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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbot_Suger_and_the_first_Gothic_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbot_Suger_and_the_first_Gothic_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbot_Suger_and_the_first_Gothic_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_features_of_Gothic_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_features_of_Gothic_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architectural features of Gothic churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architectural_features_of_Gothic_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architectural features of Gothic churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architectural_features_of_Gothic_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanesque_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanesque_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Romanesque architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanesque_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_of_the_Gothic_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_of_the_Gothic_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Features of the Gothic style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_of_the_Gothic_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_facade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_facade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Grand facade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_facade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_pointed_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_pointed_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>The pointed arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_pointed_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaulted_roofs_with_pointed_arches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaulted_roofs_with_pointed_arches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Vaulted roofs with pointed arches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaulted_roofs_with_pointed_arches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_shapes_of_Gothic_arches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_shapes_of_Gothic_arches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Different shapes of Gothic arches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_shapes_of_Gothic_arches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lancet_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancet_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Lancet arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancet_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equilateral_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equilateral_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Equilateral arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equilateral_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flamboyant_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flamboyant_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Flamboyant arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flamboyant_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depressed_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depressed_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.4</span> <span>Depressed arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depressed_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Building materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_and_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_and_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Spain and Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_and_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gothic cathedrals</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiese_argitektuur" title="Gotiese argitektuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gotiese argitektuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة قوطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة قوطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteutura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquiteutura gótica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arquiteutura gótica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qotika_(memarl%C4%B1q)" title="Qotika (memarlıq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qotika (memarlıq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গথিক স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গথিক স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_ki%C3%A0n-tio%CC%8Dk" title="Gothic kiàn-tio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gothic kiàn-tio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гатычная архітэктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гатычная архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гатычная архітэктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гатычная архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готическа архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Готическа архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektouriezh_c%27hotek" title="Arkitektouriezh c'hotek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arkitektouriezh c'hotek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B2tica" title="Arquitectura gòtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura gòtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotick%C3%A1_architektura" title="Gotická architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gotická architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaern%C3%AFaeth_Gothig" title="Pensaernïaeth Gothig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensaernïaeth Gothig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotische_Baukunst" title="Gotische Baukunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gotische Baukunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooti_arhitektuur" title="Gooti arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gooti arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γοτθική αρχιτεκτονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γοτθική αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gothic architecture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitectura gótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura gótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika_arkitekturo" title="Gotika arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gotika arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_gotikoa" title="Arkitektura gotikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkitektura gotikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="معماری گوتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری گوتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_gothique" title="Architecture gothique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture gothique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotyk" title="Gotyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gotyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireacht_Ghotach" title="Ailtireacht Ghotach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailtireacht Ghotach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitectura gótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquitectura gótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%94%95_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="고딕 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고딕 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոթական ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոթական ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गॉथिक वास्तुकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गॉथिक वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goti%C4%8Dka_arhitektura" title="Gotička arhitektura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gotička arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik_arkitekturo" title="Gotik arkitekturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gotik arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Gotik" title="Arsitektur Gotik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Gotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura_gothic" title="Architectura gothic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Architectura gothic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_gotica" title="Architettura gotica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura gotica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות גותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות גותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ವಾಸ್ತು ಶೈಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ವಾಸ್ತು ಶೈಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="გოტიკური არქიტექტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოტიკური არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtindo_wa_Kigothi" title="Mtindo wa Kigothi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtindo wa Kigothi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_francigenum" title="Opus francigenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opus francigenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika_(arhitekt%C5%ABra)" title="Gotika (arhitektūra) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gotika (arhitektūra)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotikin%C4%97_architekt%C5%ABra" title="Gotikinė architektūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gotikinė architektūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiek" title="Gotiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gotiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciteta_gotica" title="Arciteta gotica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arciteta gotica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готска архитектура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Готска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ഗോത്തിക് വാസ്തുകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോത്തിക് വാസ്തുകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عماره قوطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عماره قوطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bina_Goth" title="Seni bina Goth – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni bina Goth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiek_(bouwkunst)" title="Gotiek (bouwkunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gotiek (bouwkunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="ゴシック建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴシック建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_arkitektur" title="Gotisk arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gotisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_arkitektur" title="Gotisk arkitektur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gotisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estyle_gothique" title="Estyle gothique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Estyle gothique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_gotica" title="Arquitectura gotica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arquitectura gotica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxitekturada_gotika_uslubi" title="Arxitekturada gotika uslubi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arxitekturada gotika uslubi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گوتھک فن تعمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوتھک فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura_g%C3%B2tica" title="Architetura gòtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Architetura gòtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_gotycka" title="Architektura gotycka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura gotycka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitetura gótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura gótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_gotic%C4%83" title="Arhitectura gotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura gotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готична архитектура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Готична архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готическая архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Готическая архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_airchitectur" title="Gothic airchitectur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gothic airchitectur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotick%C3%A1_architekt%C3%BAra" title="Gotická architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gotická architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotska_arhitektura" title="Gotska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gotska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готичка архитектура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Готичка архитектура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goti%C4%8Dka_arhitektura" title="Gotička arhitektura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gotička arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiikka" title="Gotiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gotiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_arkitektur" title="Gotisk arkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gotisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturang_Gotiko" title="Arkitekturang Gotiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitekturang Gotiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a very good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/220px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/330px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/440px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The inside of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, which is one of the largest cathedrals built in Gothic style in the world. It was not finished until the 1800s.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gothic cathedrals</b> are important examples of gothic architecture. Gothic architecture was a way of planning and designing buildings that began in Western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the Late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Gothic architecture grew out of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>, in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the 12th century. The architecture spread across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and lasted until the 16th century when <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> became popular in the Renaissance Period. The Renaissance Period took place in the 13th century to the 17th century. Before that, the majority of people built cathedrals in the Gothic style. </p><p>The single most notable characteristic feature of Gothic <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> is the pointed arch. The image on the right shows this feature from the inside of a late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Gothic cathedral. This is the main difference from Romanesque architecture which has rounded arches. Romanesque Architecture took place before the Gothic. It was very popular, and many varieties of Catholic people used it, so it quickly evolved. Other important features are the ribbed <a href="/wiki/Vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Vault">vault</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttress</a>, and windows with patterns of stone lace called <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>. </p><p>Many of the great <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey">abbeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> of Europe are Gothic architecture. It is also the architecture of many <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>. It is also found in some <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town halls</a>, <a href="/wiki/University#History" title="University">universities</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">houses</a>. Most remains of this particular era contain lots of Gothic styles. </p><p>Many church buildings still remain from this time. Even some of the smallest Gothic churches are often beautiful, while many of the larger Gothic churches and cathedrals are thought to be priceless works of art. Many are listed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, the Gothic style became popular again, particularly for building churches and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>. This style is called <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>, because the Gothic architectual style rose to popularity again, and 'revived'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="About_the_word_"Gothic""><span id="About_the_word_.22Gothic.22"></span>About the word "Gothic"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: About the word "Gothic"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: About the word "Gothic""><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gothic architecture was at first called "the French Style" (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Opus Francigenum</i></span></i>). The style type came from France. The word "<i>Gothic</i>" was later used during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> as an insult, relating to the uncivilized ancient <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>; Germanic-people said to be living near the lower <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river. </p><p>An Italian writer named <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> used the word "Gothic" in the 1530s, because he thought buildings from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were not carefully planned and measured like <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> buildings or the buildings of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. He said that, as the barbaric <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> had destroyed the classical world, so this "modern art" had destroyed the architecture of the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasari though this as some kind of ironical revenge. After Vasari, many other people used the word "Gothic" to describe architecture with pointed arches, not meaning much insult by then.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Background" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Background"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns,_States_and_Countries"><span id="Towns.2C_States_and_Countries"></span>Towns, States and Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Towns, States and Countries" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Towns, States and Countries"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a>, Western Europe was divided into different states. Many of these were beginning to group out into countries that exist today. Geographical modernization was starting at last. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> ruled a big part of Europe, including the modern countries of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and much of northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, apart from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, a strong, independent city state. Many other powers such as England (before the forming of the English Orthodox Church), and France, had a 'power cycle' between the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the king. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> began the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD, a few centuries after the collapse of the former abundant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>The modern countries of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> were each divided into different kingdoms, chaotically warring with each other. <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was ruled by a king whose family also had a lot of land in France. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> was influenced by England, while the other <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> were influenced by Germanic states. </p><p>Trade between towns and states began to make them expand. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> (The Netherlands) ,and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> had many big towns that grew peacefully without much war, but financially, often trading with each other. Because of the peace and wealth of these towns, they showed their pride by building huge <a href="/wiki/City_and_town_halls" class="mw-redirect" title="City and town halls">town halls</a>, often with very tall towers. This 'beauty competition' of buildings by the countries led to the formation of the Gothic style of Europe. </p><p>In England and France, most people did not live in towns. They lived on farms. In the time of William the Conqueror, almost 90% of British people were peasants or serfs in the rural areas. Rich <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblemen</a> or lords owned these farms. The house of the lord was called a <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a>. Italy was mostly split up into small <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> which often fought each other. Cities often had high walls and many of the houses built at this time were tall, high towers.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JH1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church">The Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: The Church" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: The Church"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, in the Middle Ages, almost everyone and everything were controled by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. The Roman Catholic Church has only one head - the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. At that time, they were like dictators that ruled Europe, or maybe an everlasting accepted Napoleon. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, one language was used in churches all across Europe - <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Church_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Latin">Church Latin</a>, which had developed from ancient <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The churches of each area had a local <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> who came under the Pope. Each Bishop had a <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> where he could sit when <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> and people came to meet him. A church which has a Bishop's throne is called a "cathedral". <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedrals</a> were usually the biggest and most beautiful churches. and they used the Gothic style, when time comes. </p><p>In the early Middle Ages, many <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> were built all over Europe. A group of holy men lived and worked and prayed there. Monks belonged to different "orders" which had different rules. The biggest number of monasteries were homes to the monks of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> Order. Their monasteries were generally in towns and they often built very big churches called "Abbeys" for the monks and the townspeople to worship in. Other orders of monks, like the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>, did not live near towns. Nowadays their abbeys are seen as beautiful ruins in the English countryside. </p><p>In France, there were also Benedictines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms" title="Cluniac Reforms">Cluniac</a> Orders. The great monastery at <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>, built in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque">Romanesque</a> style, was the biggest in Europe. The abbey and other buildings were very well planned so for hundreds of years other monasteries were influenced by that plan. </p><p>In the 13th century St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, who were often called the "Grey Friars" because of their grey-brown robes. The <a href="/wiki/Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominicans">Dominicans</a> were founded by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">St. Dominic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. The Dominicans built many of Italy's Gothic churches.