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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পিঙ্গলি ভেংকয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পিঙ্গলি ভেংকয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পিঙ্গালি ভেঙ্কাইয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিঙ্গালি ভেঙ্কাইয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingali_Venkayya" title="Pingali Venkayya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pingali Venkayya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="પિંગલી વેંકય્યા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પિંગલી વેંકય્યા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Պինգալի Վենկայա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պինգալի Վենկայա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पिंगली वेंकैया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिंगली वेंकैया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಪಿಂಗಳಿ ವೆಂಕಯ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಂಗಳಿ ವೆಂಕಯ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പിംഗളി വെങ്കയ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിംഗളി വെങ്കയ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पिंगाली वेंकय्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिंगाली वेंकय्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بينجالى فينكايا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينجالى فينكايا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingali_Venkayya" title="Pingali Venkayya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pingali Venkayya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%86" title="ਪਿੰਗਲੀ ਵੇਂਕੈਇਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੰਗਲੀ ਵੇਂਕੈਇਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingali_Venkayya" title="Pingali Venkayya – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pingali Venkayya" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Пингали Венкайя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пингали Венкайя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पिङ्गलि वेङ्कय्य – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पिङ्गलि वेङ्कय्य" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingali_Venkayya" title="Pingali Venkayya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pingali Venkayya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பிங்கலி வெங்கையா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிங்கலி வெங்கையா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="పింగళి వెంకయ్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పింగళి వెంకయ్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنگلی ونکیا – Urdu" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian freedom fighter (1876/8 - 1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Telugu_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu name">Telugu name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Pingali</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pingali Venkayya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Pingali_Venkayya_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="690" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Venkayya on a 2009 stamp of India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1876/8<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bhatlapenumarru" title="Bhatlapenumarru">Bhatlapenumarru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1963 (aged 84 or 86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Diamond Venkayya<br />Patti Venkayya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Design of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Flag">Indian National Flag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Rukminamma</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pingali Venkayya</b> (2 August 1876/8<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 4 July 1963) was an Indian freedom fighter, known for designing the initial version of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Indian National Flag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from his role in the independence movement, Venkayya was a <a href="/wiki/Lecturer#India" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a>, author, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Educationalist">educationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">agriculturist</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venkayya joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> at age 19 and served in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902). During his service, he recognized the need for a national flag for India as Indian soldiers were required to salute the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>, the British flag.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by his experience and later by attending the 1906 <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">AICC</a> session in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, he developed a vision for a flag representing Indians, opposing the practice of hoisting the British flag at Congress meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venkayya presented his design for an Indian national flag to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in 1921 during Gandhi's visit to <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pingali_reference1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pingali_reference1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag initially consisted of red and green stripes representing Hindus and Muslims, respectively, and, on Gandhi's suggestion, a white stripe was added to represent other communities in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This flag design was used informally at Congress meetings from 1921 and served as the foundation for the Indian national flag, which was officially adopted in its final form by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> on 22 July 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venkayya was an agriculturist, as well as an educationist who set up an educational institution in <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a>. Despite his contributions, he died in poverty in 1963 and remained largely unrecognized in his later years.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Indian government issued a postage stamp in his honour, and in 2012, his name was recommended for a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>, though no formal response was received from the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pingali Venkayya was born on 2 August 1876 or 1878 at <a href="/wiki/Bhatlapenumarru" title="Bhatlapenumarru">Bhatlapenumarru</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Masulipatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masulipatnam">Machilipatnam</a>, in what is now the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were Hanumantha Rayudu and Venkata Ratnam. He studied at the Hindu High School in Machilipatnam, but also spent his childhood in various places in the Krishna district like <a href="/wiki/Yarlagadda" title="Yarlagadda">Yarlagadda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedakallepalli" title="Pedakallepalli">Pedakallepalli</a>. He married Rukminamma, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Karanam" title="Karanam">Karanam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pamarru,_Krishna_district" title="Pamarru, Krishna district">Pamarru</a> village.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 19, he enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> and was deployed to South Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902), where he met Gandhi for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the war when the soldiers had to salute the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>, the national flag of Britain, that Venkayya realised the need for having a flag for Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Venkayya earned a diploma in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Madras Presidency College</a>. From 1911–1944, he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Lecturer#India" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> at the Andhra National College in Machilipatnam. From 1924 to 1944, he researched <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a>. He also authored a book titled 'Thalli Raayi' on geology.