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aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formal,_non-formal,_and_informal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal,_non-formal,_and_informal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formal, non-formal, and informal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal,_non-formal,_and_informal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role of institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_of_educational_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_of_educational_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Factors of educational success</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_of_educational_success-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors of educational success subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_of_educational_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Psychological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sociological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Technology and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Subfields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aims_and_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims_and_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Aims and ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aims_and_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Learning theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Teaching methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ancient era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Medieval era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Contemporary era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Education</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 191 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-191" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">191 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderwys" title="Onderwys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onderwys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ትምህርት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትምህርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leorniancr%C3%A6ft" title="Leorniancræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Leorniancræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تعليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n" title="Educación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Educación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ducacion" title="Èducacion – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èducacion" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="শিক্ষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিক্ষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n" title="Educación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Educación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शिक्षा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekombo%27e" title="Tekombo'e – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekombo'e" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99hsil" title="Təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تحصیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تحصیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="শিক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-io%CC%8Dk" title="Kàu-io̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-io̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pendidikan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Мәғариф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәғариф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Адукацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адукацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Адукацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адукацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शिक्षा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasyon" title="Edukasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Edukasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Образование – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Образование" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="སློབ་གསོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སློབ་གསོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrazovanje" title="Obrazovanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Obrazovanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deskadurezh" title="Deskadurezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deskadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Болбосорол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Болбосорол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3" title="Educació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Educació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%97%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%B3" title="Вӗрентӳ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вӗрентӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasyon" title="Edukasyon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Edukasyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzd%C4%9Bl%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Vzdělávání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzdělávání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzidzo" title="Dzidzo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzidzo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educazioni" title="Educazioni – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Educazioni" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addysg" title="Addysg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Addysg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddannelse" title="Uddannelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uddannelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تعليم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تعليم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuvlejupmi" title="Skuvlejupmi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Skuvlejupmi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausbildung" title="Ausbildung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausbildung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridus" title="Haridus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haridus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εκπαίδευση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκπαίδευση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n" title="Educación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduko" title="Eduko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n" title="Educación – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Educación" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezkuntza" title="Hezkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="آموزش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhai" title="Parrhai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parrhai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atb%C3%BAgving" title="Útbúgving – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Útbúgving" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ducation" title="Éducation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éducation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwiis" title="Underwiis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Underwiis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educazion" title="Educazion – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Educazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oideachas" title="Oideachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oideachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynsagh" title="Ynsagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ynsagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghlam" title="Foghlam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Foghlam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n" title="Educación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Educación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дешар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дешар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-yuk" title="Kau-yuk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-yuk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1" title="교육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CA%BBona%CA%BBauao" title="Hoʻonaʻauao – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hoʻonaʻauao" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կրթություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրթություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शिक्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrazovanje" title="Obrazovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obrazovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Education" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasion" title="Edukasion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Edukasion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Education" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Education" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%95%E1%93%90%E1%93%82%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ахуырад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ахуырад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imfundo" title="Imfundo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imfundo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imfundo" title="Imfundo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imfundo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menntun" title="Menntun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menntun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educazione" title="Educazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Educazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A" title="חינוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חינוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panggulawenthah" title="Panggulawenthah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panggulawenthah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinniartitaaneq" title="Ilinniartitaaneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ilinniartitaaneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3" title="ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1mag%C3%A1ral" title="Pámagáral – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pámagáral" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%83" title="Окъуу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Окъуу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="განათლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განათლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85" title="تٲلیٖم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲلیٖم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Білім беру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Білім беру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhyskans" title="Adhyskans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Adhyskans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malezi" title="Malezi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Malezi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edikasyon_timoun" title="Edikasyon timoun – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edikasyon timoun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dikasyon" title="Édikasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Édikasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwerde" title="Perwerde – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Perwerde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Билим берүү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Билим берүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaziun" title="Educaziun – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Educaziun" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B6%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2" title="ການສຶກສາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສຶກສາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatio" title="Educatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Educatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgl%C4%ABt%C4%ABba" title="Izglītība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izglītība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatioun" title="Educatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Educatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vietimas" title="Švietimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švietimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ngerwies" title="Óngerwies – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Óngerwies" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa" title="Educa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Educa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opastus" title="Opastus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Opastus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktat%C3%A1s" title="Oktatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oktatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandidigan" title="Pandidigan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Pandidigan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शिक्षा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Образование – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Образование" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanabeazana" title="Fanabeazana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanabeazana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukazzjoni" title="Edukazzjoni – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Edukazzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="शिक्षण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिक्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ပရေၚ်ပညာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပရေၚ်ပညာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendidikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯃꯍꯩ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯍꯩ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Gáu-ṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-ṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiduca%C3%A7on" title="Eiducaçon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiducaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Боловсрол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боловсрол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ပညာရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပညာရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderwijs" title="Onderwijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderwijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शिक्षा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शिक्षा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aducazzione" title="Aducazzione – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aducazzione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дешар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дешар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utdannelse" title="Utdannelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utdannelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utdanning" title="Utdanning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utdanning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Aduc%C3%A2tion" title="Êducâtion – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êducâtion" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukatione" title="Edukatione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Edukatione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educacion" title="Educacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Educacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%CA%BClim" title="Taʼlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taʼlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਿੱਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تعلیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تعلیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ပညာႏအတာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပညာႏအတာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%A9%DA%93%D9%87" title="زده کړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زده کړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edikieshan" title="Edikieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Edikieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%86" title="ការអប់រំ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការអប់រំ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ducacion" title="Éducacion – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Éducacion" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educassion" title="Educassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Educassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukesen" title="Edukesen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Edukesen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bildung" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukacja" title="Edukacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edukacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Educação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bie" title="Educație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Educație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachachiy" title="Yachachiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yachachiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ошколованя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ошколованя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Образование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%95%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Үөрэҕирии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үөрэҕирии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/subana%27" title="subana' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="subana'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoaoga" title="Aoaoga – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aoaoga" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatzione" title="Educatzione – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Educatzione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddication" title="Eddication – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eddication" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuto" title="Thuto – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Thuto" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsimi" title="Arsimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arsimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aducazzioni" title="Aducazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aducazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අධ්‍යාපනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධ්‍යාපනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Education" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تعليم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تعليم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzdel%C3%A1vanie" title="Vzdelávanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzdelávanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izobra%C5%BEevanje" title="Izobraževanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izobraževanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxbarasho" title="Waxbarasho – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waxbarasho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95" title="پەروەردە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەروەردە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Образовање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Образовање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrazovanje" title="Obrazovanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obrazovanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atikan" title="Atikan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Atikan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulutus" title="Koulutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utbildning" title="Utbildning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utbildning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasyon" title="Edukasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edukasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="கல்வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Мәгариф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәгариф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="విద్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విద్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasaun" title="Edukasaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Edukasaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="การศึกษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การศึกษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2" title="ትምህርቲ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ትምህርቲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Fitim" title="Eğitim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eğitim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim_(okuw)" title="Bilim (okuw) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bilim (okuw)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat-a%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1" title="Tat-a̱pyia̱ – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tat-a̱pyia̱" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Освіта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Освіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تعلیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تعلیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyauyuz" title="Gyauyuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyauyuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educasion" title="Educasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Educasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openduz" title="Openduz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Openduz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c" title="Giáo dục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo dục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dug%C3%A4l" title="Dugäl – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Dugäl" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolitus" title="Koolitus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Koolitus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekirajaa" title="Ekirajaa – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ekirajaa" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-aram" title="Pag-aram – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pag-aram" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教育" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo" title="Dyondzo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A" title="חינוך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="חינוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="教育" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C4%97it%C4%97ms" title="Švėitėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švėitėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="教育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didikan" title="Didikan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Didikan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandidikan" title="Pandidikan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pandidikan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondidikan" title="Pondidikan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pondidikan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelajar" title="Pelajar – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pelajar" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Education" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuqakatheka_kwefundo" title="Ukuqakatheka kwefundo – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Ukuqakatheka kwefundo" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of primary school children sitting in an orchard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG/204px-Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG" decoding="async" width="204" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG/306px-Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG/408px-Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_in_South_Africa_(8329322789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of secondary school students in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Education_in_South_Africa_%288329322789%29.jpg/180px-Education_in_South_Africa_%288329322789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Education_in_South_Africa_%288329322789%29.jpg/270px-Education_in_South_Africa_%288329322789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Education_in_South_Africa_%288329322789%29.jpg/360px-Education_in_South_Africa_%288329322789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:249px;max-width:249px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutoring_Center,_Tulane_University_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a tutoring lesson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tutoring_Center%2C_Tulane_University_2009.jpg/247px-Tutoring_Center%2C_Tulane_University_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tutoring_Center%2C_Tulane_University_2009.jpg/371px-Tutoring_Center%2C_Tulane_University_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tutoring_Center%2C_Tulane_University_2009.jpg/494px-Tutoring_Center%2C_Tulane_University_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4264" data-file-height="2824" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a man reading a newspaper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_%28cropped%29.png/137px-Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_%28cropped%29.png/206px-Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_%28cropped%29.png/274px-Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="4273" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Education is a wide phenomenon that applies to all age groups and covers formal education (top row) as well as <a href="/wiki/Non-formal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-formal education">non-formal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">informal education</a> (bottom row).</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Education</b> is the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Character_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Character trait">character traits</a> and manifests in various forms. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, following a curriculum. <a href="/wiki/Non-formal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-formal education">Non-formal education</a> also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while <a href="/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">informal education</a> entails unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are categorized into levels, including <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>. Other classifications focus on teaching methods, such as teacher-centered and <a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">student-centered education</a>, and on subjects, such as <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">language education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>. Additionally, the term "education" can denote the <a href="/wiki/Mental_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental states">mental states</a> and qualities of educated individuals and the academic field studying educational phenomena. </p><p>The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are disagreements about the <a href="/wiki/Aims_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Aims of education">aims of education</a> and the extent to which education differs from <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a> by fostering <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>. These disagreements impact how to identify, measure, and enhance various forms of education. Essentially, education <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socializes</a> children into society by instilling cultural values and <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, equipping them with the skills necessary to become productive members of society. In doing so, it stimulates economic growth and raises awareness of local and <a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">global problems</a>. Organized institutions play a significant role in education. For instance, governments establish <a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">education policies</a> to determine the timing of school classes, the curriculum, and attendance requirements. <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organizations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, have been influential in promoting <a href="/wiki/Universal_Primary_Education" title="Universal Primary Education">primary education for all children</a>. </p><p>Many factors influence the success of education. <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychological</a> factors include <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">intelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>. Social factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">discrimination</a>. Other factors encompass access to <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a>, teacher quality, and parental involvement. </p><p>The primary academic field examining education is known as <a href="/wiki/Education_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Education studies">education studies</a>. It delves into the nature of education, its objectives, impacts, and methods for enhancement. Education studies encompasses various subfields, including <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of education">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of education">economics of education</a>. Additionally, it explores topics such as <a href="/wiki/Comparative_education" title="Comparative education">comparative education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">history of education</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, education primarily occurred informally through <a href="/wiki/Oral_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral communication">oral communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">imitation</a>. With the emergence of ancient <a href="/wiki/Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizations">civilizations</a>, the invention of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> led to an expansion of knowledge, prompting a transition from informal to formal education. Initially, formal education was largely accessible to elites and religious groups. The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the 15th century facilitated widespread access to books, thus increasing general <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>. In the 18th and 19th centuries, public education gained significance, paving the way for the global movement to provide primary education to all, <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free of charge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> up to a certain age. Presently, over 90% of primary-school-age children worldwide attend primary school. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_education" title="Definitions of education">Definitions of education</a></div> <p>The term "education" originates from the Latin words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">educare</i></span>, meaning "to bring up," and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">educere</i></span>, meaning "to bring forth."