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2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_-_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organization_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International organization participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Iceland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আইসল্যান্ডের রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসল্যান্ডের রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Палітыка Ісландыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка Ісландыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Исландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Исландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_politik" title="Islands politik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Islands politik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisches_System_Islands" title="Politisches System Islands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politisches System Islands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_y_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Islandia" title="Gobierno y política de Islandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno y política de Islandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_Islande" title="Politique en Islande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en Islande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslensk_stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1l" title="Íslensk stjórnmál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslensk stjórnmál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_dell%27Islanda" title="Governo dell'Islanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo dell'Islanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פוליטיקה של איסלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של איסלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდიის პოლიტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლანდიის პოლიტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandijos_politin%C4%97_sistema" title="Islandijos politinė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islandijos politinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering_van_IJsland" title="Regering van IJsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regering van IJsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_politiske_system" title="Islands politiske system – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Islands politiske system" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustr%C3%B3j_polityczny_Islandii" title="Ustrój polityczny Islandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustrój polityczny Islandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Política da Islândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Islândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_Islandei" title="Politica Islandei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politica Islandei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Политическая система Исландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая система Исландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="冰島政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰島政治" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Iceland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Iceland">Judiciary of Iceland</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Politics+of+Iceland%22">"Politics of Iceland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Politics+of+Iceland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Politics+of+Iceland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Politics+of+Iceland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Politics+of+Iceland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Politics+of+Iceland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Political system of Iceland</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Íslensk stjórnmál</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="870" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland">Coat of arms of Iceland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution of Iceland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0" title="Alþingishúsið">Alþingishúsið</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birgir_%C3%81rmannsson" title="Birgir Ármannsson">Birgir Ármannsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Iceland">Speaker of the Althing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Direct election</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President of Iceland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Direct election</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister of Iceland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir" title="Kristrún Frostadóttir">Kristrún Frostadóttir</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet of Iceland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir" title="Cabinet of Kristrún Frostadóttir">Cabinet of Kristrún Frostadóttir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Prime Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Reykjavík</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_ministries" title="List of Icelandic ministries">12 Ministries</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data">Judiciary of Iceland</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Supreme Court of Iceland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data">Benedikt Bogason</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data">Supreme Court Building</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Iceland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution of Iceland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iceland" title="Law of Iceland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Taxation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932013_Icelandic_constitutional_reform" title="2010–2013 Icelandic constitutional reform">Constitutional reform</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iceland" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Iceland">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3runn_Sveinbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir">Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">S</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_parliament_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the parliament of Iceland">Members of Parliament</a></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Althing_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Althing_2019.svg/50px-Althing_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Althing_2019.svg/75px-Althing_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Althing_2019.svg/100px-Althing_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Constituencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Executive_branch">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_President_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2301" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President of Iceland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister of Iceland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir" title="Kristrún Frostadóttir">Kristrún Frostadóttir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">S</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Iceland">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Supreme Court of Iceland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Iceland">President Benedikt Bogason</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Iceland">Justices