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JH1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern France has many famous cathedrals like Chartres Cathedral."><img alt="Northern France has many famous cathedrals like Chartres Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chartres_cathedral.jpg/120px-Chartres_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chartres_cathedral.jpg/180px-Chartres_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chartres_cathedral.jpg/240px-Chartres_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Northern France has many famous cathedrals like <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the ruined Abbey Church, Cluny. Many Romanesque and Gothic abbeys were planned like Cluny."><img alt="Part of the ruined Abbey Church, Cluny. Many Romanesque and Gothic abbeys were planned like Cluny." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg/88px-Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg/133px-Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg/177px-Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the ruined Abbey Church, <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and Gothic <a href="/wiki/Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey">abbeys</a> were planned like Cluny.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almost every monastery had a sheltered "cloister", like this at Toledo Cathedral in Spain."><img alt="Almost every monastery had a sheltered "cloister", like this at Toledo Cathedral in Spain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg/120px-Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg/180px-Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg/240px-Claustro_catedral_toledo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Almost every <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> had a sheltered "<a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>", like this at <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Cathedral" title="Toledo Cathedral">Toledo Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The East End of the Abbey of Saint-Denis is famous as the first truly Gothic building."><img alt="The East End of the Abbey of Saint-Denis is famous as the first truly Gothic building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG/76px-StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG/115px-StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG/153px-StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The East End of the Abbey of Saint-Denis is famous as the first truly Gothic building.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbot_Suger_and_the_first_Gothic_building">Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> was the head of a large monastery just north of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in France. The monastery had a large church, the Abbey of Saint-Denis. There was also a royal palace where the French kings sometimes stayed. Abbot Suger was a close friend to two kings, <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>. </p><p>In 1127 Suger decided to rebuild the great abbey <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Church of Saint-Denis</a>. He began by changing the "West Front" or <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a>. This side of the church was about 200 years old and had only one small door. Suger planned for three big doors like the arches on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a> in Rome. These large entrances let in all the crowds on special Holy Days. The facade also had a big round window in the centre, called a <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a>, which was the first one in France. </p><p>Abbot Suger did not rebuild the church inside the west doors where most of the ordinary people stood. Next, he rebuilt the eastern end. Suger wanted the east facade to make people think of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. He wanted it to be very light and bright, with very big windows of beautifully coloured glass. He looked at all the most modern designs, and all the clever things that other architects had done. He put all the new ideas together in one building. It was the first building of the new "Gothic" style. It was not yet called Gothic at this time. It was called "the French Style". </p><p>The new East End was dedicated or "given to God" on June 11, 1144. Other architects soon copied the design for other big churches and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> in northern France. After Abbot Suger's death, the rest of the church was also rebuilt in the new style, and got two more much larger and more decorated <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose windows</a>, one on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style soon spread to England and through France, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JH1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_features_of_Gothic_churches">Architectural features of Gothic churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Architectural features of Gothic churches" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Architectural features of Gothic churches"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Note</b>:- The architectural <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> words are written in <b>bold type</b> and are explained and/or shown on the plan and cross-section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanesque_architecture">Romanesque architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Romanesque architecture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Romanesque architecture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Romanesque" was the style of architecture in Europe before the "Gothic" style. Gothic architecture grew out of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>. There was not a clean break between the two styles. Many of the features of Gothic architecture did not begin in the Gothic period. They were already there in Romanesque architecture, and slowly changed to become Gothic. The main changes were the pointed arch and the flying buttress. These two developments allowed many other changes to happen. </p><p>Romanesque buildings had thick walls, small windows, round arches and flat buttresses. Gothic buildings had thinner walls, larger windows, pointed arches and large buttresses. </p><p>All the types of buildings, and the general shape of the buildings were already there in the Romanesque period. The types of buildings were:- the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> church, the parish <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">great hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a>. </p><p>Before the 20th century, the landmark building in almost every town was a church, cathedral, abbey, or town hall with its tall tower or spire rising high above all the houses. Many of these buildings were from the Middle Ages and were Romanesque or Gothic in style.<sup id="cite_ref-NP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Plans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Plans"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG/420px-Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG" decoding="async" width="420" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG/630px-Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG/840px-Cathedral_schematic_plan.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral plan showing parts of the building</figcaption></figure> <p>The groundplan of most Gothic churches is shaped like a cross. The long <b>nave</b> makes the body of the church and, crossing it, the arms are called the <b>transept</b>. On the other side of the <i>transept</i> is the <b>chancel</b> which is often called the <b>choir</b> because that is where the priest and the choir sing the services. </p><p>The <i>nave</i> usually has a passageway or <b>aisle</b> on either side. Sometimes there are two <i>aisles</i> on each side. The <i>nave</i> is usually a lot taller than the <i>aisles</i>, and has high windows which light up the central space. The upper part of the building, where these windows are, is called the <b>clerestory</b> (or clear storey). (It is pronounced "clair-rest-tree") </p><p>Some Gothic churches in Germany and Austria and also Milan Cathedral (which was built in the German style) often have <i>nave</i> and <i>aisles</i> of almost the same height and are called <b>"hallenkirke"</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hall_church" title="Hall church">hall church</a>). The Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Stephansdom_(Vienna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephansdom (Vienna)">St. Stephen of Vienna</a> is an example. </p><p>In some churches with double aisles, like <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame, Paris">Notre Dame, Paris</a>, the transept does not stick out beyond the aisles. In English cathedrals the <i>transepts</i> always stick out a long way and sometimes there are two transepts as at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>. </p><p>It is at the eastern end that Gothic churches are the most different from each other. </p><p>In England the eastern end it is usually long and often has two parts. It is usually square or has a <b>"Lady Chapel"</b>, a place to pray to the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a>. </p><p>In France the eastern end is often <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygonal</a> and has by a passage for walking called an <b>ambulatory</b>. Often French churches have a ring of chapels called a <b>chevette</b>. German churches are often like those of France at the eastern end. </p><p>In Italy, there is no long <i>chancel</i> jutting out beyond the transept. There is usually just a semicircular chapel as at <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmiensDB363.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Amiens Cathedral in France shows a transept that doesn't jut out far, and a ring of chapels at the east."><img alt="Plan of Amiens Cathedral in France shows a transept that doesn't jut out far, and a ring of chapels at the east." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AmiensDB363.jpg/120px-AmiensDB363.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AmiensDB363.jpg/180px-AmiensDB363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AmiensDB363.jpg/240px-AmiensDB363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> in France shows a <i>transept</i> that doesn't jut out far, and a ring of chapels at the east.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Wells Cathedral in England shows a second transept near the east end, an eastern "Lady Chapel" and octagonal chapter house for meetings."><img alt="Plan of Wells Cathedral in England shows a second transept near the east end, an eastern "Lady Chapel" and octagonal chapter house for meetings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg/120px-WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg/180px-WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg/240px-WellsCathPlanDehio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> in England shows a second <i>transept</i> near the east end, an eastern "Lady Chapel" and octagonal <i><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a></i> for meetings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotic3d2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This picture with parts cut away shows the columns, the stone ribs of the roof and the buttresses of a Gothic church."