean teaching of musica universalis is a recurring theme throughout Thoreau's <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186-319">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Pythagoras" title="List of things named after Pythagoras">List of things named after Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_pede_Herculem" title="Ex pede Herculem">Ex pede Herculem</a>, "from his foot, [we can measure] Hercules" – a maxim based on the apocryphal story that Pythagoras estimated Hercules's stature based on the length of a racecourse at Pisae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_cup" title="Pythagorean cup">Pythagorean cup</a> – a prank cup with a hidden siphon built in, attributed to Pythagoras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_means" title="Pythagorean means">Pythagorean means</a> – the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, and the harmonic mean, claimed to have been studied by Pythagoras</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spelling-2"><a href="#cite_ref-spelling_2-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/paɪˈθæɡərəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">py-THAG-ər-əs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins-320">[310]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>also <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pɪˈθæɡərəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pih-</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2-321">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Pythagóras ho Sámios, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Pythagoras the <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samian</a>', or Πυθαγόρης, Pythagórēs in <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian Greek">Ionian Greek</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-date-3"><a href="#cite_ref-date_3-0">^</a> "The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (<a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." <a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1967">Guthrie (1967)</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-philosopher-4"><a href="#cite_ref-philosopher_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_Tusc._Qu">Cicero, Tusc. Qu</a>, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> fr. 88 Wehrli), <a href="#CITEREFDiog_I">Diog I</a>, 1.12, <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §8.8, <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1960">Burkert (1960)</a> but it has been defended by <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vogel1966">De Vogel (1966)</a>, pp. 97–102 and <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Xenophanes-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Xenophanes_15-0">^</a> Xenophanes' Poem (or <a href="/wiki/Elegies" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegies">Elegies</a>) on Pythagorus is provided below, which was preserved in <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.36: <ul><li>Greek: περὶ δὲ τοῦ ἄλλοτε ἄλλον γεγενῆσθαι (Pythagoras) Ζενοφάνης ἐν ἐλεγείαι προσμαρτυρεῖ, ἧς ἀρχή 'νῦν ... κέλενθον'. ὃ δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ (Pythagoras) φησιν, οὕτως ἔχει καί ... αἰών'. νῦν αὖτ' ἄλλον ἔπειμι λόγον, δείξω δὲ κέλευθον. καί ποτέ μιν στυφελιζομένου σκύλακος παριόντα φασὶν ἐποικτῖραι καὶ τόδε φάσθαι ἔπος "παῦσαι μηδὲ ῥάπιζε, ἐπεὶ ἡ φίλου ἀνέρος ἐστὶν ψυχή, τὴν ἔγνων φθεγξαμένης αὐδῆς." <a href="#CITEREFDK_21B7">DK 21B7</a>, p. 130</li></ul> <ul><li>English: "And now I will turn to another tale and point the way. ... Once they say that he (Pythagoras) was passing by when a dog was being beaten and spoke this word: "Stop! don't beat it! For it is the soul of a friend that I recognised when I heard its voice." <a href="#CITEREFBurnet1920">Burnet (1920)</a>, p. 118</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_21-0">^</a> The phrase "οὐ τῷ ἀσθενεστάτῳ σοφιστῇ" directly translates to "not the weakest sophist,"(<a href="#CITEREFHdt._4">Hdt. 4</a>, p. 297, §95.3) and in the context of ancient Greek literature, this phrasing can be used to imply that the subject is quite the opposite: someone of considerable strength or significance. <a href="#CITEREFBurnet1920">Burnet (1920)</a>, p. 97 This rhetorical technique is known as <a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">litotes</a>, a form of understatement that uses a negative to emphasize a positive quality. Hence this sentence was translated as "one of the greatest Greek teachers, Pythagoras" by <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> to avoid confusion. </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestry-41"><a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_41-0">^</a> Some writers call him a native <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Phlius" title="Phlius">Phliasian</a> from Peloponnesus, and give Marmacus or Demaratus as his name (see <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.1; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §1, §2; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §2.4). Porphyry also presents a conflicting report by Neanthes, that Mnesarchus was born in Tyre (in Syria), or that he was a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos; however, the confusion was possibly due to the similarity of the names "Tyre" and "Tyrrhenian", while it has also been suggested that Porphyry's own background from Tyre, could explain why his work was the only one, out of the three biographies of Pythagoras that have survived from late antiquity, to have linked Pythagoras's father with it. <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 11–12, 198 Due to this obscurity, some modern scholars deem it safer to accept "that Pythagoras and his father were pure-blooded Greeks, of undiluted Samian stock". <a href="#CITEREFJacobyBollansée1999">Jacoby & Bollansée (1999)</a>, pp. 256–257, n. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-vegetarianism-191"><a href="#cite_ref-vegetarianism_191-0">^</a> as Empedocles did afterwards, Aristotle, Rhet. i. 14. § 2; Sextus Empiricus, ix. 127. This was also one of the Orphic precepts, Aristoph. Ran. 1032 </li> <li id="cite_note-babylon-228"><a href="#cite_ref-babylon_228-0">^</a> There are about 100,000 unpublished cuneiform sources in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> alone. Babylonian knowledge of proof of the Pythagorean theorem is discussed by J. Høyrup, 'The Pythagorean "Rule" and "Theorem" – Mirror of the Relation between Babylonian and Greek Mathematics,' in: J. Renger (red.): Babylon. Focus mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamkeit, Mythos in der Moderne (1999). </li> <li id="cite_note-form-260"><a href="#cite_ref-form_260-0">^</a> "For <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, the origin was water, and for <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> the infinite (<a href="/wiki/Apeiron_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apeiron (cosmology)">apeiron</a>), which must be considered a material form" <a href="#CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968">Homann-Wedeking (1968)</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-polykleitos-266"><a href="#cite_ref-polykleitos_266-0">^</a> "Each part (finger, palm, arm, etc) transmitted its individual existence to the next, and then to the whole": Canon of Polykleitos, also <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, Ennead I.vi.i: Nigel Spivey, pp. 290–294.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006143_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200611_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010796-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010796_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCelenza2010">Celenza (2010)</a>, p. 796. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20084-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20084_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20084_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20083–5-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20083–5_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201521–23-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201521–23_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200329-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200329_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200329_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200329_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopleston2003">Copleston (2003)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20012_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20012_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20012_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985299-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985299_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985299_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert (1985)</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200562-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200562_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200331-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200331_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200331_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200331_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200331_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200331_16-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopleston2003">Copleston (2003)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612–13-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612–13_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200612–13_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200613_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200614–15-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200614–15_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200616_20-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarincola200159-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarincola200159_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarincola2001">Marincola (2001)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts20112-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts20112_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2011">Roberts (2011)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks199858-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks199858_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparks1998">Sparks (1998)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsheriLloydCorcella2007-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsheriLloydCorcella2007_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsheriLloydCorcella2007">Asheri, Lloyd & Corcella (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2004156-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2004156_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2004">Cameron (2004)</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200688-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200688_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> He alludes to it himself in <a href="#CITEREFAristot._Met._1">Aristot. Met. 1</a>, 986a </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972109_29-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015_30-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20129_31-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHdt._4297§95-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHdt._4297§95_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHdt._4">Hdt. 4</a>, p. 297, §95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016_34-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200812-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200812_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200812_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny20049-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny20049_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenny2004">Kenny (2004)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200811-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200811_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§1,_§10-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§1,_§10_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §1, §10. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrom">Strom</a>, 1.62(2), cit. <a href="#CITEREFAfonasin2012">Afonasin (2012)</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200621-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200621_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200815-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200815_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaub2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodm7DgAAQBAJpgPA122_122]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaub2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodm7DgAAQBAJpgPA122_122]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaub2017">Taub (2017)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odm7DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">122</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> ap. <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200559_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§9-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§9_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200545–47-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200545–47_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200544–45-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200544–45_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200544–45_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057–8-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057–8_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20057–8_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201522–23-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201522–23_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§6-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§6_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Iside_et_Osiride25§354e-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Iside_et_Osiride25§354e_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Iside_et_Osiride">Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride</a>, p. 25, §354e. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress200383-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress200383_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPress2003">Press (2003)</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> cf. Antiphon. ap. <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §7; Isocrates, Busiris, 28–9; <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_de_Finibus">Cicero, de Finibus</a>, pp. 489–493, §5.29; Strabo, 14.1.16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.1,_§1.3-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.1,_§1.3_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.1, §1.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058_57-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII1.1,_1.3-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII1.1,_1.3_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, 1.1, 1.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2005163-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon2005163_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2005">Dillon (2005)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §2; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§9-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§9_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§9_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§2-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§2_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058–9-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058–9_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20058–9_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20059_64-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_I">Diog I</a>, 1.13, 1.15; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.2, §1.40; <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_de_Div._I">Cicero, de Div. I</a>, p. 345, §49.122 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach201144-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach201144_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyerMerzbach2011">Boyer & Merzbach (2011)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud20122,_16-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20122,_16_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud20122,_16_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, pp. 2, 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.1,_§1.8-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.1,_§1.8_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.1, §1.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaithe198711-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaithe198711_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaithe1987">Waithe (1987)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone200922-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone200922_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalone2009">Malone (2009)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§41-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§41_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage198448-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage198448_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMénage1984">Ménage (1984)</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §25; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §17; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Aristoxenus <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ap." class="extiw" title="wikt:ap.">ap.