of the Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2020 Icelandic presidential election">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Icelandic parliamentary election">Parliamentary</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Icelandic constitutional referendum">2012 referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iceland" title="Administrative divisions of Iceland">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Landshlutar</i>)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipalities <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sveitarfélög</i>)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland">Localities <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Kaupstaðir</i>)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iceland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iceland">of Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iceland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iceland">in Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950s / 1970s)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iceland" title="Template:Politics of Iceland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Iceland" title="Template talk:Politics of Iceland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Iceland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Iceland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of Iceland</b> take place in the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">president</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Iceland">prime minister of Iceland</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and the parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Althingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Althingi">Althingi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> is arguably the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Assembly_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly democracy">assembly democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been rated as a "full democracy" in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg/220px-Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg/330px-Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg/440px-Iceland-Reykjavik-Stjornarrad-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet of Iceland</a>, seat of executive branch</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>1 August 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir" title="Kristrún Frostadóttir">Kristrún Frostadóttir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">Social Democratic Alliance</a> </td> <td>21 December 2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Elected to a four-year term, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a> has limited powers and is poised in a largely ceremonial office that serves as a diplomat and figurehead. On 1 August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a> was elected as the current President. </p><p>The prime minister and cabinet exercise most executive functions. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, who, together with the cabinet, takes care of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. The cabinet is appointed by the president after general elections to <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>; however, this process is usually conducted by the leaders of the political parties, who decide among themselves after discussions which parties can form the cabinet and how its seats are to be distributed (under the condition that it has majority support in Althing). Only when the party leaders are unable to reach a conclusion by themselves in reasonable time does the president exercise this power and appoint the cabinet themselves. This has never happened since the republic was founded in 1944, but in 1942 the regent of the country (<a href="/wiki/Sveinn_Bj%C3%B6rnsson" title="Sveinn Björnsson">Sveinn Björnsson</a>, who had been installed in that position by the Althing in 1941) appointed a non-parliamentary government. The regent had, for all practical purposes, the position of a president, and Sveinn in fact became the country's first president in 1944. The governments of Iceland have almost always been coalitions with two or more parties involved because no single political party has received a majority of seats in the Althing during Iceland's republican period. The extent of the political powers possessed by the office of the president is disputed by legal scholars in Iceland; several provisions of the constitution appear to give the president some important powers but other provisions and traditions suggest differently. </p><p>The president is elected every four years (last 2024), the cabinet is elected every four years (last 2021) and town council elections are held every four years (last 2022). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG/220px-Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG/330px-Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG/440px-Al%C3%BEingi_2012-07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Parliament of Iceland</a>, seat of legislative branch.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern parliament, called the "<a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>" or "<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Alþingi</i></span>", was founded in 1845 as an advisory body to the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish monarchy">king</a>. It was widely seen as a re-establishment of the assembly founded in 930 in the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> period and suspended in 1799. The Althing is composed of 63 members, elected every 4 years unless it is dissolved sooner. <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> for presidential and parliamentary elections is 18 years of age and is universal. Members of the Althing are elected on the basis of proportional representation from six constituencies. Until 1991, membership of the Althing was divided between a lower and upper house but this was changed to a fully <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_and_the_elections">Political parties and the elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political parties and the elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">List of political parties in Iceland</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Elections in Iceland</a>.</div> <p>After four four-year terms as the world's first elected woman president, the widely popular <a href="/wiki/Vigd%C3%ADs_Finnbogad%C3%B3ttir" title="Vigdís Finnbogadóttir">Vigdís Finnbogadóttir</a> chose not to run for re-election in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 86% of voters turned out in the 29 June 1996 presidential elections to give former leftist party chairman <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson" title="Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson">Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson</a> a 41% plurality and relatively comfortable 12% victory margin over the closest of three other candidates. Traditionally limited to 6–12 weeks, Iceland's campaign season was marked by several intensely personal attacks on Ólafur Ragnar, a former finance minister who tried to erase memories of his controversial support of inflationary policies and opposition to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> military presence at the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> base in <a href="/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk" title="Keflavík">Keflavík</a>. Ólafur Ragnar successfully used his largely ceremonial office to promote Icelandic trade abroad and family values at home. The <a href="/wiki/2020_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2020 Icelandic presidential election">last presidential elections</a> took place on 27 June 2020. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Icelandic parliamentary election">last parliamentary elections</a> took place on 25 September 2021. A three-party coalition was formed following the <a href="/wiki/2017_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Icelandic parliamentary election">2017 parliamentary elections</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a> (<i>Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Iceland)" title="Progressive Party (Iceland)">Progressive Party</a> (<i>Framsóknarflokkurinn</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Left-Green_Movement" title="Left-Green Movement">Left-Green Movement</a> (<i>Vinstrihreyfingin – grænt framboð</i>). These political parties were again the three largest in Iceland after the latest elections and subsequently continued the coalition for another term.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time since 2009 in which existing coalition is renewed in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 203,898 votes were cast consulting 80.1% of the 254,681 electorates.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_history">Political history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In losing four seats in April <a href="/wiki/1995_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Icelandic parliamentary election">1995 parliamentary elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">IP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Iceland)" title="Social Democratic Party (Iceland)">SDP</a> (so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B0ey" title="Viðey">Viðey</a> government</i>) mustered a simple majority in the 63-seat Althing. However, Prime Minister and IP leader <a href="/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Oddsson" title="Davíð Oddsson">Davíð Oddsson</a> chose the resurgent <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Iceland)" title="Progressive Party (Iceland)">Progressive Party</a> (PP) as a more conservative partner to form a stronger and more stable majority with 40 seats. Splintered by factionalism over the economy and Iceland's role in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), the SDP also suffered from being the only party to support Iceland's EU membership application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_-_2010s">2000s - 2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s - 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the millennium saw a merger of all the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left parties</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">Social Democratic Alliance</a>. Some members chose to join another new left party instead, the <a href="/wiki/Left-Green_Movement" title="Left-Green Movement">Left-Green Movement</a>. After the PP's loss in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Icelandic parliamentary election">2007 elections</a> its longstanding alliance with the IP ended despite still being able to form a majority. Instead, the IP's leader <a href="/wiki/Geir_Haarde" title="Geir Haarde">Geir Haarde</a> chose a stronger but somewhat unstable coalition with the Social Democrats (the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir" title="Þingvellir">Þingvellir</a> government). </p><p>Geir's administration fell apart in January 2009 and he called for an early election before standing down as party leader. The Social Democrats subsequently formed an interim government with the LGM. In the <a href="/wiki/2009_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Icelandic parliamentary election">resulting election</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir">Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir</a>'s administration prevailed, the first time Icelanders voted for a majority left-wing government. </p><p>After the 2008 financial crisis, there has been an increasing fractionalization of the Icelandic party system. The increase in the number of parties has made it harder for coalition governments to form.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What's more, since the initial resignation of the government in January 2009 after the banking collapse, revelations of subsequent political scandals have resulted in the government collapsing in 2016, following the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a>, and again in 2017, following revelations of impropriety within the ranks of the political class; both instances culminated in anti-government protests being staged.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organized protests held to highlight and challenge political corruption since 2008 have therefore come to stress the necessity for the new <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic constitution">Icelandic constitution</a> that was co-drafted by the 2009 leftist government and select members of the public to be enshrined into law.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Politics_Of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Politics_Of_Iceland.svg/300px-Politics_Of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Politics_Of_Iceland.svg/450px-Politics_Of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Politics_Of_Iceland.svg/600px-Politics_Of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Political system of Iceland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 2021 parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Icelandic parliamentary election">election</a>, the new government was, just like the previous government, a tri-party coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Iceland)" title="Progressive Party (Iceland)">Progressive Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Left-Green_Movement" title="Left-Green Movement">Left-Green Movement</a>, headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_Jakobsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Katrín Jakobsdóttir">Katrín Jakobsdóttir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, Bjarni Benediktsson of the Independence party succeeded Katrín Jakobsdóttir as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2024, centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">Social Democratic Alliance</a> became the biggest party in a <a href="/wiki/2024_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Icelandic parliamentary election">snap election</a>, meaning Social Democratic <a href="/wiki/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir" title="Kristrún Frostadóttir">Kristrun Frostadottir</a> became the next Prime Minister of Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Hæstiréttur</a>) and district courts. Justices are appointed for life by the minister of justice. The Constitution protects the judiciary from infringement by the other two branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iceland is divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">8 regions</a>, which are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">77 municipalities</a>. </p><p>Until 1988, Iceland was divided in 23 counties (<i>sýslur</i>, singular <i>sýsla</i>) and 14 independent towns* (<i>kaupstaðir</i>, singular <i>kaupstaður</i>); <a