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of education has been explored by theorists from various fields.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many agree that education is a purposeful activity aimed at achieving goals like the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, skills, and character traits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, extensive debate surrounds its precise nature beyond these general features. One approach views education as a process occurring during events such as schooling, teaching, and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another perspective perceives education not as a process but as the <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental states</a> and dispositions of educated individuals resulting from this process.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the term may also refer to the academic field that studies the methods, processes, and social institutions involved in teaching and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a clear understanding of the term is crucial when attempting to identify educational phenomena, measure educational success, and improve educational practices.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theorists provide precise definitions by identifying specific features exclusive to all forms of education. Education theorist <a href="/wiki/R._S._Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="R. S. Peters">R. S. Peters</a>, for instance, outlines three essential features of education, including imparting knowledge and understanding to the student, ensuring the process is beneficial, and conducting it in a morally appropriate manner.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While such precise definitions often characterize the most typical forms of education effectively, they face criticism because less common types of education may occasionally fall outside their parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dealing with counterexamples not covered by precise definitions can be challenging, which is why some theorists prefer offering less exact definitions based on <a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">family resemblance</a> instead. This approach suggests that all forms of education are similar to each other but need not share a <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">set of essential features</a> common to all.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some education theorists, such as Keira Sewell and Stephen Newman, argue that the term "education" is context-dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Evaluative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thick_concept" title="Thick concept">thick conceptions</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of education assert that it is inherent in the nature of education to lead to some form of improvement. They contrast with thin conceptions, which offer a value-neutral explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theorists provide a descriptive conception of education by observing how the term is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">ordinary language</a>. Prescriptive conceptions, on the other hand, define what constitutes good education or how education should be practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many thick and prescriptive conceptions view education as an endeavor that strives to achieve specific <a href="/wiki/Aims_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Aims of education">objectives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may encompass acquiring knowledge, learning to think <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationally</a>, and cultivating character traits such as kindness and honesty.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various scholars emphasize the importance of <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> in distinguishing education from <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that indoctrination focuses solely on instilling beliefs in students, regardless of their rationality;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas education also encourages the rational ability to critically examine and question those beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not universally accepted that these two phenomena can be clearly distinguished, as some forms of indoctrination may be necessary in the early stages of education when the child's mind is not yet fully developed. This is particularly relevant in cases where young children must learn certain things without comprehending the underlying reasons, such as specific safety rules and hygiene practices.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education can be characterized from both the teacher's and the student's perspectives. Teacher-centered definitions emphasize the perspective and role of the teacher in transmitting knowledge and skills in a <a href="/wiki/Morally" class="mw-redirect" title="Morally">morally</a> appropriate manner.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, student-centered definitions analyze education based on the student's involvement in the learning process, suggesting that this process transforms and enriches their subsequent experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's also possible to consider definitions that incorporate both perspectives. In this approach, education is seen as a process of shared experience, involving the discovery of a common world and the collaborative <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">solving of problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>There are several classifications of education. One classification depends on the institutional framework, distinguishing between formal, non-formal, and informal education. Another classification involves different levels of education based on factors such as the student's age and the complexity of the content. Further categories focus on the topic, teaching method, medium used, and funding.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal,_non-formal,_and_informal"><span id="Formal.2C_non-formal.2C_and_informal"></span>Formal, non-formal, and informal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:239px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a man tutoring two children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_%28cropped%29.png/288px-Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_%28cropped%29.png/432px-Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_%28cropped%29.png/576px-Katusa-volunteers-provide-tutoring-for-childrens-home-8ea9b9-1024_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of father and daughter cooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG/288px-Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG" decoding="async" width="288" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG/432px-Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG/576px-Daughter_and_Father_-_Punjabi_Dhaba_-_Landran_-_Mohali_2016-08-06_8204.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tutoring exemplifies non-formal education, whereas learning how to cook from one's parents falls under informal education.</div></div></div></div> <p>The most common division is between <a href="/wiki/Formal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal education">formal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-formal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-formal education">non-formal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">informal education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, typically with a chronological and hierarchical order. The modern schooling system organizes classes based on the student's age and progress, ranging from primary school to university. Formal education is usually overseen and regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">mandated</a> up to a certain age.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-formal and informal education occur outside the formal schooling system, with non-formal education serving as a middle ground. Like formal education, non-formal education is organized, systematic, and pursued with a clear purpose, as seen in activities such as <a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">tutoring</a>, fitness classes, and participation in the <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">scouting</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informal education, on the other hand, occurs in an unsystematic manner through daily experiences and exposure to the environment. Unlike formal and non-formal education, there is typically no designated authority figure responsible for teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informal education unfolds in various settings and situations throughout one's life, often spontaneously, such as children learning their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> from their parents or individuals mastering cooking skills by preparing a dish together.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theorists differentiate between the three types based on the learning environment: formal education occurs within <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, non-formal education takes place in settings not regularly frequented, such as museums, and informal education unfolds in the context of everyday routines.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are disparities in the source of motivation. Formal education tends to be propelled by <a href="/wiki/Motivation#Intrinsic_and_extrinsic" title="Motivation">extrinsic motivation</a>, driven by external rewards. Conversely, in non-formal and informal education, intrinsic motivation, stemming from the enjoyment of the learning process, typically prevails.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the differentiation among the three types is generally clear, certain forms of education may not neatly fit into a single category.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In primitive cultures, education predominantly occurred informally, with little distinction between educational activities and other daily endeavors. Instead, the entire environment served as a classroom, and adults commonly assumed the role of educators. However, informal education often proves insufficient for imparting large quantities of knowledge. To address this limitation, formal educational settings and trained instructors are typically necessary. This necessity contributed to the increasing significance of formal education throughout history. Over time, formal education led to a shift towards more abstract learning experiences and topics, distancing itself from daily life. There was a greater emphasis on understanding general principles and concepts rather than simply observing and imitating specific behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levels">Levels</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a kindergarten lesson in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg/220px-Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg/330px-Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg/440px-Parent%27s_day_at_Eirfan%27s_Kindergarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Children in a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Types of education are often categorized into different levels or stages. One influential framework is the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">International Standard Classification of Education</a>, maintained by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO). This classification encompasses both formal and non-formal education and distinguishes levels based on factors such as the student's age, the duration of learning, and the complexity of the content covered. Additional criteria include entry requirements, teacher qualifications, and the intended outcome of successful completion. The levels are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a> (level 0), <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> (level 1), <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> (levels 2–3), post-secondary non-tertiary education (level 4), and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> (levels 5–8).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early childhood education, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">preschool education</a> or nursery education, encompasses the period from birth until the commencement of <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a>. It is designed to facilitate holistic child development, addressing physical, mental, and social aspects. Early childhood education is pivotal in fostering socialization and <a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">personality development</a>, while also imparting fundamental skills in communication, learning, and problem-solving. Its overarching goal is to prepare children for the transition to primary education.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While preschool education is typically optional, in certain countries such as Brazil, it is mandatory starting from the age of four.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of early childhood education in Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/220px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/330px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/440px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Primary school classroom in Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p>Primary (or elementary) education usually begins between the ages of five and seven and spans four to seven years. It has no additional entry requirements and aims to impart fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics. Additionally, it provides essential knowledge in subjects such as <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>. Another objective is to facilitate personal development.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, primary education is compulsory in nearly all nations, with over 90% of primary-school-age children worldwide attending such schools.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary education succeeds primary education and typically spans the ages of 12 to 18 years. It is normally divided into lower secondary education (such as <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a> or junior high school) and upper secondary education (like <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>, senior high school, or <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a>, depending on the country). Lower secondary education usually requires the completion of primary school as its entry prerequisite. It aims to expand and deepen learning outcomes, with a greater focus on subject-specific <a href="/wiki/Curricula" class="mw-redirect" title="Curricula">curricula</a>, and teachers often specialize in one or a few specific subjects. One of its goals is to acquaint students with fundamental theoretical concepts across various subjects, laying a strong foundation for <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">lifelong learning</a>. In certain instances, it may also incorporate rudimentary forms of <a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower secondary education is compulsory in numerous countries across Central and East Asia, Europe, and the Americas. In some nations, it represents the final phase of compulsory education. However, mandatory lower secondary education is less common in Arab states, sub-Saharan Africa, and South and West Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A high school senior (twelfth grade) classroom in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Upper secondary education typically commences around the age of 15, aiming to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge for employment or tertiary education. Completion of lower secondary education is normally a prerequisite. The curriculum encompasses a broader range of subjects, often affording students the opportunity to select from various options. Attainment of a formal qualification, such as a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a>, is frequently linked to successful completion of upper secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education beyond the secondary level may fall under the category of post-secondary non-tertiary education, which is akin to secondary education in complexity but places greater emphasis on vocational training to ready students for the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of students in a laboratory at the Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg/220px-Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg/330px-Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg/440px-Distributed_Intelligent_Systems_Department_laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Students in a laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Polytechnical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University">Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, tertiary education is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, while in others, tertiary education encompasses a broader spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertiary education builds upon the foundation laid in secondary education but delves deeper into specific fields or subjects. Its culmination results in an <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a>. Tertiary education comprises four levels: short-cycle tertiary, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's">bachelor's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's">master's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral">doctoral</a> education. These levels often form a hierarchical structure, with the attainment of earlier levels serving as a prerequisite for higher ones.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short-cycle tertiary education concentrates on practical aspects, providing advanced vocational and professional training tailored to specialized professions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bachelor's level education, also known as <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate education</a>, is typically longer than short-cycle tertiary education. It is commonly offered by universities and culminates in an intermediary academic credential known as a bachelor's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Master's level education is more specialized than undergraduate education and often involves independent research, normally in the form of a master's thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctoral level education leads to an advanced research qualification, usually a doctor's degree, such as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (PhD). It usually involves the submission of a substantial academic work, such as a <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>. More advanced levels include <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">post-doctoral studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successful completion of formal education typically leads to certification, a prerequisite for advancing to higher levels of education and entering <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">certain professions</a>. Undetected <a href="/wiki/Cheating" title="Cheating">cheating</a> during exams, such as utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Cheat_sheet" title="Cheat sheet">cheat sheet</a>, poses a threat to this system by potentially certifying unqualified students.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most countries, primary and secondary education is provided free of charge. However, there are significant global disparities in the cost of tertiary education. Some countries, such as Sweden, Finland, Poland, and Mexico, offer tertiary education for free or at a low cost. Conversely, in nations like the United States and Singapore, tertiary education often comes with high <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition fees</a>, leading students to rely on substantial loans to finance their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High education costs can pose a significant barrier for students in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, as their families may struggle to cover school fees, purchase uniforms, and buy textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <p>The academic literature explores various types of education, including <a href="/wiki/Traditional_education" title="Traditional education">traditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">alternative</a> approaches. Traditional education encompasses long-standing and conventional schooling methods, characterized by teacher-centered instruction within a structured school environment. Regulations govern various aspects, such as the curriculum and class schedules.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Representation,_Punch_Denmark,_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of a homeschooling lesson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/220px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/330px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/440px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="3228" /></a><figcaption>Homeschooling represents one form of alternative education.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alternative education serves as an umbrella term for schooling methods that diverge from the conventional traditional approach. These variances might encompass differences in the learning environment, curriculum content, or the dynamics of the teacher-student relationship. Characteristics of alternative schooling include voluntary enrollment, relatively modest class and school sizes, and customized instruction, fostering a more inclusive and emotionally supportive environment. This category encompasses various forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a> and specialized programs catering to challenging or exceptionally talented students, alongside <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a>. Alternative education incorporates diverse educational philosophies, including <a href="/wiki/Montessori_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori schools">Montessori schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_Square" title="Round Square">Round Square schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Nueva" title="Escuela Nueva">Escuela Nueva schools</a>, free schools, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">democratic schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative education encompasses <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_education" title="Indigenous education">indigenous education</a>, which emphasizes the preservation and transmission of knowledge and skills rooted in indigenous heritage. This approach often employs traditional methods such as oral narration and storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of alternative schooling include <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukul schools</a> in India,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa schools</a> in the Middle East,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> in Jewish tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some distinctions revolve around the recipients of education. Categories based on the age of the learner are childhood education, adolescent education, adult education, and elderly education.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Categories based on the <a href="/wiki/Biological_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sex">biological sex</a> of students include <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">single-sex education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">mixed-sex education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a> is tailored to meet the unique needs of students with <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, addressing various impairments on <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual</a>, social, communicative, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical</a> levels. Its goal is to overcome the challenges posed by these impairments, providing affected students with access to an appropriate educational structure. In the broadest sense, special education also encompasses education for intellectually <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_giftedness" title="Intellectual giftedness">gifted children</a>, who require adjusted curricula to reach their fullest potential.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classifications based on the teaching method include teacher-centered education, where the teacher plays a central role in imparting information to students, and <a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">student-centered education</a>, where students take on a more active and responsible role in shaping classroom activities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conscious education, learning and teaching occur with a clear purpose in mind. Unconscious education unfolds spontaneously without conscious planning or guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may occur, in part, through the influence of teachers' and adults' <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personalities</a>, which can indirectly impact the development of students' personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based education</a> employs scientific studies to determine the most effective educational methods. Its aim is to optimize the effectiveness of educational practices and policies by ensuring they are grounded in the best available <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>. This encompasses evidence-based teaching, evidence-based learning, and school effectiveness research.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a>, or self-education, occurs independently of teachers and institutions. Primarily observed in adult education, it offers the freedom to choose what and when to study, making it a potentially more fulfilling learning experience. However, the lack of structure and guidance may lead to aimless learning, while the absence of <a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">external feedback</a> could result in autodidacts developing misconceptions and inaccurately assessing their learning progress.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autodidacticism is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifelong education">lifelong education</a>, which entails continuous learning throughout one's life.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Categories of education based on the subject encompass <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">language education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">art education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special mediums such as radio or websites are utilized in <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, including e-learning (use of computers), <a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">m-learning</a> (use of mobile devices), and online education. Often, these take the form of <a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">open education</a>, wherein courses and materials are accessible with minimal barriers, contrasting with traditional classroom or onsite education. However, not all forms of online education are open; for instance, some universities offer full online degree programs that are not part of open education initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State education, also known as <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is funded and controlled by the government and available to the general public. It typically does not require tuition fees and is therefore a form of <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Private_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Private education">private education</a> is funded and managed by private institutions. Private schools often have a more selective admission process and offer paid education by charging tuition fees.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more detailed classification focuses on the social institutions responsible for education, such as family, school, civil society, state, and church.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compulsory education refers to education that individuals are legally mandated to receive, primarily affecting children who must attend school up to a certain age. This stands in contrast to voluntary education, which individuals pursue based on personal choice rather than legal obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_society">Role in society</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_(48050924987).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a medical researcher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_%2848050924987%29.jpg/220px-NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_%2848050924987%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_%2848050924987%29.jpg/330px-NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_%2848050924987%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_%2848050924987%29.jpg/440px-NIH_Medical_Research_Scholars_Program_%2848050924987%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Highly specialized <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical researchers</a>, often undergo extensive education to master their fields and make significant contributions to society.</figcaption></figure> <p>Education serves various roles in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, spanning social, economic, and personal domains. Socially, education establishes and maintains a stable society by imparting fundamental skills necessary for interacting with the environment and fulfilling individual needs and aspirations. In contemporary society, these skills encompass speaking, reading, writing, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, and proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a>. Additionally, education facilitates socialization by instilling awareness of dominant social and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural norms">cultural norms</a>, shaping appropriate behavior across diverse contexts. It fosters <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a>, stability, and peace, fostering productive engagement in daily activities. While socialization occurs throughout life, <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a> holds particular significance. Moreover, education plays a pivotal role in <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a> by enhancing <a href="/wiki/Civic_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic participation">civic participation</a> through voting and organizing, while also promoting equal opportunities for all.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On an economic level, individuals become productive members of society through education, acquiring the technical and analytical skills necessary for their professions, as well as for producing goods and providing services to others. In early societies, there was minimal <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">specialization</a>, with children typically learning a broad range of skills essential for community functioning. However, modern societies are increasingly complex, with many professions requiring specialized training alongside general education. Consequently, only a relatively small number of individuals master certain professions. Additionally, skills and tendencies acquired for societal functioning may sometimes conflict, with their value dependent on context. For instance, fostering curiosity and questioning established teachings promotes critical thinking and innovation, while at times, obedience to authority is necessary to maintain social stability.