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<span>Legends and rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role in politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pre-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Tamil_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Tamil_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Tamil Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Tamil_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84" title="المسلمون التاميل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسلمون التاميل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تامل موسلمانلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامل موسلمانلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="তামিল মুসলিম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল মুসলিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مسلمانان تامیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسلمانان تامیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तमिल मुसलमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल मुसलमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழ் முஸ்லிம்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ் முஸ்லிம்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمل مسلمان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل مسلمان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3535195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious-ethnic group</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tamil Muslims</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg/220px-Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg/330px-Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg/440px-Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2466" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tamil Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in 1830</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10 million</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsular India">Peninsular India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (Sect – <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, Madhab – Majority <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil" title="Category:Tamil">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#e7e7e7; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/150px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/225px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/300px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils#History" title="Tamils">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Agriculture in ancient Tamil country">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Industry in ancient Tamil country">Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil 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India by Tamil speakers">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Tamils">Malaysian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore Tamils</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamil diaspora">Indian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a 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style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tamil Muslims</b> are <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> who practise <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The community is 10 million in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, primarily in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> where 90% of the Muslim community identified themselves as Tamil Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tamil Nadu, the majority of Tamil-speaking Muslims belong to the <a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowthers Community</a> while other Muslims live in coastal Tamil Nadu. There is a substantial diaspora, particularly in Southeast Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century. In the late 20th century, the diaspora expanded to Western Europe, Persian Gulf and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_identity">Ethnic identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnic identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erwadimasjid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Erwadimasjid.jpg/220px-Erwadimasjid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Erwadimasjid.jpg/330px-Erwadimasjid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Erwadimasjid.jpg/440px-Erwadimasjid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A typical minaret of a mosque in Tamil Nadu as seen here of <a href="/wiki/Erwadi" title="Erwadi">Erwadi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanathapuram District">Ramanathapuram District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though numerically nominal, the community is not homogeneous. Its origin is shaped by centuries trade between the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. By the 20th century, certain Tamil races began to be listed as <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> in official gazettes of different clans as <a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowther">Rowther</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rowther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></div> <p>The Rowther community is a large population of muslim landowning community in the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">deltaic districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Southern districts</a> of Tamil Nadu. They were famous for their cavalry and horse trade. Politicians <a href="/wiki/M._Muhammad_Ismail" title="M. Muhammad Ismail">Quaid-e-Millath</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._Khalifulla_Sahib" title="P. Khalifulla Sahib">Dewan Khan Bahadur Khalifulla Sahib</a> (he was the first Muslim from <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> go to London for studies), <a href="/wiki/Karim_Ghani" title="Karim Ghani">Karim Ghani</a> veteran freedom fighter and a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Netaji Subash Chandra Bose</a>, First woman judge of Supreme court of India <a href="/wiki/Fathima_Beevi" title="Fathima Beevi">Fathima Beevi</a>, Poets like <a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar" title="Umaru Pulavar">Umaru Pulavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunangudi_Masthan_Sahib" title="Kunangudi Masthan Sahib">Kunangudi Masthan Sahib</a>, Fourth Nakkeerar <a href="/wiki/Gulam_Kadir_Navalar" title="Gulam Kadir Navalar">Gulam Kadir Navalar</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._Dawood_Shah" title="P. Dawood Shah">Dawood Shah</a> all are from Rowther Community. Rowthers constitute large part of the multi-ethnic Tamil Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ravuttars have also been found as Tamil <a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">polygars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> and chieftains from the 16th to 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, they were known as <a href="/wiki/Maravar" title="Maravar">Maravars</a>, but after the arrival of Islam, they transformed into horseback warriors, hence adopting the Tamil name Rowther. The traditional homelands of the Rowthers were in the interior of South <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marakkayar">Marakkayar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marakkayar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a> sect has been a maritime trading community in the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">southern districts</a> of Tamil Nadu. One notable sea-faring merchant, as recorded in the <i>Chronicles of Thondaiman</i>, was Periya Thambi Nainar Marakkayar who is widely believed to be the first rupee millionaire. His son Seethakaathi, an altruist. <a href="/wiki/B._S._Abdur_Rahman" title="B. S. Abdur Rahman">B. S. Abdur Rahman</a> was the first rupee billionaire Marakkayar. The 11th president of India <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> was also born in Marakkayar fisherman family.