href="/wiki/Akranes" title="Akranes">Akranes</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a>*, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rness%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Árnessýsla">Árnessýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austur-Bar%C3%B0astrandars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Austur-Barðastrandarsýsla">Austur-Barðastrandarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austur-H%C3%BAnavatnss%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Austur-Húnavatnssýsla">Austur-Húnavatnssýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austur-Skaftafellss%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Austur-Skaftafellssýsla">Austur-Skaftafellssýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgarfjar%C3%B0ars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgarfjarðarsýsla">Borgarfjarðarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalas%C3%BDsla" title="Dalasýsla">Dalasýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyjafjar%C3%B0ars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyjafjarðarsýsla">Eyjafjarðarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gullbringus%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullbringusýsla">Gullbringusýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a>*, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAsav%C3%ADk" title="Húsavík">Húsavík</a>*, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Ísafjörður">Ísafjörður</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk" title="Keflavík">Keflavík</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B3sars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjósarsýsla">Kjósarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3pavogur" title="Kópavogur">Kópavogur</a>*, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDras%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mýrasýsla">Mýrasýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neskaupsta%C3%B0ur" title="Neskaupstaður">Neskaupstaður</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-%C3%8Dsafjar%C3%B0ars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Norður-Ísafjarðarsýsla">Norður-Ísafjarðarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-M%C3%BAlas%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Norður-Múlasýsla">Norður-Múlasýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-%C3%9Eingeyjars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla">Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafsfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Ólafsfjörður">Ólafsfjörður</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Rang%C3%A1rvallas%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangárvallasýsla">Rangárvallasýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Sau%C3%B0%C3%A1rkr%C3%B3kur" title="Sauðárkrókur">Sauðárkrókur</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Sey%C3%B0isfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Seyðisfjörður">Seyðisfjörður</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Siglufj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Siglufjörður">Siglufjörður</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Skagafjar%C3%B0ars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Skagafjarðarsýsla">Skagafjarðarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-_og_Hnappadalss%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Snæfellsnes- og Hnappadalssýsla">Snæfellsnes- og Hnappadalssýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strandas%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandasýsla">Strandasýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-M%C3%BAlas%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Suður-Múlasýsla">Suður-Múlasýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-%C3%9Eingeyjars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla">Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Vestur-Bar%C3%B0astrandars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla">Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestur-H%C3%BAnavatnss%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestur-Húnavatnssýsla">Vestur-Húnavatnssýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestur-%C3%8Dsafjar%C3%B0ars%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestur-Ísafjarðarsýsla">Vestur-Ísafjarðarsýsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestur-Skaftafellss%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla">Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_organization_participation">International organization participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International organization participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Context plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Context" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit">improve the article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">providing more context for the reader</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_Group" title="Australia Group">Australia Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">BIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">CE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">EAPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">EBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">ECE</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">ICCt</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">ICC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">ICRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> (observer), <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">IFRCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">IHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">Inmarsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpol (organization)">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">NC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">NEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">NIB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">OPCW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">PCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">WCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">WEU</a> (associate), <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTrO</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_ministries" title="List of Icelandic ministries">List of Icelandic ministries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosningasaga.wordpress.com/">election history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_constitutional_reform,_2010%E2%80%9313" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic constitutional reform, 2010–13">Icelandic constitutional reform, 2010–13</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2018. <i>Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs</i>. Routledge.</li> <li>Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2021. <i>Iceland's Shelter-Seeking Behavior: From Settlement to Republic</i>. Cornell University Library</li> <li>Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson. 2007. <i>Íslenska stjórnkerfið</i>. Háskólaútgáfan.</li> <li>Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson. 2021. <i>Elítur og valdakerfi á Íslandi.</i> Háskólaútgáfan.</li> <li>Hulda Thórisdóttir, Ólafur Th. Harðarson, Eva H. Önnudóttir, and Agnar Freyr Helgason. 2021. <i>Electoral Politics in Crisis After the Great Recession: Change, Fluctuations and Stability in Iceland</i>. Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDel_Giudice2008" class="citation web cs1">Del Giudice, Marguerite (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025544/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/iceland/del-giudice-text">"Power Struggle"</a>. <i>Iceland's Heated Debate - National Geographic Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. p. 85. 