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/220px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/330px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/440px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with higher median household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By facilitating individuals' integration into society, education fosters <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and diminishes <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. It enables workers to enhance their skills, thereby improving the quality of goods and services produced, which ultimately fosters <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperity</a> and enhances competitiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public education is widely regarded as a long-term investment that benefits society as a whole, with primary education showing particularly high rates of return.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, besides bolstering economic prosperity, education contributes to technological and scientific advancements, reduces unemployment, and promotes <a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">social equity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, increased education is associated with lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth rates">birth rates</a>, partly due to heightened awareness of <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>, expanded opportunities for women, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of marriage">delayed marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education plays a pivotal role in equipping a country to adapt to changes and effectively confront new challenges. It raises awareness and contributes to addressing <a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">contemporary global issues</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, and the widening <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">disparities</a> between the rich and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By instilling in students an understanding of how their lives and actions impact others, education can inspire individuals to strive towards realizing a more sustainable and equitable world.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, education not only serves to maintain societal norms but also acts as a catalyst for <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extends to evolving economic circumstances, where technological advancements, notably increased <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, impose new demands on the workforce that education can help meet.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As circumstances evolve, skills and knowledge taught may become outdated, necessitating curriculum adjustments to include subjects like <a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">digital literacy</a>, and promote proficiency in handling new technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, education can embrace innovative forms such as <a href="/wiki/Massive_open_online_courses" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive open online courses">massive open online courses</a> to prepare individuals for emerging challenges and opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a more individual level, education fosters <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal development</a>, encompassing learning new skills, honing <a href="/wiki/Aptitude" title="Aptitude">talents</a>, nurturing <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, enhancing <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a>, and refining <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving">problem-solving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, education contributes positively to health and well-being. Educated individuals are often better informed about health issues and adjust their behavior accordingly, benefit from stronger <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a> networks and <a href="/wiki/Coping_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping strategies">coping strategies</a>, and enjoy higher incomes, granting them access to superior <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare services">healthcare services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social significance of education is underscored by the annual <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Education" title="International Day of Education">International Day of Education</a> on January 24, established by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, which designated 1970 as the International Education Year.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_institutions">Role of institutions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Education_of_China_(20221020141115).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ministry_of_Education_of_China_%2820221020141115%29.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Education_of_China_%2820221020141115%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ministry_of_Education_of_China_%2820221020141115%29.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Education_of_China_%2820221020141115%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ministry_of_Education_of_China_%2820221020141115%29.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Education_of_China_%2820221020141115%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Governmental institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Ministry of Education</a> influence numerous aspects of public education.</figcaption></figure> <p>Organized institutions play a pivotal role in multiple facets of education. Entities such as schools, universities, <a href="/wiki/Teacher_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher training">teacher training</a> institutions, and ministries of education comprise the education sector. They interact not only with one another but also with various stakeholders, including parents, local communities, religious groups, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> professionals, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> agencies, media platforms, and political leaders. Numerous individuals are directly engaged in the education sector, such as students, teachers, school principals, as well as school nurses and curriculum developers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various aspects of formal education are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">policies</a> of governmental institutions. These policies determine at what age children need to attend school and at what times classes are held, as well as issues pertaining to the school environment, such as infrastructure. Regulations also cover the exact qualifications and requirements that teachers need to fulfill. An important aspect of education policy concerns the curriculum used for teaching at schools, colleges, and universities. A curriculum is a plan of instruction or a program of learning that guides students to achieve their educational goals. The topics are usually selected based on their importance and depend on the type of school. The goals of public school curricula are usually to offer a comprehensive and well-rounded education, while vocational training focuses more on specific practical skills within a field. The curricula also cover various aspects besides the topic to be discussed, such as the teaching method, the objectives to be reached, and the standards for assessing progress. By determining the curricula, governmental institutions have a strong impact on what knowledge and skills are transmitted to the students.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of governmental institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)" title="Ministry of Education (India)">Ministry of Education</a> in India,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Basic_Education" title="Department of Basic Education">Department of Basic Education</a> in South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Public_Education" title="Secretariat of Public Education">Secretariat of Public Education</a> in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_UNESCO_(26805816273).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the headquarters of UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paris_-_UNESCO_%2826805816273%29.jpg/220px-Paris_-_UNESCO_%2826805816273%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paris_-_UNESCO_%2826805816273%29.jpg/330px-Paris_-_UNESCO_%2826805816273%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paris_-_UNESCO_%2826805816273%29.jpg/440px-Paris_-_UNESCO_%2826805816273%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>International organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, have wielded significant influence in shaping educational standards and policies worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">International organizations</a> also play a pivotal role in education. For example, UNESCO is an intergovernmental organization that promotes education through various means. One of its activities is advocating for education policies, such as the treaty <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>, which declares <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">education as a fundamental human right</a> for all children and young people. The <a href="/wiki/Education_for_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Education for All">Education for All</a> initiative aimed to provide basic education to all children, adolescents, and adults by 2015, later succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> initiative, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_4" title="Sustainable Development Goal 4">goal 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related policies include the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Against_Discrimination_in_Education" title="Convention Against Discrimination in Education">Convention against Discrimination in Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Futures_of_Education" title="Futures of Education">Futures of Education</a> initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some influential organizations are non-governmental rather than intergovernmental. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Universities" title="International Association of Universities">International Association of Universities</a> promotes collaboration and knowledge exchange among colleges and universities worldwide, while the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> offers international diploma programs.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions like the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a> facilitate student exchanges between countries,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> provide similar services for teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_of_educational_success">Factors of educational success</h2></div> <p>Educational success, also referred to as student and academic achievement, pertains to the extent to which educational objectives are met, such as the acquisition of knowledge and skills by students. For practical purposes, it is often primarily measured in terms of official exam scores, but numerous additional indicators exist, including <a href="/wiki/Attendance" title="Attendance">attendance</a> rates, <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation</a> rates, <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out" title="Dropping out">dropout</a> rates, student attitudes, and post-school indicators such as later <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration">incarceration</a> rates.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors influence educational achievement, such as <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> factors related to the individual student, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> factors associated with the student's social environment. Additional factors encompass access to <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a>, teacher quality, and parental involvement. Many of these factors overlap and mutually influence each other.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3></div> <p>On a psychological level, relevant factors include <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">intelligence</a>, and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation is the internal force propelling people to engage in learning.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivated students are more likely to interact with the content to be learned by participating in classroom activities like discussions, resulting in a deeper understanding of the subject. Motivation can also help students overcome difficulties and setbacks. An important distinction lies between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsically motivated students are driven by an interest in the subject and the learning experience itself. Extrinsically motivated students seek external rewards such as good grades and recognition from peers. Intrinsic motivation tends to be more beneficial, leading to increased creativity, engagement, and long-term commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educational psychologists aim to discover methods to increase motivation, such as encouraging healthy competition among students while maintaining a balance of positive and negative feedback through praise and constructive criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intelligence significantly influences individuals' responses to education. It is a cognitive trait associated with the capacity to learn from experience, comprehend, and apply knowledge and skills to solve problems. Individuals with higher scores in intelligence metrics typically perform better academically and pursue higher levels of education.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intelligence is often closely associated with the concept of <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>, a standardized numerical measure assessing intelligence based on mathematical-logical and verbal abilities. However, it has been argued that intelligence encompasses various <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences" title="Theory of multiple intelligences">types</a> beyond IQ. Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Howard Gardner</a> posited distinct forms of intelligence in domains such as <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_cognition" title="Spatial cognition">spatial cognition</a>, language, and music. Additional types of intelligence influence interpersonal and intrapersonal interactions. These intelligences are largely autonomous, meaning that an individual may excel in one type while performing less well in another.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to proponents of <a href="/wiki/Learning_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning style">learning style</a> theory, the preferred method of acquiring knowledge and skills is another factor. They hold that students with an auditory learning style find it easy to comprehend spoken lectures and discussions, whereas visual learners benefit from information presented visually, such as in diagrams and videos. To facilitate efficient learning, it may be advantageous to incorporate a wide variety of learning modalities.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning styles have been criticized for ambiguous empirical evidence of student benefits and unreliability of student learning style assessment by teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The learner's personality may also influence educational achievement. For instance, characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">conscientiousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">openness to experience</a>, identified in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five personality traits</a>, are associated with academic success.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mental factors include <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacognitive">metacognitive</a> abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociological">Sociological</h3></div> <p>Sociological factors center not on the psychological attributes of learners but on their environment and societal position. These factors encompass <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural background">cultural background</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, drawing significant interest from researchers due to their association with inequality and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>. Consequently, they play a pivotal role in policy-making endeavors aimed at mitigating their impact.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socioeconomic status is influenced by factors beyond just <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">financial security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, and various attributes related to <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>. Low socioeconomic status impacts educational success in several ways. It correlates with slower cognitive development in language and memory, as well as higher dropout rates. Families with limited financial means may struggle to meet their children's basic nutritional needs, hindering their development. Additionally, they may lack resources to invest in educational materials such as stimulating toys, books, and computers. Financial constraints may also prevent attendance at prestigious schools, leading to enrollment in institutions located in economically disadvantaged areas. Such schools often face challenges such as teacher shortages and inadequate educational materials and facilities like libraries, resulting in lower teaching standards. Moreover, parents may be unable to afford private lessons for children falling behind academically. In some cases, students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds are compelled to drop out of school to contribute to family income. Limited access to information about higher education and challenges in securing and repaying <a href="/wiki/Student_loans" class="mw-redirect" title="Student loans">student loans</a> further exacerbate the situation. Low socioeconomic status is also associated with poorer physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, contributing to a cycle of social inequality that persists across generations.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnic background correlates with cultural distinctions and language barriers, which can pose challenges for students in adapting to the school environment and comprehending classes. Moreover, explicit and implicit biases and discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a> further compound these difficulties. Such biases can impact students' self-esteem, motivation, and access to educational opportunities. For instance, teachers may harbor stereotypical perceptions, albeit not overtly <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a>, leading to differential grading of comparable performances based on a child's ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, gender has played a pivotal role in education as societal norms dictated distinct roles for men and women. Education traditionally favored men, who were tasked with providing for the family, while women were expected to manage households and care for children, often limiting their access to education. Although these disparities have improved in many modern societies, <a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender differences in education">gender differences persist in education</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">biases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> related to gender roles in various academic domains, notably in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">science, technology, engineering, and mathematics</a> (STEM), which are often portrayed as male-dominated. Such perceptions can deter female students from pursuing these subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various instances, discrimination based on gender and social factors occurs openly as part of official educational policies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban#Education" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">severe restrictions imposed on female education</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/School_segregation" title="School segregation">school segregation</a> of migrants and locals in urban China under the <a href="/wiki/Hukou" title="Hukou">hukou</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One facet of several social factors is characterized by the expectations linked to stereotypes. These expectations operate externally, influenced by how others respond to individuals belonging to specific groups, and internally, shaped by how individuals internalize and conform to them. In this regard, these expectations can manifest as <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-fulfilling prophecies">self-fulfilling prophecies</a> by affecting the educational outcomes they predict. Such outcomes may be influenced by both positive and negative stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_and_others">Technology and others</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> plays a crucial role in educational success. While educational technology is often linked with modern digital devices such as computers, its scope extends far beyond that. It encompasses a diverse array of resources and tools for learning, including traditional aids like books and worksheets, in addition to digital devices.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OLPC_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a group of children being introduced to a laptop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/OLPC_Haiti.jpg/220px-OLPC_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/OLPC_Haiti.jpg/330px-OLPC_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/OLPC_Haiti.jpg/440px-OLPC_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Introducing children in Haiti to a <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> device</figcaption></figure> <p>Educational technology can enhance learning in various ways. In the form of media, it often serves as the primary source of information in the classroom, allowing teachers to allocate their time and energy to other tasks such as lesson planning, student guidance, and performance assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By presenting information using graphics, audio, and video instead of mere text, educational technology can also enhance comprehension. Interactive elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Educational_game" title="Educational game">educational games</a>, further engage learners in the learning process. Moreover, technology facilitates the accessibility of educational materials to a wide audience, particularly through online resources, while also promoting collaboration among students and communication with teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integration of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> in education holds promise for providing new learning experiences to students and supporting teachers in their work. However, it also introduces new risks related to <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">data privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">misinformation</a>, and manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various organizations advocate for student access to educational technologies, including initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> initiative, the <a href="/wiki/African_Library_Project" title="African Library Project">African Library Project</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pratham" title="Pratham">Pratham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>School infrastructure also plays a crucial role in educational success. It encompasses physical aspects such as the school's location, size, and available facilities and equipment. A healthy and safe environment, well-maintained classrooms, appropriate classroom furniture, as well as access to a <a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">library</a> and a <a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">canteen</a>, all contribute to fostering educational success.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the quality of teachers significantly impacts student achievement. Skilled teachers possess the ability to motivate and inspire students, and tailor instructions to individual abilities and needs. Their skills depend on their own education, training, and teaching experience.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meta-analysis by Engin Karadağ et al. concludes that, compared to other influences, factors related to the school and the teacher have the greatest impact on educational success.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parent involvement also enhances achievement and can increase children's motivation and commitment when they know their parents are invested in their educational endeavors. This often results in heightened self-esteem, improved attendance rates, and more positive behavior at school. Parent involvement covers communication with teachers and other school staff to raise awareness of current issues and explore potential resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other relevant factors, occasionally addressed in academic literature, encompass historical, political, demographic, religious, and legal aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_studies">Education studies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LockeEducation1693.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the cover of the title page of John Locke's 1693 book "Some Thoughts Concerning Education"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LockeEducation1693.jpg/170px-LockeEducation1693.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/LockeEducation1693.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Education" title="Some Thoughts Concerning Education">Some Thoughts Concerning Education</a></i> from 1693 is a foundational work in education studies.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The primary field exploring education is known as education studies, also termed education sciences. It seeks to understand how knowledge is transmitted and acquired by examining various methods and forms of education. This discipline delves into the goals, impacts, and significance of education, along with the cultural, societal, governmental, and historical contexts that influence it.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education theorists draw insights from various disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, psychology, sociology, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, history, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. Consequently, some argue that education studies lacks the clear methodological and subject delineations found in disciplines like <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> or history.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education studies focuses on academic analysis and critical reflection and differs in this respect from teacher training programs, which show participants how to become effective teachers. Furthermore, it encompasses not only formal education but also explores all forms and facets of educational processes.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">research methods</a> are utilized to investigate educational phenomena, broadly categorized into <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multimethodology" title="Multimethodology">mixed-methods approaches</a>. Quantitative research mirrors the methodologies of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, employing precise numerical measurements to collect data from numerous <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observations</a> and utilizing <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> tools for analysis. Its goal is to attain an objective and impartial understanding. Conversely, qualitative research typically involves a smaller <a href="/wiki/Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">sample size</a> and seeks to gain a nuanced insight into subjective and personal factors, such as individuals' experiences within the educational process. Mixed-methods research aims to integrate data gathered from both approaches to achieve a balanced and comprehensive understanding. Data collection methods vary and may include direct observation, <a href="/wiki/Test_score" title="Test score">test scores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">interviews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">questionnaires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research projects may investigate fundamental factors influencing all forms of education or focus on specific applications, seek solutions to particular problems, or evaluate the effectiveness of educational initiatives and policies.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subfields">Subfields</h3></div> <p>Education studies encompasses various subfields such as <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research">educational research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_education" title="Comparative education">comparative education</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of education">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of education">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">history of education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophy of education is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">applied philosophy</a> that examines many of the fundamental assumptions underlying the theory and practice of education. It explores education both as a process and a discipline while seeking to provide precise definitions of its nature and distinctions from other phenomena. Additionally, it delves into the purpose of education, its various types, and the conceptualization of teachers, students, and their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it encompasses educational ethics, which examines the moral implications of education, such as the ethical principles guiding it and how teachers should apply them to specific situations. The philosophy of education boasts a long history and was a subject of discourse in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "pedagogy" is sometimes used interchangeably with education studies, but in a more specific sense, it refers to the subfield focused on <a href="/wiki/Teaching_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching methods">teaching methods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It investigates how educational objectives, such as knowledge transmission or the development of <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Character_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Character trait">character traits</a>, can be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedagogy is concerned with the methods and techniques employed in teaching within conventional educational settings. While some definitions confine it to this context, in a broader sense, it encompasses all forms of education, including teaching methods beyond traditional school environments.