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labbay">Labbay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labbay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></div> <p>Similar to the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levite</a>, the Labbay sect mainly engages in religious scholarship and avoids entrepreneurial activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamilbell1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tamilbell1.JPG/220px-Tamilbell1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tamilbell1.JPG/330px-Tamilbell1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tamilbell1.JPG/440px-Tamilbell1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Bell">Tamil Bell</a> with its inscription and translation</figcaption></figure> <p>In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil Muslim community is widely recognized for its diverse economic contributions, excelling in roles as rentiers, entrepreneurs, gemstone jewelers, and money changers. Notably, their economic activities have positioned them with GDP per capita incomes that surpass the state average. This socio-economic profile underscores the community's significant role in shaping the economic landscape of Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands,_Madurai,_Tamil_Nadu,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands%2C_Madurai%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/220px-Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands%2C_Madurai%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands%2C_Madurai%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/330px-Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands%2C_Madurai%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands%2C_Madurai%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/440px-Henna_on_a_Muslim_bride%27s_hands%2C_Madurai%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a> on a saree-clad bride's hands, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_and_rituals">Legends and rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legends and rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a mark of modesty, women used to traditionally wear white <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah"><i>thuppatti</i></a> which is draped over their body on top of the <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari"><i>saree</i></a>, only revealing their face. However, due to cultural exchange and evolving trends, nowadays, most women wear an <i><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></i>, which is usually black in color, paired with a <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarf</a>, as Purdah. </p><p>Many visit <a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid">Masjids</a> on major life milestones like births, marriages and deaths<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recite <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">mawlid</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JummaMasjid02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/JummaMasjid02.jpg/220px-JummaMasjid02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/JummaMasjid02.jpg/330px-JummaMasjid02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/JummaMasjid02.jpg/440px-JummaMasjid02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jumma_Masjid_of_Kilakarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumma Masjid of Kilakarai">Keelakarai Jumma Masjid</a>, built in the 7th century, with prominent <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a>, is one of the oldest mosques in Asia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TPL_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/TPL_Mosque.JPG/220px-TPL_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/TPL_Mosque.JPG/330px-TPL_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/TPL_Mosque.JPG/440px-TPL_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhyuddin_Andavar_Mosque" title="Muhyuddin Andavar Mosque">Muhyuddin Andavar Mosque</a>, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Thiruppanandal" title="Thiruppanandal">Thiruppanandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur District">Thanjavur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rowther weddings have retained several Rajput traditions across generations like grooms going on a <a href="/wiki/Horseback" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback">horseback</a> procession. Surnames (identifying caste or tribe like Bohra, Bukhari, Chishti, Khan, Syed, Sahib, Shah, etc.) were positively discouraged by the community to avoid sectarianism in line with <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian reform movement</a> of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music involves distinctively the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuisine is a tell-tale syncretic mixture of Tamil and other Asian recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biriyani</a>, especially the ones made out of <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton</a>, is the favorite in special occasions, particularly during wedding banquets and during Eid festivities. It is made either out of <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati</a> rice or by Jeeraga Samba rice. In a typical Tamil Muslim Wedding, a Mutton Biryani is served, along with <a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita"><i>Raitha</i></a>, Brinjal Chutney, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_65" title="Chicken 65">Chicken 65</a>, with desserts usually being either Bread Halwa (which is a molten variant of the Hyderabadi <a href="/wiki/Double_ka_meetha" title="Double ka meetha"><i>Double ka Meetha</i></a> and the North Indian and Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Tukra" title="Shahi Tukra"><i>Shahi Tukda</i></a>) or <a href="/wiki/Kesari_bat" title="Kesari bat">Rava Kesari</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing"><i>Sweet Beeda</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phirni" title="Phirni">Phirni</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Zarda_(food)" title="Zarda (food)"><i>'Inippu Soru'</i></a> while rarer, are also served as desserts in some weddings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spiced_rice" title="Spiced rice">Ghee rice</a>, served usually with a <i><a href="/wiki/Dalcha" title="Dalcha">Dalcha</a></i> or any other meat-based <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">gravy</a> is also a sought-after dish, usually prepared during <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Jummah</a> or during other special occasions. In Deltaic Regions, for wedding ceremonies, a dish by the name of '<i>Anju Kari Soru</i>' (roughly translates to 'Five Gravy Rice') is served. This spread includes Ghee rice, <i>Dalcha</i>, a Chicken-based gravy ('<i>aanam</i>' in Tamil), a Mutton-based gravy, a stir-fry made out of Mutton Liver, and a jam and banana combo mixed along with the rice as dessert. However, due to the rise of popularity in Biryani, this has increasingly become a rare spread.