><img alt="This picture with parts cut away shows the columns, the stone ribs of the roof and the buttresses of a Gothic church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gotic3d2.jpg/120px-Gotic3d2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gotic3d2.jpg/180px-Gotic3d2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gotic3d2.jpg/240px-Gotic3d2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This picture with parts cut away shows the <i>columns</i>, the stone ribs of the roof and the <i>buttresses</i> of a Gothic church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lisieux Cathedral shows the nave and the aisles, the upper clerestory windows and the ribbed vault."><img alt="Lisieux Cathedral shows the nave and the aisles, the upper clerestory windows and the ribbed vault." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg/86px-Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg/129px-Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg/172px-Lisieux_-_nef_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lisieux_Cathedral" title="Lisieux Cathedral">Lisieux Cathedral</a> shows the nave and the aisles, the upper <i>clerestory</i> windows and the ribbed <i>vault</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_of_the_Gothic_style">Features of the Gothic style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Features of the Gothic style" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Features of the Gothic style"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_(architecture)_schematic_section.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Basilica_%28architecture%29_schematic_section.png/280px-Basilica_%28architecture%29_schematic_section.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Basilica_%28architecture%29_schematic_section.png/420px-Basilica_%28architecture%29_schematic_section.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Basilica_%28architecture%29_schematic_section.png/560px-Basilica_%28architecture%29_schematic_section.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral section with names of the parts</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Pointed arches</li> <li>Very high <b>towers</b> and <b>spires</b> and roofs</li> <li><b>Clustered columns</b>: tall columns that looked like a group of thin <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> bundled together</li> <li><b>Ribbed vaults</b>: arched ceilings made of stone. In the Gothic style they were held up by stone ribs.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a> of stonework with great big glass windows in between.</li> <li><b>Tracery</b>: carved stone lace in the windows and on the walls</li> <li><b>Stained glass</b>: richly colored glass in the windows, often with pictures telling stories</li> <li><b>Buttresses</b>: narrow stone walls jutting out from the building to help hold it up</li> <li><b>Flying buttresses</b>: buttresses that help to hold the <i>vault</i> up. They are made with an arch that jumps over a lower part of the building to reach the outside wall.</li> <li><b>Statues</b>: of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">Kings</a> around the doors</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a>, sometimes of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creatures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyles</a> spout water from the roof.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The West Front or facade of Reims, showing two towers, three portals with sculptured figures, and a rose window."><img alt="The West Front or facade of Reims, showing two towers, three portals with sculptured figures, and a rose window." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/90px-Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/135px-Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/180px-Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The West Front or <i>facade</i> of Reims, showing two towers, three <i>portals</i> with sculptured figures, and a <i>rose window</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath_saint_julien.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The East End of Le Mans Cathedral shows a ring of chapels or chevette, the clerestory windows, and flying buttresses. The transept has towers on it."><img alt="The East End of Le Mans Cathedral shows a ring of chapels or chevette, the clerestory windows, and flying buttresses. The transept has towers on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cath_saint_julien.JPG/120px-Cath_saint_julien.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cath_saint_julien.JPG/180px-Cath_saint_julien.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cath_saint_julien.JPG/240px-Cath_saint_julien.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The East End of <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Cathedral" title="Le Mans Cathedral">Le Mans Cathedral</a> shows a ring of chapels or <i>chevette</i>, the <i>clerestory</i> windows, and <i>flying buttresses</i>. The <i>transept</i> has towers on it.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York-minster-inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior (inside) of York Minster shows clustered columns, vaulted roof, traceried window, ancient stained glass and a stone screen."><img alt="The interior (inside) of York Minster shows clustered columns, vaulted roof, traceried window, ancient stained glass and a stone screen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/York-minster-inside.jpg/92px-York-minster-inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/York-minster-inside.jpg/137px-York-minster-inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/York-minster-inside.jpg/183px-York-minster-inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior (inside) of York Minster shows <i>clustered columns</i>, <i>vaulted</i> roof, <i>traceried</i> window, ancient <i>stained glass</i> and a stone <i>screen</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior of Cologne Cathedral shows three stages:- the arcade at the lowest level, the gallery in the middle and the clerestory windows."><img alt="The interior of Cologne Cathedral shows three stages:- the arcade at the lowest level, the gallery in the middle and the clerestory windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg/89px-Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg/133px-Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg/178px-Koelner_dom_nordseite_des_chors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior of Cologne Cathedral shows three stages:- the <i>arcade</i> at the lowest level, the <i>gallery</i> in the middle and the <i>clerestory</i> windows.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_facade">Grand facade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Grand facade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Grand facade"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "facade" or West Front of a large church or cathedral is designed to make a big impression on the worshippers. One of the best known is <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>. </p><p>In the centre of the facade is the main door or <b>portal</b>, often with two side doors as well. In the arch of the middle door is often an important piece of sculpture, usually "Christ in Majesty". Sometimes there is a stone post in the middle of the doorway where there is a statue of the "<a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a>". There are many other carved figures in niches set all around the portals. Sometimes there are hundreds of stone figures carved all across the front of the building. </p><p>Above the middle door there is a large window, which is usually a <b>rose window</b> like that at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, but not in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> where there will nearly always be a very large pointed window to let in lots of light. </p><p>In Italy, the <b>facade</b> is often decorated with coloured marble and <b>mosaic</b> made of little coloured tiles, and not so many statues, as at <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a> </p><p>The <i>facade</i> of a French cathedral and many English, Spanish and German cathedrals usually has two towers.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JH1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris in France."><img alt="Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris in France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg/90px-060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg/135px-060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg/180px-060806-France-Paris-Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris in France.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral in England."><img alt="Wells Cathedral in England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg/120px-Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg/180px-Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg/240px-Wells_Cathedral_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wells Cathedral in England.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SteGudule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainte Gudule Cathedral in Belgium."><img alt="Sainte Gudule Cathedral in Belgium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SteGudule.jpg/82px-SteGudule.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SteGudule.jpg/123px-SteGudule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SteGudule.jpg/164px-SteGudule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sainte_Gudule_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte Gudule Cathedral">Sainte Gudule Cathedral</a> in Belgium.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duomo_in_Siena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siena Cathedral in Italy."><img alt="Siena Cathedral in Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Duomo_in_Siena.jpg/95px-Duomo_in_Siena.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Duomo_in_Siena.jpg/143px-Duomo_in_Siena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Duomo_in_Siena.jpg/190px-Duomo_in_Siena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a> in Italy.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height">Height</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Height" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Height"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large Gothic churches and cathedrals are often very tall. On the inside, the <i>nave</i> is usually at least twice as high as it is wide, which gives the church a very tall narrow look. Some of the churches in France and Germany have naves that are three times as high as they are wide. <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> is an example. The tallest nave is at <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> which is 157.5 feet high. Westminster Abbey is 102 feet high.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the outside most Gothic churches, both big and small, have at least one <b>tower</b>. In Italy there are <b>domes</b> on the churches, and the tower stands to one side. But in most other countries, cathedrals generally have two towers and quite often have three. Some have even more. <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> was planned to have seven, but they were not all built. </p><p>Sometimes there is just one tower with a huge <b>spire</b> as at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> had the tallest spire of the Middle Ages at 527 feet (160 metres). </p><p>Because a pointed arch points upwards, it makes people look upwards. In Gothic architecture, the whole building is designed to make people look up.<sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are long narrow columns, long narrow windows and high pointed roofs. On the inside the arches of the roof rise up like branches. On the outside, there are often lots of fancy bits along the edge of the roof and on the tops of buttresses and above the windows. These are called <i> pinnacles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> has hundreds of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral, England, has the tallest spire of the 1300s."><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral, England, has the tallest spire of the 1300s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg/90px-Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg/135px-Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg/179px-Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, England, has the tallest spire of the 1300s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden. Only few churches still have three spires like this."><img alt="Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden. Only few churches still have three spires like this." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg/105px-Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg/158px-Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg/211px-Uppsala_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a>, Sweden. Only few churches still have three spires like this.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinnacles on Milan cathedral."><img alt="Pinnacles on Milan cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg/120px-Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg/180px-Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg/240px-Fialen_Mailaender_Dom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinnacles on Milan cathedral.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beauvais Cathedral has the highest Gothic vault in the world."><img alt="Beauvais Cathedral has the highest Gothic vault in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg/120px-20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg/180px-20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg/240px-20121007_Beauvais_CathedralStPierre_DSC00749_PtrQs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beauvais Cathedral has the highest Gothic vault in the world.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light">Light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Light" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Light"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gothic architecture usually has a lot of windows. <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Chapelle" title="Sainte Chapelle">Sainte Chapelle</a> is a famous example. At <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> in England, the East window is as big as a tennis court. <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> also has windows of about the same size.<sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NP_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>flying buttresses</b> which arch across the roof of the aisle were used to support the roof above the windows, so the walls did not have to be so thick. </p><p>The columns of the inside, the ribs of the <b>vault</b> (or roof) and the flying buttresses, made a strong stone skeleton. in between these parts, the walls and the filling of the vaults could be of lighter thinner material. Between the narrow buttresses, the walls could be opened up into large windows.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the Gothic period, because of the pointed arch, Gothic windows were able to change from simple openings to very rich designs. The windows were very often filled with <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> which made coloured light in the building, and was used for story-telling pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The clerestorey windows and buttresses at Saint-Omer Cathedral from the outside."><img alt="The clerestorey windows and buttresses at Saint-Omer Cathedral from the outside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg/120px-St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg/180px-St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg/240px-St_omer_cathedrale_032005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>clerestorey windows</i> and <i>buttresses</i> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Omer Cathedral">Saint-Omer Cathedral</a> from the outside.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The clerestory windows at Reims from the inside. The flying buttresses mean there is no need for thick walls to hold the vault up."><img alt="The clerestory windows at Reims from the inside. The flying buttresses mean there is no need for thick walls to hold the vault up." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg/120px-Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg/180px-Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg/240px-Nef_Reims_triforium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>clerestory windows</i> at Reims from the inside. The <i>flying buttresses</i> mean there is no need for thick walls to hold the vault up.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres2006_046.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The windows at Chartres Cathedral are famous for their ancient stained glass."><img alt="The windows at Chartres Cathedral are famous for their ancient stained glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chartres2006_046.jpg/90px-Chartres2006_046.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chartres2006_046.jpg/135px-Chartres2006_046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chartres2006_046.jpg/180px-Chartres2006_046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The windows at Chartres Cathedral are famous for their ancient <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainte Chapelle is a Chapel built for a French King."><img alt="Sainte Chapelle is a Chapel built for a French King." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg/120px-Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg/180px-Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg/240px-Sainte_chapelle_-_Upper_level.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sainte_Chapelle" title="Sainte Chapelle">Sainte Chapelle</a> is a Chapel built for a French King.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_pointed_arch">The pointed arch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: The pointed arch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: The pointed arch"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Pointed arches</b> were used in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Persia">Persian</a> architecture, and from 641 AD onwards, they were a feature of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge of the pointed arch spread into Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Crusader" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader">Crusaders</a> who travelled to the Middle East from 1096 onwards. Also, Islamic forces had taken over parts of Spain, where they built cities and <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a> with pointed arches.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Architectural historians think that the pointed arch was also used by some European architects because it was a very strong way of making an arch. </p><p>In Gothic Architecture, the pointed arch is used in every place where an arch is needed, both for strength and for decoration. Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches. A row of arches is called an <b>arcade</b>. A row of arches that is up high on a building is a <b>gallery</b>. </p><p>Rows of pointed arches were used to decorate walls. This is known as <b>blind arcading</b>. Often walls were made with tall narrow arched openings in them that could be used to stand statues in. An opening like this is called a <b>niche</b> which is pronounced "neesh".<sup id="cite_ref-NP_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaulted_roofs_with_pointed_arches">Vaulted roofs with pointed arches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Vaulted roofs with pointed arches" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Vaulted roofs with pointed arches"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An arched roof built of bricks or stone is called a <b>vault</b>. In the Romanesque period before the Gothic, some churches had vaulted roofs. They were always based on perfectly semi-circular shapes. There were two main ways to make a nave vault in the Romanesque period. A vault could be long like a tunnel. Churches with this type of vault were always rather dark. Or it could be square, like two tunnels crossing each other. This meant that the columns that carried the vault always had to be placed on a perfectly square ground plan, which was not always possible. </p><p>One of the good things about pointed arches was that they could be narrow and tall, or flattened and wide. Using pointed arches, architects could make vaults of very different shapes. They did not even have to be rectangular. A Gothic architect could make a vault with one side narrow, two sides wide and the last side even wider. They could make a vault with three sides or five sides quite easily, by using pointed arches. </p><p>The vaults were made of ribs which met each other at the highest part of the vault. In between the ribs were sloping surfaces of stone or brick that could be much thinner and lighter than the ribs. At first the pattern made by the ribs was quite plain, like Romanesque vaults, but architects, particularly in England, soon started adding small ribs in between the main ones and making different patterns. Some vaults like this can also be seen in Spain and Germany, but not usually in France or Italy. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A simple ribbed arch decorated with fresco in Italy."><img alt="A simple ribbed arch decorated with fresco in Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg/120px-Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg/180px-Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg/240px-Santa_Chiara_Assisi4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A simple ribbed arch decorated with <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> in Italy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter_cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The vault at Exeter Cathedral has many ribs. It is the longest Gothic vault in the world."><img alt="The vault at Exeter Cathedral has many ribs. It is the longest Gothic vault in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Exeter_cathedral.JPG/90px-Exeter_cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Exeter_cathedral.JPG/135px-Exeter_cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Exeter_cathedral.JPG/180px-Exeter_cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The vault at Exeter Cathedral has many ribs. It is the longest Gothic vault in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bovedas_plasencia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="This vault in Spain has many small curved ribs in between the supporting ones, to make a rich pattern."><img alt="This vault in Spain has many small curved ribs in between the supporting ones, to make a rich pattern." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bovedas_plasencia.JPG/120px-Bovedas_plasencia.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bovedas_plasencia.JPG/180px-Bovedas_plasencia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bovedas_plasencia.JPG/240px-Bovedas_plasencia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This vault in Spain has many small curved ribs in between the supporting ones, to make a rich pattern.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Fan vaulting" like this, at King's College Chapel, is only found in England."