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this broader context, it explores how teachers can facilitate learning experiences for students to enhance their <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a> of the subject matter and how learning itself occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychology of education delves into the mental processes underlying learning, focusing on how individuals acquire new knowledge and skills and experience personal development. It investigates the various factors influencing educational outcomes, how these factors vary among individuals, and the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Nature_and_nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature and nurture">nature or nurture</a> contribute to these outcomes. Key psychological theories shaping education encompass <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism#Education" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of education)">constructivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related disciplines include <a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">educational neuroscience</a> and the neurology of education, which explore the <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychological">neuropsychological</a> processes and changes associated with learning.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of sociology of education delves into how education shapes socialization, examining how social factors and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a> influence access to education and individual success within it. It explores the impact of education on different societal groups and its role in shaping <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>. Specifically, the sociology of education focuses on understanding the root causes of inequalities, offering insights relevant to education policy aimed at identifying and addressing factors contributing to inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two prominent perspectives within this field are <a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">consensus theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">conflict theory</a>. Consensus theorists posit that education benefits society by preparing individuals for their societal roles, while conflict theorists view education as a tool employed by the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> to perpetuate inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of economics of education investigates the production, distribution, and consumption of education. It seeks to optimize resource allocation to enhance education, such as assessing the impact of increased teacher salaries on teacher quality. Additionally, it explores the effects of smaller <a href="/wiki/Class_size" title="Class size">class sizes</a> and investments in new educational technologies. By providing insights into resource allocation, the economics of education aids policymakers in making decisions that maximize societal benefits. Furthermore, it examines the long-term economic implications of education, including its role in fostering a highly skilled workforce and enhancing national competitiveness. A related area of interest involves analyzing the economic advantages and disadvantages of different educational systems.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map showing the Education Index of 2007/2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG/330px-Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG/495px-Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG/660px-Education_index_UN_HDR_2007_2008.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Comparative education utilizes tools like the <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a> to compare educational systems across various countries. High-scoring countries are depicted in green, while low-scoring ones are shown in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>Comparative education is the discipline that examines and contrasts education systems. Comparisons can occur from a general perspective or focus on specific factors like social, political, or economic aspects. Often applied to different countries, comparative education assesses the similarities and differences of their <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institutions</a> and practices, evaluating the consequences of distinct approaches. It can be used to glean insights from other countries on effective education policies and how one's own system may be improved.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice, known as policy borrowing, presents challenges as policy success can hinge on the social and cultural context of students and teachers. A related and contentious topic concerns whether the educational systems of <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> are superior and should be exported to <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">less developed ones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other key topics include the <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_higher_education" title="Internationalization of higher education">internationalization of education</a> and the role of education in transitioning from <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian regime">authoritarian regimes</a> to democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of education delves into the evolution of educational practices, systems, and institutions. It explores various key processes, their potential causes and effects, and their interrelations.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aims_and_ideologies">Aims and ideologies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_(2604154887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Propaganda poster in a primary school in North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg/260px-Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg/390px-Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg/520px-Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster in a primary school in North Korea. <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian regimes</a> frequently employ education as a tool for indoctrinating students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorabian2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy1xwEAAAQBAJpgPR7_vii]_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorabian2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy1xwEAAAQBAJpgPR7_vii]-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFq41DwAAQBAJpgPT91_91]_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFq41DwAAQBAJpgPT91_91]-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A central topic in education studies revolves around how people should be educated and what goals should guide this process. Various aims have been proposed, including the acquisition of knowledge and skills, personal development, and the cultivation of character traits. Commonly suggested attributes encompass qualities like <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a>, creativity, rationality, and critical thinking, along with tendencies to think, feel, and act morally. Scholars diverge on whether to prioritize liberal values such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open-mindedness" title="Open-mindedness">open-mindedness</a>, or qualities like obedience to authority, ideological purity, <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious faith">religious faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some education theorists concentrate on a single overarching purpose of education, viewing more specific aims as means to this end.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a personal level, this purpose is often equated with assisting the student in leading a good life.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Societally, education aims to cultivate individuals into productive members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is debate regarding whether the primary aim of education is to benefit the educated individual or society as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educational ideologies encompass systems of fundamental philosophical assumptions and principles utilized to interpret, understand, and assess existing educational practices and policies. They address various aspects beyond the aims of education, including the subjects taught, the structure of learning activities, the role of teachers, methods for assessing educational progress, and the design of institutional frameworks and policies. These ideologies are diverse and often interrelated. Teacher-centered ideologies prioritize the role of teachers in imparting knowledge to students, while student-centered ideologies afford students a more active role in the learning process. Process-based ideologies focus on the methods of teaching and learning, contrasting with product-based ideologies, which consider education in terms of the desired outcomes. <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a> ideologies uphold traditional practices, whereas <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive ideologies</a> advocate for innovation and creativity. Additional categories are <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, essentialism, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedism" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedism">encyclopaedism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic ideologies">democratic ideologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning_theories">Learning theories</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Learning_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning theories">Learning theories</a> attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying learning. Influential theories include <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism posits that learning entails a modification in behavior in response to environmental stimuli. This occurs through the presentation of a stimulus, the association of this stimulus with the desired response, and the reinforcement of this <a href="/wiki/Stimulus-response_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus-response model">stimulus-response connection</a>. Cognitivism views learning as a transformation in cognitive structures and emphasizes the mental processes involved in encoding, retrieving, and processing information. Constructivism asserts that learning is grounded in the individual's personal experiences and places greater emphasis on social interactions and their interpretation by the learner. These theories carry significant implications for instructional practices. For instance, behaviorists often emphasize repetitive drills, cognitivists may advocate for <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> techniques, and constructivists typically employ <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_learning" title="Collaborative learning">collaborative learning</a> strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various theories suggest that learning is more effective when it is based on personal experience. Additionally, aiming for a deeper understanding by connecting new information to pre-existing knowledge is considered more beneficial than simply memorizing a list of unrelated facts.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential <a href="/wiki/Developmental_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental theory">developmental theory</a> of learning is proposed by psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a>, who outlines four stages of learning through which children progress on their way to adulthood: the sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. These stages correspond to different levels of abstraction, with early stages focusing more on simple sensory and motor activities, while later stages involve more complex internal representations and information processing, such as <a href="/wiki/Logical_reasoning" title="Logical reasoning">logical reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_methods">Teaching methods</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching method</a> pertains to how the content is delivered by the teacher, such as whether group work is employed rather than focusing on individual learning. There is a wide array of teaching methods available, and the most effective one in a given scenario depends on factors like the subject matter and the learner's age and level of competence.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in modern school systems, which organize students into different classes based on age, competence, specialization, and <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> to ensure an effective learning process. Different subjects often employ distinct approaches; for example, language education frequently emphasizes verbal learning, while mathematical education focuses on abstract and symbolic thinking alongside <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One crucial aspect of teaching <a href="/wiki/Methodologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodologies">methodologies</a> is ensuring that learners remain motivated, either through intrinsic factors like interest and curiosity or through external rewards.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The teaching method also includes the utilization of instructional media, such as books, <a href="/wiki/Worksheet" title="Worksheet">worksheets</a>, and audio-visual recordings, as well as implementing some form of test or evaluation to gauge learning progress. <a href="/wiki/Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Educational assessment</a> is the process of documenting the student's knowledge and skills, which can happen formally or informally and may take place before, <a href="/wiki/Formative_assessment" title="Formative assessment">during</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Summative_assessment" title="Summative assessment">after the learning activity</a>. Another significant pedagogical element in many modern educational approaches is that each lesson is part of a broader educational framework governed by a <a href="/wiki/Syllabus" title="Syllabus">syllabus</a>, which often spans several months or years.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Herbartianism" title="Herbartianism">Herbartianism</a>, teaching is broken down into phases. The initial phase involves preparing the student's mind for new information. Subsequently, new ideas are introduced to the learner and then linked to concepts already familiar to them. In later phases, understanding transitions to a more general level beyond specific instances, and the ideas are then applied in practical contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History of education</a></div> <p>The history of education delves into the processes, methods, and institutions entwined with teaching and learning, aiming to elucidate their interplay and influence on educational practices over time.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <p>Education during <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> primarily facilitated <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a>, emphasizing practical knowledge and skills essential for daily life, such as food production, clothing, shelter, and safety. Formal schools and specialized instructors were absent, with adults in the community assuming teaching roles, and learning transpiring informally through daily activities, including observation and <a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">imitation</a> of elders. In <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> served as a pivotal means of transmitting cultural and religious beliefs across generations.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of agriculture during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> around 9000 BCE, a gradual educational shift toward specialization ensued, driven by the formation of larger communities and the demand for increasingly intricate artisanal and technical skills.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3></div> <p>Commencing in the 4th millennium BCE and spanning subsequent eras, a pivotal transformation in educational methodologies unfolded with the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of writing">advent of writing</a> in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This breakthrough profoundly influenced the trajectory of education. Writing facilitated the storage, preservation, and dissemination of information, ushering in subsequent advancements such as the creation of educational aids like textbooks and the establishment of institutions such as schools.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mosaic from Pompeii depicting Plato's Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg/330px-Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg/440px-Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic_from_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>Plato's Academy, depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, is frequently regarded as the inaugural institution of higher education.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another significant aspect of ancient education was the establishment of formal education. This became necessary as civilizations evolved and the volume of knowledge expanded, surpassing what informal education could effectively transmit across generations. Teachers assumed specialized roles to impart knowledge, leading to a more abstract educational approach less tied to daily life. Formal education remained relatively rare in ancient societies, primarily accessible to the intellectual elite.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covered fields like reading and writing, record keeping, leadership, civic and political life, religion, and technical skills associated with specific professions.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal education introduced a new teaching paradigm that emphasized discipline and drills over the informal methods prevalent earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two notable achievements of ancient education include the founding of <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's Academy">Plato's Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, often regarded as the earliest institution of higher learning,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Library_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Library of Alexandria">Great Library of Alexandria</a> in Ancient Egypt, renowned as one of the ancient world's premier libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era">Medieval era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/220px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/330px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/440px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bologna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna University">Bologna University</a> in Italy, established in 1088 CE, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest university in continuous operation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many facets of education during the medieval period were profoundly influenced by religious traditions. In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> wielded considerable authority over formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the rapid spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> led to various educational advancements during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, integrating classical and religious knowledge and establishing <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jewish communities, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivas">yeshivas</a> emerged as institutions dedicated to the study of religious texts and <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, an expansive <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">state educational and examination system</a>, shaped by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> teachings, was instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As new complex societies emerged in regions like Africa, the Americas, Northern Europe, and Japan, some adopted existing educational practices, while others developed new traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, this era witnessed the establishment of various institutes of higher education and research. Prominent among these were the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest university in continuous operation</a>), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other influential centers included the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qarawiyyin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qarawiyyin University">Al-Qarawiyyin University</a> in Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another significant development was the formation of <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, associations of skilled <a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">craftsmen</a> and merchants who regulated their trades and provided vocational education. Prospective members underwent various stages of training on their journey to mastery.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Western education</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printer_in_1568-ce.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woodcut from 1568 showing an old printing press" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Printer_in_1568-ce.png/220px-Printer_in_1568-ce.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Printer_in_1568-ce.png/330px-Printer_in_1568-ce.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Printer_in_1568-ce.png/440px-Printer_in_1568-ce.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>The invention of the printing press made written media widely available and led to a significant increase in general literacy levels.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the early modern period, education in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> slowly began to shift from a religious approach towards one that was more <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secular</a>. This development was tied to an increased appreciation of the importance of education and a broadened range of topics, including a revived interest in ancient literary texts and educational programs.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turn toward secularization was accelerated during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> starting in the 17th century, which emphasized the role of reason and the empirical sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> affected education in the Americas through <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionary">Christian missionary</a> initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, the state educational system was further expanded and focused more on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, the outreach of formal education increased and remained under the influence of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key development in the early modern period was the invention and popularization of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the middle of the 15th century, which had a profound impact on general education. It significantly reduced the cost of producing books, which were hand-written before, and thereby augmented the dissemination of written documents, including new forms like <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a>. The increased availability of written media had a major influence on the general <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These alterations paved the way for the advancement of public education during the 18th and 19th centuries. This era witnessed the establishment of publicly funded schools with the goal of providing education for all, in contrast to previous periods when formal education was primarily delivered by private schools, religious institutions, and individual tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to this trend was the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> civilization, where formal education was compulsory for youth across social classes as early as the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closely related changes were to make education compulsory and free of charge for all children up to a certain age.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3></div> <p>The promotion of public education and <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal access to education</a> gained momentum in the 20th and 21st centuries, endorsed by intergovernmental organizations such as the UN. Key initiatives included the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>, the Education for All initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>, and the Sustainable Development Goals.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These endeavors led to a consistent increase in all forms of education, particularly impacting primary education. In 1970, 28% of all primary-school-age children worldwide were not enrolled in school; by 2015, this figure had decreased to 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of public education was accompanied by the introduction of standardized curricula for public schools as well as standardized tests to assess the progress of students. Contemporary examples are the <a href="/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language" title="Test of English as a Foreign Language">Test of English as a Foreign Language</a>, which is a globally used test to assess language proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Non-native_English_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-native English speaker">non-native English speakers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>, which evaluates education systems across the world based on the performance of 15-year-old students in reading, mathematics, and science. Similar shifts impacted teachers, with the establishment of institutions and norms to regulate and oversee teacher training, including certification mandates for teaching in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emerging educational technologies have significantly influenced modern education. The widespread availability of computers and the internet has notably expanded access to educational resources and facilitated new forms of learning, such as online education. This became particularly pertinent during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> when schools worldwide closed for prolonged periods, prompting many to adopt <a href="/wiki/Remote_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote learning">remote learning</a> methods through <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a> or pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/Video_lesson" title="Video lesson">video lessons</a> to sustain instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, contemporary education is impacted by the increasing globalization and internationalization of educational practices.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_schooling" title="Criticism of schooling">Criticism of schooling</a> – Multiple positions critical of compulsory schooling laws</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">Grade inflation</a> – Awarding higher grades than deserved</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary of education terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index of education articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_articles_by_country" title="List of education articles by country">List of education articles by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline of education</a> – Overview of and topical guide to education</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This implies that its meaning varies depending on the situation in which it is used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A thick concept is a concept that includes both descriptive and evaluative content.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some theorists only distinguish between formal and informal education.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some regions, these two terms have different meanings. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> are run by private institutions and charge fees, while state schools are controlled by the government and provide free education.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Research on prehistoric education often relies on studies of surviving hunting and gathering societies.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no consensus on the precise timing of writing's invention, and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a> existed for much longer periods.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoad1993">Hoad 1993</a>, p. 142</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVico1999">Vico 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxiJufNjEmwC&pg=PT327">327</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2006">Marshall 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589880">33–37</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSewellNewman2013">Sewell & Newman 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–4, 6–7, 9–10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMatheson2014">Matheson 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203105450-8/education-david-matheson">1–3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChazan2022">Chazan 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3">15–16</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2006">Marshall 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589880">33–37</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFUNESCO2018">UNESCO 2018</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeters2009">Peters 2009</a>, p. 1</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins_staff2023">HarperCollins staff 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSewellNewman2013">Sewell & Newman 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeters2009">Peters 2009</a>, pp. 4–6</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins_staff2023">HarperCollins staff 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSewellNewman2013">Sewell & Newman 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins_staff2023">HarperCollins staff 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWilson2003">Wilson 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9752.3701007">101–108</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWatson2016">Watson 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phc3.12316">148</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBiesta2015">Biesta 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejed.12109">75–78</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeters2015">Peters 2015</a>, p. 45</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2011">Beckett 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2011.00402.x">241</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2006">Marshall 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589880">33–37</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2011">Beckett 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2011.00402.x">242–243</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPetersWoodsDray1973">Peters, Woods & Dray 1973</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/PETAOE">Aims of Education: A Conceptual Inquiry</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSewellNewman2013">Sewell & Newman 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–5</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2006">Marshall 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589880">33–37</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBiletzkiMatar2021">Biletzki & Matar 2021</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSluga2006">Sluga 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/SLUFR">1–2</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSewellNewman2013">Sewell & Newman 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6–7</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWebb-Mitchell2003">Webb-Mitchell 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeNXdeqyZ-MC&pg=PA11">11</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTraxlerCrompton2020">Traxler & Crompton 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUsIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT11">11</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirchin2013">Kirchin 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nxpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWatson2016">Watson 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phc3.12316">148–149</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKotzee2011">Kotzee 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2011.00420.x">549–550</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChazan2022">Chazan 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3">13–14</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00071005.2020.1785788?journalCode=rbje20">781–783</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSiegel2023">Siegel 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSiegelPhillipsCallan2018">Siegel, Phillips & Callan 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/education-philosophy/#AnalPhilEducInfl">2. Analytic Philosophy of Education and Its Influence</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSiegel2010">Siegel 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195312881-e-001">3–9</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWatson2016">Watson 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phc3.12316">152–155</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFerary2023">Ferary 2023</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0139-5_4">51–52</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSiegelPhillipsCallan2018">Siegel, Phillips & Callan 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/education-philosophy/#AnalPhilEducInfl">2. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeel2023">Peel 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2003">Murphy 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/books/understanding-pedagogy-and-its-impact-on-learning/n1.xml">9–10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGabriel2022">Gabriel 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PreYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">16</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzWq-oGRlNcC&pg=PA53">53–54</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKraftl2014">Kraftl 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3CEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT169">169</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcHugh2016">McHugh 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beLaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">167</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeel2023">Peel 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2003">Murphy 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjqQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">9–10, 15–16</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 6, 96–97, 118</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGallardGarden2011">Gallard & Garden 2011</a>, pp. 132–133</li><li><a href="#CITEREFOliveiraBittencourt2019">Oliveira & Bittencourt 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuK3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">9</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphyMuftiKassem2009">Murphy, Mufti & Kassem 2009</a>, pp. 89–90</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMarquis1942">Marquis 1942</a>, pp. 153–154</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAnsariCoch2006">Ansari & Coch 2006</a>, pp. 146–151</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGoswami2006">Goswami 2006</a>, pp. 406–411</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 5, 145</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWaller2011">Waller 2011</a>, pp. 106–107</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChazan2022">Chazan 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3">15–16</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBowenGelpiAnweiler2023">Bowen, Gelpi & Anweiler 2023</a>, Introduction</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSewellNewman2013">Sewell & Newman 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–4, 7</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li><a href="#CITEREFReid2018">Reid 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190">190</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKiracofeHirthHutton2022">Kiracofe, Hirth & Hutton 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8lfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKemmisEdwards-Groves2017">Kemmis & Edwards-Groves 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFM7DwAAQBAJ">2–3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphyMuftiKassem2009">Murphy, Mufti & Kassem 2009</a>, pp. 26–31</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBartram2009">Bartram 2009</a>, p. 28</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 22–25</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAtienza2010">Atienza 2010</a>, p. 130</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDreeben2010">Dreeben 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iogMlHuG0tsC&pg=PA178">178–179</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphyMuftiKassem2009">Murphy, Mufti & Kassem 2009</a>, p. 92</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKimble2023">Kimble 2023</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphyMuftiKassem2009">Murphy, Mufti & Kassem 2009</a>, pp. 91–92</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmithRagan2004">Smith & Ragan 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cAkAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">152–154</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphyMuftiKassem2009">Murphy, Mufti & Kassem 2009</a>, pp. 90–91</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 96–97</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 81–5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPeel2023">Peel 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2003">Murphy 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjqQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5, 19–20</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeel2023">Peel 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSalganikMathesonPhelps1997">Salganik, Matheson & Phelps 1997</a>, p. 19</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeel2023">Peel 2023</a>, § The teaching-learning situation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPeel2023">Peel 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBukoye2019">Bukoye 2019</a>, p. 1395</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDoukakisNiariAlexopoulosSfyris2022">Doukakis et al. 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32lpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">71–72</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLamprianouAthanasou2009">Lamprianou & Athanasou 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XsfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">31</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2014">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCordasco1976">Cordasco 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuKr3jgXad0C&pg=PA102">102</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRamsay2008">Ramsay 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv9yAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT321">283–287</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBriggs2012">Briggs 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvFrNwp604kC&pg=PA168">168</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023">Johnson & Stearns 2023</a>, pp. 1–2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023">Johnson & Stearns 2023</a>, pp. 5, 9–10, 12</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPower1970">Power 1970</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b201970&view=1up&seq=19">1–2</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNwuzor2017">Nwuzor 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaI7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">104</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023">Johnson & Stearns 2023</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023">Johnson & Stearns 2023</a>, pp. 12–13</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMhQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023">Johnson & Stearns 2023</a>, p. 13</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFriesen2017">Friesen 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ks-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17–19</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKuskisLogan2014">Kuskis & Logan 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDaCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">34</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2003">Bartlett & Burton 2003</a>, pp. 239–241, 245–246</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGe_(Rochelle)_(葛贇)2022">Ge (Rochelle) (葛贇) 2022</a>, pp. 229–231</li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdarkwah2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adarkwah, Michael Agyemang (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8103427">"A Strategic Approach to Onsite Learning in the Era of SARS-Cov-2"</a>. <i>SN Computer Science</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42979-021-00664-y">10.1007/s42979-021-00664-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2661-8907">2661-8907</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8103427">8103427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33977278">33977278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SN+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=A+Strategic+Approach+to+Onsite+Learning+in+the+Era+of+SARS-Cov-2&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=258&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8103427%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2661-8907&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33977278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42979-021-00664-y&rft.aulast=Adarkwah&rft.aufirst=Michael+Agyemang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8103427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitchison2022" class="citation book cs1">Aitchison, David (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDFYEAAAQBAJ"><i>The School Story: Young Adult Narratives in the Age of Neoliberalism</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-3764-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-3764-6"><bdi>978-1-4968-3764-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+Story%3A+Young+Adult+Narratives+in+the+Age+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-3764-6&rft.aulast=Aitchison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDFYEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Rebecca (2011). "The Economics of Education". 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Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865594-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026124659/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alternative-schooling">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternative+Schooling&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Education&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865594-9&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Parrett%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Feducation%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Falternative-schooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettTrevesShmisAmbasz2019" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Peter; Treves, Alberto; Shmis, Tigran; Ambasz, Diego (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tf6jDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning: A Synthesis of the Evidence</i></a>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1378-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1378-8"><bdi>978-1-4648-1378-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4049-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-4049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+Studies%3A+Essential+Issues&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4049-4&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Burton%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettBurton2007" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Steve; Burton, Diana (2007). <i>Introduction to Education Studies</i> (2nd ed.). Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2193-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2193-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-2193-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Education+Studies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2193-0&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Burton%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartram2009" class="citation book cs1">Bartram, Brendan (2009). "Comparative Education". In Warren, Sue (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsclGQAACAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Education Studies: The Student Guide to Themes and Contexts</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9920-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9920-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-9920-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparative+Education&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Education+Studies%3A+The+Student+Guide+to+Themes+and+Contexts&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9920-2&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsclGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastid2021" class="citation book cs1">Bastid, Marianne (14 July 2021). "Servitude or Liberation? The Introduction of Foreign Educational Practices and Systems to Chine from 1850 to the Present". In Hayhoe, Ruth; Bastid, Marianne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3M3EAAAQBAJ"><i>Routledge Library Editions: Education in Asia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-37876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-37876-5"><bdi>978-1-351-37876-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Servitude+or+Liberation%3F+The+Introduction+of+Foreign+Educational+Practices+and+Systems+to+Chine+from+1850+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Education+in+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-351-37876-5&rft.aulast=Bastid&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3M3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bearman, Margaret (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BGW1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Factors Affecting Health Professional Education"</a>. In Brown, Ted; Williams, Brett (eds.). <i>Evidence-Based Education in the Health Professions: Promoting Best Practice in the Learning and Teaching of Students</i>. Radcliffe Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910227-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910227-70-1"><bdi>978-1-910227-70-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Factors+Affecting+Health+Professional+Education&rft.btitle=Evidence-Based+Education+in+the+Health+Professions%3A+Promoting+Best+Practice+in+the+Learning+and+Teaching+of+Students&rft.pub=Radcliffe+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-910227-70-1&rft.aulast=Bearman&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGW1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty2019" class="citation book cs1">Beatty, Barbara (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436">"Conflicting Constructions of Childhood and Children in Education History"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conflicting+Constructions+of+Childhood+and+Children+in+Education+History&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Education&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934003-3&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc-aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2018" class="citation book cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (5 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMhQDwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8898-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8898-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-8898-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Babylon%2C+2200+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+75&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8898-2&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMhQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBécaresPriest2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bécares, Laia; Priest, Naomi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4624767">"Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes Among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings From an Intersectionality Approach"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (10): e0141363. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1041363B">2015PLoSO..1041363B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141363">10.1371/journal.pone.0141363</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4624767">4624767</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26505623">26505623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Influence+of+Race%2FEthnicity%2C+Gender%2C+and+Class+on+Inequalities+in+Academic+and+Non-Academic+Outcomes+Among+Eighth-Grade+Students%3A+Findings+From+an+Intersectionality+Approach&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0141363&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4624767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26505623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1041363B&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9cares&rft.aufirst=Laia&rft.au=Priest%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4624767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2018" class="citation journal cs1">Beckett, Kelvin (2018). 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"R. S. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1754-5"><bdi>978-90-474-1754-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(ed.). <i>Comparative and Decolonial Studies in Philosophy of Education</i>. Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 107–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-0139-5_7">10.1007/978-981-99-0139-5_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-0139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-0139-5"><bdi>978-981-99-0139-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221091347/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0139-5_7">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+school+fees+on+educational+attainment+and+the+intergenerational+transmission+of+education&rft.aulast=Bhalotra&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft.au=Harttgen%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Klasen%2C+Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000225956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiesta2015" class="citation journal cs1">Biesta, Gert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10509">"What Is Education For? On Good Education, Teacher Judgement, and Educational Professionalism"</a>. <i>European Journal of Education</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 75–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejed.12109">10.1111/ejed.12109</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218131021/https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10509">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908083428/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wittgenstein/#LangGameFamiRese">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Ludwig+Wittgenstein%3A+3.4+Language-games+and+Family+Resemblance&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Biletzki&rft.aufirst=Anat&rft.au=Matar%2C+Anat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwittgenstein%2F%23LangGameFamiRese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaug2014" class="citation book cs1">Blaug, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upSjBQAAQBAJ"><i>Economics of Education: A Selected Annotated Bibliography</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-8788-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-8788-4"><bdi>978-1-4831-8788-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04488-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04488-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Education&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gelpi%2C+Ettore&rft.au=Anweiler%2C+Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, John (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-4426?rskey=Q7d2v0&result=1"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280094-7&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800947-e-4426%3Frskey%3DQ7d2v0%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, A. (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvFrNwp604kC&pg=PA168">"The Study of the History of Education"</a>. In Gordon, Peter; Szreter, R. (eds.). <i>The History of Education: The Making of a Discipline</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22407-2"><bdi>978-1-136-22407-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195312881.003.0003">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531288-1"><bdi>978-0-19-531288-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227154851/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195312881-e-003">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5008-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-5008-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Sociology&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5008-1&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQx7ntmy6HAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2001" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Napoleon A. 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NSTA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87355-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87355-194-6"><bdi>978-0-87355-194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Make+the+Curriculum&rft.btitle=Science+Learning+for+All%3A+Celebrating+Cultural+Diversity&rft.pub=NSTA+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87355-194-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Napoleon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe_2b5K8inEC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Buckner, Elizabeth (2019). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Methods+in+Education&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-315-45652-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Manion%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mYPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins_staff" class="citation web cs1">Collins staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/private-education">"Private Education"</a>. <i>Collin's English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403144444/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/private-education">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collin%27s+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Private+Education&rft.au=Collins+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fprivate-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookTankersleyLandrum2013" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bryan G.; Tankersley, Melody; Landrum, Timothy J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVmVCwAAQBAJ"><i>Evidence-Based Practices</i></a>. Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78190-430-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78190-430-5"><bdi>978-1-78190-430-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence-Based+Practices&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78190-430-5&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bryan+G.&rft.au=Tankersley%2C+Melody&rft.au=Landrum%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVmVCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoombs1998" class="citation journal cs1">Coombs, Jerrold R. (1998). "Educational Ethics: Are We on the Right Track?". <i>Educational Theory</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 555–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.1998.00555.x">10.1111/j.1741-5446.1998.00555.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theory&rft.atitle=Educational+Ethics%3A+Are+We+on+the+Right+Track%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=555-569&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.1998.00555.x&rft.aulast=Coombs&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbridgeHarrissJeffrey2013" class="citation book cs1">Corbridge, Stuart; Harriss, John; Jeffrey, Craig (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJTC6lBm4QkC&pg=PA290"><i>India Today: Economy, Politics and Society</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7664-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-7664-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%3A+Economy%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-7664-7&rft.aulast=Corbridge&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Harriss%2C+John&rft.au=Jeffrey%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJTC6lBm4QkC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordasco1976" class="citation book cs1">Cordasco, Francesco (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuKr3jgXad0C"><i>A Brief History of Education: A Handbook of Information on Greek, Roman, Medieval, Renaissance, and Modern Educational Practice</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-0067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-0067-1"><bdi>978-0-8226-0067-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Education%3A+A+Handbook+of+Information+on+Greek%2C+Roman%2C+Medieval%2C+Renaissance%2C+and+Modern+Educational+Practice&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-0067-1&rft.aulast=Cordasco&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuKr3jgXad0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmanJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC"><i>Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0907-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-0907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+the+Medieval+World%2C+3-Volume+Set&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0907-7&rft.aulast=Cosman&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+Pelner&rft.au=Jones%2C+Linda+Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Jf5t1vFw1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraverPhilipsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Craver, Samuel M.; Philipsen, Maike Ingrid (30 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8qoAwAAQBAJ"><i>Foundations of Education: Problems and Possibilities in American Education</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1856-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1856-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-1856-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Education%3A+Problems+and+Possibilities+in+American+Education&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1856-1&rft.aulast=Craver&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rft.au=Philipsen%2C+Maike+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8qoAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1986" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Ronald L. (1986). "The Fulbright Teacher Exchange Program: A Few Caveats". <i>Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 81–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3530867">10.2307/3530867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3530867">3530867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Unterrichtspraxis+%2F+Teaching+German&rft.atitle=The+Fulbright+Teacher+Exchange+Program%3A+A+Few+Caveats&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-83&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3530867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3530867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyHeyer2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, David; Heyer, Paul (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cl6kCgAAQBAJ"><i>Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34939-6"><bdi>978-1-317-34939-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+in+History%3A+Technology%2C+Culture%2C+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34939-6&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Heyer%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcl6kCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurranRujasCastejón2022" class="citation journal cs1">Curran, Marta; Rujas, Javier; Castejón, Alba (2022). "The Silent Expansion of Internationalisation: Exploring the Adoption of the International Baccalaureate in Madrid". <i>Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education</i>. <b>53</b> (7): 1244–1262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057925.2021.2022456">10.1080/03057925.2021.2022456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245816054">245816054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compare%3A+A+Journal+of+Comparative+and+International+Education&rft.atitle=The+Silent+Expansion+of+Internationalisation%3A+Exploring+the+Adoption+of+the+International+Baccalaureate+in+Madrid&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1244-1262&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057925.2021.2022456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245816054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Rujas%2C+Javier&rft.au=Castej%C3%B3n%2C+Alba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurren1996" class="citation book cs1">Curren, Randall (1996). "Education, Philosophy of". In Craig, Edward (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BEAREO"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18710-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18710-7"><bdi>978-0-415-18710-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116111145/https://philpapers.org/rec/BEAREO">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Philosophy+of&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18710-7&rft.aulast=Curren&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBEAREO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2011" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Will (2011). "The Philosophy of Education". In Dufour, Barry; Will, Curtis (eds.). <i>Studying Education: An Introduction to the Key Disciplines in Education Studies</i>. Open University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24107-1"><bdi>978-0-335-24107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philosophy+of+Education&rft.btitle=Studying+Education%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Key+Disciplines+in+Education+Studies&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-335-24107-1&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2013" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZOBAAAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Media and Communication</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9553-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-9553-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Media+and+Communication&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9553-5&rft.aulast=Danesi&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZOBAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanişman2017" class="citation book cs1">Danişman, Şahin (2017). "17. The Effect of Parent Involvement on Student Achievement". In Karadağ, Engin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ifiDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Factors Effecting Student Achievement: Meta-Analysis of Empirical Studies</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-56083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-56083-0"><bdi>978-3-319-56083-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+The+Effect+of+Parent+Involvement+on+Student+Achievement&rft.btitle=The+Factors+Effecting+Student+Achievement%3A+Meta-Analysis+of+Empirical+Studies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-56083-0&rft.aulast=Dani%C5%9Fman&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eahin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ifiDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBarnett2015" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Martin; Barnett, Ronald (2015). "Introduction". <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Thinking in Higher Education</i>. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137378057_1">10.1057/9781137378057_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37805-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37805-7"><bdi>978-1-137-37805-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Critical+Thinking+in+Higher+Education&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137378057_1&rft.isbn=978-1-137-37805-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBE_Staff" class="citation web cs1">DBE Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education.gov.za/AboutUs/AboutDBE.aspx">"About DBE"</a>. <i>Department of Basic Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213182449/https://www.education.gov.za/AboutUs/AboutDBE.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23905-0"><bdi>978-1-350-23905-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Education+in+the+Renaissance&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.isbn=978-1-350-23905-0&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=Jeroen+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC32mEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVitisIrwin-DeVitis2010" class="citation book cs1">DeVitis, Joseph L.; Irwin-DeVitis, Linda (2010). "Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fp585V0f7ucC"><i>Adolescent Education: A Reader</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0504-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0504-3"><bdi>978-1-4331-0504-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Adolescent+Education%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0504-3&rft.aulast=DeVitis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft.au=Irwin-DeVitis%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfp585V0f7ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2004" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, John (2004). "6. Education as Conservative and Progressive". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/852/852-h/852-h.htm#link2HCH0006"><i>Democracy and Education</i></a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43399-8"><bdi>978-0-486-43399-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519055545/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/852/852-h/852-h.htm#link2HCH0006">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Education+as+Conservative+and+Progressive&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Education&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43399-8&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F852%2F852-h%2F852-h.htm%23link2HCH0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhiman2017" class="citation book cs1">Dhiman, Satinder (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thTjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Holistic Leadership: A New Paradigm for Today's Leaders</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55571-7"><bdi>978-1-137-55571-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holistic+Leadership%3A+A+New+Paradigm+for+Today%27s+Leaders&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-55571-7&rft.aulast=Dhiman&rft.aufirst=Satinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DthTjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolgopolov2016" class="citation book cs1">Dolgopolov, Yuri (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAKQCwAAQBAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Confusable Phrases: More Than 10,000 Idioms and Collocations</i></a>. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5995-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-5995-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Confusable+Phrases%3A+More+Than+10%2C000+Idioms+and+Collocations&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5995-7&rft.aulast=Dolgopolov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAKQCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoukakisNiariAlexopoulosSfyris2022" class="citation book cs1">Doukakis, Spyriodn; Niari, Maria; Alexopoulos, Evita; Sfyris, Panagiotis (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32lpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">"Online Learning, Students' Assessment and Educational Neuroscience"</a>. 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-96296-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-96296-8"><bdi>978-3-030-96296-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Online+Learning%2C+Students%27+Assessment+and+Educational+Neuroscience&rft.btitle=New+Realities%2C+Mobile+Systems+and+Applications%3A+Proceedings+of+the+14th+IMCL+Conference&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-96296-8&rft.aulast=Doukakis&rft.aufirst=Spyriodn&rft.au=Niari%2C+Maria&rft.au=Alexopoulos%2C+Evita&rft.au=Sfyris%2C+Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32lpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreeben2010" class="citation book cs1">Dreeben, Olga (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iogMlHuG0tsC"><i>Patient Education in Rehabilitation</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=El-Abbadi&rft.aufirst=Mostafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLibrary-of-Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElman2016" class="citation book cs1">Elman, Benjamin A. (18 August 2016). "Civil Service Examinations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190622671.001.0001/acref-9780190622671-e-116"><i>Berkshire Encyclopedia of China</i></a>. Berkshire Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9770159-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9770159-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9770159-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Service+Examinations&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Encyclopedia+of+China&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-9770159-4-8&rft.aulast=Elman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190622671.001.0001%2Facref-9780190622671-e-116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmaliana2017" class="citation journal cs1">Emaliana, Ive (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12962%2Fj24433527.v10i2.2161">"Teacher-Centered or Student-Centered Learning Approach To Promote Learning?"</a>. <i>Jurnal Sosial Humaniora</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12962%2Fj24433527.v10i2.2161">10.12962/j24433527.v10i2.2161</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148796695">148796695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Sosial+Humaniora&rft.atitle=Teacher-Centered+or+Student-Centered+Learning+Approach+To+Promote+Learning%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12962%2Fj24433527.v10i2.2161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148796695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Emaliana&rft.aufirst=Ive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12962%252Fj24433527.v10i2.2161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinGambs2001" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs; Gambs, Deborah (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA986">"Sex Segregation in Education;"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5"><bdi>978-0-12-227245-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex+Segregation+in+Education%3B&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Gender%3A+Sex+Similarities+and+Differences+and+the+Impact+of+Society+on+Gender&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227245-5&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Fuchs&rft.au=Gambs%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SXhBdqejgYC%26pg%3DPA986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshach2007" class="citation journal cs1">Eshach, Haim (2007). "Bridging In-School and Out-of-School Learning: Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Education". <i>Journal of Science Education and Technology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 171–190. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JSEdT..16..171E">2007JSEdT..16..171E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10956-006-9027-1">10.1007/s10956-006-9027-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1839">1573-1839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55089324">55089324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Science+Education+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Bridging+In-School+and+Out-of-School+Learning%3A+Formal%2C+Non-Formal%2C+and+Informal+Education&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-190&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10956-006-9027-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55089324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-1839&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JSEdT..16..171E&rft.aulast=Eshach&rft.aufirst=Haim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L., ed. 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Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 51–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-0139-5_4">10.1007/978-981-99-0139-5_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-0139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-0139-5"><bdi>978-981-99-0139-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221091350/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0139-5_4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044894-7"><bdi>978-0-08-044894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lifelong+Learning&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Education&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044894-7&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTH6Upca0kgC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueroaLimLee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Figueroa, Ligaya Leah; Lim, Samsung; Lee, Jihyun (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19475683.2016.1231717">"Investigating the Relationship Between School Facilities and Academic Achievements Through Geographically Weighted Regression"</a>. <i>Annals of GIS</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 273–285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AnGIS..22..273F">2016AnGIS..22..273F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19475683.2016.1231717">10.1080/19475683.2016.1231717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46709454">46709454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+GIS&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Relationship+Between+School+Facilities+and+Academic+Achievements+Through+Geographically+Weighted+Regression&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=273-285&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46709454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19475683.2016.1231717&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016AnGIS..22..273F&rft.aulast=Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Ligaya+Leah&rft.au=Lim%2C+Samsung&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jihyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F19475683.2016.1231717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogartyStoehr2008" class="citation book cs1">Fogarty, Robin J.; Stoehr, Judy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOr34YoN9OYC"><i>Integrating Curricula With Multiple Intelligences: Teams, Themes, and Threads</i></a>. Corwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5553-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-5553-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38677-9"><bdi>978-1-137-38677-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Global+Education+With+a+Local+Perspective%3A+An+Introduction+to+Glocal+Higher+Education&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38677-9&rft.aulast=Francois&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLyDDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankenaBurbulesRaybeck2003" class="citation book cs1">Frankena, William K.; Burbules, Nicholas C.; Raybeck, Nathan (2003). "Philosophy of Education". In Guthrie, James W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philosophy-education"><i>Encyclopedia of Education</i></a> (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865594-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030121201/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philosophy-education">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-14-080331-0&rft.aulast=Freire&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvs.ucsc.edu%2Finternships%2Finternship-readings%2Ffreire-pedagogy-of-the-oppressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriesen2017" class="citation book cs1">Friesen, Norm (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ks-DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Textbook and the Lecture: Education in the Age of New Media</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-2434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-2434-7"><bdi>978-1-4214-2434-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Textbook+and+the+Lecture%3A+Education+in+the+Age+of+New+Media&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-2434-7&rft.aulast=Friesen&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ks-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2022" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Cle-Anne (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PreYEAAAQBAJ"><i>Why Teach with Cases?: Reflections on Philosophy and Practice</i></a>. Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80382-399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80382-399-7"><bdi>978-1-80382-399-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Teach+with+Cases%3F%3A+Reflections+on+Philosophy+and+Practice&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-80382-399-7&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Cle-Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPreYEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallardGarden2011" class="citation book cs1">Gallard, Diahann; Garden, Angie (2011). "The Psychology of Education". In Dufour, Barry; Will, Curtis (eds.). <i>Studying Education: An Introduction to the Key Disciplines in Education Studies</i>. Open University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24107-1"><bdi>978-0-335-24107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Education&rft.btitle=Studying+Education%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Key+Disciplines+in+Education+Studies&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-335-24107-1&rft.aulast=Gallard&rft.aufirst=Diahann&rft.au=Garden%2C+Angie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaryCrime2017" class="citation book cs1">Gary, Roberts; Crime, United Nations Office on Drugs and (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dAlDwAAQBAJ"><i>Education Sector Responses to the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs</i></a>. UNESCO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100211-3"><bdi>978-92-3-100211-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+Sector+Responses+to+the+Use+of+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco+and+Drugs&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100211-3&rft.aulast=Gary&rft.aufirst=Roberts&rft.au=Crime%2C+United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dAlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGe_(Rochelle)_(葛贇)2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ge (Rochelle) (葛贇), Yun (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13803611.2022.2041850">"Internationalisation of Higher Education: New Players in a Changing Scene"</a>. <i>Educational Research and Evaluation</i>. <b>27</b> (3–4): 229–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13803611.2022.2041850">10.1080/13803611.2022.2041850</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248370676">248370676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Research+and+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Internationalisation+of+Higher+Education%3A+New+Players+in+a+Changing+Scene&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=229-238&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13803611.2022.2041850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248370676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ge+%28Rochelle%29+%28%E8%91%9B%E8%B4%87%29&rft.aufirst=Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13803611.2022.2041850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliot2018" class="citation book cs1">Gilliot, Claude (12 January 2018). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66813-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66813-2"><bdi>978-1-351-66813-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libraries&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Islamic+Civilization+%282006%29%3A+An+Encyclopedia+-+Volume+II&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-351-66813-2&rft.aulast=Gilliot&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-pGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingellWinch2002" class="citation book cs1">Gingell, John; Winch, Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3KFAgAAQBAJ"><i>Philosophy of Education: The Key Concepts</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69031-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69031-2"><bdi>978-1-134-69031-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Education%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-69031-2&rft.aulast=Gingell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Winch%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3KFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaeserPonzettoShleifer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Glaeser, Edward L.; Ponzetto, Giacomo A. 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-15011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-15011-1"><bdi>978-3-031-15011-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L2+Writing+Assessment%3A+An+Evolutionary+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft.isbn=978-3-031-15011-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJegEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrendler2005" class="citation book cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (2005). "Education: Europe". In Horowitz, Maryanne Cline (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/education-europe"><i>New Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i></a>. Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31377-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31377-1"><bdi>978-0-684-31377-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209183409/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/education-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865973-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865973-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501103418/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/multiple-intelligences-theory">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064457-4"><bdi>978-0-19-064457-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Vs.+Private%3A+The+Early+History+of+School+Choice+in+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064457-4&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuflADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaack1981" class="citation journal cs1">Haack, Robin (1981). 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HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512120349/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=education">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Education&rft.date=2023&rft.au=HarperCollins+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Deducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperCollins_staff2023a" class="citation web cs1">HarperCollins staff (2023a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=special+education&submit.x=58&submit.y=14">"Special Education"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary</i>. HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506080135/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=special+education&submit.x=58&submit.y=14">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Special+Education&rft.date=2023&rft.au=HarperCollins+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dspecial%2Beducation%26submit.x%3D58%26submit.y%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1881" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, William T. (1881). "The Church, the State, and the School". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>133</b> (298): 215–227. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2397">0029-2397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25100991">25100991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Church%2C+the+State%2C+and+the+School&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=298&rft.pages=215-227&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25100991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0029-2397&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hart, Caroline Sarojini (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1478210318809758">"Education, Inequality and Social Justice: A Critical Analysis Applying the Sen-Bourdieu Analytical Framework"</a>. <i>Policy Futures in Education</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 582–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1478210318809758">10.1177/1478210318809758</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149540574">149540574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Futures+in+Education&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Inequality+and+Social+Justice%3A+A+Critical+Analysis+Applying+the+Sen-Bourdieu+Analytical+Framework&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=582-598&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1478210318809758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149540574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Sarojini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1478210318809758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartnett2016" class="citation book cs1">Hartnett, Maggie (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_K9CwAAQBAJ"><i>Motivation in Online Education</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-0700-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-0700-2"><bdi>978-981-10-0700-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motivation+in+Online+Education&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media+Singapore&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.isbn=978-981-10-0700-2&rft.aulast=Hartnett&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_K9CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2023" class="citation book cs1">Hebert, David G. 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"Motivation and Motivation Theory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory"><i>Encyclopedia of Management</i></a>. Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6556-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6556-2"><bdi>978-0-7876-6556-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429193353/https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35767-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35767-3"><bdi>978-1-134-35767-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Global+Dimension+in+the+Curriculum&rft.btitle=Education+Studies%3A+A+Student%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-35767-3&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTIdhx-3YPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2004a" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, David (2004a). "Education and Environment". 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33653-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33653-4"><bdi>978-0-226-33653-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Public+Education%3A+How+Contracting+Can+Transform+America%27s+Schools&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-33653-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Lawrence+C.&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_f6sNcXeW0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad1993" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T. F. 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In Green, Bill (ed.). <i>The Insistence of the Letter</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-84402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-84402-7"><bdi>978-0-429-84402-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Human+Resource+Development%3A+Understanding+the+Unexplored+Philosophies%2C+Theories%2C+and+Methodologies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-52698-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Claretha&rft.au=Gosney%2C+Matthew+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzR6CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2021" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Conrad (26 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1olEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56"><i>Education and Elitism: Challenges and Opportunities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37731-6"><bdi>978-1-000-37731-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Elitism%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-000-37731-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1olEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Pat (2009). "Breaking Barriers to Learning". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breaking+Barriers+to+Learning&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Education+Studies%3A+The+Student+Guide+to+Themes+and+Contexts&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9920-2&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsclGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_the_Futures_of_Education2022" class="citation book cs1">International Commission on the Futures of Education (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMNdEAAAQBAJ"><i>Reimagining Our Futures Together: A New Social Contract for Education</i></a>. UN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-001210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-001210-2"><bdi>978-92-1-001210-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reimagining+Our+Futures+Together%3A+A+New+Social+Contract+for+Education&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-92-1-001210-2&rft.au=International+Commission+on+the+Futures+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMNdEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIseke2013" class="citation journal cs1">Iseke, Judy (2013). "Indigenous Storytelling as Research". <i>International Review of Qualitative Research</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 559–577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Firqr.2013.6.4.559">10.1525/irqr.2013.6.4.559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-8447">1940-8447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/irqr.2013.6.4.559">10.1525/irqr.2013.6.4.559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144222653">144222653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Qualitative+Research&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Storytelling+as+Research&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=559-577&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1940-8447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144222653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Firqr.2013.6.4.559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Firqr.2013.6.4.559&rft.aulast=Iseke&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsikTahirMeeterHeymans2018" class="citation journal cs1">Isik, Ulviye; Tahir, Omaima El; Meeter, Martijn; Heymans, Martijn W.; Jansma, Elise P.; Croiset, Gerda; Kusurkar, Rashmi A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244018785412">"Factors Influencing Academic Motivation of Ethnic Minority Students: A Review"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>8</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244018785412">10.1177/2158244018785412</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149809331">149809331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Factors+Influencing+Academic+Motivation+of+Ethnic+Minority+Students%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244018785412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149809331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Isik&rft.aufirst=Ulviye&rft.au=Tahir%2C+Omaima+El&rft.au=Meeter%2C+Martijn&rft.au=Heymans%2C+Martijn+W.&rft.au=Jansma%2C+Elise+P.&rft.au=Croiset%2C+Gerda&rft.au=Kusurkar%2C+Rashmi+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244018785412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Philip W. (2011). "6. In Pursuit of Perfection". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4xx_uHSVgEC"><i>What Is Education?</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-38939-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-38939-4"><bdi>978-0-226-38939-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+In+Pursuit+of+Perfection&rft.btitle=What+Is+Education%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-38939-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4xx_uHSVgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobChengPorter2015" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, W. James; Cheng, Sheng Yao; Porter, Maureen K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvtNBgAAQBAJ"><i>Indigenous Education: Language, Culture and Identity</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9355-1"><bdi>978-94-017-9355-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Education%3A+Language%2C+Culture+and+Identity&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9355-1&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=W.+James&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Sheng+Yao&rft.au=Porter%2C+Maureen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvtNBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2012" class="citation book cs1">Jarvis, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqGaMNgraXIC"><i>An International Dictionary of Adult and Continuing Education</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Dictionary+of+Adult+and+Continuing+Education&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97506-8&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlqGaMNgraXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnesPortelaThanassoulis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Johnes, Jill; Portela, Maria; Thanassoulis, Emmanuel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41274-016-0109-z">"Efficiency in Education"</a>. <i>Journal of the Operational Research Society</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 331–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41274-016-0109-z">10.1057/s41274-016-0109-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14220634">14220634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Operational+Research+Society&rft.atitle=Efficiency+in+Education&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-338&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41274-016-0109-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14220634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Johnes&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Portela%2C+Maria&rft.au=Thanassoulis%2C+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41274-016-0109-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Mark S.; Stearns, Peter N. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnN4EAAAQBAJ"><i>Education in World History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81337-8"><bdi>978-1-317-81337-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+World+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81337-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Peter+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlnN4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Thomas H. (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2lNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Taliban Narratives: The Use and Power of Stories in the Afghanistan Conflict</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091135-5"><bdi>978-0-19-091135-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban+Narratives%3A+The+Use+and+Power+of+Stories+in+the+Afghanistan+Conflict&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-091135-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2lNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W. J. (1 January 2009). 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-352-00596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-352-00596-7"><bdi>978-1-352-00596-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+in+History%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Meanings+and+Transformations+of+Communication+over+Time&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-352-00596-7&rft.aulast=Kortti&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOh5HEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotzee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kotzee, Ben (2011). 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33564-5"><bdi>978-0-415-33564-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Teacher%3A+Dominant+Discourses+in+Teaching+and+Teacher+Education&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33564-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQAVvZMKspsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganTrofimovaKliucharev2018" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, W. John; Trofimova, Irina N.; Kliucharev, Grigori A. 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McGraw-Hill Education (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-23763-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-23763-0"><bdi>978-0-335-23763-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+Studies&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-335-23763-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Mufti%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Kassem%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-tEBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2003" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Patricia (2003). "1. Defining Pedagogy". In Gipps, Caroline V. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjqQAgAAQBAJ"><i>Equity in the Classroom: Towards Effective Pedagogy for Girls and Boys</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-71682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-71682-0"><bdi>978-1-135-71682-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Defining+Pedagogy&rft.btitle=Equity+in+the+Classroom%3A+Towards+Effective+Pedagogy+for+Girls+and+Boys&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-71682-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjqQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusterd2023" class="citation book cs1">Musterd, Sako (11 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7t7oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>Advanced Introduction to Urban Segregation</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80392-408-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80392-408-3"><bdi>978-1-80392-408-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Introduction+to+Urban+Segregation&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-80392-408-3&rft.aulast=Musterd&rft.aufirst=Sako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7t7oEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Education_League1875" class="citation journal cs1">National Education League (1875). 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Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34143-4"><bdi>978-0-313-34143-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Childhood+Education%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34143-4&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Staples&rft.au=Cochran%2C+Moncrieff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYdtn8OhQWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, David M. 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Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8429-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-8429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Education&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8429-0&rft.aulast=Noddings&rft.aufirst=Nel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyofeduc00nodd%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwuzor2017" class="citation book cs1">Nwuzor, Chizoba Vivian (25 October 2017). "Education in Africa". In Akanle, Olayinka; Adésìnà, Jìmí Olálékan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaI7DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Development of Africa: Issues, Diagnoses and Prognoses</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-66242-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-66242-8"><bdi>978-3-319-66242-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education+in+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Africa%3A+Issues%2C+Diagnoses+and+Prognoses&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-66242-8&rft.aulast=Nwuzor&rft.aufirst=Chizoba+Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaI7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienFlynn2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Maeve; Flynn, Marie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puvbzwaRBnQC&pg=PA73">"Emotions, Inequalities and Care in Education"</a>. In Downes, Paul; Gilligan, Ann Louise (eds.). <i>Beyond Educational Disadvantage</i>. Institute of Public Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904541-57-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904541-57-8"><bdi>978-1-904541-57-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emotions%2C+Inequalities+and+Care+in+Education&rft.btitle=Beyond+Educational+Disadvantage&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904541-57-8&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpuvbzwaRBnQC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2013a" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmra8e5e1h0C&pg=PA225"><i>Education at a Glance 2013 OECD Indicators: OECD Indicators</i></a>. OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-20105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-20105-7"><bdi>978-92-64-20105-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+at+a+Glance+2013+OECD+Indicators%3A+OECD+Indicators&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-92-64-20105-7&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmra8e5e1h0C%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2015" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRt-BwAAQBAJ"><i>ISCED 2011 Operational Manual Guidelines for Classifying National Education Programmes and Related Qualifications: Guidelines for Classifying National Education Programmes and Related Qualifications</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISCED+2011+Operational+Manual+Guidelines+for+Classifying+National+Education+Programmes+and+Related+Qualifications%3A+Guidelines+for+Classifying+National+Education+Programmes+and+Related+Qualifications&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-64-22836-8&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRt-BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2007" class="citation book cs1">OECD (29 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0cXVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>OECD Economic Surveys: United States 2007</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+United+States+2007&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.isbn=978-92-64-03277-4&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0cXVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2018" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxBuDwAAQBAJ"><i>OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 Concepts, Standards, Definitions and Classifications: Concepts, Standards, Definitions and Classifications</i></a>. OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-30444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-30444-4"><bdi>978-92-64-30444-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educational+Research+and+Innovation+Innovative+Learning+Environments&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-92-64-20348-8&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmfb8AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveiraBittencourt2019" class="citation book cs1">Oliveira, Wilk; Bittencourt, Ig Ibert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuK3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Tailored Gamification to Educational Technologies</i></a>. Springer Nature Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-812-5"><bdi>978-981-329-812-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tailored+Gamification+to+Educational+Technologies&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-329-812-5&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Wilk&rft.au=Bittencourt%2C+Ig+Ibert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuK3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnsteinLevineGutekVocke2016" class="citation book cs1">Ornstein, Allan C.; Levine, Daniel U.; Gutek, Gerry; Vocke, David E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nIcCgAAQBAJ"><i>Foundations of Education</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-85489-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-85489-5"><bdi>978-1-305-85489-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Education&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-85489-5&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=Allan+C.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Daniel+U.&rft.au=Gutek%2C+Gerry&rft.au=Vocke%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nIcCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOUP_staff" class="citation web cs1">OUP staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/public-education">"Public Education"</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125192623/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/public-education">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Public+Education&rft.au=OUP+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fpublic-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadatou-PastouGritzaliBarrable2018" class="citation journal cs1">Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta; Gritzali, Maria; Barrable, Alexia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeduc.2018.00105">"The Learning Styles Educational Neuromyth: Lack of Agreement Between Teachers' Judgments, Self-Assessment, and Students' Intelligence"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Education</i>. <b>3</b>. Frontiers Media SA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeduc.2018.00105">10.3389/feduc.2018.00105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2504-284X">2504-284X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Education&rft.atitle=The+Learning+Styles+Educational+Neuromyth%3A+Lack+of+Agreement+Between+Teachers%27+Judgments%2C+Self-Assessment%2C+and+Students%27+Intelligence&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffeduc.2018.00105&rft.issn=2504-284X&rft.aulast=Papadatou-Pastou&rft.aufirst=Marietta&rft.au=Gritzali%2C+Maria&rft.au=Barrable%2C+Alexia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffeduc.2018.00105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaechter2001" class="citation book cs1">Paechter, Carrie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIuOYpTQtTUC"><i>Learning, Space and Identity</i></a>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6939-6"><bdi>978-0-7619-6939-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning%2C+Space+and+Identity&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6939-6&rft.aulast=Paechter&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIuOYpTQtTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagePage2010" class="citation book cs1">Page, Randy; Page, Tana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UEuTrErvuAC"><i>Promoting Health and Emotional Well-Being in Your Classroom</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7612-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7612-1"><bdi>978-0-7637-7612-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Promoting+Health+and+Emotional+Well-Being+in+Your+Classroom&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-7612-1&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Page%2C+Tana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UEuTrErvuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashlerMcDanielRohrerBjork2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pashler, Harold; McDaniel, Mark; Rohrer, Doug; Bjork, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1539-6053.2009.01038.x">"Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence"</a>. <i>Psychological Science in the Public Interest</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 105–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1539-6053.2009.01038.x">10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1006">1529-1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26162104">26162104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2112166">2112166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Learning+Styles%3A+Concepts+and+Evidence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=105-119&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1529-1006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2112166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26162104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1539-6053.2009.01038.x&rft.aulast=Pashler&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Mark&rft.au=Rohrer%2C+Doug&rft.au=Bjork%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1539-6053.2009.01038.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatzuk-Russell2021" class="citation book cs1">Patzuk-Russell, Ryder (8 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501514180/html"><i>The Development of Education in Medieval Iceland</i></a>. Medieval Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501514180">10.1515/9781501514180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-1418-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-1418-0"><bdi>978-1-5015-1418-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241898425">241898425</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214134413/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501514180/html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Education+in+Medieval+Iceland&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241898425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501514180&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-1418-0&rft.aulast=Patzuk-Russell&rft.aufirst=Ryder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501514180%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazmiño2002" class="citation book cs1">Pazmiño, Robert W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVn7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Principles and Practices of Christian Education: An Evangelical Perspective</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-0227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-0227-6"><bdi>978-1-7252-0227-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practices+of+Christian+Education%3A+An+Evangelical+Perspective&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-0227-6&rft.aulast=Pazmi%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVn7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel2023" class="citation web cs1">Peel, Edwin A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/pedagogy">"Pedagogy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729010305/https://www.britannica.com/science/pedagogy">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pedagogy&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=Edwin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fpedagogy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2009" class="citation book cs1">Peters, R. S. (2009) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203861073-1/educational-process-peters">"What Is an Educational Process?"</a>. In Peters, R.S (ed.). <i>The Concept of Education</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203861073">10.4324/9780203861073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86107-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86107-3"><bdi>978-0-203-86107-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512120405/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203861073-1/educational-process-peters">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+an+Educational+Process%3F&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Education&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203861073&rft.isbn=978-0-203-86107-3&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203861073-1%2Feducational-process-peters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2015" class="citation book cs1">Peters, R. S. (2015). "1. Criteria of Education". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfRWCgAAQBAJ"><i>Ethics and Education (Routledge Revivals)</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49478-2"><bdi>978-1-317-49478-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Criteria+of+Education&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+Education+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49478-2&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfRWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersWoodsDray1973" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Richard S.; Woods, John; Dray, William H. (1973). "Aims of Education: A Conceptual Inquiry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/PETAOE"><i>The Philosophy of Education</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875023-9"><bdi>978-0-19-875023-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512120355/https://philpapers.org/rec/PETAOE">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aims+of+Education%3A+A+Conceptual+Inquiry&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Education&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875023-9&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft.au=Woods%2C+John&rft.au=Dray%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FPETAOE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizmony-Levy2017" class="citation book cs1">Pizmony-Levy, Oren (4 May 2017). "Big Comparisons, Little Knowledge: Public Engagement With PISA in the United States and Israel". 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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6448-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6448-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examining+Education+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6448-3&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgErEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuteHansenUnderwoodRazzouk2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shute, Valerie J.; Hansen, Eric G.; Underwood, Jody S.; Razzouk, Rim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F915326">"A Review of the Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Secondary School Students' Academic Achievement"</a>. <i>Education Research International</i>. <b>2011</b>: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F915326">10.1155/2011/915326</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Research+International&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Relationship+Between+Parental+Involvement+and+Secondary+School+Students%27+Academic+Achievement&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2011%2F915326&rft.aulast=Shute&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Eric+G.&rft.au=Underwood%2C+Jody+S.&rft.au=Razzouk%2C+Rim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2011%252F915326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelPhillipsCallan2018" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Harvey; Phillips, D.C.; Callan, Eamonn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/education-philosophy/">"Philosophy of Education"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328075115/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/education-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Phillips%2C+D.C.&rft.au=Callan%2C+Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Feducation-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2023" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Harvey (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-education">"Philosophy of Education"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024617/https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-education">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Education&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fphilosophy-of-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2010" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Harvey (2010). "Introduction: Philosophy of Education and Philosophy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195312881-e-001"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Education</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195312881.003.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531288-1"><bdi>978-0-19-531288-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319214557/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195312881-e-001">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Philosophy+of+Education+and+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Philosophy+of+Education&rft.pages=3-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195312881.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531288-1&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195312881.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780195312881-e-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Singh, M. (2015). "Introduction". <i>Global Perspectives on Recognising Non-formal and Informal Learning: Why Recognition Matters</i>. Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects. Vol. 21. Springer-UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-15278-3">10.1007/978-3-319-15278-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15277-6"><bdi>978-3-319-15277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Global+Perspectives+on+Recognising+Non-formal+and+Informal+Learning%3A+Why+Recognition+Matters&rft.series=Technical+and+Vocational+Education+and+Training%3A+Issues%2C+Concerns+and+Prospects&rft.pub=Springer-UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-15278-3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-15277-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkowron2015" class="citation book cs1">Skowron, Janice (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWCDwAAQBAJ"><i>Powerful Lesson Planning: Every Teacher's Guide to Effective Instruction</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-0121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-0121-2"><bdi>978-1-5107-0121-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powerful+Lesson+Planning%3A+Every+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+Effective+Instruction&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-0121-2&rft.aulast=Skowron&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTWCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliwka2008" class="citation book cs1">Sliwka, Anne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjPERMPmyvAC&pg=PA93">"The Contribution of Alternative Education"</a>. <i>Innovating to Learn, Learning to Innovate</i>. OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-04798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-04798-3"><bdi>978-92-64-04798-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Alternative+Education&rft.btitle=Innovating+to+Learn%2C+Learning+to+Innovate&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04798-3&rft.aulast=Sliwka&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjPERMPmyvAC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluga2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sluga, Hans (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/SLUFR">"Family Resemblance"</a>. <i>Grazer Philosophische Studien</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18756735-071001003">10.1163/18756735-071001003</a> (inactive 11 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90166164">90166164</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320211329/https://philpapers.org/rec/SLUFR">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grazer+Philosophische+Studien&rft.atitle=Family+Resemblance&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18756735-071001003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90166164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sluga&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSLUFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMeier2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Kevin B.; Meier, Kenneth J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIkYDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Case Against School Choice: Politics, Markets and Fools</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-28655-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-28655-6"><bdi>978-1-315-28655-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+School+Choice%3A+Politics%2C+Markets+and+Fools&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-28655-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin+B.&rft.au=Meier%2C+Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIkYDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithRagan2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Patricia L.; Ragan, Tillman J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cAkAAAAQBAJ"><i>Instructional Design</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-39353-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-39353-5"><bdi>978-0-471-39353-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instructional+Design&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-39353-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Patricia+L.&rft.au=Ragan%2C+Tillman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cAkAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Sharon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00071005.2020.1785788?journalCode=rbje20">"Forms of Education: Rethinking Educational Experience Against and Outside the Humanist Legacy"</a>. <i>British Journal of Educational Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (6): 781–783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00071005.2020.1785788">10.1080/00071005.2020.1785788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1005">0007-1005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225403522">225403522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730081139/https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00071005.2020.1785788?journalCode=rbje20">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=Forms+of+Education%3A+Rethinking+Educational+Experience+Against+and+Outside+the+Humanist+Legacy&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=781-783&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225403522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-1005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00071005.2020.1785788&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcogentoa.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00071005.2020.1785788%3FjournalCode%3Drbje20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring2018" class="citation book cs1">Spring, Joel (3 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBqDwAAQBAJ"><i>Global Impacts of the Western School Model: Corporatization, Alienation, Consumerism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-00272-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-00272-1"><bdi>978-1-351-00272-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Impacts+of+the+Western+School+Model%3A+Corporatization%2C+Alienation%2C+Consumerism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-351-00272-1&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRBqDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaats" class="citation web cs1">Staats, Beth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506134302/https://www.minitex.umn.edu/news/2021-04/what-media-literacy-and-why-it-important">"What Is Media Literacy and Why Is It Important? Minitex"</a>. <i>Minitex</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minitex.umn.edu/news/2021-04/what-media-literacy-and-why-it-important">the original</a> on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minitex&rft.atitle=What+Is+Media+Literacy+and+Why+Is+It+Important%3F+Minitex&rft.aulast=Staats&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minitex.umn.edu%2Fnews%2F2021-04%2Fwhat-media-literacy-and-why-it-important&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2022" class="citation web cs1">Sternberg, Robert J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/human-intelligence-psychology">"Human Intelligence"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425073411/https://www.britannica.com/science/human-intelligence-psychology">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45711-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45711-1"><bdi>978-1-136-45711-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociology+of+Special+Education+%28RLE+Edu+M%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45711-1&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9IJB4NWhP8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorabian2022" class="citation book cs1">Torabian, Juliette E. 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Education Amplifies Differences in Liberalization Values and Innovation Between Developed and Developing Countries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>13</b> (6): e0199560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1399560V">2018PLoSO..1399560V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0199560">10.1371/journal.pone.0199560</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6013109">6013109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29928058">29928058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Can+Education+Change+the+World%3F+Education+Amplifies+Differences+in+Liberalization+Values+and+Innovation+Between+Developed+and+Developing+Countries&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0199560&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6013109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29928058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0199560&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1399560V&rft.aulast=Van+Hiel&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Van+Assche%2C+Jasper&rft.au=De+Cremer%2C+David&rft.au=Onraet%2C+Emma&rft.au=Bostyn%2C+Dries&rft.au=Haesevoets%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Roets%2C+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6013109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbreeMaasHornstraWijngaards-de_Meij2021" class="citation journal cs1">Verbree, Anne-Roos; Maas, Lientje; Hornstra, Lisette; Wijngaards-de Meij, Leoniek (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lindif.2021.102081">"Personality Predicts Academic Achievement in Higher Education: Differences by Academic Field of Study?"