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the month of Ramadan, the '<a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Nonbu Kanji</a>' is a staple for breaking the fast in <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a>, served for free in almost every masjid in the state. Other snacks and delicacies that are popular during this month are <i><a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">Vadai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(drink)" title="Sharbat (drink)">Sharbath</a></i>-based beverages, and a jelly-like dessert made out of <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar"><i>Agar-Agar</i></a> ('China Grass', called <i>'Kadal Paasi</i>' in Tamil) and milk. </p><p>Desserts include the <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Dumroot</i></span>, a semolina ('rava' in Tamil) ghee cake with soft center and hard crust at the top, is popular in the deltaic households.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Watalappam" title="Watalappam"><i>Watlappam</i></a>, is another dessert, a pudding, popular in Marakkayer households. <i><a href="/wiki/Dodol" title="Dodol">Dodol</a></i> is another halwa-based dessert, originally persumed to have come from Southeast Asia. Along with Bread Halwa, <i>Rava Kesari</i>, <i>Phirni,</i> <i>Inippu Soru</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Payasam</a></i> made out of <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">Vermicelli</a>. </p><p>Other delicacies include, <i><a href="/wiki/Idiyappam" title="Idiyappam">Idiyappam</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parotta" title="Parotta">Parotta</a></i>, both of which are usually served with gravies (usually meat-based), usually had for either breakfast or for dinner. <a href="/wiki/Chicken_65" title="Chicken 65">Chicken 65</a>, a popular fried starter, usually had with Biryani, is widely believed to have been invented by Buhari Hotel (Anna Salai, Chennai 600 002), whose founder was from Tirunelveli.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mini <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosas</a>, stuffed with minced (kheema) meat are also popular snack items. <i><a href="/wiki/Murtabak" title="Murtabak">Murtabak</a></i> is a meat-based stuffed parotta dish, originally speculated to have been brought from Yemen, and which eventually spread to South East Asian countries. </p><p>During Eid, breakfast usually includes <i><a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a></i> or <i>Idiyappam</i> with a mutton gravy, and <i>payasam</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Culture and literature are heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiri">Qadiri</a> flavour of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. Their domain range from mystical to medical, from fictional to political, from philosophical to legal and spiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest literary works in the community could be traced to <i>Palsanthmalai</i>, a work of eight stanzas written in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1572, Seyku Issaku, better known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanna_Parimala_Pulavar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanna Parimala Pulavar (page does not exist)">Vanna Parimala Pulavar</a>, published <i>Aayira Masala Venru Vazhankum Adisaya Puranam</i> detailing the Islamic principles and beliefs in a <a href="/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQ</a> format. In 1592, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aali_Pulavar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aali Pulavar (page does not exist)">Aali Pulavar</a> wrote the <i>Mikurasu Malai</i>. The epic <i><a href="/wiki/Seera_Puranam" title="Seera Puranam">Seera Puranam</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar" title="Umaru Pulavar">Umaru Pulavar</a> is dated to the 17th century<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still considered as the crowning achievement in canonical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other significant works of 17th century include <i>Thiruneri Neetham</i> by Sufi master Pir Mohammad, <i>Kanakabhisheka Malai</i> by Seyku Nainar (alias <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanakavirayar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanakavirayar (page does not exist)">Kanakavirayar</a>), <i>Tirumana Katchi</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekathi_Nainar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekathi Nainar (page does not exist)">Sekathi Nainar</a> and the Iraqi war ballad <i>Sackoon Pataippor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, an independent identity evolved only in the last quarter of the 20th century triggered by the rise of Dravidian politics as well as the introduction of new mass communications and <a href="/wiki/Lithographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithographic">lithographic</a> technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first Tamil Islamic Literature Conference was held in <a href="/wiki/Trichy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichy">Trichy</a> in 1973. In the early 2000s, the Department of Tamil Islamic Literature was set up in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern notable writers include <a href="/wiki/Mu._Metha" title="Mu. Metha">Mu. Metha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inkulab" title="Inkulab">Pavalar Inqulab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_politics">Role in politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-independence">Pre-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pre-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/P._Khalifulla_Sahib" title="P. Khalifulla Sahib">Kalifulla Shahib</a> served as the minister for public works in the Cabinet of Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu in 1937. He was sympathetic to the cause of <a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</a> and his Self-Respect Movement. He spoke against the introduction of compulsory Hindi classes in the Madras legislature and participated in the anti-Hindi agitations. He was a lawyer by profession and was known by the honorifics <i><a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" title="Khan Bahadur">Khan Bahadur</a></i>. He became the <i><a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a></i> of Pudukottai after withdrawal from political work. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Usman_of_Madras" title="Mohammad Usman of Madras">Mohammad Usman</a> was the most prominent among the early political leaders of the community. In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Mohamed_College" title="Jamal Mohamed College">Jamal Mohammad Rowther</a> became the president of the Madras Presidency Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Hasan_Sait" title="Yakub Hasan Sait">Yakub Hasan Sait</a> served as a minister in the Rajaji administration. <a href="/wiki/Karim_Ghani" title="Karim Ghani">Karim Ghani</a>, veteran freedom fighter and a close associate of Subash Chandra Bose, who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Ilayangudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilayangudi">Ilayangudi</a>, served as Information Minister in Netaji ministry during the 1930s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 20th century, politicians like <a href="/wiki/M._Muhammad_Ismail" title="M. Muhammad Ismail">Muhammad Ismail Rowther</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dawood_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawood Shah">Dawood Shah</a> advocated Tamil to be made an official language of India due to its antiquity in parliamentary debates<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community was united in a single political party under <i>Quaid-e-Millath</i> presidency for 27 years keeping rabble-rousers away until his death in 1972. His support was invaluable for ruling parties in the state, as well as in the Centre. He was instrumental in framing and obtaining the minority status and privileges for minorities in India thus safeguarding the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. His newspaper <i>Urimaikkural</i> was a very popular daily. </p><p><a href="/wiki/S._M._Muhammed_Sheriff" title="S. M. Muhammed Sheriff">S. M. Muhammed Sheriff</a> was the first elected IUML MP from Tamil Nadu. He produced clear documentary evidence that <a href="/wiki/Kachchatheevu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachchatheevu">Kachchatheevu</a> belonged to India. During <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the Emergency</a>, he was the advisor to the Governor. <a href="/wiki/M._M._Ismail" title="M. M. Ismail">M. M. Ismail</a> became Chief Justice in 1979 and was sworn in as Acting Governor of Tamil Nadu in 1980. As <i>Kamban Kazhagam</i> president, he organized literary festivals, that focused on classical Tamil literature. Justice S. A. Kader who was the Judge of Madras High Court during 1983–89 became the President of Tamil Nadu State Government Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission on retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">Indian National League</a> split from the IUML.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-denominational <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reform</a> movements (called <a href="/wiki/Ghair_Muqallid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghair Muqallid">Ghair Muqallid</a>) began to take the front stage (to fight superstition creep) spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/P._Jainulabdeen" title="P. Jainulabdeen">P. Jainulabdeen</a> further weakening the IUML and causing unrest among community elders who preferred <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Muslim_Munnetra_Kazagham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham">Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham</a> was constituted in 1995. This non-profit organization quickly became popular and assertive among the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> youth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Manithaneya_Makkal_Katchi" title="Manithaneya Makkal Katchi">Manithaneya Makkal Katchi</a>, the political arm of TMMK was formed. The TMMK itself split to form the break-away organisation <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Thowheed_Jamath" title="Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath">Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath</a> soon. In 2011, MMK won 2 of 3 contested Assembly seats <i>viz.</i> Ambur (<a href="/wiki/A._Aslam_Basha" title="A. Aslam Basha">A. Aslam Basha</a>) and Ramanathapuram (<a href="/wiki/M._H._Jawahirullah" title="M. H. Jawahirullah">M. H. Jawahirullah</a>). Broadly speaking, the community tends to support <a href="/wiki/Laissez_faire" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez faire">laissez faire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>; and have been unimpressed by <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> though fringe groups often called for <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> in the last quarter of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New generation of leaders like Daud Sharifa Khanum have been active in pioneering social reforms like independent mosques for women.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MLAs and MPs such as <a href="/wiki/A._Anwar_Rhazza" title="A. Anwar Rhazza">A. Anwar Rhazza</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._Aaroon_Rashid" title="J. M. Aaroon Rashid">J. M. Aaroon Rashid</a>, Abdul Rahman, Jinna, Khaleelur Rahman, <a href="/wiki/S._N._M._Ubayadullah" title="S. N. M. Ubayadullah">S. N. M. Ubayadullah</a>, Hassan Ali and <a href="/wiki/T._P._M._Mohideen_Khan" title="T. P. M. Mohideen Khan">T. P. M. Mohideen Khan</a> are found across all major Dravidian political parties like <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam" title="Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam">DMDK</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">AIADMK</a>, as well as national parties like the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Tamil_Muslims">Notable Tamil Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable Tamil Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Muslims" title="List of Tamil Muslims">List of Tamil Muslims</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/25px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/37px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/50px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamils" title="Portal:Tamils">Tamils portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim_population_by_cities" title="Tamil Muslim population by cities">Tamil Muslim population by cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seera_Puranam" title="Seera Puranam">Seera Puranam</a> – Islamic Tamil epic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMines1978" class="citation book cs1">Mines, Mattison (1978). "Social stratification among the Muslims in Tamil Nadu, South India". In Ahamed, Imtiaz (ed.). <i>Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India</i>. Manohar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+stratification+among+the+Muslims+in+Tamil+Nadu%2C+South+India&rft.btitle=Caste+and+Social+Stratification+Among+Muslims+in+India&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Mines&rft.aufirst=Mattison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Muslim Merchants</i> – <i>The Economic Behaviours of the Indian Muslim Community</i>, Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources, New Delhi, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeed1977" class="citation book cs1">Sayeed, A. R. (1977). "Indian Muslims and some Problems of Modernisation". In Srinivas, M. N. (ed.). <i>Dimensions of Social Change in India</i>. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Muslims+and+some+Problems+of+Modernisation&rft.btitle=Dimensions+of+Social+Change+in+India&rft.pages=217&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sayeed&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215215455/http://www.hanafionline.com/2007/10/branding-study-of-booming-mamak-food.html">Tamil Muslims dominate restaurant industry in Malaysia</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppadurai1977" class="citation journal cs1">Appadurai, Arjun (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ier.sagepub.com/content/14/1/47.extract">"Kings, Sects and Temples in South India, 1350–1700 A.D"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>XIV</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Kings%2C+Sects+and+Temples+in+South+India%2C+1350%E2%80%931700+A.D&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Appadurai&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fier.