</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.8, §1.21; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200510_75-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201364_76-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511_77-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20085-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20085_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20085_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201522-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201522_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201522_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §28; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vogel196621ff-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vogel196621ff_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vogel1966">De Vogel (1966)</a>, pp. 21ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Cfr. <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_De_Re_Publica">Cicero, De Re Publica</a>, pp. 137–139, §2.15.28–§2.15.30 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511–12-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200511–12_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vogel1966148–150-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vogel1966148–150_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vogel1966">De Vogel (1966)</a>, pp. 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200512–13-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200512–13_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200512–18-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200512–18_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 12–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §18; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §37 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200513–18-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200513–18_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 13–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20018-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20018_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20018_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20018_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20018_89-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20131_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2013">Pomeroy (2013)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2013">Pomeroy (2013)</a>, p. xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200859_93-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/theta/84">Suda Encyclopedia, th.84</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suda+Encyclopedia%2C+th.84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Ftheta%2F84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20055–6,_59,_73-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20055–6,_59,_73_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20055–6,_59,_73_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 5–6, 59, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20016–7-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016–7_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20016–7_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20017-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20017_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20017_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20017_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20017_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200519–20_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr419§583a-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr419§583a_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr">Plutarch, de Gen. Socr</a>, p. 419, §583a. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §255–§259; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §54–§57; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.39; comp. <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr">Plutarch, de Gen. Socr</a>, p. 419, §583a </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200520_102-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1989278-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1989278_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1989">Grant (1989)</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimoons1998225–228-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimoons1998225–228_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimoons1998">Simoons (1998)</a>, pp. 225–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200566-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn200566_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn200566_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruhn2005">Bruhn (2005)</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106–109-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106–109_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972106–109_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 106–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20015–6-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20015–6_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20019–11-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20019–11_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert197229–30-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert197229–30_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert197229–30_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200111-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200111_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200111_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200111_110-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012232-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012232_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012232_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985300–301-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985300–301_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert (1985)</a>, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201524–25-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201524–25_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201524–25_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200330–31_114-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopleston2003">Copleston (2003)</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.36, comp. <a href="#CITEREFAristot._De_Anima">Aristot. De Anima</a>, I. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFHdt._2">Hdt. 2</a>, p. 425, §123 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201525-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201525_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200112-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200112_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.3–§1.5-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiog_VIII§1.3–§1.5_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.3–§1.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013164–167-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013164–167_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, pp. 164–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §26; Pausanias, ii. 17; Horace, Od. i. 28,1. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013164–165-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013164–165_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013165–166-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013165–166_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013167_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Aulus Gellius, iv. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529–30-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529–30_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529–30_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201538–39-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201538–39_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201538–39_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200530_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_de_Div._I">Cicero, de Div. I</a>, pp. 229, 345, §3.5, §49.122; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §29 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarry1999">Barry (1999)</a>, pp. 24, 30–31, 83; <a href="#CITEREFAcevedo2020">Acevedo (2020)</a>, pp. 42–44, 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry199930–31-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry199930–31_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarry1999">Barry (1999)</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-pythmenes1-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pythmenes1_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pythmenes1_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarry1999">Barry (1999)</a>, pp. 120, 194–196; <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 32–34; <a href="#CITEREFKalvesmaki2013">Kalvesmaki (2013)</a>, pp. 82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-pythmenes2-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pythmenes2_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pythmenes2_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pythmenes2_133-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarry1999">Barry (1999)</a>, pp. 120, 124, 194–196; <a href="#CITEREFKalvesmaki2013">Kalvesmaki (2013)</a>, pp. 82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §25; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §17; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.3, §1.13; <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_Tusc._Qu">Cicero, Tusc. Qu</a>, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn200565–66_135-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruhn2005">Bruhn (2005)</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201528–29_136-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200529_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20011–2_138-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467–468-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467–468_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467–468_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 467–468. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972265-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972265_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200127-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200127_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200523-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200523_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200523_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170–172_143-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 170–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006172_144-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972433-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972433_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972433_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972467_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006170_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006161_148-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§29-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth§29_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201528-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201528_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201528_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200687–88-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200687–88_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20012–3_152-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20013-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20013_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428–433-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428–433_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428–433_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 428–433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972465-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972465_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlato,_Republic">Plato, Republic</a>, X 600a–b; Isocrates, Busiris, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013168_157-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1989277-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1989277_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1989">Grant (1989)</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§19-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth§19_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §19. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200531_161-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> comp. <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_de_Leg">Cicero, de Leg</a>, p. 335, §1.12.34; <a href="#CITEREFCicero,_de_Off">Cicero, de Off</a>, p. 59, §1.17.56; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201365-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201365_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201365_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Aristonexus ap. <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §94, §101, 229, etc.; comp. the story of Damon and Phintias; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §60; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §233 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201368–69-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201368–69_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §98; Strabo, vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410_167-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410_167-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410_167-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenny2004">Kenny (2004)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillonHershbell1991">Dillon & Hershbell (1991)</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFO'Meara1989">O'Meara (1989)</a>, pp. 35–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200152-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200152_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201531-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201531_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201531_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201531_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201531_170-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201531_170-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.13; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §8, §91, §141 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200533–34-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200533–34_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Scholion ad Aristophanes, Nub. 611; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §237–§238 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201369-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201369_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan201369_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200564–67-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200564–67_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 64–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200564-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200564_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012200-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012200_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012200_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565–67-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565–67_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565–66-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200565–66_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566–67-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566–67_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200566_182-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi–xvii-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2013xvi–xvii_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2013">Pomeroy (2013)</a>, pp. xvi–xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> comp. <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §32; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §96 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012137,_200-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012137,_200_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, pp. 137, 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200330-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200330_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopleston2003">Copleston (2003)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.19, §1.34; Aulus Gellius, iv. 11; <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §34, de Abst. i. 26, <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §98 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Esu_Carn540–545,_557–571§993,_§996,_§997-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_de_Esu_Carn540–545,_557–571§993,_§996,_§997_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Esu_Carn">Plutarch, de Esu Carn</a>, pp. 540–545, 557–571, §993, §996, §997. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20019-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20019_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20019_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200410–11-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200410–11_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenny2004">Kenny (2004)</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Eudoxus, frg. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhmud2012235_193-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhmud2012">Zhmud (2012)</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Aristoxenus ap. <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.20; comp. <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §7; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §85, §108 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Aristoxenus ap. <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> comp. <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §7; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §85, §108 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20051-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20051_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20051_197-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg20052_198-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530–31-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201530–31_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201530-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201530_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201530_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201530_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201530_200-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny200411-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200411_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200411_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny200411_201-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenny2004">Kenny (2004)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860_202-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860_202-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860_202-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth">Porphyry, Vit. Pyth</a>, §20; <a href="#CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth">Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth</a>, §31, §140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.36 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeown2013155-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeown2013155_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeown2013155_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKeown2013">McKeown (2013)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Comp. Herodian, iv. 94, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972144-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972144_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200810-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200810_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199519–20-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199519–20_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaivre1995">Faivre (1995)</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200647-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200647_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858–59-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858–59_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200858–59_210-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelliMcKirahan2013160_211-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013">Cornelli & McKirahan (2013)</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860–61-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200860–61_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861_213-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200861_213-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201521–22-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201521–22_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.12; <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_Non_posse_suav._vivi_sec._Ep.">Plutarch, Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep.</a>, pp. 67–71, §1094 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Porphyry, in Ptol. Harm. p. 213; <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.14; Pliny, Hist. Nat. ii. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>, §1.12, 14, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200132–33-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200132–33_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200526–27-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200526–27_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527_221-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527_221-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527_221-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527_221-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972428_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429,_462-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429,_462_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 429, 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200132-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200132_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200132_224-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20086–7-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20086–7_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972429_226-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200133-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200133_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527–28-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200527–28_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory201527-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201527_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory201527_230-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2015">Gregory (2015)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg200528_231-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972307–308-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972307–308_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972307–308_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 307–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306–308-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1972306–308_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1972">Burkert (1972)</a>, pp. 306–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200153-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200153_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicks197068-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicks197068_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDicks1970">Dicks (1970)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangdonFotheringham1928-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangdonFotheringham1928_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangdonFotheringham1928">Langdon & Fotheringham (1928)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200155–62_238-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 55–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200148–49-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200148–49_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200139_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200139_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139–43-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200139–43_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 39–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200139–40-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200139–40_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200140,_44–45-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200140,_44–45_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 40, 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato,_RepublicVII,_530d-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato,_RepublicVII,_530d_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlato,_Republic">Plato, Republic</a>, VII, 530d. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAristot._Met._1987a-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAristot._Met._1987a_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAristot._Met._1">Aristot. Met. 1</a>, 987a. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn20011-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn20011_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Tusc. Disput. 1.17.39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn200155-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn200155_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare1999117–119_249-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHare1999">Hare (1999)</a>, pp. 117–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopleston200337-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopleston200337_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopleston2003">Copleston (2003)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200833–37-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell200833–37_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell2008">Russell (2008)</a>, pp. 33–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200837-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell200837_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell2008">Russell (2008)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005123–124-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005123–124_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005124-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005124_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125–126-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125–126_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125–126_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005125_256-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005126–127-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005126–127_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006166–181-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006166–181_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006166–181_258-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 166–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196863-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196863_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968">Homann-Wedeking (1968)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968">Homann-Wedeking (1968)</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128_262-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128_262-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921107,_122,_128_262-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter (1921)</a>, pp. 107, 122, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862–63-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862–63_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968">Homann-Wedeking (1968)</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1994166-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1994166_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1994166_264-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowra1994">Bowra (1994)</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862–65-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomann-Wedeking196862–65_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968">Homann-Wedeking (1968)</a>, pp. 62–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006154-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006154_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006154–156-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006154–156_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006157–158-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006157–158_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006158-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006158_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006158–159-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006158–159_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006159-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006159_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006159–161-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006159–161_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 159–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162_274-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162–164-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006162–164_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 162–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006167–168-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006167–168_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 167–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006168-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006168_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006169–170-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier2006169–170_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657–65-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657–65_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 57–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657_280-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657–58-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200657–58_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200658–59-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200658–59_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200659-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200659_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoost-Gaugier200659_283-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006">Joost-Gaugier (2006)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2010798_284-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFCelenza2010">Celenza (2010)</a>, p. 798. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1978-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg1978_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindberg1978">Lindberg (1978)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg2013-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg2013_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindberg2013">Lindberg (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusso20045–87,_especially_51–53_287-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusso2004">Russo (2004)</a>, pp. 5–87, especially 51–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001160-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2001160_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2001160_288-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001161–171-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2001161–171_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, pp. 161–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008265-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008265_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008264–274-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008264–274_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008264–274_291-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 264–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001162-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2001162_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008274-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008274_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1993142-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1993142_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1993">James (1993)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279–280-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279–280_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008279–280_296-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 279–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2001172-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2001172_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2001172_297-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn2001">Kahn (2001)</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead195336–37-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead195336–37_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitehead1953">Whitehead (1953)</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead195336-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead195336_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitehead1953">Whitehead (1953)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011192-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011192_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011192_300-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorlik2011">Borlik (2011)</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorlik2011">Borlik (2011)</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189–190-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189–190_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011189–190_302-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorlik2011">Borlik (2011)</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190_303-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190_303-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190_303-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190_303-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorlik2011190_303-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorlik2011">Borlik (2011)</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008282-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008282_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008294-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008294_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008294_305-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005127–128-306">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005127–128_306-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005127–128_306-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128_307-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005128_307-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200230-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200230_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200230_308-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200230_308-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200230_308-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2002">French (2002)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005133-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedweg2005133_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedweg2005">Riedweg (2005)</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman199515-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman199515_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman199515_310-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman1995">Sherman (1995)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008284–288-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008284–288_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 284–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008287–288-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008287–288_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 287–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008286–287-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008286–287_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, pp. 286–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008288-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2008288_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson (2008)</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201389-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201389_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201389_315-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201389_315-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2013">Haag (2013)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201390-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201390_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2013">Haag (2013)</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201390–91-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201390–91_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2013">Haag (2013)</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201391-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201391_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201391_318-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201391_318-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2013">Haag (2013)</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186_319-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186_319-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186_319-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregman2002">Bregman (2002)</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pythagoras?showCookiePolicy=true">British: Pythagoras</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British%3A+Pythagoras&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpythagoras%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins2_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/pythagoras?showCookiePolicy=true">American: Pythagoras</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American%3A+Pythagoras&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Famerican%2Fpythagoras%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_sources">Classical sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK_21B7" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> (1960) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 525 BC]. "Xenophanes: Leben und Lehre (Life and Teachings)". In Walther, Kranz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder001/page/n139/mode/2up">Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</a>. Vol. I. Translated by Hermann, Diels (9th ed.). Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1072633182">1072633182</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xenophanes%3A+Leben+und+Lehre+%28Life+and+Teachings%29&rft.btitle=Die+Fragmente+der+Vorsokratiker&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Weidmannsche+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1072633182&rft.au=Xenophanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiefragmenteder001%2Fpage%2Fn139%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988">. [The original Greek fragments of Xenophanes are provided, which are primarily preserved through the work of Diogenes (<a href="#CITEREFDiog_VIII">Diog VIII</a>). For English translation see <a href="#CITEREFBurnet1920">Burnet (1920)</a>.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1920" class="citation cs1">——— (1920) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 525 BC]. "Science and Religion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygreekphilos00burnrich/page/118/mode/2up">Early Greek Philosophy</a>. Translated by Burnet, John (3rd ed.). London: A. & C. Black, Ltd. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3610194">3610194</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3610194&rft.au=Xenophanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlygreekphilos00burnrich%2Fpage%2F118%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988">. [An English translation of <a href="#CITEREFDK_21B7">DK 21B7</a>.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHdt._2" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1920) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430 BC]. "Book II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D123%3Asection%3D1">The Persian Wars</a>. Vol. I. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99130-9"><bdi>978-0-674-99130-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966656476">966656476</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a> (perseus.tufts.edu).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Wars&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966656476&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99130-9&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126%253Abook%253D2%253Achapter%253D123%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHdt._4" class="citation cs1">——— (1920) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430 BC]. "Book IV". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D95">The Persian Wars</a>. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99131-6"><bdi>978-0-674-99131-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966656315">966656315</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a> (perseus.tufts.edu).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+IV&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Wars&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966656315&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99131-6&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126%253Abook%253D4%253Achapter%253D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato,_Republic" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (1969) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380 BC]. "Republic". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D530d#note-link3">Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6</a>. Translated by Shorey, Paul. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99304-4"><bdi>978-0-674-99304-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6947747">6947747</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a> (perseus.tufts.edu).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Plato+in+Twelve+Volumes%2C+Vols.+5+%26+6&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6947747&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99304-4&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0168%253Abook%253D7%253Asection%253D530d%23note-link3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristot._Protrepticus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (2017) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BC]. Johnson, Monte Ransome; Hutchinson, D. S (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512120114/https://philarchive.org/archive/ARIP-29">"Protrepticus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/ARIP-29">the original</a> on 12 May 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protrepticus&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FARIP-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristot._De_Anima" class="citation book cs1">——— (1931) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BC]. "De Anima". In Ross, W.D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.1.i.html">The Works of Aristotle Translated into English</a>. Vol. 3. Translated by Smith, J. A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237147799">237147799</a> – via The Internet Classics Archive (classics.mit.edu).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Anima&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Aristotle+Translated+into+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237147799&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fsoul.1.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristot._Met._1" class="citation book cs1">——— (1933) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BC]. "Book I". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0052:book=1:section=986a">Metaphysics Books I–IX</a>. Vol. XVII. Translated by Tredennick, Hugh. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99299-3"><bdi>978-0-674-99299-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958278244">958278244</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a> (perseus.tufts.edu).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I&rft.btitle=Metaphysics+Books+I%E2%80%93IX&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958278244&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99299-3&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0052%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D986a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero,_De_Re_Publica" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (1928) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 52 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciceroderepublic0000clin/page/334/mode/2up">"De Re Publica"</a>. On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99235-1"><bdi>978-0-674-99235-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298443420">298443420</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Re+Publica&rft.btitle=On+the+Republic.+On+the+Laws+%28De+Re+Publica.+De+Legibus%29&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298443420&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99235-1&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fciceroderepublic0000clin%2Fpage%2F334%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero,_de_Leg" class="citation cs1">——— (1928) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 52 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciceroderepublic0000clin/page/334/mode/2up">"De Legibus"</a>. On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99235-1"><bdi>978-0-674-99235-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298443420">298443420</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Legibus&rft.btitle=On+the+Republic.+On+the+Laws+%28De+Re+Publica.+De+Legibus%29&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298443420&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99235-1&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fciceroderepublic0000clin%2Fpage%2F334%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero,_de_Finibus" class="citation cs1">——— (1914) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 45 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Finibus/5*.html">On the Ends of Good and Evil (De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum)</a>. Vol. XVII. Translated by H., Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99044-9"><bdi>978-0-674-99044-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298443420">298443420</a> – via <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Ends+of+Good+and+Evil+%28De+Finibus+Bonorum+et+Malorum%29&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298443420&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99044-9&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCicero%2Fde_Finibus%2F5%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero,_Tusc._Qu" class="citation cs1">——— (1923) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 45 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cicerostusculand0000tran/mode/2up">Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes)</a>. Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99156-9"><bdi>978-0-674-99156-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298443420">298443420</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tusculan+Disputations+%28Tusculanae+Disputationes%29&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298443420&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99156-9&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcicerostusculand0000tran%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero,_de_Div._I" class="citation cs1">——— (1927) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 44 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cicerodesenectut00cice/page/344/mode/2up?q=+Pherecydes">"De Divinatione I"</a>. On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione). Vol. XX. Translated by W. A., Falconer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99170-5"><bdi>978-0-674-99170-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298443420">298443420</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Divinatione+I&rft.btitle=On+Old+Age.+On+Friendship.+On+Divination+%28De+Senectute%2C+De+Amicitia%2C+De+Divinatione%29&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298443420&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99170-5&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcicerodesenectut00cice%2Fpage%2F344%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2BPherecydes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero,_de_Off" class="citation cs1">——— (1913) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 44 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cicerodeofficiis0000cice/page/58/mode/2up">On Duties (De officiis)</a>. Vol. XXI. Translated by Miller, Walter. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99033-3"><bdi>978-0-674-99033-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298443420">298443420</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Duties+%28De+officiis%29&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298443420&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99033-3&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcicerodeofficiis0000cice%2Fpage%2F58%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Iside_et_Osiride" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1962) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia0005plut/page/24/mode/2up">"On Isis and Osiris (De Iside Et Osiride)"</a>. Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13897903">13897903</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Isis+and+Osiris+%28De+Iside+Et+Osiride%29&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Moralia&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13897903&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplutarchsmoralia0005plut%2Fpage%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia07plut/page/360/mode/2up">"On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis)"</a>. Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. VII. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H.; Einarson, Benedict. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/938641243">938641243</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Signs+of+Socrates+%28De+Genio+Socratis%29&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Moralia&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F938641243&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplutarchsmoralia07plut%2Fpage%2F360%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Esu_Carn" class="citation book cs1">——— (1957) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia12plut/page/540/mode/2up">"On the Eating of Flesh (Du Esu Carnium)"</a>. Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. XII. Translated by Helmbold, William C.; Cherniss, Harold. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Eating+of+Flesh+%28Du+Esu+Carnium%29&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Moralia&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplutarchsmoralia12plut%2Fpage%2F540%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_Non_posse_suav._vivi_sec._Ep." class="citation book cs1">——— (1967) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia14lut/page/66/mode/2up">"That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible (Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum)"</a>. Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. XIV. Translated by Einarson, Benedict; de Lacy, Phillip H. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=That+Epicurus+Actually+Makes+a+Pleasant+Life+Impossible+%28Non+posse+suaviter+vivi+secundum+Epicurum%29&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Moralia&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplutarchsmoralia14lut%2Fpage%2F66%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApuleius" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> (1970) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 AD]. "Apologia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apologiafloridao0000apul/page/18/mode/2up">The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura</a>. Translated by Harold Edgeworth, Butler. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-3066-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-3066-8"><bdi>978-0-8371-3066-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/313541">313541</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apologia&rft.btitle=The+Apologia+and+Florida+of+Apuleius+of+Madaura&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313541&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-3066-8&rft.au=Apuleius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapologiafloridao0000apul%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988">. [Which claims Zoroaster taught Pythagoras, also found in <a href="#CITEREFStrom">Strom</a>, 1.15.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiog_I" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> (1925) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 AD]. "Book I". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99203-0"><bdi>978-0-674-99203-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908430780">908430780</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908430780&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99203-0&rft.au=Diogenes+La%C3%ABrtius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers%2FBook_I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiog_VIII" class="citation book cs1">——— (1925) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 AD]. "Book VIII". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VIII#Pythagoras">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99204-7"><bdi>978-0-674-99204-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758307224">758307224</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VIII&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library.+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758307224&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99204-7&rft.au=Diogenes+La%C3%ABrtius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers%2FBook_VIII%23Pythagoras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrom" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (1991) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 AD]. "Book I, Chapter XV". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stromateisbookso0085clem/page/72/mode/2up">Stromateis (Miscellanies)</a>. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 86. Translated by John, Ferguson. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1185-5"><bdi>978-0-8132-1185-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647919762">647919762</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%2C+Chapter+XV&rft.btitle=Stromateis+%28Miscellanies%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=The+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647919762&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1185-5&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstromateisbookso0085clem%2Fpage%2F72%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> (1987) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 270 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guthrie-1987-the-pythagorean-sourcebook-and-library/page/122/mode/2up">"Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)"</a>. In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933999-50-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933999-50-3"><bdi>978-0-933999-50-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16130530">16130530</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vita+Pythagorae+%28Life+of+Pythagoras%29&rft.btitle=The+Pythagorean+Sourcebook+And+Library&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Phanes+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16130530&rft.isbn=978-0-933999-50-3&rft.au=Porphyry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguthrie-1987-the-pythagorean-sourcebook-and-library%2Fpage%2F122%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamblichus (philosopher)">Iamblichus</a> (1987) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guthrie-1987-the-pythagorean-sourcebook-and-library/page/n49/mode/2up">"De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)"</a>. In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933999-50-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933999-50-3"><bdi>978-0-933999-50-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16130530">16130530</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Vita+Pythagorica+%28On+the+Pythagorean+Life%29&rft.btitle=The+Pythagorean+Sourcebook+And+Library&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Phanes+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16130530&rft.isbn=978-0-933999-50-3&rft.au=Iamblichus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguthrie-1987-the-pythagorean-sourcebook-and-library%2Fpage%2Fn49%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHierocles,Carmen_Aureum" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles of Alexandria</a> (1995) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pythagoreangolde0000unse/page/94/mode/2up">"Golden Verses of Pythagoras"</a>. The Pythagorean Golden Verses: With Introduction and Commentary. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Vol. 123. Translated by Thom, Johan C. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10105-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10105-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31131998">31131998</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Golden+Verses+of+Pythagoras&rft.btitle=The+Pythagorean+Golden+Verses%3A+With+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Religions+in+the+Graeco-Roman+World&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31131998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10105-0&rft.au=Hierocles+of+Alexandria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpythagoreangolde0000unse%2Fpage%2F94%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_secondary_sources">Modern secondary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcevedo2020" class="citation book cs1">Acevedo, Juan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cavvDwAAQBAJ">Alphanumeric Cosmology From Greek into Arabic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159245-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159245-4"><bdi>978-3-16-159245-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphanumeric+Cosmology+From+Greek+into+Arabic&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-16-159245-4&rft.aulast=Acevedo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcavvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfonasin2012" class="citation cs1">Afonasin, Eugene V. (2012). Afonasin, Eugene V.; Dillon, John M.; Finamore, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teoyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism</a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23011-8"><bdi>978-90-04-23011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iamblichus+and+the+Foundations+of+Late+Platonism&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23011-8&rft.aulast=Afonasin&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteoyAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsheriLloydCorcella2007" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Asheri" title="David Asheri">Asheri, David</a>; Lloyd, Alan; Corcella, Aldo (2007). A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814956-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814956-9"><bdi>978-0-19-814956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Herodotus%2C+Books+1%E2%80%934&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814956-9&rft.aulast=Asheri&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Alan&rft.au=Corcella%2C+Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1999" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Kieren (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w70rWN_-ANAC">The Greek Qabalah: Alphabetic Mysticism and Numerology in the Ancient World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weiser,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Weiser, Inc.">Samuel Weiser, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-110-0"><bdi>978-1-57863-110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Qabalah%3A+Alphabetic+Mysticism+and+Numerology+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Samuel+Weiser%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57863-110-0&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw70rWN_-ANAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorlik2011" class="citation cs1">Borlik, Todd A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecocriticismearl0000borl/mode/2up">Ecocriticism and Early Modern English Literature: Green Pastures</a>. Routledge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81924-1"><bdi>978-0-203-81924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecocriticism+and+Early+Modern+English+Literature%3A+Green+Pastures&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Renaissance+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81924-1&rft.aulast=Borlik&rft.aufirst=Todd+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecocriticismearl0000borl%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowra1994" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bowra" title="Maurice Bowra">Bowra, C. M.</a> (1994) [1957]. The Greek Experience. London, England: Weidenfeld & Nicolson History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-122-2"><bdi>978-1-85799-122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson+History&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85799-122-2&rft.aulast=Bowra&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyerMerzbach2011" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (2011) [1968]. A History of Mathematics (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52548-7"><bdi>978-0-470-52548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-52548-7&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rft.au=Merzbach%2C+Uta+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregman2002" class="citation cs1">Bregman, Jay (2002). "Neoplatonism and American Aesthetics". In Alexandrakis, Aphrodite; Moulafakis, Nicholas J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAKTvVIcwTgC&q=Pythagoras+and+the+Transcendentalists&pg=PA186">Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics</a>. Studies in Neoplatonism: Ancient and Modern. Vol. 12. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5280-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5280-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-5280-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoplatonism+and+American+Aesthetics&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Western+Aesthetics&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+Neoplatonism%3A+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5280-6&rft.aulast=Bregman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAKTvVIcwTgC%26q%3DPythagoras%2Band%2Bthe%2BTranscendentalists%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruhn2005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siglind_Bruhn" title="Siglind Bruhn">Bruhn, Siglind</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-1o3tUGcXMC&q=tetraktys+diatessaron&pg=PA66">The Musical Order of the Universe: Kepler, Hesse, and Hindemith</a>. Interfaces Series. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-117-3"><bdi>978-1-57647-117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Order+of+the+Universe%3A+Kepler%2C+Hesse%2C+and+Hindemith&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.series=Interfaces+Series&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57647-117-3&rft.aulast=Bruhn&rft.aufirst=Siglind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-1o3tUGcXMC%26q%3Dtetraktys%2Bdiatessaron%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1960" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burkert, Walter (May 1960). "Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie"". Hermes (in German). 88 (2): 159–177. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4475110">4475110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=Platon+oder+Pythagoras%3F+Zum+Ursprung+des+Wortes+%22Philosophie%22&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-177&rft.date=1960-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4475110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1972" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1 June 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lorescienceinanc0000burk/mode/2up">Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53918-1"><bdi>978-0-674-53918-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lore+and+Science+in+Ancient+Pythagoreanism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-674-53918-1&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Florescienceinanc0000burk%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk">Greek Religion</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekreligion0000burk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2004" class="citation cs1">Cameron, Alan (2004). Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803821-4"><bdi>978-0-19-803821-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Mythography+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803821-4&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1921" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rhys_Carpenter" title="Rhys Carpenter">Carpenter, Rhys</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/estheticbasisofg00carpuoft">The Esthetic Basis Of Greek Art: Of The Fifth And Fourth Centuries B.C</a>. Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania: Bryn Mawr College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-165-68068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-165-68068-9"><bdi>978-1-165-68068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Esthetic+Basis+Of+Greek+Art%3A+Of+The+Fifth+And+Fourth+Centuries+B.C&rft.place=Bryn+Mawr%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Bryn+Mawr+College&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-1-165-68068-9&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Festheticbasisofg00carpuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelenza2010" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Celenza" title="Christopher Celenza">Celenza, Christopher</a> (2010). "Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 796–799. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pythagoras+and+Pythagoreanism&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=796-799&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Celenza&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopleston2003" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a> (2003) [1946]. "The Pythagorean Society". A History of Philosophy. Vol. 1 Greece and Rome. London, England and New York City, New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6947-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-6947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pythagorean+Society&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Philosophy&rft.place=London%2C+England+and+New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6947-2&rft.aulast=Copleston&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013" class="citation cs1">Cornelli, Gabriele; McKirahan, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0ihjZufKncC&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA50">In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category</a>. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030650-7"><bdi>978-3-11-030650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Pythagoreanism%3A+Pythagoreanism+as+an+Historiographical+Category&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-030650-7&rft.aulast=Cornelli&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft.au=McKirahan%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0ihjZufKncC%26q%3DPythagoreanism%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vogel1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Johanna_de_Vogel" title="Cornelia Johanna de Vogel">De Vogel, Cornelia J.</a> (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/513833">513833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+Early+Pythagoreanism%3A+An+Interpretation+of+Neglected+Evidence+on+the+Philosopher+Pythagoras&rft.place=Assen&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F513833&rft.aulast=De+Vogel&rft.aufirst=Cornelia+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicks1970" class="citation cs1">Dicks, D. R. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygreekastron0000dick">Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0561-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0561-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-0561-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Astronomy+to+Aristotle&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-0561-7&rft.aulast=Dicks&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlygreekastron0000dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillonHershbell1991" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, John; Hershbell, Jackson (1991). Betz, Hans Dieter; O'Neill, Edward N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onpythagoreanway0000iamb/mode/2up">Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean way of life: Text, Translation and Notes</a>. Text and Translations 29: Graeco Romain Religion Series. Vol. 11. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55540-522-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55540-522-3"><bdi>1-55540-522-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iamblichus%2C+On+the+Pythagorean+way+of+life%3A+Text%2C+Translation+and+Notes&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.series=Text+and+Translations+29%3A+Graeco+Romain+Religion+Series&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55540-522-3&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hershbell%2C+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonpythagoreanway0000iamb%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2005" class="citation cs1">Dillon, Sheila (24 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fFa42_0Gb0C&q=Archytas+bust+actually+Pythagoras&pg=PA163">Ancient Greek Portrait Sculpture: Context, Subjects, and Styles</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61078-1"><bdi>978-1-107-61078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Portrait+Sculpture%3A+Context%2C+Subjects%2C+and+Styles&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-12-24&rft.isbn=978-1-107-61078-1&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fFa42_0Gb0C%26q%3DArchytas%2Bbust%2Bactually%2BPythagoras%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaivre1995" class="citation book cs1">Faivre, Antoine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eternalhermes.fromgreekgodtoalchemicalmagusbyantoinefaivre/mode/2up">The Eternal Hermes</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich: Phanes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933999-53-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-933999-53-4"><bdi>0-933999-53-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Hermes&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich&rft.pub=Phanes+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-933999-53-4&rft.aulast=Faivre&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feternalhermes.fromgreekgodtoalchemicalmagusbyantoinefaivre%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Ferguson" title="Kitty Ferguson">Ferguson, Kitty</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h83m1i3QhhYC">The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7963-2"><bdi>978-0-8027-7963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Pythagoras%3A+How+an+Ancient+Brotherhood+Cracked+the+Code+of+the+Universe+and+Lit+the+Path+from+Antiquity+to+Outer+Space&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-7963-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh83m1i3QhhYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2002" class="citation cs1">French, Peter J. (2002) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcJYAQAAQBAJ&q=John+Dee+Pythagoras&pg=PA30">John Dee: The World of the Elizabethan Magus</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0079-1"><bdi>978-0-7448-0079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dee%3A+The+World+of+the+Elizabethan+Magus&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7448-0079-1&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcJYAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DJohn%2BDee%2BPythagoras%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1989" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalgreeks00gran_0">The Classical Greeks</a>. History of Civilization. New York City, New York: Charles Schribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19126-3"><bdi>978-0-684-19126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Greeks&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=History+of+Civilization&rft.pub=Charles+Schribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19126-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicalgreeks00gran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2015" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Andrew (2015). "The Pythagoreans: number and numerology". In <a href="/wiki/Snezana_Lawrence" title="Snezana Lawrence">Lawrence, Snezana</a>; McCartney, Mark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Zu9CQAAQBAJ">Mathematicians and their Gods: Interactions between mathematics and religious beliefs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 21–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100755-2"><bdi>978-0-19-100755-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pythagoreans%3A+number+and+numerology&rft.btitle=Mathematicians+and+their+Gods%3A+Interactions+between+mathematics+and+religious+beliefs&rft.pages=21-50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100755-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Zu9CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaag2013" class="citation cs1">Haag, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol1oxkZVxTkC&q=Pythagoras+Dante's+inferno&pg=PA89">Inferno Decoded: The Essential Companion to the Myths, Mysteries and Locations of Dan Brown's Inferno</a>. London, England: Profile Books, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78125-180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78125-180-5"><bdi>978-1-78125-180-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inferno+Decoded%3A+The+Essential+Companion+to+the+Myths%2C+Mysteries+and+Locations+of+Dan+Brown%27s+Inferno&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Profile+Books%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78125-180-5&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOl1oxkZVxTkC%26q%3DPythagoras%2BDante%27s%2Binferno%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHare1999" class="citation cs1">Hare, R. M. (1999) [1982]. "Plato". In Taylor, C. C. W.; Hare, R. M.; Barnes, Jonathan (eds.). Greek Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Past Masters. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 103–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285422-3"><bdi>978-0-19-285422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.btitle=Greek+Philosophers%3A+Socrates%2C+Plato%2C+and+Aristotle&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Past+Masters&rft.pages=103-189&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285422-3&rft.aulast=Hare&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968" class="citation cs1">Homann-Wedeking, Ernst (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIlCAAAAIAAJ&q=Art+of+the+World+Archaic+Greece+Homann-Wedeking">The Art of Archaic Greece</a>. Art of the World. New York City, New York: Crown Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Archaic+Greece&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=Art+of+the+World&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Homann-Wedeking&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIlCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DArt%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BArchaic%2BGreece%2BHomann-Wedeking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobyBollansée1999" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, Felix; Bollansée, Jan (1999). Schepens, Guido (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9awAYifECXcC">Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker</a>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11303-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Fragmente+der+griechischen+Historiker&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11303-9&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Bollans%C3%A9e%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9awAYifECXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1993" class="citation book cs1">James, Jamie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofspheresmu00jame/page/n7/mode/2up">The Music of the Spheres</a>. New York, NY: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1307-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1307-8"><bdi>978-0-8021-1307-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+Spheres&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1307-8&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofspheresmu00jame%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christiane_Joost-Gaugier" title="Christiane Joost-Gaugier">Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf9Rj_ADZU4C&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA116">Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7409-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7409-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-7409-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Heaven%3A+Pythagoras+and+his+Influence+on+Thought+and+Art+in+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7409-5&rft.aulast=Joost-Gaugier&rft.aufirst=Christiane+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCf9Rj_ADZU4C%26q%3DPythagoreanism%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2001" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn" title="Charles H. Kahn">Kahn, Charles H.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pythagoraspythag0000kahn">Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History</a>. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-575-8"><bdi>978-0-87220-575-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46394974">46394974</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Pythagoreans%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana+and+Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46394974&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-575-8&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpythagoraspythag0000kahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalvesmaki2013" class="citation book cs1">Kalvesmaki, Joel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btC_MgEACAAJ">The Theology of Arithmetic: Number Symbolism in Platonism and Early Christianity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies" title="Center for Hellenic Studies">Center for Hellenic Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07330-2"><bdi>978-0-674-07330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Arithmetic%3A+Number+Symbolism+in+Platonism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07330-2&rft.aulast=Kalvesmaki&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtC_MgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2004" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, Anthony</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpYUDAAAQBAJ&q=Anthony+Kenny+Ancient+Philosophy">Ancient Philosophy</a>. A New History of Western Philosophy. Vol. 1. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875273-8"><bdi>978-0-19-875273-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=A+New+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875273-8&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpYUDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnthony%2BKenny%2BAncient%2BPhilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdonFotheringham1928" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Herbert_Langdon" title="Stephen Herbert Langdon">Langdon, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Knight_Fotheringham" title="John Knight Fotheringham">Fotheringham, John</a> (1928). The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga: A solution of Babylonian chronology by means of the Venus observations of the First Dynasty. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-33-362298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-33-362298-1"><bdi>978-9-33-362298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venus+Tablets+of+Ammizaduga%3A+A+solution+of+Babylonian+chronology+by+means+of+the+Venus+observations+of+the+First+Dynasty&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-9-33-362298-1&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Fotheringham%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, David C. (1978). Science in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226482330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226482330"><bdi>978-0226482330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0226482330&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, David C. (2013). The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2, Medieval Science. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521594486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521594486"><bdi>978-0521594486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science%3A+Volume+2%2C+Medieval+Science&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0521594486&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2009" class="citation cs1">Malone, John C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Qa6cMQj8AC&pg=PA22">Psychology: Pythagoras to present</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01296-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01296-6"><bdi>978-0-262-01296-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+Pythagoras+to+present&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01296-6&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6Qa6cMQj8AC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarincola2001" class="citation cs1">Marincola, John (2001). Greek Historians. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922501-9"><bdi>978-0-19-922501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Historians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922501-9&rft.aulast=Marincola&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown2013" class="citation cs1">McKeown, J. C. (2013). A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998210-3"><bdi>978-0-19-998210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cabinet+of+Greek+Curiosities%3A+Strange+Tales+and+Surprising+Facts+from+the+Cradle+of+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998210-3&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMénage1984" class="citation book cs1">Ménage, Gilles (1984). The History of Women Philosophers. Lanham: Univ. Pr. of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-4271-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-4271-9"><bdi>978-0-8191-4271-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Women+Philosophers&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Univ.+Pr.+of+America&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-4271-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9nage&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy2013" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUMDAAAAQBAJ&q=women+and+Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean Women: The History and Writings</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0956-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0956-6"><bdi>978-1-4214-0956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagorean+Women%3A+The+History+and+Writings&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0956-6&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUMDAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwomen%2Band%2BPythagoreanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2003" class="citation cs1">Press, Gerald A. (2003) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuYQ7B1c2TQC&q=Soches+Pythagoras&pg=PA83">Development of the Idea of History in Antiquity</a>. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, New York: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1002-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-1002-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+the+Idea+of+History+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Canada+and+Kingston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1002-9&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Gerald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuYQ7B1c2TQC%26q%3DSoches%2BPythagoras%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedweg2005" class="citation cs1">Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ixyQJA7_MC&q=Pythagoras">Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7452-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-7452-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+His+Life%2C+Teachings%2C+and+Influence&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7452-1&rft.aulast=Riedweg&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8ixyQJA7_MC%26q%3DPythagoras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation cs1">Roberts, Jennifer T. (2011). Herodotus: a Very Short Introduction. OXford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957599-2"><bdi>978-0-19-957599-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OXford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957599-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2008" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (2008) [1945]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQZ6Xk9VdtAC&q=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy+Bertrand+Russell">A History of Western Philosophy</a>. A Touchstone Book. New York City, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-31400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-31400-2"><bdi>978-0-671-31400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=A+Touchstone+Book&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-671-31400-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQZ6Xk9VdtAC%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BWestern%2BPhilosophy%2BBertrand%2BRussell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2004" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Russo, Attilio (2004). "Costantino Lascaris tra fama e oblio nel Cinquecento messinese". Archivio Storico Messinese. LXXXIV–LXXXV: 5–87, especially 51–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0392-0240">0392-0240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivio+Storico+Messinese&rft.atitle=Costantino+Lascaris+tra+fama+e+oblio+nel+Cinquecento+messinese&rft.volume=LXXXIV-LXXXV&rft.pages=5-87%2C+especially+51-53&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0392-0240&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1995" class="citation cs1">Sherman, William Howard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nmboW7qwvUC&q=John+Dee+Pythagoras&pg=PA15">John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance</a>. Amherst, Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-070-3"><bdi>978-1-55849-070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dee%3A+The+Politics+of+Reading+and+Writing+in+the+English+Renaissance&rft.place=Amherst%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-070-3&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nmboW7qwvUC%26q%3DJohn%2BDee%2BPythagoras%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimoons1998" class="citation cs1">Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC&q=Pythagoras+bean+field&pg=PA227">Plants of Life, Plants of Death</a>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7"><bdi>978-0-299-15904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+of+Life%2C+Plants+of+Death&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-299-15904-7&rft.aulast=Simoons&rft.aufirst=Frederick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEUAbrBoeBAC%26q%3DPythagoras%2Bbean%2Bfield%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks1998" class="citation cs1">Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-033-0"><bdi>978-1-57506-033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Israel%3A+Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+Ethnic+Sentiments+and+their+Expression+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-033-0&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Kenton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaub2017" class="citation cs1">Taub, Liba (2017). Science Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11370-0"><bdi>978-0-521-11370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Writing+in+Greco-Roman+Antiquity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11370-0&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Liba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasunia2007" class="citation cs1">Vasunia, Phiroze (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwFPDgAAQBAJ">"The Philosopher's Zarathushtra"</a>. In Tuplin, Christopher (ed.). Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910589-46-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910589-46-5"><bdi>978-1-910589-46-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher%27s+Zarathushtra&rft.btitle=Persian+Responses%3A+Political+and+Cultural+Interaction+with%28in%29+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.place=Swansea&rft.pub=The+Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-910589-46-5&rft.aulast=Vasunia&rft.aufirst=Phiroze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwFPDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaithe1987" class="citation cs1">Waithe, M. E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7ngECDpxmMC">Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. – 500 A.D.</a> Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-3368-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-3368-2"><bdi>978-90-247-3368-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Women+Philosophers+600+B.C.+%E2%80%93+500+A.D.&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-247-3368-2&rft.aulast=Waithe&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx7ngECDpxmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1953" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead, Afred North</a> (1953) [1926]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Npq_qnqwYOwC&q=Pythagoras+Whitehead+science&pg=PA36">Science and the Modern World</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23778-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23778-9"><bdi>978-0-521-23778-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23778-9&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Afred+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpq_qnqwYOwC%26q%3DPythagoras%2BWhitehead%2Bscience%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhmud2012" class="citation book cs1">Zhmud, Leonid (2012) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC">Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans</a>. Translated by Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Early+Pythagoreans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928931-8&rft.aulast=Zhmud&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof-ghBD9q1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2002" class="citation cs1">Christensen, Thomas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioa9uW2t7AQC&q=pythagoras+hammers+myth&pg=PA143">The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62371-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62371-1"><bdi>978-0-521-62371-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Western+Music+Theory&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62371-1&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dioa9uW2t7AQC%26q%3Dpythagoras%2Bhammers%2Bmyth%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1967" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Keith_Chambers_Guthrie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Keith Chambers Guthrie">Guthrie, William Keith Chambers</a> (1967) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekph0001wkcg/page/172/mode/2up">A History of Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973780248">973780248</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Philosophy%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Earlier+Presocratics+and+the+Pythagoreans&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973780248&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=William+Keith+Chambers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekph0001wkcg%2Fpage%2F172%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann2005" class="citation cs1">Hermann, Arnold (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tothinklikegodpy0000herm">To Think Like God: Pythagoras and Parmenides—the Origins of Philosophy</a>. Las Vegas, Nevada: Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930972-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930972-00-1"><bdi>978-1-930972-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Think+Like+God%3A+Pythagoras+and+Parmenides%E2%80%94the+Origins+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Las+Vegas%2C+Nevada&rft.pub=Parmenides+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-930972-00-1&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftothinklikegodpy0000herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorky2013" class="citation cs1">Horky, Philip Sydney (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXkRDAAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism">Plato and Pythagoreanism</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-989822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato+and+Pythagoreanism&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989822-0&rft.aulast=Horky&rft.aufirst=Philip+Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXkRDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPythagoreanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley1995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kingsley" title="Peter Kingsley">Kingsley, Peter</a> (1995). Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and the Pythagorean Tradition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Philosophy%2C+Mystery%2C+and+Magic%3A+Empedocles+and+the+Pythagorean+Tradition&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kingsley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Meara1989" class="citation cs1">O'Meara, Dominic J. (1989). Pythagoras Revived. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823913-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823913-0"><bdi>978-0-19-823913-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+Revived&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823913-0&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=Dominic+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2013" class="citation cs1">Schofield, Malcolm (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZR7AAAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism">Aristotle, Plato and Pythagoreanism in the First Century BC: New Directions for Philosophy</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02011-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Plato+and+Pythagoreanism+in+the+First+Century+BC%3A+New+Directions+for+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02011-5&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZR7AAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPythagoreanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Pythagoras at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pythagoras">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pythagoras">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Pythagoras">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="q:Pythagoras">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pythagoras">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pythagoras">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Pythagoras">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p693b">Pythagoras</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huffman, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/">"Pythagoras"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pythagoras&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpythagoras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Pythagoras.html">"Pythagoras of Samos"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a>, School of Mathematics and Statistics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/pythagor.html">"Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans, Fragments and Commentary"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fairbanks" title="Arthur Fairbanks">Arthur Fairbanks</a> Hanover Historical Texts Project, <a href="/wiki/Hanover_College" title="Hanover College">Hanover College</a> Department of History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/pythag/pythag.html">"Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309180348/http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/pythag/pythag.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12587b.htm">"Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pythagoras%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pythagoras%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pythagoras%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pythagoras%22%29%20OR%20%28%22century-490s%22%20AND%20Pythagoras%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pythagoras</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9944">Works by Pythagoras</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Ancient Greek mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">(timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Larissa" title="Heliodorus of Larissa">Heliodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philonides_of_Laodicea" title="Philonides of Laodicea">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Serenus of Antinoöpolis">Serenus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga">Conics (Apollonius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_(Euclid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (Euclid)">Data (Euclid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements (Euclid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_a_Circle" title="Measurement of a Circle">Measurement of a Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Conoids_and_Spheroids" title="On Conoids and Spheroids">On Conoids and Spheroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)">On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)">On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">On the Moving Sphere (Autolycus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics">Optics (Euclid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Spirals" title="On Spirals">On Spirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostomachion" title="Ostomachion">Ostomachion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius%27_Spherics" title="Theodosius' Spherics">Spherics (Theodosius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Spherics (Menelaus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quadrature of the Parabola">The Quadrature of the Parabola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_number" title="Constructible number">Constructible numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle" title="Inscribed angle">Inscribed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Apollonius" title="Circles of Apollonius">Circles of Apollonius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_circles" title="Apollonian circles">Apollonian circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_circle" title="Circumscribed circle">Circumscribed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)" title="Commensurability (mathematics)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_proportion_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)">Doctrine of proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Incircle and excircles of a triangle">Incircle and excircles of a triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Parallel postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">Lune of Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratrix_of_Hippias" title="Quadratrix of Hippias">Quadratrix of Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">Straightedge and compass construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_center" title="Triangle center">Triangle center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid's elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem" title="Angle bisector theorem">Angle bisector theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_angle_theorem" title="Exterior angle theorem">Exterior angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem" title="Euclid's theorem">Euclid's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean_theorem" title="Geometric mean theorem">Geometric mean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_geometric_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek geometric algebra">Greek geometric algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_theorem" title="Hinge theorem">Hinge theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">Inscribed angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_chords_theorem" title="Intersecting chords theorem">Intersecting chords theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_secants_theorem" title="Intersecting secants theorem">Intersecting secants theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_cosines" title="Law of cosines">Law of cosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">Pons asinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent-secant_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent-secant theorem">Tangent-secant theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_of_the_gnomon" title="Theorem of the gnomon">Theorem of the gnomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius%27s_theorem" title="Apollonius's theorem">Apollonius's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbar_theorem" title="Crossbar theorem">Crossbar theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">Irrational numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus%27s_theorem" title="Menelaus's theorem">Menelaus's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem" title="Pappus's area theorem">Pappus's area theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus_II.VIII" title="Diophantus II.VIII">Problem II.8 of Arithmetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_Theodorus" title="Spiral of Theodorus">Spiral of Theodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusis_construction" title="Neusis construction">Neusis construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Greek_Mathematics" title="A History of Greek Mathematics">A History of Greek