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venkayya was also popularly nicknamed 'Diamond Venkayya', as he was an expert in diamond mining. He was also called 'Patti Venkayya' (Cotton Venkayya), because he dedicated most of his time to researching staple varieties of cotton and did a detailed study on a variety called Cambodia Cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a> who was proficient in many languages including <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered a full-length speech in Japanese at a school in <a href="/wiki/Bapatla" title="Bapatla">Bapatla</a> in 1913. From then, he also came to be referred to as 'Japan Venkayya'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_of_National_Flag">Design of National Flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design of National Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_India_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1921_India_flag.svg/220px-1921_India_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1921_India_flag.svg/330px-1921_India_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1921_India_flag.svg/440px-1921_India_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi's Flag, designed by Venkayya, was introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>When Venkayya attended the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> (AICC) session in 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a>, he was inspired to design a flag for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> as he opposed the idea of hoisting the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">British flag</a> at Congress meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venkayya worked on potential designs that could be used as flags for the newly coined Swaraj movement to signify independence. There were over 25 drafts of the flags with different significance and relations with Indian culture, heritage and history. In 1916, he published a book titled <i>Bharatha Desaniki Oka Jatiya Patakam</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> A National Flag for India</span>) with 30 potential designs for a flag.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1918 to 1921, he proposed various ideas to the Congress leadership while also working at the Andhra National College in Machilipatnam.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, the AICC held its two-day crucial session in Bezawada (now <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a>) on March 31 and April 1.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Gandhi asked Venkayya to submit a design for the flag at the session, he did it within three hours. Venkayya had shown Gandhi a rudimentary design of a flag on a <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a> bunting. This first flag was coloured red and green — the red representing Hindus and the green representing Muslims in the country. On Gandhi's suggestion, Venkayya added a white stripe to represent all the other denominations and religions present in the country. While the flag was not officially adopted by the AICC, which reordered the stripes and changed the red to orange in 1931, it came to be used across the country. Since 1921, Venkayya's flag has been used informally at all Congress meetings. The flag was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> on 22 July 1947, twenty days before India's Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M._Venkaiah_Naidu_garlanding_the_statue_of_Pingali_Venkayya_(Freedom_fighter_and_the_designer_of_the_flag_on_which_the_Indian_national_flag_was_based),_at_Pingali_Venkayya_AIR_Station,_in_Vijayawada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/M._Venkaiah_Naidu_garlanding_the_statue_of_Pingali_Venkayya_%28Freedom_fighter_and_the_designer_of_the_flag_on_which_the_Indian_national_flag_was_based%29%2C_at_Pingali_Venkayya_AIR_Station%2C_in_Vijayawada.jpg/249px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/M._Venkaiah_Naidu_garlanding_the_statue_of_Pingali_Venkayya_%28Freedom_fighter_and_the_designer_of_the_flag_on_which_the_Indian_national_flag_was_based%29%2C_at_Pingali_Venkayya_AIR_Station%2C_in_Vijayawada.jpg/374px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/M._Venkaiah_Naidu_garlanding_the_statue_of_Pingali_Venkayya_%28Freedom_fighter_and_the_designer_of_the_flag_on_which_the_Indian_national_flag_was_based%29%2C_at_Pingali_Venkayya_AIR_Station%2C_in_Vijayawada.jpg/498px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Venkaiah Naidu garlanding the statue of Pingali Venkayya at AIR Station in Vijayawada</figcaption></figure> <p>Venkayya lived humbly according to <a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhian</a> ideologies and died in 1963. Venkayya's daughter Ghantasala Seetha Mahalakshmi passed away on 21 July 2022 at the age of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A postage stamp to commemorate Venkayya and the first flag was issued in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vijayawada station of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> was named after him in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, his name was proposed for a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> though there has been no response from the central government on the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1995, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a> commissioned a statue of Venkayya – one among the 31 state icons – at <a href="/wiki/Tank_Bund_Road" title="Tank Bund Road">Tank Bund Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2015, a statue of him was unveiled by the then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban_Affairs" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs">Urban Development Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a>, in the forelawns of the All India Radio building in Vijayawada.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several statues of Venkayya have been built all over Andhra Pradesh.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-pingali-venkayya-architect-india-national-flag-1303460-2018-08-02">"Who is Pingali Venkayya? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+his+many+imprints+across+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fgandhi-and-his-many-imprints-across-andhra-pradesh-1605641-2019-10-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingali+Venkayya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/who-designed-the-national-flag-nehrus-friend-or-gandhis-follower-11033361.html">"Who designed the National Flag: Nehru's friend or Gandhi's follower?"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Who+designed+the+National+Flag%3A+Nehru%27s+friend+or+Gandhi%27s+follower%3F&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fwho-designed-the-national-flag-nehrus-friend-or-gandhis-follower-11033361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingali+Venkayya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanyala2022" class="citation web cs1">Janyala, Sreenivas (3 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/andhra-pradesh-govt-observes-birth-anniversary-of-pingali-8069088/">"Andhra Pradesh govt observes the birth anniversary of national flag designer Pingali Venkayya"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Andhra+Pradesh+govt+observes+the+birth+anniversary+of+national+flag+designer+Pingali+Venkayya&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=Janyala&rft.aufirst=Sreenivas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fhyderabad%2Fandhra-pradesh-govt-observes-birth-anniversary-of-pingali-8069088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingali+Venkayya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centenarian-seetha-mahalakshmi-daughter-national-flag-designer-passes-away-101658515461338.html">"Centenarian Seetha Mahalakshmi, daughter national flag designer, passes away"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 23 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Centenarian+Seetha+Mahalakshmi%2C+daughter+national+flag+designer%2C+passes+away&rft.date=2022-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fcentenarian-seetha-mahalakshmi-daughter-national-flag-designer-passes-away-101658515461338.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingali+Venkayya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Srirupa (August 2006). "A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906–". <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37893507">37893507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Symbol+of+Freedom%3A+The+Indian+Flag+and+the+Transformations+of+Nationalism%2C+1906%E2%80%93&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37893507&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Srirupa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingali+Venkayya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&oldid=1256516226">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pingali_Venkayya&oldid=1256516226</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1963_deaths" title="Category:1963 deaths">1963 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flag_designers" title="Category:Flag designers">Flag designers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Krishna_district" title="Category:People from Krishna district">People from Krishna district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_births" title="Category:1870s births">1870s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Indian_designers" title="Category:20th-century Indian designers">20th-century Indian designers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh">Artists from Andhra Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Indian_people" title="Category:19th-century Indian people">19th-century Indian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_on_stamps" title="Category:People on stamps">People on stamps</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Telugu-language_sources_(te)" title="Category:CS1 Telugu-language sources (te)">CS1 Telugu-language sources (te)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_March_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from March 2014">EngvarB from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 08:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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