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F14%2F1%2F47.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel, A (1999) <i>Rethinking India's oral and classical epics</i>. p. 376 (11). University of Chicago Press.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34050-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-34050-3">0-226-34050-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zafar Anjum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214083356/http://littleindia.com/news/123/ARTICLE/1267/2005-11-12.html">Indians Roar In The Lion City</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. littleindia.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_K._S.1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S., ed. (1998). <i>People of India: India's communities</i>. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3001–</span>3002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563354-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-563354-7"><bdi>0-19-563354-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40849565">40849565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+India%27s+communities&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3001-%3C%2Fspan%3E3002&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40849565&rft.isbn=0-19-563354-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel,_Alf1988–1991" class="citation book cs1">Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988–1991). <i>The cult of Draupadī</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14, 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34045-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-34045-7"><bdi>0-226-34045-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16833684">16833684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cult+of+Draupad%C4%AB&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14%2C+102&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988%2F1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16833684&rft.isbn=0-226-34045-7&rft.au=Hiltebeitel%2C+Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore2004" class="citation book cs1">More, J. B. Prashant (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&dq=ravuttars++in+tamil+country&pg=PA13"><i>Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2632-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identity%2C+Print+Culture%2C+and+the+Dravidian+Factor+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2632-7&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=J.+B.+Prashant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11FYACaVySoC%26dq%3Dravuttars%2B%2Bin%2Btamil%2Bcountry%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRājāmukamatu2005" class="citation book cs1">Rājāmukamatu, Je (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=ravuthars+heroic"><i>Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900</i></a>. Director of Museums, Government Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+History+of+the+Coromandel+Muslims%3A+A+Socio-historical+Study+on+the+Tamil+Muslims+1750%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Director+of+Museums%2C+Government+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=R%C4%81j%C4%81mukamatu&rft.aufirst=Je&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dravuthars%2Bheroic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJairath2013" class="citation book cs1">Jairath, Vinod K. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19679-9"><bdi>978-1-136-19679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Embedded+Muslim+Communities+in+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-19679-9&rft.aulast=Jairath&rft.aufirst=Vinod+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKIT9muBRuoC%26q%3DRowthers%2Bcaste%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajputs"><i>Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Asiff Hussein. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-97262-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-97262-2-7"><bdi>978-955-97262-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarandib%3A+An+Ethnological+Study+of+the+Muslims+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Asiff+Hussein&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-97262-2-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kVuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRajputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:4</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:02</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.com/education/current-affairs-2015-from-a-son-of-fisherman-to-the-post-of-president-apj-abdul-kalam-1580578/">"Current Affairs 2015: From a son of fisherman to the Post of President: APJ Abdul Kalam"</a>. <i>www.india.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.india.com&rft.atitle=Current+Affairs+2015%3A+From+a+son+of+fisherman+to+the+Post+of+President%3A+APJ+Abdul+Kalam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Feducation%2Fcurrent-affairs-2015-from-a-son-of-fisherman-to-the-post-of-president-apj-abdul-kalam-1580578%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjay Subramanian, <i>The Political Economy of Commerce, Southern India 1500––1650</i>, New York 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Baptiste1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jean-Baptiste, Prashant More (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC355923">"The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India"</a>. <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F2.1.25">10.1093/jis/2.1.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC355923">355923</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15455059">15455059</a> – via Oxford Academic Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Marakkayar+Muslims+of+Karikal%2C+South+India&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC355923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15455059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F2.1.25&rft.aulast=Jean-Baptiste&rft.aufirst=Prashant+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC355923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyabji1991" class="citation book cs1">Tyabji, Amina (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCC6veZPfNoC&pg=PA60">"Minority Muslim Businesses in Singapore"</a>. In Ariff, Mohamed (ed.). <i>The Muslim Private Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81301-609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81301-609-5"><bdi>978-9-81301-609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minority+Muslim+Businesses+in+Singapore&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Private+Sector+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Islam+and+the+Economic+Development+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-9-81301-609-5&rft.aulast=Tyabji&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCC6veZPfNoC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen F. Dale, <i>Recent Researches on the Islamic Communities of Peninsular India</i>, <i>Studies in South India</i>, ed. Robert E. Frykenbers and Paulin Kolenda (Madras 1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/canvas/2005/05/28/stories/2005052800130300.htm">Business Line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715202538/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/canvas/2005/05/28/stories/2005052800130300.htm">Archived</a> 15 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFood_Area_Tamil2021" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Food Area Tamil (24 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVBrVLk_5TY"><i>திருவாரூர் புது மாப்பிள்ளை ஸ்பெஷல் 5 கறி சோறு | Delta Food Exploring | 5 Curry Rice | Jabbar Bhai</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+5+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%7C+Delta+Food+Exploring+%7C+5+Curry+Rice+%7C+Jabbar+Bhai&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft.au=Food+Area+Tamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvVBrVLk_5TY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/How-to-make%E2%80%A6Dumroot/article15900188.ece">Dumroot is a speciality of delta cuisine</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/madras375/a-gastronomic-journey-with-biryani/article6309752.ece">"A gastronomic journey with biryani"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 12 August 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+gastronomic+journey+with+biryani&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fmadras375%2Fa-gastronomic-journey-with-biryani%2Farticle6309752.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf">Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia</a>. (PDF) Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>216th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal</i> Sunday Observer – 5 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html">Online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html">[1]</a> accessed on 2009-08-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2003" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, Vasudha (2003). "Religious Vocabulary and Regional Identity: A Study of the Tamil Cirappuranam ('Life of the Prophet')". In Eaton, Richard M. (ed.). <i>India's Islamic Traditions, 711–1750</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">393–</span>408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-568334-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-568334-X"><bdi>0-19-568334-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Vocabulary+and+Regional+Identity%3A+A+Study+of+the+Tamil+Cirappuranam+%28%27Life+of+the+Prophet%27%29&rft.btitle=India%27s+Islamic+Traditions%2C+711%E2%80%931750&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-568334-X&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.ucla.edu/southasia/article.asp?parentid=27779">The Diversity in Indian Islam</a>. International.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. A. Ameer Ali, <i>Vallal Seethakkathiyin Vaazhvum Kaalamum</i>, Madras 1983, p. 30–31, Ka. Mu. Sheriff, <i>Vallal Seethakkathi Varalaru</i>, 1986, pp. 60–62, M. Idris Marakkayar, <i>Nanilam Potrum Nannagar Keelakkarai</i>, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/10/12/stories/2004101200341500.htm">Tamil Muslim identity</a>. Hindu.com (2004-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.B.P.More2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.B.P.More" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.P.More">J.B.P.More</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&pg=RA1-PA289"><i>Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2632-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2632-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identity%2C+Print+Culture%2C+and+the+Dravidian+Factor+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2632-7&rft.au=J.B.P.More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11FYACaVySoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicvoice.com/february.2000/community.htm#TAM">Islamic Voice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041231001857/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/26/stories/2004122604271000.htm">Irandaam Jaamangalin Kathai</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. Hindu.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.B.P.More1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.B.P.More" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.P.More">J.B.P.More</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDht7OyOjXMC&pg=PA116"><i>Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras 1930–1947</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 116–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1192-7"><bdi>978-81-250-1192-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Evolution+of+Muslims+in+Tamilnadu+and+Madras+1930%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=116-&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1192-7&rft.au=J.B.P.More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDht7OyOjXMC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/art-culture/essays/2007/book-review-islamiya-periyar-dawood-sha.html">Tamil Muslim Periyar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930204751/http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/art-culture/essays/2007/book-review-islamiya-periyar-dawood-sha.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Thatstamil.oneindia.in. Retrieved on 2012-06-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222055651/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/circular/senioradvocates.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/circular/senioradvocates.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourtofindia.nic.in%2Fcircular%2Fsenioradvocates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125180837/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/21/stories/2011012164140500.htm">Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Indian National League State unit dissolved</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. <i>The Hindu</i> (2011-01-21). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Bayly, <i>Saints, Goddesses and Kings — Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society</i>, Cambridge, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biswas, Soutik. (2004-01-27) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3429695.stm">World's first Masjid for Women</a>. BBC News. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pandey, Geeta. (2005-08-19) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4165440.stm">World | South Asia | Women battle on with mosque plan</a>. BBC News. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countercurrents.org/gender-anand020904.htm">S.T.E.P.S.