</a>. <i>Learning and Individual Differences</i>. <b>92</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lindif.2021.102081">10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102081</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239399549">239399549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Learning+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Personality+Predicts+Academic+Achievement+in+Higher+Education%3A+Differences+by+Academic+Field+of+Study%3F&rft.volume=92&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lindif.2021.102081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239399549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Verbree&rft.aufirst=Anne-Roos&rft.au=Maas%2C+Lientje&rft.au=Hornstra%2C+Lisette&rft.au=Wijngaards-de+Meij%2C+Leoniek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.lindif.2021.102081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVico1999" class="citation book cs1">Vico, Giambattista (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxiJufNjEmwC"><i>New Science</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190769-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190769-7"><bdi>978-0-14-190769-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Science&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190769-7&rft.aulast=Vico&rft.aufirst=Giambattista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxiJufNjEmwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerDeindlSchmölzer2023" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Michael; Deindl, Philipp; Schmölzer, Georg (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzCxEAAAQBAJ"><i>Future Medical Education in Pediatrics and Neonatology</i></a>. Frontiers Media SA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8325-1317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8325-1317-0"><bdi>978-2-8325-1317-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Medical+Education+in+Pediatrics+and+Neonatology&rft.pub=Frontiers+Media+SA&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-2-8325-1317-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Deindl%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Schm%C3%B6lzer%2C+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzCxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaks2019" class="citation book cs1">Waks, Leonard J. (2019). "Massive Open Online Courses and the Future of Higher Education". <i>Contemporary Technologies in Education</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 183–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89680-9_10">10.1007/978-3-319-89680-9_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89679-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89679-3"><bdi>978-3-319-89679-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169763293">169763293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Massive+Open+Online+Courses+and+the+Future+of+Higher+Education&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Technologies+in+Education&rft.pages=183-213&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169763293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-89680-9_10&rft.isbn=978-3-319-89679-3&rft.aulast=Waks&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2011" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Richard (2011). 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"Educational Institutions". In Kedar, Benjamin Z.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv9tCAAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge World History: Volume 5, Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conflict, 500CE–1500CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29775-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29775-9"><bdi>978-1-316-29775-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Educational+Institutions&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+Volume+5%2C+Expanding+Webs+of+Exchange+and+Conflict%2C+500CE%E2%80%931500CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29775-9&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJv9tCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Stephen (2004). "Introduction". In Ward, Stephen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTIdhx-3YPcC"><i>Education Studies: A Student's Guide</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35767-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35767-3"><bdi>978-1-134-35767-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Education+Studies%3A+A+Student%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-35767-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTIdhx-3YPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2009" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Sue (2009). "Introduction to Education as a Field of Study". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Education+as+a+Field+of+Study&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Education+Studies%3A+The+Student+Guide+to+Themes+and+Contexts&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9920-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsclGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenWaltham2009" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Sue; Waltham, Susan (2009). "Ethics for Educators". In Warren, Sue (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsclGQAACAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Education Studies: The Student Guide to Themes and Contexts</i></a>. 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Sage. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781446219454">10.4135/9781446219454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85396-453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85396-453-4"><bdi>978-1-85396-453-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712120304/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/understanding-pedagogy-and-its-impact-on-learning/n1.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4937-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4937-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-4937-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christly+Gestures%3A+Learning+to+be+Members+of+the+Body+of+Christ&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4937-3&rft.aulast=Webb-Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeNXdeqyZ-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2000" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Bernard (2000). "Motivation: An Overview". In Kazdin, Alan E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4600100"><i>Encyclopedia of Psychology Volume 5</i></a>. American Psychological Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-187-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-187-5"><bdi>978-1-55798-187-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513123009/https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4600100">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motivation%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+Volume+5&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55798-187-5&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fbooks%2F4600100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMehlingerPowersBaldwin2003a" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Susan M.; Mehlinger, Howard D.; Powers, Susan M.; Baldwin, Roger G. (2003a). "Technology in Education". In Guthrie, James W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/education-terms-and-concepts/educational-technology"><i>Encyclopedia of Education</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865594-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501034921/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/education-terms-and-concepts/educational-technology">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technology+in+Education&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Education&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865594-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Mehlinger%2C+Howard+D.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Roger+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Feducation%2Feducation-terms-and-concepts%2Feducational-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillinghamHughesDobolyi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Willingham, Daniel T.; Hughes, Elizabeth M.; Dobolyi, David G. (2015). "The Scientific Status of Learning Styles Theories". <i>Teaching of Psychology</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 266–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0098628315589505">10.1177/0098628315589505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146126992">146126992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teaching+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Scientific+Status+of+Learning+Styles+Theories&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-271&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0098628315589505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146126992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Willingham&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Dobolyi%2C+David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, John (2003). "The Concept of Education Revisited". <i>Journal of Philosophy of Education</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 101–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9752.3701007">10.1111/1467-9752.3701007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-8249">0309-8249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philosophy+of+Education&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Education+Revisited&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-108&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9752.3701007&rft.issn=0309-8249&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters2012" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Marcus A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwxT1OKJ6zMC"><i>Teachers Matter: Rethinking How Public Schools Identify, Reward, and Retain Great Educators</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1077-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-1077-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachers+Matter%3A+Rethinking+How+Public+Schools+Identify%2C+Reward%2C+and+Retain+Great+Educators&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1077-6&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Marcus+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwxT1OKJ6zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuWu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Duoduo; Wu, Xiaogang (20 October 2022). "Separate and unequal: hukou , school segregation, and educational inequality in urban China". <i>Chinese Sociological Review</i>. <b>54</b> (5): 433–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21620555.2021.2019007">10.1080/21620555.2021.2019007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254045383">254045383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Separate+and+unequal%3A+hukou+%2C+school+segregation%2C+and+educational+inequality+in+urban+China&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=433-457&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21620555.2021.2019007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254045383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Duoduo&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaogang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamada2016" class="citation book cs1">Yamada, Shoko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeChDAAAQBAJ"><i>Post-Education-for-All and Sustainable Development Paradigm: Structural Changes With Diversifying Actors and Norms</i></a>. Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78441-270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78441-270-8"><bdi>978-1-78441-270-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Education-for-All+and+Sustainable+Development+Paradigm%3A+Structural+Changes+With+Diversifying+Actors+and+Norms&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78441-270-8&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Shoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHeChDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeravdekarTiwari2016" class="citation book cs1">Yeravdekar, Vidya Rajiv; Tiwari, Gauri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZitwDQAAQBAJ"><i>Internationalization of Higher Education in India</i></a>. Sage India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86042-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86042-13-2"><bdi>978-93-86042-13-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internationalization+of+Higher+Education+in+India&rft.pub=Sage+India&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-86042-13-2&rft.aulast=Yeravdekar&rft.aufirst=Vidya+Rajiv&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+Gauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZitwDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2019" class="citation book cs1">Young, Spencer E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"Education in Medieval Europe"</a>. In Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934003-3"><bdi>978-0-19-934003-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Education&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934003-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Spencer+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc-aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawacki-RichterConradBozkurtAydin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zawacki-Richter, Olaf; Conrad, Dianne; Bozkurt, Aras; Aydin, Cengiz Hakan; Bedenlier, Svenja; Jung, Insung; Stöter, Joachim; Veletsianos, George; Blaschke, Lisa Marie; Bond, Melissa; Broens, Andrea; Bruhn, Elisa; Dolch, Carina; Kalz, Marco; Kerres, Michael; Kondakci, Yasar; Marin, Victoria; Mayrberger, Kerstin; Müskens, Wolfgang; Naidu, Som; Qayyum, Adnan; Roberts, Jennifer; Sangrà, Albert; Loglo, Frank Senyo; Slagter van Tryon, Patricia J.; Xiao, Junhong (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v21i3.4659">"Elements of Open Education: An Invitation to Future Research"</a>. <i>The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning</i>. <b>21</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v21i3.4659">10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.4659</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226018305">226018305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Review+of+Research+in+Open+and+Distributed+Learning&rft.atitle=Elements+of+Open+Education%3A+An+Invitation+to+Future+Research&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19173%2Firrodl.v21i3.4659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226018305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zawacki-Richter&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Bozkurt%2C+Aras&rft.au=Aydin%2C+Cengiz+Hakan&rft.au=Bedenlier%2C+Svenja&rft.au=Jung%2C+Insung&rft.au=St%C3%B6ter%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Veletsianos%2C+George&rft.au=Blaschke%2C+Lisa+Marie&rft.au=Bond%2C+Melissa&rft.au=Broens%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Bruhn%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Dolch%2C+Carina&rft.au=Kalz%2C+Marco&rft.au=Kerres%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kondakci%2C+Yasar&rft.au=Marin%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Mayrberger%2C+Kerstin&rft.au=M%C3%BCskens%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Naidu%2C+Som&rft.au=Qayyum%2C+Adnan&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Sangr%C3%A0%2C+Albert&rft.au=Loglo%2C+Frank+Senyo&rft.au=Slagter+van+Tryon%2C+Patricia+J.&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Junhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.19173%252Firrodl.v21i3.4659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Education</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Education">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/education/">Education – OECD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/education">Education – UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education">Education – World Bank</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/19px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/29px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/38px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Education</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Education">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Education" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Education">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="q:Education">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Education" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Education">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Education">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Education" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Education">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434" class="extiw" title="d:Q8434">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education" title="Template:Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education" title="Template talk:Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloom%27s_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Education" class="extiw" title="n:Portal:Education">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br /> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br /> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niue" title="Education in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Education" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Education">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking children seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and<br />social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Apart_from_Their_Children" title="Mothers Apart from Their Children">Mothers Apart from Their Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_Sciences" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Portal:Social Sciences">Wikiversity</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Education"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/902499/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ausbildung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4112628-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="education"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040989">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="教育"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567137">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vzdělávání"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127311&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="výchova a vzdělávání"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127419&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="educación"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527117">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Izglītība"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000053719&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Education"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531349705171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013911">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640533">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education&oldid=1256831907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education&oldid=1256831907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBearman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeatty2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaulieu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeiter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhalotraHarttgenKlasen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiesta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiletzkiMatar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaug2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonvillianSarma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowenGelpiAnweiler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrighouse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownWilliams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBukoye2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullardHitz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurmanCooperLingStephenson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurroughsGardnerLeeGuo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButlerMarshSheppard1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBécaresPriest2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChimombo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChouZou2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCizek1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaireMarianDeborahLouise2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClose2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobbGlass2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenManionMorrison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins_staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookTankersleyLandrum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoombs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbridgeHarrissJeffrey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordasco1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosmanJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraverPhilipsen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowleyHeyer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurranRujasCastejón2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurren1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDBE_Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanesi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanişman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesBarnett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVitisIrwin-DeVitis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDekker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhiman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolgopolov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoukakisNiariAlexopoulosSfyris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreeben2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Abbadi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmaliana2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpsteinGambs2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEshach2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerary2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFigueroaLimLee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogartyStoehr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancois2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankenaBurbulesRaybeck2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreire1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriesen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallardGarden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaryCrime2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGe_(Rochelle)_(葛贇)2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGingellWinch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaeserPonzettoShleifer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolosov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomathiMohanavel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswami2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrendler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigorenko2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGötmarkAndersson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaack1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaleemJavaidQadriSuman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHand2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperCollins_staff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperCollins_staff2023a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartnett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebert2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelms2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillPierceGuthrie2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoneybourne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesGosney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_the_Futures_of_Education2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIseke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsikTahirMeeterHeymans2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobChengPorter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnesPortelaThanassoulis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonStearns2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJong-Wha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantzara2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaradağ2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaradağBektaşÇoğaltayYalçın2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassemMuftiRobinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemmisEdwards-Groves2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimble2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiracofeHirthHutton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotzee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraftl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruegerLindahl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKte\u0026#039;pi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuskisLogan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Belle1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamprianouAthanasou2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaneLaneKyprianou2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLareauFerguson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Play2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaluccioHoddinottBehrmanMartorell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquis1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsden1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatheson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazurekWinzer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHugh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInerney2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeeceBlumenfeldHoyle1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiaoHolmes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoE_Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonds2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganTrofimovaKliucharev2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyMuftiKassem2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusterd2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Education_League1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeem2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewCochran2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoddings1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwuzor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;BrienFlynn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOUP_staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveiraBittencourt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnsteinLevineGutekVocke2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaechter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagePage2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapadatou-PastouGritzaliBarrable2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashlerMcDanielRohrerBjork2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatzuk-Russell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPazmiño2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersWoodsDray1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPizmony-Levy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghupathiRaghupathi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaikesAlvarenga_LimaAbuchaim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReagan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReimers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyhnerSingh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez-Segura2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrerPashler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenkranzBrackett1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoserOrtiz-Ospina2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosove1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSEP_Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalganikMathesonPhelps1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvatori2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampath1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidGarrels2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuknecht2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottVare2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScribnerCole1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelwyn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewellNewman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuteHansenUnderwoodRazzouk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegelPhillipsCallan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkowron2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSliwka2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSluga2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMeier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithRagan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpring2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaats\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_economist_data_team2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiemMoseleyDessinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillmanAnRobertson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToddHancock2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorabian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTostoAlyahyaEspinozaMcCarthy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraxlerCrompton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTukdeo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN2023a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrataKurodaTonegawa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_HielVan_AsscheDe_CremerOnraet2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerbreeMaasHornstraWijngaards-de_Meij2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVico1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerDeindlSchmölzer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrenWaltham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkinsMortimore1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb-Mitchell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsMehlingerPowersBaldwin2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillinghamHughesDobolyi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinters2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuWu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamada2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeravdekarTiwari2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZawacki-RichterConradBozkurtAydin2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 157,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 204,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Education\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 499,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 153,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Parenting\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social sciences\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","24.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","11.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","9.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","140","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","140","4.6"],["citation0 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