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Public Protest and Community-Building in Post–Economic Collapse Iceland"</a>. <i>Conflict and Society</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">236–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Farcs.2020.060114">10.3167/arcs.2020.060114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.4%2Funsworks_73167">1959.4/unsworks_73167</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Where+Is+the+New+Constitution%3F%22+Public+Protest+and+Community-Building+in+Post%E2%80%93Economic+Collapse+Iceland&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.4%2Funsworks_73167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Farcs.2020.060114&rft.aulast=Heffernan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3167%252Farcs.2020.060114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2021/11/29/new_government_of_iceland_takes_office/">"New Government of Iceland Takes Office"</a>. <i>Iceland Monitor</i>. 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iceland+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+Government+of+Iceland+Takes+Office&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficelandmonitor.mbl.is%2Fnews%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2021%2F11%2F29%2Fnew_government_of_iceland_takes_office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/10/iceland-conservative-foreign-minister-replaces-jakobsdottir-as-pm">"Iceland appoints Bjarni Benediktsson to replace Katrín Jakobsdóttir as PM"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iceland+appoints+Bjarni+Benediktsson+to+replace+Katr%C3%ADn+Jakobsd%C3%B3ttir+as+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F10%2Ficeland-conservative-foreign-minister-replaces-jakobsdottir-as-pm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/iceland-presents-new-government-with-social-democratic-leader-frostadottir-pm-2024-12-21/">"Iceland gets new government under Social Democrat Frostadottir"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iceland+gets+new+government+under+Social+Democrat+Frostadottir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ficeland-presents-new-government-with-social-democratic-leader-frostadottir-pm-2024-12-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Iceland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/">Government Offices of Iceland</a></li></ul> <div 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(page does not exist)">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1864_Icelandic_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1864 Icelandic parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869_Icelandic_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1869 Icelandic parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1874 Icelandic parliamentary election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1880 Icelandic parliamentary election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1886 Icelandic parliamentary election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1892 Icelandic parliamentary election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1894 Icelandic parliamentary election">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1900 Icelandic parliamentary election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1902 Icelandic parliamentary election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1903 Icelandic parliamentary election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1908 Icelandic parliamentary election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1911 Icelandic parliamentary election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1914 Icelandic parliamentary election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1916_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="August 1916 Icelandic parliamentary election">1916 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1916_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="October 1916 Icelandic parliamentary election">1916 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1919 Icelandic parliamentary election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1922 Icelandic parliamentary election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1923 Icelandic parliamentary election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1926 Icelandic parliamentary election">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1927 Icelandic parliamentary election">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1930 Icelandic parliamentary election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1931 Icelandic parliamentary election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1933 Icelandic parliamentary election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1934 Icelandic parliamentary election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1937 Icelandic parliamentary election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1942_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="July 1942 Icelandic parliamentary election">1942 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1942_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="October 1942 Icelandic parliamentary election">1942 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1946 Icelandic parliamentary election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1949 Icelandic parliamentary election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1953 Icelandic parliamentary election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1956 Icelandic parliamentary election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1959_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="June 1959 Icelandic parliamentary election">1959 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1959_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="October 1959 Icelandic parliamentary election">1959 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1963 Icelandic parliamentary election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1967 Icelandic parliamentary election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1971 Icelandic parliamentary election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1974 Icelandic parliamentary election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Icelandic parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1979 Icelandic parliamentary election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1983 Icelandic parliamentary election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1987 Icelandic parliamentary election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Icelandic parliamentary election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Icelandic parliamentary election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Icelandic parliamentary election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Icelandic parliamentary election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Icelandic parliamentary election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Icelandic parliamentary election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Icelandic parliamentary election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Icelandic parliamentary election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Icelandic parliamentary election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Icelandic parliamentary election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Icelandic parliamentary election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="Next Icelandic parliamentary election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1944 Icelandic presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1945 Icelandic presidential election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1949 