><img alt=""Fan vaulting" like this, at King's College Chapel, is only found in England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/120px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/180px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/240px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_fan_vaulted_ceiling_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Fan vaulting" like this, at King's College Chapel, is only found in England.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_shapes_of_Gothic_arches">Different shapes of Gothic arches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Different shapes of Gothic arches" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Different shapes of Gothic arches"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Gothic period the shape and style of pointed arches changed. But the changes were not the same in every country. </p><p>With pointed arches, windows could be made very large. Architects made many designs of pointed arches crossing each other in different ways. These designs were often used in windows, which look as if they are filled with beautiful stone lace. This is called "tracery". The stone tracery was used to hold the glass in place. An Architectural Historian can often tell just how old a part of a building is by looking at the window tracery design.<sup id="cite_ref-NP_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lancet_arch">Lancet arch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Lancet arch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Lancet arch"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest Gothic arch is a long opening with a pointed arch known in England as the <b>lancet</b>. A "lancet" is a sharp knife, so these windows are knife-shaped. Very often lancet windows are put together in a group of three or five. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> is famous for the beauty of its <b>Lancet Gothic</b> Architecture. In England the style is called "Early English Gothic". <a href="/wiki/York_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="York Cathedral">York Cathedral</a> in England has a group of five lancet windows that are 50 feet high and are still full of ancient glass. They are called the Five Sisters. </p><p>These simple windows are also found at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> in France. They are the most usual sort of Gothic windows in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equilateral_arch">Equilateral arch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Equilateral arch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Equilateral arch"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Gothic openings have tops that are based upon an <a href="/wiki/Equilateral_triangle" title="Equilateral triangle">equilateral triangle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Equilateral Arch</b> has a very pleasing look and gives a wide opening useful for doorways, arcades and big windows. </p><p>These arches are often filled with tracery in circular designs. In England this style is called Geometric Decorated Gothic. It can be seen at many English and French Cathedrals, for example Lincoln cathedral in England and Notre Dame in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flamboyant_arch">Flamboyant arch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Flamboyant arch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Flamboyant arch"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Gothic windows have designs in the tracery, or even in the top of the window itself, that rises up like a flame. This is called <b>Flamboyant Gothic</b>. Tracery like this makes a very rich and lively effect. </p><p>Some of the most beautiful and famous windows of Europe have this type of tracery. It can be seen at <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen's Vienna">St Stephen's Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Chapelle" title="Sainte Chapelle">Sainte Chapelle</a> in Paris, at the Cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Limoges" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Limoges">Limoges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen</a> in France, and at <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> in Italy. In England the most famous windows like this are the West Window of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> with its design based on the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a>, the East Window at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle Cathedral</a> and the East window of <a href="/wiki/Selby_Abbey" title="Selby Abbey">Selby Abbey</a>. Architectural Historians sometimes argue about which of these is the most beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-NP_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flame-shaped arches are not as strong as ordinary pointed arches. It is never used for making a vaulted roof. If this shape is used to make a doorway, there is generally another stronger arch around it. Another way is to make a square topped door that has Flamboyant decoration over the top. In France there are many doorways, both in churches and in houses, that are like this. They are rare in England but there is one at <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England the Flamboyant style was used wall arcading and niches. The most famous examples in are in the Lady Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely</a>, the Screen at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln</a> and the facade of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a>. In German and Spanish Gothic architecture the Flamboyant style is often used for opnwork stone screens. The famous "pulpit" in <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen's Vienna">Vienna Cathedral</a> is made like this.<sup id="cite_ref-JH1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depressed_arch">Depressed arch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Depressed arch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Depressed arch"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Depressed arch</b> is wide and looks as if it has been pushed almost flat. When arches like this are used to make great big windows they need to be supported by many tall thin <a href="/wiki/Vertical" class="mw-disambig" title="Vertical">vertical</a> <b>shafts</b> and <a href="/wiki/Horizontal" title="Horizontal">horizontal</a> <b>transoms</b>, so that the window looks as if it has been divided up into a grid (lots of rectangles). This sort of decoration is used on walls as well. In England the style is called <b>Perpendicular Gothic</b> style.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> the Perpendicular East Window is said to be as large as a tennis court. There are three very famous large chapels in this style- <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Chapel_at_Windsor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle">St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VII's Chapel">Henry VII's Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The other famous example is <a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The south transept facade at York Minster has "lancet" windows."><img alt="The south transept facade at York Minster has "lancet" windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG/120px-YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG/180px-YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG/240px-YorkMinsterMain_Summer2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south transept facade at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> has "lancet" windows.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The windows in the Chapter House at York Minster have "equilateral" arches filled with "Geometric" tracery."><img alt="The windows in the Chapter House at York Minster have "equilateral" arches filled with "Geometric" tracery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg/90px-YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg/135px-YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg/180px-YorkMinsterChapterHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The windows in the Chapter House at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> have "equilateral" arches filled with "Geometric" tracery.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The windows at Limoges Cathedral in France have "Flamboyant" tracery."><img alt="The windows at Limoges Cathedral in France have "Flamboyant" tracery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG/90px-Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG/135px-Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG/180px-Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The windows at <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Limoges" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Limoges">Limoges Cathedral</a> in France have "Flamboyant" tracery.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The vault at King's College Chapel, England, has "depressed" arches and "fan vaulting"."><img alt="The vault at King's College Chapel, England, has "depressed" arches and "fan vaulting"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg/112px-F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg/168px-F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg/224px-F%C3%A4chergew%C3%B6lbe_KingsCollege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>vault</i> at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a>, England, has "depressed" arches and "fan vaulting".</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoration">Decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Decoration" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Decoration"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Gothic cathedral was designed to be like a model of the universe. Everything about the building was designed to tell a message about <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a>, the decoration, stained glass windows and wall paintings told <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> stories such as how God created the world and how he rules over everything that is in the universe, the seasons of the year and the stars in the sky. </p><p>Carvings near the door often show the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> because the patterns of stars in the sky were very important to farming people who did not have calendars to tell them when to plant and when to harvest. </p><p>Above the main door is often a sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> on a throne, judging the people of the Earth. Many pictures and sculptures are there to remind people to live good lives because they never know what will happen next.<sup id="cite_ref-JH1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many churches were very richly decorated, both inside and out. the statues were often painted in bright colours but nowadays only tiny bits remain at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartres cathedral">Chartres cathedral</a> and some other places. Wooden ceilings were usually brightly coloured. Sometimes the stone columns were painted as well.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Royal Portal" of Chartres Cathedral."><img alt=""The Royal Portal" of Chartres Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chartres.jpg/120px-Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chartres.jpg/180px-Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chartres.jpg/240px-Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Royal Portal" of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Our Lady of Amiens" at Amiens Cathedral."