Mathematics</a> <ul><li>by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Thomas Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geometry" title="Timeline of geometry">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of numbers">numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">prehistoric counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">numeral systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabian/Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mathematics" title="Japanese mathematics">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides_of_Knossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimenides of Knossos">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Sages" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Solon of Athens">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periander_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periander of Corinth">Periander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleobulus_of_Lindos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleobulus of Lindos">Cleobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ionian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Milesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiskos" title="Lamiskos">Lamiskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brontinus" title="Brontinus">Brontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliphon_of_Croton" title="Calliphon of Croton">Calliphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Cos" title="Metrodorus of Cos">Metrodorus of Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytus_(Pythagorean)" title="Eurytus (Pythagorean)">Eurytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans" title="Category:Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acron" title="Acron">Acron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Sicily" title="Pausanias of Sicily">Pausanias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus" title="Thrasymachus">Thrasymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_of_Athens" title="Damon of Athens">Damon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicles" title="Callicles">Callicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophron_(sophist)" title="Lycophron (sophist)">Lycophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus_(sophist)" title="Dionysodorus (sophist)">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_of_Chios" title="Euthydemus of Chios">Euthydemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Socrates" title="Category:Pupils of Socrates">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cynic_philosophers" title="List of Cynic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus_the_Younger" title="Aristippus the Younger">Aristippus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus the Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrenaic_philosophers" title="Category:Cyrenaic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus" title="Menedemus">Menedemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Phlius" title="Asclepiades of Phlius">Asclepiades of Phlius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyas" title="Ichthyas">Ichthyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus_of_Corinth" title="Thrasymachus of Corinth">Thrasymachus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicarete_of_Megara" title="Nicarete of Megara">Nicarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasicles_of_Thebes" title="Pasicles of Thebes">Pasicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Achaea" title="Bryson of Achaea">Bryson</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dialecticians" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Dialecticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinomachus" title="Clinomachus">Clinomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Cronus" title="Apollonius Cronus">Apollonius Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphantus" title="Euphantus">Euphantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Chalcedon" title="Dionysius of Chalcedon">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexinus" title="Alexinus">Alexinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthoides" title="Panthoides">Panthoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peripatetic_philosophers" title="Category:Peripatetic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Skeptic_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Lucius Annaeus Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Oenoanda" title="Diogenes of Oenoanda">Diogenes of Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epicurean_philosophers" title="List of Epicurean philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Pythagoreans" title="Category:Neo-Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicetes_of_Smyrna" title="Nicetes of Smyrna">Nicetes of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman-era_Sophists" title="Category:Roman-era Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10261#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10261#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10261#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374984682">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/162237897">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/209894863">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/225158790508938850686">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102862543">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13151352051052602454">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/318159474331827662926">6</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/83073140">7</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84036666">8</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/498168048974538410002">9</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264085599">10</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/375157342860710100009">11</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/250958546">12</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/65615/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjHHjbyt4tRGGry7PGJRXb">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118597248">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80162846">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920816v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920816v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621326">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV044215">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36341093">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701459&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000046840&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1160617">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/75384">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06997571X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90195559">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=012799886&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000096974">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=28210">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046865">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201717306">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn246p680d752w2">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810651425005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17829">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266854105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521911006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14750653">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01257341?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:pythagoras-of-samos.">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/231659">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500329588">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/37d51ffa-e38a-4c20-8f79-4cb842c94e70">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1248660">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118597248.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118597248">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027085260">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6814vqx">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pisagor">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&oldid=1256117311">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&oldid=1256117311</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoras" title="Category:Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:570s_BC_births" title="Category:570s BC births">570s BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:490s_BC_deaths" title="Category:490s BC deaths">490s BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_mathematicians" title="Category:6th-century BC mathematicians">6th-century BC mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_Greek_philosophers" title="Category:6th-century BC Greek philosophers">6th-century BC Greek philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_mathematicians" title="Category:5th-century BC mathematicians">5th-century BC mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_Greek_philosophers" title="Category:5th-century BC Greek philosophers">5th-century BC Greek philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_geometers" title="Category:Ancient Greek geometers">Ancient Greek geometers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_metaphysicians" title="Category:Ancient Greek metaphysicians">Ancient Greek metaphysicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_music_theorists" title="Category:Ancient Greek music theorists">Ancient Greek music theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Ancient Greek philosophers of mind">Ancient Greek philosophers of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_political_refugees" title="Category:Ancient Greek political refugees">Ancient Greek political refugees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_shamans" title="Category:Ancient Greek shamans">Ancient Greek shamans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_occultists" title="Category:Ancient occultists">Ancient occultists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Samians" title="Category:Ancient Samians">Ancient Samians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans" title="Category:Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founders_of_religions" title="Category:Founders of religions">Founders of religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Numerologists" title="Category:Numerologists">Numerologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans_of_Magna_Graecia" title="Category:Pythagoreans of Magna Graecia">Pythagoreans of Magna Graecia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_religious_leaders" title="Category:6th-century BC religious leaders">6th-century BC religious leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_religious_leaders" title="Category:5th-century BC religious leaders">5th-century BC religious leaders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from June 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use American English from February 2024">Use American English from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">CS1 maint: overridden setting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 08:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pythagoras&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-wxm87","wgBackendResponseTime":259,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.813","walltime":"4.401","ppvisitednodes":{"value":51437,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":665587,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":65807,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":498771,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3564.993 1 -total"," 40.49% 1443.532 562 Template:Sfnp"," 12.40% 442.216 63 Template:Citation"," 10.30% 367.332 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.24% 293.786 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 5.17% 184.216 640 Template:Main_other"," 4.97% 177.275 27 Template:Cite_book"," 4.06% 144.817 22 Template:Navbox"," 3.91% 139.255 2 Template:Langx"," 2.72% 96.959 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.311","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20983021,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Alleged_travels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcevedo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfonasin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApuleius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristot._De_Anima\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristot._Met._1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristot._Protrepticus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsheriLloydCorcella2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorlik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowra1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyerMerzbach2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruhn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnet1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelenza2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero,_De_Re_Publica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero,_Tusc._Qu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero,_de_Div._I\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero,_de_Finibus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero,_de_Leg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero,_de_Off\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopleston2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDK_21B7\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vogel1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDicks1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillonHershbell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiog_I\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiog_VIII\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaivre1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaag2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHare1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHdt._2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHdt._4\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHierocles,Carmen_Aureum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomann-Wedeking1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuffman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIamblichus,_Vit._Pyth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobyBollansée1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoost-Gaugier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalvesmaki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangdonFotheringham1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindberg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarincola2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeown2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMénage1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Meara1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlato,_Republic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch,_Non_posse_suav._vivi_sec._Ep.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Esu_Carn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Gen._Socr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch,_de_Iside_et_Osiride\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeroy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorphyry,_Vit._Pyth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedweg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusso2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimoons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaub2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasunia2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaithe1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhmud2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greek mathematics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 40,\n [\"Citation\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 3,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Fl.\"] = 2,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek schools of philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 25,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 11,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 89,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 562,\n [\"Sfrac\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 2,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","780","30.5"],["?","460","18.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.3"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","60","2.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","1.6"],["[others]","420","16.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-qscvn","timestamp":"20241125142806","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pythagoras","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pythagoras","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10261","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10261","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-20T15:42:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T08:38:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/Pythagoras_in_the_Roman_Forum%2C_Colosseum.jpg","headline":"Greek philosopher and mathematician (c. 570 \u2013 c. 495 BC)"}</script> </body> </html>