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/taking-on-patriarchy/article5037878.ece">Taking on patriarchy</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sinnappa Arasaratnam, <i>Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast 1650–1740</i>, New Delhi, 1986</li> <li><i>Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century</i>, New Delhi 1994</li> <li><i>Maritime Commerce and English Power (South East India), 1750–1800</i>, New Delhi 1996</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i>Indian Merchants and the Decline of Indian Mercantile Activity, the Coromandel case</i>, <i>The Calcutta Historical Journal</i>, Vol. VII, No. 2/1983, pp. 27–43</li> <li><i>Commerce, Merchants and Entrepreneurship in Tamil Country in 18th century</i>, paper presented in the 8th World Tamil Conference seminar, Thanjavur, 1995</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Muslim&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article454495.ece">"TNTJ demands 10 percentage reservation for Muslims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 13 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=TNTJ+demands+10+percentage+reservation+for+Muslims&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FTiruchirapalli%2Farticle454495.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Muslim_communities211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Muslim" title="Template:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Muslim" title="Template talk:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Muslim" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Muslim_communities211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslim</a> communities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_India" title="Arabs in India">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arain_(Delhi)" title="Arain (Delhi)">Arain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghons" title="Arghons">Arghon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Muslims" title="Hyderabadi Muslims">Hyderabadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardic peoples">Dard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathans in India">Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Muslim Rajputs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra_Muslims" title="Dogra Muslims">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_Muslims" title="Marwari Muslims">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims of Manipur">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Muslims" title="Odia Muslims">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Muslims" title="Andhra Muslims">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Muslims" title="Goan Muslims">Goan Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MANIYAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MANIYAR (page does not exist)">MANIYAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Muslims" title="Bihari Muslims">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail" title="Chamail">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churihar" title="Churihar">Churihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulhaiya" title="Kulhaiya">Kulhaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_clan_(Bihar)" title="Malik clan (Bihar)">Malik of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirshikar" title="Mirshikar">Mirshikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turuk_Pasi" title="Turuk Pasi">Pasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (Muslim)">Nat</a></li> <li>Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapera_(Muslim)" title="Sapera (Muslim)">Sapera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_(Mallick)_from_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed (Mallick) from Bihar">Syed (Mallick)</a></li> <li>Shaikh of Bihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurai" title="Thakurai">Thakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (Gujarat)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attarwala" title="Attarwala">Attarwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafan" title="Bafan">Bafan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadala" title="Bhadala">Bhadala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunara" title="Chunara">Chunara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundrigar" title="Chundrigar">Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuldhoya" title="Dhuldhoya">Dhuldhoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodwala" title="Doodwala">Doodwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiara" title="Galiara">Galiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_(Muslim)" title="Ghanchi (Muslim)">Ghanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi-Pinjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanchi-Pinjara">Ghanchi-Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaypotra" title="Halaypotra">Halaypotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingorja_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hingorja (community)">Hingorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingora" title="Hingora">Hingora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Junejo">Juneja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ker_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ker clan">Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_(caste)" title="Khalifa (caste)">Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaskheli" title="Khaskheli">Khaskheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrani caste">Makrani</a></li> <li>Maliks of Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandali_caste" title="Mandali caste">Mandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Makwana" title="Muslim Makwana">Makwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manka_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Manka caste">Manka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoori" title="Mansoori">Mansoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Qureshi" title="Meta Qureshi">Meta Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(community)" title="Miyana (community)">Miyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesalam_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesalam Rajput">Molesalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momna" title="Momna">Momna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_Lohar" title="Multani Lohar">Multani Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutwa" title="Mutwa">Mutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagori_(caste)" title="Nagori (caste)">Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_tribe" title="Node tribe">Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar" title="Panar">Panar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Parmar_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Parmar (Gujarat)">Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_Bohras" class="mw-redirect" title="Patani Bohras"> Patani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patni_Jamat" title="Patni Jamat">Patni Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat" title="Pathans of Gujarat">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)" title="Salaat (Muslim)">Salaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_caste" title="Sanghar caste">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Shaikh" title="Gujarati Shaikh">Shaikhs of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhda" title="Shaikhda">Shaikhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Gujarat">Sayyid of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_(caste)" title="Sipahi (caste)">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Bohra" title="Sunni Bohra">Sunni Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_(caste)" title="Tai (caste)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turk_Jamat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turk