><img alt=""Our Lady of Amiens" at Amiens Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/90px-Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/135px-Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/180px-Amiens_Portail_Vierge_d%C3%A9tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Our Lady of Amiens" at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Devil tempting the Foolish Virgins" at Strasbourg Cathedral."><img alt=""The Devil tempting the Foolish Virgins" at Strasbourg Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg/120px-Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg/180px-Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg/240px-Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_1199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Devil tempting the Foolish Virgins" at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Stephansdom,_Kanzel_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The famous pulpit of Stephansdom, Vienna."><img alt="The famous pulpit of Stephansdom, Vienna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wien_-_Stephansdom%2C_Kanzel_%284%29.JPG/120px-Wien_-_Stephansdom%2C_Kanzel_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wien_-_Stephansdom%2C_Kanzel_%284%29.JPG/180px-Wien_-_Stephansdom%2C_Kanzel_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wien_-_Stephansdom%2C_Kanzel_%284%29.JPG/240px-Wien_-_Stephansdom%2C_Kanzel_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The famous <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> of Stephansdom, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: Regional differences" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Regional differences"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though some things about Gothic architecture stay the same, other things look different in different countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_materials">Building materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Building materials" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Building materials"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different building materials were found in different parts of Europe. This is one of the differences in the architecture between different places. In France, there was <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. It was good for building because it was soft to cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it. It was usually a pale grey colour. France also had beautiful white limestone from <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> which was perfect for making very fine carvings. </p><p>England had coarse limestone, red <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and dark green <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_marble" title="Purbeck marble">Purbeck marble</a> which was often used for architectural decorations like thin columns. </p><p>In Northern Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Baltic countries and northern Poland there was no good building stone, but there was clay for making bricks and tiles. So many of these countries have Brick Gothic churches and even Brick Gothic castles. </p><p>In Italy, limestone was used for city walls and castles, but brick was used for other buildings. Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades" decorated in coloured marble. Some churches have very rough brick <i>facades</i> because the marble was never put on. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, for example, did not get its marble <i>facade</i> until the 1800s. </p><p>In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that were good for making very large roofs. But in England, by the 1400s, the long straight trees were running out. Many of the trees were used for building ships. The architects had to think of a new way to make a wide roof from short pieces of timber. That is how they invented the <a href="/wiki/Hammer-beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer-beam">hammer-beam</a> roofs which are one of the beautiful features seen in many old English churches.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: France" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: France"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium are often very high, both inside and outside. <i>The transepts</i> do not stick out far. The <i>facades</i> in France nearly always have three doors, a rose window and two towers. There are often <i>facades</i> with doors on the transepts as well as the front.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: England" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: England"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thing that makes English cathedrals different from the others is that they are long, and look horizontal, like big <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a>. English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to build, and every part is in a style that is quite different to the next part. (Only Salisbury Cathedral was not built in lots of styles.) The West window is very large and is never a rose window. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the middle of the building, which may have a big spire.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change section: Holy Roman Empire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Holy Roman Empire"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a> of the Holy Roman Empire, the towers and spires are often enormously large. Sometimes they are so big that it was impossible to finish them until modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spires are quite different to English spires because they are made of lacy "openwork". There are also many <i>hallenkirke</i> (or hall-churches) which have no <i>clerestorey</i> windows. The nave and the aisles are about the same height.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swaan_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain_and_Portugal">Spain and Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Change section: Spain and Portugal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Spain and Portugal"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like an English Cathedral, a Spanish or Portuguese Gothic Cathedral is often built in many different styles. They are often wide. Spanish cathedrals often have <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapels</a> all around them. The roof often has many different types of towers and spires. Often the central towers are <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygonal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Change section: Italy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Italy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian Gothic cathedrals use lots of colour, both outside and inside. On the outside, the <i>facade</i> is often decorated with marble. On the inside, the walls are often painted plaster. The columns and arches are often decorated with bright coloured paint. There are also mosaics with gold backgrounds and beautifully tiled floors is geometric patterns. The facades often have an open porch with a wheel windows above it. There is often a dome at the centre of the building. The bell tower is hardly ever attached to the building, because Italy has quite a few earthquakes. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favorite way of decorating the churches is <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> (wall painting).<sup id="cite_ref-BF_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 652px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coutances Cathedral in France looks "vertical"."><img alt="Coutances Cathedral in France looks "vertical"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg/92px-Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg/139px-Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg/185px-Cathedrale_de_Coutances_bordercropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coutances_Cathedral" title="Coutances Cathedral">Coutances Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> looks "vertical".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral in England looks "horizontal"."><img alt="Wells Cathedral in England looks "horizontal"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG/120px-Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG/180px-Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG/240px-Interieur_cathedrale_de_wells.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> looks "horizontal".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regensburg Cathedral in Germany looks as if there it lots of space inside."><img alt="Regensburg Cathedral in Germany looks as if there it lots of space inside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg/90px-Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg/135px-Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg/180px-Regensburger_Dom_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Cathedral" title="Regensburg Cathedral">Regensburg Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> looks as if there it lots of space inside. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winchester Cathedral in England is very long."><img alt="Winchester Cathedral in England is very long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg/120px-IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg/180px-IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg/240px-IMGP0204_-_Winchester_Cathedral_-_20050322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> is very long.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barcelona Cathedral in Spain is very wide."><img alt="Barcelona Cathedral in Spain is very wide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg/120px-Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg/180px-Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg/240px-Barcelona_Cathedral_Interior_-_Ceiling_and_choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8112" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Cathedral" title="Barcelona Cathedral">Barcelona Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> is very wide. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Florence Cathedral in Italy is colourful with brown stone columns and plaster walls painted pinkish-orange."><img alt="Florence Cathedral in Italy is colourful with brown stone columns and plaster walls painted pinkish-orange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg/120px-StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg/180px-StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg/240px-StMariadelFiore-inner_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is colourful with brown stone columns and plaster walls painted pinkish-orange.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orvieto Cathedral in Italy has round striped columns and an open wooden roof."><img alt="Orvieto Cathedral in Italy has round striped columns and an open wooden roof." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg/120px-Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg/180px-Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg/240px-Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> has round striped columns and an open wooden roof. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_(11)_2006-09-24.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bad Doberan Minster in Germany is in colourful brick."><img alt="Bad Doberan Minster in Germany is in colourful brick." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_%2811%29_2006-09-24.JPG/120px-Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_%2811%29_2006-09-24.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_%2811%29_2006-09-24.JPG/180px-Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_%2811%29_2006-09-24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_%2811%29_2006-09-24.JPG/240px-Bad_Doberan_M%C3%BCnster_%2811%29_2006-09-24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bad_Doberan_Minster" title="Bad Doberan Minster">Bad Doberan Minster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> is in colourful brick.