Icelandic presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1952 Icelandic presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1956 Icelandic presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1960 Icelandic presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1964 Icelandic presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1968 Icelandic presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1972 Icelandic presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1976 Icelandic presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1980 Icelandic presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1984 Icelandic presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1988 Icelandic presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1992 Icelandic presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="1996 Icelandic presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2000 Icelandic presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2004 Icelandic presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2008 Icelandic presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2012 Icelandic presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2016 Icelandic presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2020 Icelandic presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Icelandic_presidential_election" title="2024 Icelandic presidential election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipal elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Icelandic_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Icelandic municipal elections (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Icelandic_municipal_elections" title="2010 Icelandic municipal elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Icelandic_municipal_elections" title="2014 Icelandic municipal elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Icelandic_municipal_elections" title="2018 Icelandic municipal elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Icelandic_municipal_elections" title="2022 Icelandic municipal elections">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Icelandic_prohibition_referendum" title="1908 Icelandic prohibition referendum">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Icelandic_community_service_referendum" title="1916 Icelandic community service referendum">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Icelandic_sovereignty_referendum" title="1918 Icelandic sovereignty referendum">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Icelandic_prohibition_referendum" title="1933 Icelandic prohibition referendum">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum" title="1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Icelandic_loan_guarantees_referendum" title="2010 Icelandic loan guarantees referendum">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Icelandic_loan_guarantees_referendum" title="2011 Icelandic loan guarantees referendum">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Icelandic constitutional referendum">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Icelandic_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="2010 Icelandic Constitutional Assembly election">2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iceland_articles614" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iceland_topics" title="Template talk:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iceland_articles614" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iceland" title="Economic history of Iceland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland" title="Military history of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic_nationality" title="History of Icelandic nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Iceland">Rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Sturlung Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">Danish trade monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasion_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion of Iceland">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/80px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/120px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/160px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iceland" title="List of earthquakes in Iceland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Iceland" title="List of extreme points of Iceland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Iceland" title="List of fjords of Iceland">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Iceland" title="List of forests in Iceland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland" title="Geology of Iceland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Iceland" title="List of glaciers in Iceland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Iceland" title="Highlands of Iceland">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iceland" title="List of islands of Iceland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Iceland" title="List of lakes of Iceland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Iceland" title="List of national parks of Iceland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Iceland" title="List of rivers of Iceland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Iceland" title="List of valleys of Iceland">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland" title="Volcanism of Iceland">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Iceland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iceland" title="Wildlife of Iceland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iceland" title="Counties of Iceland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthings_of_Iceland" title="Farthings of Iceland">Farthings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iceland" title="Administrative divisions of Iceland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iceland" title="Law of Iceland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Police" title="Icelandic Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iceland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iceland" title="Agriculture in Iceland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iceland" title="Banking in Iceland">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Króna <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Iceland" title="Nasdaq Iceland">Nasdaq Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_outvasion" title="Icelandic outvasion">Outvasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iceland" title="Tourism in Iceland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iceland" title="Category:Society of Iceland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Language">Icelandic Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iceland" title="Architecture of Iceland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_in_Iceland" title="Category:Chess in Iceland">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iceland" title="Mass media in Iceland">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume" title="Icelandic national costume">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iceland" title="Public holidays in Iceland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iceland" title="Sport in Iceland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iceland" title="Television in Iceland">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iceland" title="Category:Iceland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Monaco" title="Politics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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