Jamat (page does not exist)">Turk Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vora_Patel" title="Vora Patel">Vora Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyapari_(caste)" title="Vyapari (caste)">Vyapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_Maaple" title="Kodava Maaple">Kodava Maaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad_ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah">Assadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusalan" title="Pusalan">Pusalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossan" title="Ossan">Ossans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangal">Tangals (the Sayyids)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbais</a></li> <li>Nahas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyi_family" title="Keyi family">Keyis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_(Malabar)" title="Koya (Malabar)">Koyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainars" title="Nainars">Nainars</a></li> <li>Dakhnis or Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Ravuthars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Bohras (Daudi Bohras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Madhya Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawad" title="Dhawad">Dhawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavandi" title="Gavandi">Gavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Momin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderkoti" title="Anderkoti">Anderkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetah caste">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwa" title="Chadwa">Chadwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li>Deshwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Mehtar" title="Hela Mehtar">Hela Mehtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranbaz" title="Hiranbaz">Hiranbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandera" title="Kandera">Kandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadem_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadem (caste)">Khadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langha_(tribe)" title="Langha (tribe)">Langha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganiar</a></li> <li>Merat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaimkhani" title="Qaimkhani">Kayamkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_tribe" title="Rath tribe">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Rajasthan">Shaikhs of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silawat" title="Silawat">Silawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-Sipahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-Sipahi">Sindhi-Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singiwala" title="Singiwala">Singiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorgar" title="Sorgar">Sorgar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayalar_(Muslim)" title="Kayalar (Muslim)">Kayalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (Pathans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_(surname)" title="Ansari (surname)">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atishbaz" title="Atishbaz">Atishbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachgoti_Khanzada" title="Bachgoti Khanzada">Bachgoti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)">Baluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Bandhmati" title="Muslim Bandhmati">Bandhmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Barhai" title="Muslim Barhai">Barhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Israil" title="Banu Israil">Banu Israil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhand" title="Bhand">Bhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhale_Sultan_Khanzada" title="Bhale Sultan Khanzada">Bhale Sultan Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti_Khanzada" title="Bhatti Khanzada">Bhatti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li>Muslim Bhumihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafali" title="Dafali">Dafali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhagi" title="Muslim Dhagi">Dhagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharhi" title="Dharhi">Dharhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li>Fareedi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_Faqir" title="Jogi Faqir">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Khanzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Khanzada">Gautam Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goriya" title="Goriya">Goriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujjar_(Uttar_Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)">Gujjar Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalkhor" title="Halalkhor">Halalkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Halwai" title="Muslim Halwai">Halwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li>Jhojha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaria" title="Kabaria">Kabaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_Shaikh" title="Kakori Shaikh">Kakorvi Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamangars" title="Kamangars">Kamangars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasgar" title="Kasgar">Kasgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Kayastha Musalman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar_Khanzada" title="Khokhar Khanzada">Khokhar Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumra_(Islam)" title="Khumra (Islam)">Khumra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingharia" title="Kingharia">Kingharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalkhani" title="Lalkhani">Lalkhani Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madari" title="Madari">Madari</a></li> <li>Mandarkia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milki" title="Milki">Milki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujavir" title="Mujavir">Mujavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muley_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Jats">Muley Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Muslims" title="Nagar Muslims">Nagar Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalband_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalband (tribe) (page does not exist)">Nalband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanbai" title="Nanbai">Nanbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqqal" title="Naqqal">Naqqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchpiria" title="Panchpiria">Panchpiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhiya" title="Pankhiya">Pankhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putliwale" title="Putliwale">Putliwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(caste)" title="Qalandar (caste)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedia_(Muslim_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedia (Muslim clan)">Bedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_(tribe)" title="Kela (tribe)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_people" title="Khotta people">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodha_Muslims" title="Lodha Muslims">Lodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Muslim" title="Mal Muslim">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashya_Shaikh" 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