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include Freiburg, Regensburg, Ulm, and Cologne in Germany; Strasbourg in France; Vienna in Austria; and Antwerp in Belgium.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Change section: Citations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Citations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStokstad2014" class="citation book cs1">Stokstad, Marilyn (2014). <i>Art History</i>. Pearson. p. 496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+History&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-0">2.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-1">2.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-2">2.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-3">2.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-4">2.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-5">2.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-6">2.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-7">2.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-8">2.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-9">2.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-10">2.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-11">2.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-12">2.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-13">2.13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-14">2.14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-15">2.15</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-16">2.16</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-17">2.17</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BF_2-18">2.18</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Banister Fletcher, <i>A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JH1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_3-3">3.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_3-4">3.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_3-5">3.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">John Harvey, <i>The Gothic World</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swaan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-3">4.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-4">4.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-5">4.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-6">4.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swaan_4-7">4.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wim Swaan, <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NP_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NP_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NP_5-2">5.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NP_5-3">5.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NP_5-4">5.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NP_5-5">5.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolaus Pevsner, <i>An Outline of European Architecture</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=385">Christopher Wren and the Muslim Origin of Gothic Architecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914171840/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=385">Archived</a> 2007-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2003), Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CT-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-0">7.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-1">7.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-2">7.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-3">7.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-4">7.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-5">7.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-6">7.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-7">7.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-8">7.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT_7-9">7.09</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Alec Clifton-Taylor, <i>The Cathedrals of England</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Change section: Works cited" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Works cited"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg/220px-VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg/330px-VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg/440px-VALENCIA_ES_Cathedral_alabaster_windows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> tower at <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral" title="Valencia Cathedral">Valencia Cathedral</a>, Spain.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBoney1985" class="citation book cs1">Boney, Jean (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchgothicarch0000jean"><i>French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05586-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05586-1"><bdi>0-520-05586-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Gothic+Architecture+of+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-05586-1&rft.aulast=Boney&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchgothicarch0000jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBumpus1928" class="citation book cs1">Bumpus, T. Francis (1928). <i>The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium</i>. T. Werner Laurie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+and+Churches+of+Belgium&rft.pub=T.+Werner+Laurie&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Bumpus&rft.aufirst=T.+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967" class="citation book cs1">Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). <i>The Cathedrals of England</i>. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+of+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Clifton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2001" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Banister (2001). <i>A History of Architecture on the Comparative method</i>. Elsevier Science & Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9"><bdi>0-7506-2267-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+on+the+Comparative+method&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+%26+Technology&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7506-2267-9&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Banister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerFred_S._Kleiner,_Christin_J._Mamiya2004" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Helen; Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya (2004). <i>Gardner's Art through the Ages</i>. Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-505090-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-505090-7"><bdi>0-15-505090-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-15-505090-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Fred+S.+Kleiner%2C+Christin+J.+Mamiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1950" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John (1950). <i>The Gothic World, 1100-1600</i>. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+World%2C+1100-1600&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1961" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John (1961). <i>English Cathedrals</i>. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHolbeche_Bloxam1841" class="citation book cs1">Holbeche Bloxam, Matthew (1841). <i>Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Ecclesiastical+Architecture%2C+Elucidated+by+Question+and+Answer&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Holbeche+Bloxam&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19737">[1]</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Huyghe1963" class="citation book cs1">René Huyghe (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5881621M/Larousse_encyclopedia_of_Byzantine_and_medieval_art"><i>Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art</i></a>. New York, USA: Prometheus Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OL_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OL (identifier) (not yet started)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5881621M">5881621M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+Encyclopedia+of+Byzantine+and+Medieval+Art&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prometheus+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5881621M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Huyghe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5881621M%2FLarousse_encyclopedia_of_Byzantine_and_medieval_art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFIcher1998" class="citation book cs1">Icher, Francois (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildinggreatcat00iche"><i>Building the Great Cathedrals</i></a>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-4017-5"><bdi>0-8109-4017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Great+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8109-4017-5&rft.aulast=Icher&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildinggreatcat00iche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1964" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1964). <i>An Outline of European Architecture</i>. Pelican Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+European+Architecture&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSummerson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Summerson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Summerson (not yet started)">Summerson, John</a> (1983). Pelican History of Art (ed.). <i>Architecture in Britain, 1530-1830</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-0560-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-0560-03-3"><bdi>0-14-0560-03-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Britain%2C+1530-1830&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-14-0560-03-3&rft.aulast=Summerson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSwaan1988" class="citation book cs1">Swaan, Wim (1988). <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i>. Omega Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907-85348-X" title="Special:BookSources/0907-85348-X"><bdi>0907-85348-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+Cathedral&rft.pub=Omega+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0907-85348-X&rft.aulast=Swaan&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSwaan1982" class="citation book cs1">Swaan, Wim (1982). <i>Art and Architecture of the Late Middle Ages</i>. Omega Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907853-35-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-907853-35-8"><bdi>0-907853-35-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Omega+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-907853-35-8&rft.aulast=Swaan&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTatton-BrownJohn_Crook2002" class="citation book cs1">Tatton-Brown, Tim; John Crook (2002). <i>The English Cathedral</i>. New Holland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84330-120-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84330-120-2"><bdi>1-84330-120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Cathedral&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84330-120-2&rft.aulast=Tatton-Brown&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=John+Crook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Simson1988" class="citation book cs1">Von Simson, Otto Georg (1988). <i>The Gothic cathedral: origins of Gothic architecture and the medieval concept of order</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09959-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09959-6"><bdi>0-691-09959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+cathedral%3A+origins+of+Gothic+architecture+and+the+medieval+concept+of+order&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-691-09959-6&rft.aulast=Von+Simson&rft.aufirst=Otto+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gothicmed.com">GothicMed. 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